GEC 2 REVIEWER

HISTORY
 Derived from the Greek word “historia” which means learning by inquiry.
Other definitions:
“A systematic accounting of a set of natural phenomena, that is, taking into consideration the
chronological arrangement of the account” – Aristotle
“Knowledge is derived through conducting a process of scientific investigation of past events”
“It is a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events” – Merriam Webster
“The study of or a record of past events considered together, especially events of a particular
period, country or subject” – Cambridge Dictionaries Online
Why do we study History?
 To know more about the roots of our current culture.
 To learn about the mistakes of those who have gone before us.
 To learn about human nature in general by looking at trends that repeat through history.
 To learn historical facts.
 To learn about how different factors shape society e.g. religion, greed, the intersection of
different cultures, technology, etc.
Primary Sources
 It is an original object or document; first-hand information.
 A material written or produced in the time period that you may be investigating.
 Enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened.
Examples:
 Diaries and Journals (e.g. Diary of Anne Frank, Sarah Morgan Dawson: A Confederate
Girl’s Diary)
 Autobiographies – When you write a story or book about yourself. (e.g. Long Walk to
Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela)
 Speeches (e.g. Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln, I Have a Dream by Martin
Luther King, All of the President’s Inauguration Speech)
 Historical Documents (e.g. Declaration of Independence, The Constitution)
 Birth Certificates
 Government Records
 Deeds
 Court Documents
 Military Records
 Tax Records
 Census Records
 Art
 Published first-hand accounts or stories
 Videos
Secondary Sources
 Shows how your work relates to existing research and are considered as second-hand
information.
 Something written about a primary source and written “after-the-fact”.
Examples:
 Biography – when you write about another person’s life.
 Newspaper and Magazine
 Almanacs
 Encyclopedias
  History books
ADVANTAGES of Primary Sources
 It provides a window into the past – unfiltered access to the record of artistic, social,
scientific, and political thought and achievement during the specific period under study
produced by people who lived during that period.
 Can give a very real sense of what it was like to be alive during a long past era.
DISADVANTAGES of Primary Sources
 Questions of creator bias, purpose and point of view.
 Often incomplete and have little context.
 In analyzing primary sources, one moves from concrete observations and facts to
questioning and making inferences about the materials.
ADVANTAGES of Secondary Sources
 Can provide analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of the original information.
 Best for uncovering background or historical information and broadening your
understanding of a topic by exposing to other’s perspectives.
 Allows the readers to get expert views of events.
DISADVANTAGES of Secondary Sources
 Their reliability and validity are open to question and often do not provide exact
information.
 They do not represent first hand knowledge of a subject or event.
 Finding good secondary sources can be an issue.

