POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

AND CONTROL
Subject Code : EE702PC
Regulations : R18 - JNTUH
Class : III Year B.Tech EEE II Semester

Department of Electrical and Electronics and Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad

EEE III Yr II Sem 1

 BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
COURSE DESCRIPTION FORM
2020-2021 (II SEMESTER)

Course Title POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

Course Code EE702PC
Class B.Tech. III Year II Semester EEE
Regulations JNTUH - R18
Lectures Tutorials /Bridge Practical Credits
Course Structure
3 0 - 3
Course Coordinator K Srinivasa Rao, Assistant Professor
K Srinivasa Rao, Assistant Professor
Team of Instructors

I. COURSEOVERVIEW:
This subject deals with the economic operation of power systems. It emphasizes on load flow studies,
single area and two area load frequency control and reactive power control. Computer control of power
systems.
Course Objectives:
 To understand real power control and operation
 To know the importance of frequency control
 To analyze different methods to control reactive power
 To understand unit commitment problem and importance of economic load dispatch
 To understand real time control of power systems

II. PREREQUISITE(S):

Level Credits Periods/ Week Prerequisites

1. Power systems-I
UG 3 3 2. Power systems II

III. MARKSDISTRIBUTION:

University
End Exam Total
Sessional Marks
marks marks

EEE III Yr II Sem 2

 Midterm Test:
There shall be Two Mid-Term Examinations. Each mid-term examination
consists of one objective paper, one descriptive paper and one assignment.
The objective paper and the essay paper shall be for 10 marks each with a
total duration of 1 hour 20 minutes (20 minutes for objective and 60
minutes for essay paper). The objective paper is set with 20 bits of 25
multiple choice, fill-in the blanks and matching type of questions for a
total of 10 marks. The essay paper shall contain 4 full questions out of
which, the student has to answer 2 questions, each carrying 5 marks.

While the first mid-term examination shall be conducted on 50% of the

syllabus, the second mid-term examination shall be conducted on the
remaining 50% of the syllabus. Five marks are allocated for assignments (as
specified by the subject teacher concerned). The first assignment should be
submitted before the conduct of the first mid- examination, and the second
assignment should be submitted before the conduct of the second mid-
examination. The total marks secured by thestudentineachmid-
termexaminationareevaluatedfor25marks, and the Average of the Two Mid-
Term Examinations shall be taken as the final marks secured by each 75 100
student in internals/sessionals

End Semester Examinations:

 The end semester examinations will be conducted for 75 marks
consisting of two parts viz. i) Part- A for 25 marks, ii) Part - B for
50marks.
 Part-A is compulsory question which consists of ten sub-questions. The
first five sub-questions are from each unit and carry 2 marks each. The
next five sub- questions are one from each unit and carry 3 markseach.
 Part-B consists of five questions (numbered from 2 to 6) carrying 10
marks each. Each of these questions is from one unit and may contain
sub-questions. For each question there will be an “either” “or” choice,
which means that there will be two questions from each unit and the
student should answer either of the twoquestions.

IV. EVALUATIONSCHEME:

S. No. Component Duration Marks

1 I Mid Examination 1 hour 20 minutes 20
2 I Assignment - 5
3 II Mid Examination 1 hour 20 minutes 20
4 II Assignment - 5
5 External Examination 3 hours 75

V. COURSE OBJCTIVES:
1 To understand real power control and operation

EEE III Yr II Sem 3

 2 To know the importance of frequency control
3 To analyze different methods to control reactive power
4 To understand unit commitment problem and importance of economic load dispatch
5
To understand real time control of power systems

VI. COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the course the student will be able to:
S. No Description Bloom’s taxonomy level
Knowledge, Understand
1 Understand operation and control of power systems
(Level 1, Level 2)

Analyze various functions of Energy Management System Knowledge, Understand

2
(EMS) functions (Level 1, Level 2)

