Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg.

Physics formulas from Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Heat and

Thermodynamics, Electricity and Magnetism and Modern Motion in a straight line with constant a:
Physics. Also includes the value of Physical Constants. Helps v = u + at, s = ut + 1 at2, v2 − u2 = 2as
in quick revision for CBSE, NEET, JEE Mains, and Advanced. 2
Relative Velocity: →vA/B = →vA − →vB
0.1: Physical
Speed of light c 3 × 108 m/s
Planck constant h 6.63 10−34 J s u y
hc 1242× eV-nm
x
Projectile Motion: H
Gravitation constant G 6.67 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2

u
Boltzmann constant k ×
1.38 10−23 J/K O θ u cos θ
Molar gas constant R ×
8.314 J/(mol K) R
Avogadro’s number NA 6.023 × 1023 mol−1 1 2
Charge of electron e 1.602 × 10−19 C x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 2 gt
g
Permeability of vac- µ0 4π × 10−7 N/A2 y = x tan θ x2
uum − 2u cos2 θ
2
Permitivity of vacuum ϵ0 8.85 × 10−12 F/m 2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ
T = , R= , H =
Coulomb constant 1
9 × 109 N m2/C2 g g 2g
0
4
Faraday constant F 96485 C/mol
Mass of electron me 9.1 10−31 kg
Mass of proton mp 1.6726× 10−27 kg 1.3: Newton’s Laws and Friction
Mass of neutron mn 1.6749 ×10−27 kg Linear momentum: p→ = m→v
Atomic mass unit u 1.66 × 10−27 kg
Atomic mass unit u ×
931.49 MeV/c2 Newton’s first law: inertial frame.
Stefan-Boltzmann σ 5.67×10−8 W/(m2 K4) Newton’s second law: F→ = dp→ ,F→ = m→a
constant d
Rydberg constant R∞ 1.097 × 107 m−1 Newton’s third law: F→ = −F→
AB BA
Bohr magneton µB 9.27 10−24 J/T
Bohr radius a0 0.529× 10−10 m Frictional force: fstatic, max = µsN, fkinetic = µkN
×
Standard atmosphere atm 1.01325 10 5Pa 2 2
Wien displacement b 2.9 10−3× m K Banking angle: v
= tan θ, v
= µ+tan θ

constant × rg rg 1−µ tan θ

Centripetal force: F = mv
,2 a = v
c r c r

1 MECHANICS Pseudo force: pseu = −m→a 0, F centrifu = − mv r

2

F→
1.1: Vectors Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:
√ √
vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl
Notation: →a = ax ˆı + ay ˆ + az kˆ
q
Magnitude: a = |→a| = a2 + a2 + a2
θ
q l
l cos θ θ T
Conical pendulum: T = 2π
Dot product: →a · →b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ
x y z g
ˆı mg
→a × →b →b
Cross product:
θ kˆ ˆ
→a
1.4: Work, Power and Energy
→a ×→b = (ay bz − az by )ˆı + (az bx − ax bz )ˆ+ (ax by − ∫
Work: W = F→ · S→ = F S cos θ, W = F→ · dS→
ay bx )kˆ 2
Kinetic energy: K = 1
mv2 = p

|→a × →b| = ab sin θ 2 2

Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces.

1
1.2: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = kx2
Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: 2

→vav = ∆→r/∆t, →vinst = d→r/dt Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
→aav = ∆→v/∆t →ainst = d→v/dt dent and depends only on initial and final points:
HF→
conservative · d→r = 0.