TYPES OF CRITICISM
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 The practice of verifying the authenticity of the physical characteristics;
consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it was produced
and the materials used for the evidence.
INTERNAL CRITICISM
 The examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence. It looks at the
content of the source and examines the circumstances of its production. Done by
looking at the author, its context, agenda, and the purpose behind its creation.
DECEPTION CASES IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Hoax Code of Kalantiaw
 The code was a set of rules contained in an epic Maragitas which was allegedly
written by Datu Kalantiaw. The document was sold in National Library and was
regarded as an important precolonial document. However, in 1968, an American
historian William Henry Scott debunked the authenticity of the code due to lack
of evidence to prove that the code existed in precolonial Philippine society.
 Ferdinand Marcos as WWll Soldier
 This was widely believed by students of history and Marcos had medals to show.
This claim was disproven when historian counterchecked Marcos’ claims with the
war records of the United States.
Site of the First Mass
Limasawa
 takes its name from the five wives (“limang asawa”) of Rajah Kolambu, the ruler of the
island when Magellan and his men arrived in 1521.
Ferdinand Magellan
 Portuguese explorer best known for having planned and led the 1519 Spanish expedition.
March 17, 1521
 Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines.
March 31, 1521
 The first ever Easter Mass in the Philippines on the island of Mazaua (Masao), known
today as Limasawa Island, Leyte.
 Celebrated by Father Pedro Valderrama.
Up until 1921, it was believed that the event was held somewhere near the mouth of the Agusan
River in what is today the municipality of Butuan, Agusan del Norte.
Antonio Pigafetta
 A Venetian scholar and explorer, served as Magellan's assistant and kept an accurate
journal with detailed accounts of the expedition, including the first Mass.
Francisco Albo
 Pilot of the Victoria ship.
 He mentioned that Magellan planted the cross "upon a mountain- top from which could
be seen three islands to the west and southwest” which best fits the description of the
geographical area of Limasawa and which is not applicable to Butuan.
Archaeological excavations on Limasawa have uncovered artifacts, including pottery and
fragments of Spanish armor, providing tangible evidence of the contact between Magellan’s
expedition and the locals.
Dr. Antonio Sanchez de Mora
 Concluded that the first ever Easter Mass in the Philippines was held in 1521 on the
island of Mazaua, known today as Limasawa Island, Leyte after combining over sources
in the archive pertinent and comparing them with other archival sources.
His sources include:
 Documents written during Ferdinand Magellan’s historic expedition.
 Reports and testimonies of the survivors.
 Chronicles and other primary sources as well as maps and nautical charts.
 Secondary sources
Fr. Francisco Colin S.J.
 Stated that Magellan arrived at Butuan first, then to Limasawa and then to Cebu.
Fr. Francisco Combes S.J.
 Stated that Magellan arrived at Limasawa to Butuan, then back to Limasawa and then to
Cebu.
Giovanni Careri
 He cited that the first mass was held on White Sunday instead of Easter Sunday.
“The first mass in the Philippines took place in Limasawa, not in Butuan. It is not just
because of the lack of evidence but because of the inconsistency of facts as well.”

Cavite Mutiny
Cavite Mutiny
 brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the
excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement.
 January 20, 1872 in Sampaloc, Cavite during the feast of the Virgin of Loreto.
 Uprising due to the removal of the privileges:
  Exemption from the tribute
 Exemption from forced labor

a. Tribute (Tributo)
 Imposed as a sign of the Filipino’s loyalty to the King of Spain.
 Must pay 8 reales (1 peso) those between 16 years old to 60 years old.

b. Cedula (Personal Identification Paper)

 A certificate identifying the taxpayer (e.g. name, age, birthplace etc.)

c. Diezmos Prediales or Tithes

 A tax consisting one-tenth (1/10) of the produce of one’s land.
Governor Rafael de Izquierdo
 Magnified the incident and used it to clamp down the Filipinos who had been calling for
governmental reform.
 He insisted that the mutiny was stimulated by the native clergy, mestizos, and lawyers as
a signal of objection against the injustices of the government.
Executed Priests:
 Jose Burgos
 Jacinto Zamora
 Mariano Gomez
Jose Montero y Vidal
 Stated that the mutiny was an attempt of Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in
the Philippines.
Dr. Trinidad Pardo De Tavera
 Stated that the mutiny occurred due to the dissatisfaction of Filipino soldiers and laborers
due to the abolition of the privileges.
Retraction of Rizal
The retraction focused exclusively on his return to the Catholic Faith and all other concerns
connected to it, such as his union with Josephine Bracken.
EVIDENCES from PRO-RETRACTION
Fr. Vicente Balaguer
 Claimed to have visited Rizal in Fort Santiago and reported to have successfully
convinced Rizal to renounce Masonry and recommit to Catholicism. He asserted that he
was the officiant of Josephine Bracken and Rizal's marriage.
 He claimed that he, together with Fr. Jose Vilaclara, went to Fort Santiago at December
29, 1896 at 10 o’clock.
Fr. Pio Pi
 Superior of the Jesuit Society in the Philippines who made a shorter retraction document
since Rizal found the first template unacceptable because it was too long and its language
and style were not reflective of his personality.
 The witnesses after his signature are Eloy Moure (Adjutant of the Plaza), and Juan del
Fresno (Chief of the Picket).
Fr. Manuel Garcia
 Claimed to have found the original text in the Archdiocesan archives on May 13, 1935
after it disappeared thirty-nine years ago from the afternoon when Rizal was shot.
Teodoro Kalaw
 a Mason and the National Library's director at the time who inspected the “original text”