Knowledge, Apply
3 Analyze whether the machine is in stable or unstable position
(Level 2, Level 3)
Understand, Apply, Evaluate
4 Understand power system deregulation and restructuring
(Level 2, Level 3, Level 5)
Understand the concept of computer control of power systems Knowledge, Understand
5
and data acquisition. (Level 1, Level 2)

VII. HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED

Program Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by
PO1 Engineering knowledge: To Apply the knowledge of
mathematics, science, and engineering
Seminars, Assignments,
fundamentals/principles, and Electrical & Electronics 3
Mock tests,
Engineering to the solution of complex engineering problems
encountered in modern Engineering practice.
PO2 Problem analysis: Ability to Identify, formulate, review
research literature, and analyze complex engineering
Assignments,
problems related to Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3
Mock tests
and reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles
of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for
complex engineering problems related to Electrical and
Electronics Engineering and design system components or Assignments,
2
processes that meet the desired needs within realistic Mock tests
consideration for the public health and safety, and the
cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use
research--based knowledge and research methods including
design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, 1 Projects
and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate 1 Projects

EEE III Yr II Sem 4

 techniques, skills, resources, and modern Electrical and
Electronics Engineering tools including prediction and
modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the
contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities - -
relevant to the Electrical and Electronics Engineering
professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of
the Electrical and Electronics Engineering professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, - -
and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional
ethics and responsibilities and norms of the engineering - -
practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an
individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary teams. - -

PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex

engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make
effective presentations, and give and receive clear 1 Student Seminars
instructions.

PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge

and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in
multidisciplinary environments. - -

PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-
long learning in the broadest context of technological 1 Competitive Exams
change.

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

VIII. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED

Program Specific Outcomes Level Proficiency assed by

EEE III Yr II Sem 5

 PSO1 Talented to analyze, design and implement electrical &
electronics systems and deal with the rapid pace of industrial
innovations and developments
2 Projects

PSO2 Skillful to use application and control techniques for

research and advanced studies in Electrical and Electronics
engineering domain 2 Projects

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

IX. COURSE CONTENT:

JNTUH SYLLABUS
UNIT – I Load Flow Studies
Introduction, Bus classification -Nodal admittance matrix - Load flow equations - Iterative methods -Gauss and
Gauss Seidel Methods, Newton-Raphson Method-Fast Decoupled method-Merits anddemerits of the above
methods-System data for load flow study
UNIT – II Economic Operation of Power Systems
Distribution of load between units within a plant-Transmission loss as a function of plant generation,Calculation
of loss coefficients-Distribution of load between plants.
UNIT – III Load Frequency Control
Introduction, load frequency problem-Megawatt frequency (or P-f) control channel, MVAR voltages (orQ-V)
control channel-Dynamic interaction between P-f and Q-V loops. Mathematical model of speed governing
system-Turbine models, division of power system into control areas, P-f control of singlecontrol area (the
uncontrolled and controlled cases)-P-f control of two area systems (the uncontrolledcases and controlled cases)
UNIT – IV Power System Stability
The stability problem-Steady state stability, transient stability and Dynamic stability-Swing equation.Equal area
criterion of stability-Applications of Equal area criterion, Step by step solution of swingequation-Factors
affecting transient stability, Methods to improve steady state and Transient stability,Introduction to voltage
stability
UNIT – V Computer Control of Power Systems
Need of computer control of power systems. Concept of energy control center (or) load dispatch centerand the
functions - system monitoring - data acquisition and control. System hardware configuration –SCADA and
EMS functions. Network topology – Importance of Load Forecasting and simple techniquesof forecasting.
NPTEL WEB:
https://nptel.ac.in/downloads/108101040/
NPTEL VIDEOS:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101040/
GATE SYLLABUS:
Voltage and Frequency control

ESE SYLLABUS:
Voltage control and economic operation

EEE III Yr II Sem 6

 SUGGESTED BOOKS:

TEXT BOOKS
1. C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems, 3rd Edn, New Age International Publishing Co., 2001.
2. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, Modern Power System Analysis, 4th Edn, Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private Limited 2011.