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Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K

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Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are

conservative in nature. Rotation about an axis with constant α:
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 1 αt2, ω2 − ω02 = 2αθ
Power P =
P
∆W
, = F→ · →v 2
av inst
∆t
Σ ∫
Moment of Inertia: I = i m i ri 2, I = r2dm
1.5: Centre of MassΣand
Σxi mi ,
1 2
, 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 mr2 mr m(a2+b2)
Centre of mass: xcm m , i
xcm xdmd m 2 3 5 1 12
2
1

b
a
CM of few useful configurations: ring dis shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
k
m1 r m2
1. m1, m2 separated by r: C
m2 r
m1+m2
m1 r Iǁ Ic
m1+m2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Iǁ = Icm + md2 d
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = h cm
h
3 C
h
3 z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy
x
3. Semicircular ring: yc =2πr C
2r
r π √
4. Semicircular disc: y = 4r
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m
c 3π C
Angular Momentum: L→ = →r L→ = Iω→
4r 3π
r

× p→,
5. Hemispherical shell: yc = r C r
r dL→
Torque: →τ = →r × F→ ,
2
2 →τ = , y P τ
θ = Iα
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 3r F→ →r
d
O x
8
r
C 3r 8 Conservation of L→ :ext = 0 L→ = const.
→τ
=⇒
7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for Σ Σ
Equilibrium condition: F→ = →0, →τ = →0
the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
Kinetic Energy: Krot = 1
2
Σ
Motion of the CM: M = mi Dynamics:
Σ →τcm = F→ext = p→cm = m→vcm
m →v F→
→v c = i
p→cm = M→vcm , →a =Icm α→ , 2
m→acm ,
1 2
1 →
M M L = Icm ω→ + →rcm ×
K= 2
mvcm + 2 Icmω , m→vcm
∫
Impulse: J→ = F→ dt =
∆p→
Before collision After collision
1.7:
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F
v1 v2 v1′ v2′ Gravitational force: F = Gm1m2
r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v1′
+m2 v2′ Elastic Collision: 1 m v 2+ 1 m v 2 = 1 m v ′ Potential energy: U = − GMm m2 r
2 2 1of1 restitution:
2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 r
+ 1 m v ′ 2 Coefficient Gravitational acceleration: g = GM

2
— ′ − ′ R
e= (v 1 = 1, completely
v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic h
Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 −
R
2h
′ Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −

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If v2 = 0 and m1 m2 then v1 = v1. R
If v2 = 0 and m1 − 1.
m2 then v2′ = 2v Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:
Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v1′ = v2 and v2′ = gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)
v1 .
Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:
1.6: Rigid Body
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆θ
, ω = dθ , →v = ω→
∆ × →r α =d dω , →a =
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆ω
, α→ × →r
∆ d

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ω→
A
Superposition of two SHM’s: →
mω2R cos θ
A→
mg 2
θ є δ
R
mgθ′ 2
= mg − mω R cos θ 2
A→ 1

x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)

x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + ϵ)
q q
GM
Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = A = A 2 + A 2 + 2A A cos δ
R 1 2 1 2
q2GM A2 sin δ
Escape velocity: ve = tan ϵ =
R A1 + A2 cos δ
vo
Kepler’s laws:
a 1.9: Properties of
Modulus of rigidity: Y = F/A
, B = −V ∆P
, η= F

First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus. ∆l/l ∆V Aθ

Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL→ /dt = 1 1 dV
0).
2 Compressibility: K = B
=−V dP
Third: T 2 ∝ a3. In circular orbit T 2 = 4π
a3. ∆D/D
G lateral strain
Poisson’s ratio: σ = =
longitudinal strain ∆l/l

1.8: Simple Harmonic Elastic energy: U = 1

stress × strain × volume
2
Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
2
x
Acceleration: a = d
= − k x = −ω2x Surface tension: S = F/l
d m
Time period: T = 2π
ω
= 2π √mk Surface energy: U = SA
Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ)
Excess pressure in bubble:
√
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2
∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R

Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ

U r
Potential energy: U = 1
kx 2
x
2 −A 0 A
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh
K
Kinetic energy K = 1
mv 2
2 −A 0 A
x Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid

Equation of continuity: A1v1 = A2v2 v

Total energy: E = U + K = 1
mω2A2 v1
2
Bernoulli’s equation: p + 1 ρv2 + ρgh = constant
2

ql Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = √2gh

Simple pendulum: T = 2π
g l Viscous force: F = −ηA dv
d
Stoke’s
q law: F = F

Physical Pendulum: T =
v
q 4
Poiseuilli’s equation: Volume flow
= πpr
r
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π I
time 8ηl l
k
2r2(ρ σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt 9η −
=

Springs in series: 1
= 1
+ 1
k1 k2
keq k1 k2

k2
Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2
k1

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Formulae Sheet for Physics www.concepts- of-physics.com | pg. 6
q
2 Waves 4. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2 T
2q µ
T
2.1: Waves 5. 2 nd rd
overtone/3 harmonics: ν2 = 3

2 2
∂ y 1 ∂ y
General equation of wave: = . 2L µ
6. All harmonics are present.
∂x2 v2 ∂t2

Notation: Amplitude A, Frequency ν, Wavelength λ, Pe-

riod T , Angular Frequency ω, Wave Number k,
L
T = 1 = 2π , v = νλ, k = 2π
String fixed at one end: N A
ν ω λ A N
λ/2
Progressive wave travelling with speed v:
y = f (t − x/v), ~ +x; y = f (t + x/v), ~ −x 1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0
q
λ 2n+1 T
2. Allowed Freq.: L = (2n + 1) 4 , ν 4 , n
y = µ
x st q
A
harmonics: ν0 =1 T

Progressive sine
λ
2
λ 3.
µ
q

y = A sin(kx − ωt) = A sin(2π (x/λ − t/T 4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 34 Tq µ

5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 =4L5 µ

2.2: Waves on a 6.T Only odd harmonics are present.

Speed of waves on a string with mass per unit length µ
√
and tension T : v = T/µ √ q
1 1 n T
Sonometer: ν ∝ L , ν T,ν ∝ √ .
µ
ν= µ
2 2L

Transmitted power: Pav = 2π µvA ν

Interference:
2.3: Sound
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx − ωt + δ) y Displacement wave: s = s0 sin ω(t − x/v)
= y1q+ y2 = A sin(kx − ωt + ϵ) Pressure wave: p = p0 cos ω(t − x/v), p0 = (Bω/v)s0
A = A12 + A22 + 2A1A2 cos δ Speed of sound waves:
A2 sin δ
tan ϵ = sB sY sγP
A1 + A2 cos δ vliquid =
2nπ, constructive; , vsolid = , vgas =
ρ ρ ρ
δ= 2 2 2
(2n + 1)π, destructive. Intensity: I = 2π B
s 0 2ν 2 = p0 v
= p0
v 2B 2ρv
2A cos

Standing Waves: x

ANANA
Standing longitudinal waves:
λ/4
p1 = p0 sin ω(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω(t + x/v)
y1 = A1 sin(kx − ωt), y2 = A2 sin(kx + ωt) p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos kx sin ωt
y = y1 + 1y2 λ= (2A cos kx) sin
n+ , nodes; n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
antinodes.
. n = 0, 1, 2, . . L
x= λ
2 2 Closed organ pipe:
2
n , L

String fixed at both ends: N N

ANA

λ/2 1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0

2. Allowed freq.: L = (2n + 1) λ , ν = (2n + 1) v , n =
1. Boundary conditions: y = 0 at x = 0 and at x = 0, 1, 2, . . . 4 4L
L
q .. 0 3.
4 Fundamental/1st
T
2. Allowed Freq.: L = n λ , ν = n
, n = 1, 2, 3, . .
2 2 µ

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harmonics: ν v
q =
T
4. 1st overtone/3rd harmonics: ν1 = 3ν0 = 3v
3. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = 1

2 µ

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5. 2nd overtone/5th harmonics: ν2 = 5ν0 = 5v

S1 P
4
6. Only odd harmonics are present. Path difference: ∆x = dy
d θ y
D
S2
D

A Phase difference: δ = 2π
∆x
λ
N
Open organ pipe: Interference Conditions: for integer n,
L A