Carlos P. Romulo
 Editor of the newspaper Philippines Herald who publish the story under the banner
heading "Rizal's Retraction Found".
Henry Otley Beyer
 a well-known handwriting expert who inspected and stated that the retraction paper was
indeed written by Jose Rizal.
Rizal also dedicated a Catholic devotional book to his two sisters Josefa and Trinidad, to his
wife Josephine, after getting married.
REASONS for RETRACTION
1. To save his family and town from further persecution.
2. To give Josephine a legal status as his wife.
3. To secure reforms from the Spanish government.

EVIDENCES FROM ANTI-RETRACTION

Rafael Palma
 stated that the retraction document was a forgery.
 He noticed irregularities in Rizal's signature, the inks used, the font of some sentences,
the margin, and the way individual letters were formed.
Other reasons:
1. Retraction document was not made public until 1935.
2. No effort has been made to save Rizal from death after the alleged retraction.
3. Rizal’s burial was kept in secret.
4. No marriage certificate or public record or Rizal’s marriage with Bracken.
5. The Retraction was out of character.
Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila (Security Corps of Manila)
 Intelligence service that the Spanish colonial government organized primarily to gather
information on the activities of Katipunan members and supporters under the command
of Inspector Jefe Federico Moreno.
Surveillance Report of Federico Moreno
 Jose Rizal entered death row accompanied by Señor Taviel de Andrade and Fr. Jose
Vilaclara.
 Wanted a prayer book which was brought to him shortly by Father March.
 At 10 o’clock, Jesuit fathers, March and Vilaclara, presented him with a prepared
retraction on his life and deeds that he refused to sign.
 At 3 o’clock, Father March entered the chapel and Rizal handed him what he had written
which seems this to be the shortened retraction.
 Rizal read his prayer book several times and prayed before the altar and in the company
of Fathers Vilaclara and March.
 At 5 on the morning of the 30 th, Josephine Bracken and his sister Pilar arrived both
dressed in mourning. Only the former entered the chapel. The nuptials of Rizal and the
woman who had been his lover were performed at the point of death (in articulo mortis).
Observed:
 The report NEVER mentioned Fr. Balageur.

CRY OF BALINTAWAK
Cry of Balintawak
 is one of the pivotal moment in the Philippine history wherein it ignited the Filipinos to
fight for independence against the Spanish colonial rule.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 official member of the Katipunan who authorized the “Cry of Pugad Lawin”, who
happened to be an eye witness of the event, and made 2 versions.

1st version: he stated that the prime staging point of the cry was in Balintawak on
Wednesday of August 26, 1896.
2nd version: Later in his life, he claimed that the “Cry” took place at Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896. Specifically at the house and yard of Juan Ramos, son of Melchora
Aquino where 1,000 members of the Katipunan met who tore their cedula certificates and
shouted "Long live the Philippines! Long live the Philippines!"
Santiago Alvarez
 “The Cry of Bahay Toro”
 A well-known katipunero from Cavite and a son Mariano Alvarez and relative of
Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio. However, he was not a witness.
 Claimed that the cry held at the barn of Kabesang Melchora at a place called
Sampalukan, barrio of Bahay Toro, where Katipuneros met together on August 23, 1896.
Gregoria de Jesus
 “The First Cry” happened near Caloocan on August 25, 1896.
 Lakambini ng Katipunan and wife of Andres Bonifacio.
Guillermo Magsangkay
 Made another version of “The First Cry” where it claimed to have happened on August
26, 1896 held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson.
 Eyewitness of the historic event and childhood friend of Bonifacio.
 Claimed that Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and PioValenzuela were all opposed to
starting the revolution too early. Andres Bonifacio, on the other hand, appealed to the
people waiting outside to start the revolution since their organization has been discovered
and they were all marked men.
KENT MONIEL DINAGA 3C