REFERENCES:
1. D. P. Kothari: Modern Power System Analysis-Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. 2003.
2. Hadi Sadat: Power System Analysis –Tata Mc Graw Hill Pub. Co. 2002

X. COURSE PLAN:
Link for
Uni Small Course Teaching
Lectu Topics to be
t Date Link for PPT Link for PDF Projects/ learning Methodol Reference
re No. covered
No. Numericals( outcomes ogy
if any)

https://drive.goo
Introduction to
gle.com/file/d/1J
POWER CHALK
eU0uA7Yovv-
30/03/2 SYSTEM KNOWLE PPT
1 Z2E8BS_-
021 OPERATION DGE WHITE
42teCsSOQufh/
AND BOARD
view?usp=sharin
CONTROL
g

https://drive.goo
UNIT - I
gle.com/file/d/1J
Load Flow CHALK
eU0uA7Yovv- https://drive.
31/03/2 Studies UNDERST PPT
2 Z2E8BS_- google.com/
021 Introduction, https://drive.goo ANDING WHITE
42teCsSOQufh/ file/d/1WM
Bus gle.com/file/d/1 BOARD
view?usp=sharin DPfMu6QR
classification ubJB3MgUD8H
1 g 0HA7oxUe
TtznjexkBWVxJ
GhKX2LK CHALK
Nodal QGq8zuEg/view
6/4/202 WYlODxw/ ANALYSI PPT
3 admittance ?usp=sharing https://drive.goo
1 view?usp=sh S WHITE
matrix gle.com/file/d/1
aring BOARD
REPX3UbAtO1
Problems on Y
eWvNy808bh6 CHALK
bus
7/4/202 QWyQhVhc1l/v KNOWLE PPT
4 formation&
1 iew?usp=sharing DGE WHITE
Load flow
BOARD
equations
CHALK
Iterative
12/4/20 https://drive.goo ANALYSI PPT
5 methods -
21 gle.com/file/d/1 S WHITE
Gauss method
1oC7ki_hTIf5- BOARD
tzPBeKBQh3tW CHALK
19/04/2 Gauss Seidel Jg20zF2/view?u ANALYSI PPT
6
021 Methods sp=sharing S WHITE
BOARD