N 2nπ, constructive;
δ=
A (2n + 1)π, destructive,
1. Boundary condition: y = 0 at x = 0
Allowed freq.: L = n λ , ν = n v , n = 1, 2, . . .
2 4
2. Fundamental/1st harmonics: ν0 = v nλ, 1 constructive;
∆x = n λ,
2
3. 1st overtone/2nd harmonics: ν1 = 2ν0 = 2v
2
4. 2nd overtone/3rd harmonics: ν2 = 3ν0 = 3v Intensity:
√
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I2 cos δ,
2 √ 2
2L Imax = √ √ I1 − √
, Imin =
5. All harmonics are present. I1 + I I2
2
I1 = I2 : I = 4I0 cos2 δ , Imax = 4I0, Imin = 0
2

Fringe width: w = λD
l1

d
Resonance column: Optical path: ∆x′ = µ∆x
l2

Interference of waves transmitted through thin film:

l1 + d = λ
, l2 + d = 3λ
, v = 2(l2 − l1)ν
2 4
nλ, constructive;
∆x = 2µd
Beats: two waves of almost equal frequencies 1 ≈ 2 2
n + 1 λ,
p1 = p0 sin ω1(t − x/v), p2 = p0 sin ω2(t − x/v) destructive.
y
p = p1 + p2 = 2p0 cos ∆ω(t − x/v) sin ω(t − x/v) Diffraction from a single slit: b θ
y
ω = (ω1 + ω2)/2, ∆ω = ω1 − ω2 (beats freq.) D
For Minima: nλ = b sin θ ≈ b(y/D)
Doppler Effect:
Resolution: sin θ = 1.22λ

v + uo b
ν= ν0
v − us θ
Law of Malus: I = cos2 θ I0 I
I0
where, v is the speed of sound in the medium, u0 is
the speed of the observer w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the source and
negative when it moves away from the source, and us
is the speed of the source w.r.t. the medium, consid-
ered positive when it moves towards the observer and
negative when it moves away from the observer.

2.4: Light
Plane Wave: E = E0 sin ω(t − x ), I = I0 Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy
“IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
v
and our other books. Written by IITians,
Spherical Wave: E = aE0
sin ω(t − r ), I = I0

r v r
Foreword by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by
Students.

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Young’s

double slit experiment

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h i
3 Optics Lens maker’s formula: 1
= (µ − 1) 1
− 1
f R1 R2

3.1: Reflection of 1
f
Lens formula: 1
− = 1
, m= v
normal v u f u
Laws of reflection: (i)
incident i r reflected
u v
Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal lie in the
same plane (ii) ∠i = ∠r Power of the lens: P = 1
, P in diopter if f in metre.
f
Two thin lenses separated by distance d:
Plane mirror:
d d
(i) the image and the object are equidistant from mir- 1 1 1 d
= +
ror (ii) virtual image of real object F f1 f 2 − f 1f 2 d
f1 f2

I
Spherical Mirror: O
f
v 3.3: Optical
u
Simple microscope: m = D/f in normal adjustment.
1. Focal length f = R/2
Objective Eyepiece
2. Mirror equation: 1 + 1 = 1
v u f
v O ∞
3. Magnification: m = − Compound microscope:
u
u v fe
3.2: Refraction of D
speed of light in vacuum c
Refractive index: µ = = 1. Magnification in normal adjustment: m = v D
speed of light in medium v u fe
incident reflected 2. Resolving power: R = 1
= 2µ sin θ
Snell’s Law: sin i
= µ2
µ1 i
∆d λ
sin r µ1
µ2 fo fe
r refracted

Apparent depth: µ = real depth

= d
'
Astronomical telescope:
d Id
apparent depth d'
O

Critical angle: θc = sin−1 1

fo
µ
µ
θc
1. In normal adjustment: m = − , L = fo + fe
fe
2. Resolving power: R = 1
= 1
∆θ 1.22λ

