Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y.

Boticario
 COMPETENCIES
 COMPETENCIES:
Find the areas between
paired
1.Graphz-scores.
exponential function
 Express areas
2.Represent under thefunction through its: (a)
an exponential
normal
table ofcurve
values,using
(b) graph, and (c) equation
3. Find the domain
probability notation.and range of exponential
function
Statistics and Probability 2
 Probability Notations:
• 𝑃 𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏 denotes the probability that the z-score
is between a and b.
• 𝑃(𝑧 > 𝑎) denotes the probability that the z-score is
greater than a.
• 𝑃(𝑧 < 𝑎) denotes the probability that the z-
score is less than a.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Steps in Determining Areas under the
Normal Curve:
1)Draw a normal curve.
2) Locate the given z-value or values at the base line.
3) Draw a vertical line through these values.
4) Shade the required region.
5) Consult the z-table to find the areas that corresponds to the
given z-value or values.
6) Examine the graph and use probability notation to form an
equation showing an appropriate operation to get the required area.
7) Make a statement indicating the required area.
Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario
 Four cases in determining probabilities
1. The required area is greater than z, at least z, more
than z, to the right of z and above z.
2. The required area is less than z, at most z, no more
than z, not greater than z and to the left of z.
3. The required area is between 𝐳𝟏 and 𝐳𝟐 .
4. The area between –z and +z.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 CASE 1.
The required area is greater than z, at least z,
more than z, to the right of z and above z.

Area Under the Normal Curve Case 1 Area Under the Normal Curve Case 1
where z is positive where z is negative

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 1. Find the area greater
than z = 1.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4. Shade the required region.
5. Consult the z-table and find the z = 1 corresponds to an area
area that corresponds to z = 1. of 0.3413

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.5 − 0.3413 = 0.1587
operation to get the required area. That is, 𝑃 𝑧 > 1 = 0.5 − 0.3413
= 0.1587
7. Make a statement indicating the The proportion of the area
required area. greater than z = 1 is 0.1587

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Answer the ff:
1. at least z = - 0.5
2. to the right of z = 1.32
3. more than z = - 2.5

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 CASE 2:
The required area is less than z, at most z, no
more than z, not greater than z and to the left of z.

Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 2 Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 2
when z is Negative when z is Positive

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 1:
Find the area to the left of z = -1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4. Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-table and find the z = -1.5 corresponds to an area

area that corresponds to z = -1.5. of 0.4332.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 0.5 − 0.4332 = 0.0668
operation to get the required area. That is, 𝑃(z < −1.5) = 0.5 − .4332
= 0.0668
7. Make a statement indicating the The proportion of the area to the
required area. left of z = - 1.5 is 0.0668.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 2:
Find the area below z = 1.5.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4.Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-table and find the z = 1.5 corresponds to an area

area that corresponds to z = 1.5. of 0.4332.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟐
operation to get the required area. That is 𝐏 𝐳 < 𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟑𝟐
7. Make a statement indicating the The proportion of the area below
required area. z = 1.5 is 0.9332.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario
 Answer the given below:
1. no more than z = 2.39
2. not greater than z = - 1.48

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 CASE 3:
The required area is between 𝒛𝟏 and 𝒛𝟐 .

Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 3 Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 3
Where z-values are Both Negative Where z-values are Both Positive

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 3:
Find the area between z = -2 an z = -1.5
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4.Shade the required region.

5. Consult the z-table and find the z = -2 corresponds to 0.4772.

area that corresponds to z = -2 z = -1.5 corresponds to 0.4332.
and z = -1.5.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟎
operation to get the required area. That is 𝐏 −𝟐 < 𝐳 < −𝟏. 𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟑𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟒𝟎

7. Make a statement indicating the The required area between

required area. z = -2 and z = -1.5 is 0.0440.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 4:
Find the area between z = 0.98 and z = 2.58.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4.Shade the required region.
0 0.98 2.58

5. Consult the z-table and find the

z = 0.98 corresponds to 0.3365.
area that corresponds to z = 0.98
z = 2.58 corresponds to 0.4951.
and z = 2.58.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests subtraction.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟔
operation to get the required area. That is 𝐏 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 < 𝐳 < 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟓𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟔𝟓
= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟔
7. Make a statement indicating the The required area between
required area. z = 0.98 and z = 2.58 is 0.1586.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Answer the given below:
1. between z = 0.79 and z = 2.56
2. between z = - 2.84 and z = - 0.64

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 CASE 4:
The area between –z and +z.

Area Under the Normal Curve for Case 4

Where z-value is Negative and the other z-value is Positive

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 Example 5:
Find the area between z = -1.32 and z = 2.37.
Steps Solution
1. Draw a normal curve
2. Locate the z-value
3. Draw a line through the z-value
4.Shade the required region. -1.32 2.37
5. Consult the z-table and find the z = -1.32 corresponds to 0.4066.
area that corresponds to z = -1.32 z = 2.37 corresponds to 0.4911.
and z = 2.37.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

 6. Examine the graph and use The graph suggests addition.
probability notation to form an The required area is equal to
equation showing the appropriate That is 𝐏 −𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 < 𝐳 < 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕
operation to get the required area. = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟏𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟔
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟕

7. Make a statement indicating the The required area between z = - 1.32

required area. and z = 2.37 is 0.8977.

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario
 Answer the given below:

1. between z = - 1.38 and z = 2.35

2. between z = 0.94 and z = - 1.29

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario

Statistics and Probability Ms. Ehla Grace Y. Boticario