EEE III Yr II Sem 7

 https://drive.goo
gle.com/file/d/1 CHALK
Newton-
20/04/2 zP4bvPbyhrYb NUMERIC PPT
7 Raphson
021 HrK0K8DKKA AL WHITE
Method
Bo4q8v8Dv_/vi BOARD
ew?usp=sharing
https://drive.goo
gle.com/file/d/1 CHALK
26/04/2 Fast Decoupled z5oXCLnLwueI APPLICAT PPT
8
021 method 3J0O5Vf0R1BP ION WHITE
66HSaqBJ/view BOARD
?usp=sharing
https://drive.goo CHALK
Merits and
27/04/2 gle.com/file/d/1 NUMERIC PPT
9 demerits of the
021 NvTNdAf8oJBE AL WHITE
above methods
5bWOteEnOBH BOARD
28/04/2 System data for 1f4i9_wbd/view NUMERI
10
021 load flow study ?usp=sharing CAL
https://drive.goo
UNIT - II gle.com/file/d/1 CHALK
3/5/202 Economic SLm6Ejf6AuVg ANALYSI PPT
11
1 Operation of cuYmVxF8y5bt S WHITE
Power Systems B7x_Mlce/view BOARD
?usp=sharing
https://drive.goo
Distribution of gle.com/file/d/1
4/5/202 load between h1wS2WlULsH NUMERI
12 https://drive.
1 units within a JeVp1cjRghczq CAL
https://drive.goo google.com/
plant pZzPNJ0U/view
gle.com/file/d/1 file/d/1WM
?usp=sharing
o- DPfMu6QR
https://drive.goo
II Transmission 3n6zS3tzMYgJI 0HA7oxUe
gle.com/file/d/1 CHALK
loss as a Tfd0e1BzXlsgN GhKX2LK
5/5/202 4IM8wv2baGk4 ANALYSI PPT
13 function of EKR1/view?usp WYlODxw/
1 S0csQguFHN_u S WHITE
plant =sharing view?usp=sh
xbBG4ILL/view BOARD
generation aring
?usp=sharing
CHALK
Calculation of
10/5/20 https://drive.goo UNDERST PPT
14 loss
21 gle.com/file/d/1l ANDING WHITE
coefficients
wKei0zTZ32Sg BOARD
NyctTysaNQUd CHALK
Distribution of
11/5/20 Khyel1F/view?u PPT
15 load between
21 sp=sharing NUMERI WHITE
plants
CAL BOARD
UNIT - III
Load
CHALK
Frequency
12/5/20 ANALYSI PPT
16 ControIntroduc
21 S WHITE
tion, load
https://drive BOARD
frequency
problem https://drive.goo https://drive.goo .google.com/
gle.com/file/d/1 gle.com/file/d/1 file/d/1WM
Megawatt CHALK
QbP99_Xg59yd xKs260HFAA4 DPfMu6QR
7/6/202 frequency (or NUMERI PPT
17 III oK7f- C6WU6eFMTB 0HA7oxUe
1 P-f) control CAL WHITE
KmQCnTfmoTy L3kKBM0Lu8g/ GhKX2LK
channel BOARD
QJ9L/view?usp view?usp=sharin WYlODxw/
MVAR CHALK
=sharing g view?usp=s
8/6/202 voltages (or UNDERST PPT
18 haring
1 Q-V) control ANDING WHITE
channel BOARD
Dynamic CHALK
9/6/202 ANALYSI
19 interaction PPT
1 S
between P-f WHITE

EEE III Yr II Sem 8

 and Q-V loops BOARD

Mathematical CHALK
14/06/2 model of speed NUMERI PPT
20
021 governing CAL WHITE
system BOARD
Turbine
models, CHALK
15/06/2 division of NUMERI PPT
21
021 power system CAL WHITE
into control BOARD
areas
P-f control of
single
CHALK
control area
16/06/2 KNOWLE PPT
22 (the
021 DGE WHITE
uncontrolled
BOARD
and controlled
cases
P-f control of
two area
CHALK
systems (the
21/06/2 NUMERI PPT
23 uncontrolled
021 CAL WHITE
cases and
BOARD
controlled
cases)
UNIT - IV
Power System
CHALK
Stability
22/06/2 UNDERST PPT
24 The stability
021 ANDING WHITE
problem-
BOARD
Steady state
stability
transient CHALK
23/06/2 stability and ANALYSI PPT
25
021 Dynamic S WHITE
stability BOARD
Swing equation
Equal area
https://drive CHALK
criterion of
28/06/2 https://drive.goo .google.com/ UNDERST PPT
26 stability https://drive.goo
021 gle.com/file/d/1 file/d/1WM ANDING WHITE
Applications of gle.com/file/d/1
dhXvpzw29Wcl DPfMu6QR BOARD
Equal area a3zP_vZM_JM2
IV lriwoB8E9E38C 0HA7oxUe
criterion 8MwxmNlvHlB
- GhKX2LK
Step by step 3VfJmgOGI/vie
F0kGa5/view?us WYlODxw/
solution of w?usp=sharing
p=sharing view?usp=s CHALK
swing equation
29/06/2 haring APPLICAT PPT
27 Factors
021 ION WHITE
affecting
BOARD
transient
stability
Methods to
CHALK
improve steady
5/7/202 UNDERST PPT
28 state and
1 ANDING WHITE
Transient
BOARD
stability
CHALK
6/7/202 PPT
29 Problems SOLVE
1 WHITE
BOARD
30 I Mid Examinations