A
δ 3.4:
Deviation by a prism:
i r' i'
r Cauchy’s equation: µ = µ0 + A
, A>0
λ
µ Dispersion by prism with small A and i:
δ = i + i − A, general result
′
1. Mean deviation: δy = (µy − 1)A
sin A+2δm
µ= , i = i′ for minimum deviation 2. Angular dispersion: θ = (µv − µr)A
sin A
Dispersive power: ω = µv −µr θ (if A and i small)
2 ≈
δ µy −1 δy

δm = (µ − 1)A, for small A δm

A µ'
' i
Dispersion without deviation:
i
A'
µ
µ1 µ2 (µy − 1)A + (µ′y − 1)A′ = 0
Refraction at spherical surface: Deviation without′ dispersion:
PO Q (µ − µ )A = (µ − µ′ )A′
u v r v r
v

µ2 µ1 µ2 − µ1 µ1v
v − u= R , m = µ2u

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4 Heat and Thermodynamics

4.4: Theromodynamic
Temp. scales: First law of thermodynamics: ∆Q = ∆U + ∆W
andF = 32 + 5C, K = C + 273.16
9
4.1: Heat
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT , n : number of moles Work done by the gas:
∫ V2

van der Waals equation: p + a

(V − b) = nRT ∆W = p∆V, W= pdV
V1
Thermal expansion: L = L0(1 +Vα∆T ), V2
A = A0(1 + β∆T ), V = V0(1 + γ∆T ), γ = 2β = 3α Wisothermal = nRT ln
V1
Wisobaric = p(V2 − V1)

Thermal stress of a material: F p1 V 1 − p2 V 2

=Y ∆l Wadiabatic =
A
l γ−1
Wisochoric = 0

4.2: Kinetic Theory of

General: M = mNA, k = R/NA
T1
Q1
n Efficiency of the heat engine: W

Maxwell distribution of speed: Q2

T2

vp vrms v work done by the engine Q1 − Q2

v¯ η= =
heat supplied to it Q1
q
q3 q 83
RT
Average speed:vrms
RMS speed: = Q T
πM
v¯ = 8kT q π q
= ηcarnot = 1 =1 2 T1
2
2kT Coeff. of performance of refrigerator: Q1
Most probable speed: vp = m
W
Q2 T2
Pressure: p = 1
ρv 2

3 rms COP = Q2
= Q2
W Q1−Q2
Equipartition of energy: K = 1
kT for each degree of
∫ f ∆Q
f 2
Entropy: ∆S = ∆Q , S − S =
freedom. Thus, K kT for molecule having f T f i i T
= 2 Const. T : ∆S = TQ , Varying T : ∆S = ms lnTTf
Internal energy of n moles of an ideal gas is U = f nRT . i

2
Adiabatic process: ∆Q = 0, pV γ = constant

4.3: Specific
4.5: Heat
Specific heat: s = Q

m
Conduction: ∆Q
= −KA ∆T
∆t x
Latent heat: L = Q/m
Thermal resistance: R = x

Specific heat at constant volume: Cv = ∆

K
Q
n∆T 1 x x A
V
. 1 K1 K2 2
. +
Specific heat at constant pressure: C Rseries = R1 + R2 = x1 x2
∆Q . A K1 K2
=
p n∆T .
p K2 K1 A2
Relation between Cp and Cv: Cp − Cv = R = 1
(K1A1 + K2A2) A1
1
Rparallel R11 R12
= + x x
Ratio of specific heats: γ = Cp/Cv
Relation between U and C : ∆U = nC ∆T
emissive power Ebody
v v Kirchhoff’s Law: absorptive power = abody = Eblackbody

Specific heat of gas mixture: Eλ

Wien’s displacement law: λmT = b

n 1 C v1 + n 2 C v2 n1Cp1 + n2Cp2
Cv = , γ= λ
n1 + n2 n1Cv1 + n2Cv2 λm

,
Molar internal energy of an ideal gas: U = f
RT
2

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Stefan-Boltzmann law: ∆Q
= σeAT 4
∆
f = 3 for monatomic and f = 5 for diatomic = −bA(T − T0)
Newton’s law of cooling: dT
gas. d