EEE III Yr II Sem 9

 UNIT - V
Computer
Control of CHALK
7/7/202 Power KNOWLE PPT
31
1 Systems-Need DGE WHITE
of computer BOARD
control of
power systems
Concept of
energy control CHALK
12/7/20 centre (or) load UNDERST PPT
32
21 dispatch centre ANDING WHITE
and the BOARD
functions
Concept of
energy control CHALK
13/07/2 centre (or) load UNDERST PPT
33
021 dispatch centre ANDING WHITE
and the BOARD
functions
system https://drive
https://drive.goo CHALK
monitoring - .google.com/
14/07/2 gle.com/file/d/1 https://drive.goo KNOWLE PPT
34 data file/d/1WM
021 D- gle.com/file/d/1 DGE WHITE
acquisition and DPfMu6QR
9tkpYNEJHTNd UX4nlJ3TZ6i1E BOARD
V control. 0HA7oxUe
tZ- zPy6DjnYokbjie
GhKX2LK CHALK
System bv9iZ_UEjoQt1 Dts7d/view?usp
19/07/2 WYlODxw/ UNDERST PPT
35 hardware u5/view?usp=sh =sharing
021 view?usp=s ANDING WHITE
configuration aring
haring BOARD
CHALK
21/07/2 SCADA and UNDERST PPT
36
021 EMS functions ANDING WHITE
BOARD
CHALK
26/07/2 Network KNOWLE PPT
37
021 topology DGE WHITE
BOARD
Importance of
Load CHALK
27/07/2 Forecasting ANALYSI PPT
38
021 and simple S WHITE
techniques BOARD
of forecasting
Importance of
Load CHALK
28/07/2 Forecasting ANALYSI PPT
39
021 and simple S WHITE
techniques BOARD
of forecasting
II Mid Examinations

XI. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF PROGRAM

OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
Program
Outcomes

Specific
Course

Program Outcomes
Outcomes (PO) (PSO)
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2

EEE III Yr II Sem 10

 CO1 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 2 2
CO2 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 2 2 2
CO3 3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 2 2
CO4 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 2 1 2 2
CO5 2 - 2 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 1 1
AVG 2.8 2.25 2 1.8 1.8 - - - - - 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.8
1: Low 2. Moderate 3.High -.None

XII. QUESTION BANK: (JNTUH)

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS:
UNIT-I
Short Answer Questions
S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define loadbus, slack bus and generator bus Knowledge 1
2 What are the disadvantages of the Gauss Seidel Load FlowAnalysis? Apply 1
3 What is the advantage of using acceleration factor in Gauss-siedel Understand 1
loadflow method?
4 Which quantities are specified at voltage controlledbus? Knowledge 1

5 What are the advantages of conducting power flowstudies? Knowledge 1

6 What is the data for power flowstudies? Analyze 1

7 What is the normal value of acceleration factor used in GSmethod? Analyze 1

Long Answer Questions

S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Compare the different methods of load flow techniques? Knowledge 1
2 There is no mutual coupling, the diagonal and off-diagonal elements Evaluate 1
of Y Bus can be computed from Yii = sum (yij) and Yij = sum (yij)
.
3 Explain the Derivation of Static load flow equations – Load flow Evaluate 1
solutions using Gauss Seidel Method?
4 Explain Load flow solution with and without P-V buses, Algorithm Knowledge 1
and Flowchart?
5 Explain the advantages and disadvantages of G-S method? Evaluate 1
6 Explain Injected Active and Reactive Powers (Sample One Iteration Evaluate 1
only)?
8 Explain finding Line Flows/Losses for the given Bus Voltages. Evaluate 1
9 Write the algorithm for FDLF method? Understand 1
10 Compare G-S method and N-R methods. Understand
UNIT-2
Short Answer Questions
S.No Question Blooms Course

EEE III Yr II Sem 11

 Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define incremental fuel cost Knowledge 1
2 What is langrangian multiplier Knowledge 1
3 What is economic load dispatch? Knowledge 1
4 Explain input – output characteristics of thermal power stations. Analyze 1
Long Answer Questions
S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Derive the optimum generator allocation with line losses Knowledge 1
2 Derive the optimum generator allocation without line losses Knowledge 1
3 Discuss the general problem of economic operation of large inter Knowledge 1
connected area