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5 Electricity and Magnetism

5.3:
Coulomb’s law: F→ = 1 q1 q2
rˆ Capacitance: C = q/V
5.1:
−q +q
4πє0 r2 q1 r Parallel plate capacitor: C = ϵ0A/d
q2 A A
Electric field: E→ (→r) = 1 q
q
d
→r
rˆ 4πє
E→
0 r2
4πє0r1r2
q1q2
Spherical capacitor: C =
1
Electrostatic energy: U = − +q
r1
4πє0 r r2−r1 −q

Electrostatic potential: V = 1 q
0
4πє
→r
dV = −E→ · →r, V (→r) = ∫ E·
− 2πє0l
→ Cylindrical capacitor: C = r2 l
d→r ln(r2 /
∞ r1
Electric dipole moment: p→ = qd→ p→
+q
A
d C1
−q Capacitors in parallel: Ceq = C1 + C2 C2
B
Potential of a dipole: V = 1 p cos θ
θ r V (r)
4πє0 r2
p Capacitors in series: 1 1 1 C1 C2
→ =C +C
eq
C 1 2 A B

Er Force between plates of a parallel plate capacitor:

θ r
Field of a dipole: Q2
Eθ F 2Aє0
p→ 2

Er = 1 2p cos θ
, Eθ = 1 p sin θ Energy stored in capacitor: U = 1
CV 2 = Q
= 1
QV
4πє0 4πє0 r3 2 2C 2
r3
→ → Energy density in electric field E: U/V = 1
ϵ0E2
Torque on a dipole placed in E: →τ = p→ × E 2

є0KA
Pot. energy of a dipole placed in E→ : U = −p→ Capacitor with dielectric: C =
d
· E→

5.2: Gauss’s Law and its Applications

H 5.4: Current
Electric flux: φ = E→ · dS→ Current density: j = i/A = σE
H
Gauss’s law: E→ · dS→ = qin /ϵ0 Drift speed: vd = 1 eE
τ = i

2 n
Field of a uniformly charged ring on its axis:
Resistance of a wire: R = ρl/A, where ρ = 1/σ
1 qx a
4πє0 q Temp. dependence of resistance: R = R0(1 + α∆T )
E =(a2+x2)3/2 x P

E→ Ohm’s law: V = iR
E and V of a uniformly charged sphere:
( 1 Qr , for r < R Kirchhoff’s Laws: (i) The Junction Law: The algebraic
4πє0 R3 E
E 1 Q sum of all the currents directed towards a node is zero
, for r ≥ R
( 4πє0 OV
r i.e., Σnode Ii = 0. (ii)The Loop Law: The algebraic
Q 2
r R sum of all the potential differences along a closed loop
3− , for r < R r
8πє
V R
in a circuit is zero ∆ =
4πє ≥

1 Q
, for r R O A
R Resistors in parallel: 1
=loop
1
+ i1
R1
R1 R2 R2
E and V of a uniformly charged spherical shell: Req
B
0, for r < (
1 Q E
E R ,
4πє
1 Q r
V
= , for r ≥ R O
4πє0 for r < R R

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Formulae SVheet for www.concepts-of- | pg.
series: Req = R1 + R2 R1 R2
Resistors in R1
A R2B
↑ G
4πє0 r
, for r ≥ R r Wheatstone bridge:
O R3 R4
R
V
Field of a line charge: E = λ

2π 0 Balanced if R1/R2 = R3/R4.