UNIT-3
Short Answer Questions
S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 What is flat frequency control Knowledge 1
2 Explain about control area and control area error Apply 1
3 Explain how the tie-line power deviation can be unincorporated in Understand 1
two-area system Block diagram.
4 What are the features of the dynamic response of a two area system Knowledge 1
for step load disturbances?
5 What the advantages are of inter connected operation of power Knowledge 1
system? Explain
6 Explain in detail in selecting frequency bias parameters? Analyze 1

7 Explain the state-space model of synchronous machine Analyze 1

Long Answer Questions

S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Derive the transfer function of speed governing system? Knowledge 1
2 Explain the necessity of maintaining a constant frequency in power Evaluate 1
system operation
3 Two generators rated 100MW and 400MW are operating in parallel. Evaluate 1
The drop characteristics of their governors are 2% and 4%
respectively from no-load to full load, Assuming that the generators
are operating at 50Hz at no-load, how would a load of 500MW be
shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this load?
Assume free governor operator.
a. Without proportional plus integral controller and
b. With proportional plus integral control
4 A 500 MW generator has speed regulation of 4%. If the frequency Knowledge 1
drops by 0.12Hz with unchanged reference, determine the increase in
turbine power. Also find by how much the reference power setting be
changed if the turbine power remain unchanged.
5 Explain in detail the importance of load frequency problem. Evaluate 1

EEE III Yr II Sem 12

6 A 100MVA synchronous generator operates on full load at a Evaluate 1
frequency of 50Hz. The load is suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to
time log in governor system, the steam value begins to close after 0.4
seconds. Determine the change in frequency that occurs in this time.
Given the initial constant H = 5 KW – Sec/KVA of generator rating.
8 Two areas of a power system network are inter connected by a tie- Evaluate 1
line, whose capacity is 500MW, operating at a power angle of. If each
area has a capacity of 5000MW and the equal speed regulation of
3Hz/puMW, determine the frequency of oscillation of the power for
step change in load. Assume that both areas have the same inertia
constants of H = 4 Sec.
9 Distinguish between load frequency control and economic dispatch Understand 1
control

UNIT-4
Short Answer Questions
Blooms
Course
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
1 Define stability, steady state stability, transient stability and dynamic 1
Understand
stability?
2 Derive the swing equation? Applying 1
3 Derive the transient stability by using equal area criterion? Applying 1
4 What are the applications of equal area criterion? Knowledge 1
5. 1
Define critical clearing angle? Understand
6. 1
Define critical clearing time? Understand

7. 1
Briefly explain about Power-Angle curve? Knowledge
8. 1
What are the methods to improve stability? Knowledge

Long Answer Questions

S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Derive and explain of Swing Equation? Knowledge 1
2 A synchronous generator is operating at an infinite bus and supplying Evaluate 1
45% of its Peak power capacity. As soon as a fault occurs, the
reactance between the generator and the line becomes four times its
value before the fault. The peak power that can be delivered after the
fault is cleared is 70% of the original maximum value. Determine the
critical clearing angle.
3 A 50 Hz, three-phase synchronous generator delivers 1.00 p.u. powers Evaluate 1
to an infinite Bus bar through a network in which resistance is
negligible. A fault occurs which reduces the maximum power
transferable to 0.40 p.u. whereas, before the fault, this power was 1.8
p.u. and, after the clearance of the fault 1.30 p.u. By the use of equal
area criterion, determine the critical angle.
4 Explain Determination of Transient Stability by Equal Area Criterion Analyze 1