Field of an infinite sheet: E = σ

20 Electric Power: P = V 2/R = I2R = IV

Field in the vicinity of conducting surface: E = σ
0
є

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iig Gi Energy of a magnetic dipole placed in B→ :

Galvanometer as an Ammeter:
U = −µ→ · B→
i − ig
S

igG = (i − ig)S l B→
Hall effect: Vw = Bi
w y
n z x
Galvanometer as a Voltmeter: RG i d
↑
A ig B
VAB = ig(R + G)
R C →
⊗ B
i
Charging of capacitors: 5.6: Magnetic
Biot-Savart law:Field
dB→ due
µ0 i dto
→l →r
3
× θ
= →r
4π r
h i d→
t
V
q(t) = CV 1 − e− l
R
θ2
C
Discharging of capacitors: q(t) = q0e −RC
t
q(t) Field due to a straight conductor: i d θ1 ⊗
B→

R
µ0i
B= (cos θ1 − cos θ2)
4
Time constant in RC circuit: τ = RC
µ0i
Field due to an infinite straight wire: B =
2
Peltier effect: emf e = ∆H
= Peltier heat
.
dF µ i i i1 i2
∆Q charge transferred Force between parallel wires: dl
= 0 1 2
2πd
e d
Seeback effect: T
T0 Tn Ti
a
P
1. Thermo-emf: e = aT + 1 bT 2
Field on the axis of a ring: i d B→
2. Thermoelectric power: de/dt
2 = a + bT . 2
µ0ia
3. Neutral temp.: Tn = −a/b. BP =2(a2+d2)3/2
4. Inversion temp.: Ti = −2a/b. a
∆H Thomson heat µ0iθ
Field at the centre of an arc: B = B→ Ⓢ θ i a
Thomson effect: emf e = = = σ∆T . 4πa
∆Q charge transferred

Faraday’s law of electrolysis: The mass deposited is

µ 0i
Field at the centre of a ring: B =
2
m = Zit = 1
Eit H
F
Ampere’s law: B→ · d→l = µ0 Iin
where i is current, t is time, Z is electrochemical equiv-
alent, E is chemical equivalent, and F = 96485 C/g is Field inside a solenoid: B = µ0ni, n = N

Faraday constant. l l

µ0Ni
5.5: Field inside a toroid: B =
2 r
Lorentz force on a moving charge: F→ = q→v × B→
+ qE→ B
d
→ N
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: Field of a bar magnet: 2
B→ 1
v d
S
q mv 2πm
B→ ⊗ r
r= qB , T = qB
µ0 2M µ0 M
B1 = 4π d3 , B2 =4π d3

Horizontal Bh
B
Force on a current carrying wire: → Angle of dip: Bh = B cos δ δ
→l Bv B
F→ i

F→ = i →l × Tangent galvanometer: Bh tan θ = µ0ni

, i = K tan θ
B→
2
Magnetic moment of a current loop (dipole):
Moving coil galvanometer: niAB = kθ, i = k
θ
µ→ A→ µ→ = iA→ n
i q
I
Time period of magnetometer: T = 2π
M

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Torque on a magnetic dipole placed in B→ : →τ = µ→ ×B→
Permeability: →B = µH
→

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H C R
flux: φ = B→ ·
Z
Magnetic
5.7: Electromagnetic
˜
1
RC circuit: i ωC
dS→
φ
e0 s in ωt
R
√
Faraday’s law: e = −
dφ Z = 2 2 R + 1
ωCR
d (1/ωC) , tan φ =
Lenz’s Law: Induced current create a B-field that op- L R R
φ

˜
poses the change in magnetic flux. LR circuit: i
Z
e0 s in ωt
+ √ ωL ωL

Motional emf: e = Blv l →v ⊗B→ Z= R2 + ω2L2, tan φ = R

L C R 1
−
ωC Z 1
φ − ωL
LCR Circuit: ωC

˜
i
Self inductance: φ = Li, e = −L di ωL
e0 s in ωt
d
q
2 2 2 R
Z= R 2 1q
, tan φ =
−ωL
Self inductance of a solenoid: L = µ0n (πr + 1
−1 ω ω

h t
i νresonance = ω R
Growth of current in LR circuit: i = e 1 − e− L
R 2 L
i
L R Power factor: P = ermsirms cos φ
e 0.63 e
R
t N1N2 e2
Transformer: N1
= e1
, e1i1 = e2i2 e1