EEE III Yr II Sem 13

 and write Application of Equal Area Criterion?
5 Explain Solution of Swing Equation: Point-by-Point Method? Analyze 1
6. Explain about Power Angle Curve and Determination of Steady State Knowledge 1
Stability?
7. Explain about steady state stability power limit and synchronizing Analyze 1
power co-efficient?
8. What is meant by power angle curve and write its significance. Knowledge 1
UNIT-5
Short Answer Questions
Blooms
Course
S.No Question Taxonomy
Outcome
Level
1 What is the function of Energy control center? Knowledge 1
2 What is meant by SCADA Knowledge 1
3 What are the functions of EMS Knowledge 1

Long Answer Questions

S.No Question Blooms Course
Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Explain about the Need of computer control of power systems Understand 1
2 Explain in detail about the Concept of energy control centre. Understand 1
3 Why is SCADA necessary?.How is it done?. Knowledge 1
4 Explain about EMS?. Analyze 1
5 What is load forecasting? Explain in detail. Analyze 1

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
FILL UP THE BANKS:
UNIT-1
1.Thefrequency of the power system controls the ______________.
2. Single control area fitted with proportional plus integral controller is________________.
3. The synchronizing coefficient between two area of a 2 area power system is ______________.
4. If the two generators have individual ratings of 10MW each& a system load of 16 MW should be share as
______________.
5. Load frequency control uses_________________.
UNIT-2
1. The specified variables at PQ buses are__________________.
2 .In case of transmission line the capacitance is a_________________.
3. Series Capacitors are used to __________________________.
4.Synchronous motor can operate at___________________________.
5.Under heavy loading condition , the reeceving end bus should be _____________.

UNIT-III:
1. The unit of heat rate is _________________.
2. The unit of langrangian multiplier Ʈ is _______________.
3. For a slack bus ,the penalty factor is _______________.
4. Incremental transmission lloss of grid is ______________.
5 .IFC is given by _____________________.

UNIT-IV:
1. The constraint equation in computing economic criteria is given by __________.

EEE III Yr II Sem 14

2. The units can be started within a short duration of time to meet the change in load when a particular unit fails
in the power system is called ________________.
3. The constraints placed on the system operation by reliability considerations the system will be operated
most___________.
4. The unit is running it should not be turned off immediately this is called as __________
5.. What are the methods of finding economic dispatch _____________________________.

UNIT-V:
1. Define SCADA _____________________________________________.
2. Application of SCADA reduce _________________.
3. State estimation uses techniques like ________________________.
4. State the functions of energy control center ____________________.
5. State the functions of load dispatch center ____________________.

JNTUH:
UNIT-1
1. In load flow analysis, the load connected at a bus is represented as ( )
a. Constant current drawn from the bus
b. Constant impedance connected at the bus
c. Voltage and frequency dependent source at the bus
d. constant real and reactive drawn from the bus
Ans c
2. Two power plants A and B are inter connected by a ( )
a. long line b.short line c.both d.none
Ans d

3.In the single area case we could thus represent the frequency deviations by the ( )
a. single variable b.two variable
c. three variable d.four variable
Ans.a
4. Power transmitted from the area 1 is equation ( )
a. a.power equation b.torque
c. c.current d.all
Ans.a
5. All quantities other than frequency are in ( )
a.p.u b.apm d.volt d.ohm Ans.a

UNIT-2
1.. Shunt capacitors ( )
a. fixed capacitor is connected across a load
b. at a consumers premises c. both d. none
Ans.c
2. An excitation system should have ( )
a. low time constant b. high transient response c. high reliability d. all the above
Ans.d
3. A power system needs injection of VARS ( )
a. at peak load b. at off-peak load c. both (a) & (b) none
Ans.c
4. The change in reactive power at a bus have a great effect on the voltage magnitude ( )
a. of that bus b. of distant busses c. of all the busses d. none
Ans.a
5.The injection of reactive power is needed ( )
a. to get a good voltage profile b. to increase the voltage at the receiving end
c. to compensate for line losses. D. to supply a part of active power requirement of the load.