˜ ˜
i
S N e
RL
i1 i2
t
√
Decay of current in LR circuit: i = i0e − L/R
Speed of the EM waves in vacuum: c = 1/ µ0ϵ0
L i
R
i0
0.37i0
t
i L
S R

Time constant of LR circuit: τ = L/R

Energy stored in an inductor: U = 1

Li2
22
Energy density of B field: u = U
= B
V 2µ0

Mutual inductance: φ = Mi, e = −M di

d

EMF induced in a rotating coil: e = NABω sin ωt

i
Alternating current: t
T
i = i0 sin(ωt + φ), T = 2π/ω
∫T
Average current in AC: ¯i =
T
1
0 i dt
=0 h 1/2 i2
RMS current: irms = 1 ∫T i2 dt i i0
= √2 t
T 0
T

Energy: E = irms2RT Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy

Capacitive reactance: Xc = 1
“IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
ω and our other books. Written by IITians,
Inductive reactance: XL = ωL Foreword by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by
Students.
Imepedance: Z = e0/i0

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6 Modern Physics N
N0
Population at time t: N = N0e−λt N0
6.1 : Photo-electric effect 2

O t1/2 t
Photon’s energy: E = hν = hc/λ

Photon’s momentum: p = h/λ = E/c Half life: t1/2 = 0.693/λ

Max. KE of ejected photo-electron: Kmax = hν − φ Average life: tav = 1/λ
Threshold freq. in photo-electric effect: ν0 = φ/h Population after n half lives: N = N0/2n.
Mass defect: ∆m = [Zmp + (A − Z)mn] − M
V0
hc
hc 1 φ e
Stopping potential: Vo — φ 1
Binding energy: B =
e λ
—φ e
hc λ + (A − —M
Q-value: Q = U − U
f
i
de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
Energy released in nuclear reaction: ∆E = ∆mc2
where ∆m = mreactants − mproducts.

6.2: The Atom

Energy in nth Bohr’s orbit:
6.4: Vacuum tubes and Semiconductors
mZ2e4 13.6Z 2
D
En = − 2 2 2
, En = − eV Half Wave Rectifier:
8ϵ hn
0 n2 R Output
Radius of the nth Bohr’s orbit: ˜
ϵ0h2n2
n a02
˚ Full Wave Rectifier:
rn = , rn = , a0 = 0.529 A
˜
2
πmZe Z Output

Quantization of the angular momentum: l = nh

Grid
2 Triode Valve: Cathode

Photon energy in state transition: E2 − E1 = hν Filament Plate

E2 E2

E1 hν ∆Vp
hν E1 Plate resistance of a triode: rp = ∆i
Emission Absorption p . g =0
∆V

Wavelength of emitted radiation: for a transition

from nth to mth state: Transconductance of a triode: g . = ∆ip
m g ∆Vp=0
1 1 1
= RZ2 − Amplification by a triode: µ = − ∆Vp .
∆V
λ n m ∆
∆ip
Relation between rp, µ, and gm: µ = rp × gm

I Kα Kβ
X-ray spectrum: λmin = hc
Ie Ic
e
Current in a transistor: Ie = Ib + Ic
λmin λα λ
√ Ib
Moseley’s law: ν = a(Z − b)
Ic
X-ray diffraction: 2d sin θ = nλ α and β parameters of a transistor: α = , β =
e
Ic α I
I
, β = 1−α
b

Heisenberg uncertainity principle:

Transconductance: gm = ∆Ic
∆p∆x ≥ h/(2π), ∆E∆t ≥ h/(2π) ∆ be
Logic Gates:
AND OR NAND NOR XOR
A B AB A+B AB A+B A B¯ +
6.3: The Nucleus 0 0 0 0 1 1 A¯ B
Nuclear radius: R = R0A1/3, R0 ≈ 1.1 × 10−15 m 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Decay rate: dN = −λN 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
d

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