EEE III Yr II Sem 15

 Ans.a

UNIT-3
1. Equality constraints are ( )
a. Generator constrains b. Current constraints
c. magnetic constraints d. none of the above
Ans a
2. Heat rate curve is defined as ( )
a. Fuel i/p to the power o/p b.Power o/p to the fuel i/p
b. Both d.none of the above
Ans a
3. Optimal operation of generator is ( )
a.To maximize the total cost b.To minimize the total cost
c. Both d.all the above
Ans c

4. The fuel cost is included in ( )

a. Annual fived cost b. Annual operating cost c.. Both (a) & (b) d. None
Ans.b
5. The penalty factor ( )
a. is always less than 1. b.is always more than 1 c. may be more or less than 1.
d. is equal to 1 or less than 1.
Ans .b

UNIT -4
1. Operation of the system the having ( )
a. Hydro b.Thermal
c.both d.none
Ans.c
2. The hydroelectric project consists of ( )
a. body of water impounded by a dam b. body of water impounded by a station
c.both d.All of the above
Ans.a
3. The water level bay is influenced by flow out of the ( )
a.reservoir b.dam
c.hydroplant d.none
Ans: b
4. The run off river plants have very high firm capacity ( )
a. True b. False
Ans.b
5. The units for heat rate are ( )
a. k cal/kwh b.kwh/k calc.kcal/hour d.kw
Ans.a

UNIT -5
1. Electrical energy can be stored in large amounts False
2. Load forecasting is done only for long term. False
3. Application of SCADA reduce man power requirement. True
4. SCADA is used only by utilities and not in any industry. False.
5. State estimation uses techniques like weighted least square method. True
GATE:
1. The fuel cost functions of two power plants are

EEE III Yr II Sem 16

where, Pg1 and Pg2 are the generated powers of two plants, and A and B are the constants. If the two plants
optimally share 1000 MW load at incremental fuel cost of 100 Rs/MWh, the ratio of load shared by plants P1
and P2 is (A) 1:4 (B) 2:3 (C) 3:2 (D) 4:1
2. A 50 Hz generating unit has H-constant of 2 MJ/MVA. The machine is initially operating in steady state at
synchronous speed, and producing 1 pu of real power. The initial value of the rotor angle δ is 5 , when a bolted
three phase to ground short circuit fault occurs at the terminal of the generator. Assuming the input mechanical
power to remain at 1 pu, the value of δ in degrees, 0.02 second after the fault is _________..
3. A load center of 120MW derives power from two power stations connected by 220kV transmission lines of
25km and 75km as shown in the figure below. The three generators G1,G2 and G3 are of 100MW capacity each
and have identical fuel cost characteristics. The minimum loss generation schedule for supplying the 120 MW
load is

(A).P1 80MW losses P2 20MW P3 20MW (B) P1 60MW P2 30MW losses P3 30MW
(C) P1 40MW P2 40MW P3 40MW losses (D) P1 30MW losses P2 45MW P3 45MW

XIII. WEBSITES:
1. www.eng.fsu.edu.in
2. www.scribd.com
3. http://nptelonlinecourses.iitm.ac.in

XIV. EXPERT DETAILS:

1. Dr. A.Jayalakshmi, Professor, JNTUH
2. Dr. Suryakalaavthi,, Professor, JNTUH

XV. JOURNALS:
1. IEEE Transaction on Power systems.
2. IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal
3. IEEE Power Engineering Journal.

XVI. LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINARS:

1. Optimal operation of generators in Thermal power stations
2. Optimal generation allocation including the effect of transmission line losses
3. Hydroelectric power plant models
4. Modeling of Excitation system
5. Necessity of frequency constant
6. Block diagram representation of an isolated power system
7. Load frequency control of two-area system
8. Proportional plus integral control of single area and its block diagram representation

XVII. CASE STUDIES / SMALL PROJECTS

1. Load frequency control and Economic dispatch control
2. Overview of Reactive power control
3. Reactive power compensation in transmission system
4. Specifications of load compensator
5. Uncompensated and compensated transmission lines
6. Shunt and series compensation
7. General transmission line loss formula
==== END ====

EEE III Yr II Sem 17