An

Industrial Training Report

On
“220 KV GSS MANDWAR (DAUSA)”
Submitted
in partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electrical Engineering

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik Shivam Kumar Bairwa
Industrial Training Coordinator VII sem EE
Department of Electrical Engineering
Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre,

Jaipur Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

[Dec.,2022]

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

i
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Industrial training at “220

KV GSS MANDWAR (DAUSA)”in partial fulfilment for the award of Degree of “B.
Tech” in Department of Electrical Engineering and submitted to the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre Jaipur,
Rajasthan Technical University is a record of my own investigations carried under the
Guidance of Mr. Chirag Arora Department of Electrical Engineering.

SHIVAM KUMAR BAIRWA

Enrollment No.: 19E1AYEEM10P026
Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre, Jaipur (Raj.)

Counter Signed by
Coordinator
Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre, Jaipur (Raj.)

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this Industrial training entitled “220 KV GSS MANDAWAR

(DAUSA)” has been successfully carried out by SHIVAM KUMAR BAIRWA

(Enrollment No.:19EAIEE008), under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment
for the award of "B. Tech" from Department of Electrical Engineering, affiliated by
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, Rajasthan for the year 2019-23.

SHIVAM KUMAR BAIRWA

Enrollment No.: 19E1AYEEM10P026
Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre, Jaipur (Raj.)

Counter Signed by
Coordinator
Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical Engineering
Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre, Jaipur (Raj.)

Date:
Place: Jaipur

iii
RAINING CERTIFICATE

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to thank the almighty for his blessings without which I may not be
able to reach at this juncture of life. My parents have played a major role in my career and their
unparalleled love and support has been a major inspiring force till this moment.

The satisfaction that accompanies that the successful completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of people whose ceaseless Cooperation made it possible, whose constant
guidance and encouragement Crown all efforts with success.

I am very grateful to my Supervisor Dr. Rajkumar Kaushik , Assistant Professor, Department of

Electrical Engineering, Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre for his countless guidance,
inspiration, constructive suggestions, tutelage and patience extended throughout the research work. I
appreciate him board range of expertise and attention to even minute detail, as well as the constant
encouragement he has given me over the year.

I am very thankful to Mr. Tushar Agarwal & Mr. Atul Soni Assistant Professor, Department of
Electrical Engineering, Arya College Of Engineering & Research Centre for his kind support and
valuable inspiration during my whole work of Seminar/Training.

I am also grateful to Dr. Himanshu Arora Principal, Arya College Of Engineering & Research
Centre, Jaipur for providing his guidance and for smooth running of the work and studies in parallel.

I take this opportunity to record my sincere thanks to all our, who have helped me to successfully
complete this work.

Shivam Kumar Bairwa

Enrollment No:
19E1AYEEM10P026

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/V)
 Abstract
Substation is situated nearby MANDAWAR. It is 1km away from city, the substation is
equipped with various equipments and here are various arrangements for the protection
purpose.
The equipments in the G.S.S. are listed previously.
At this substation following feeders are established.

 220 KV Incoming Feeders

1. 220 KV DAUSA
2. 220KV BHARATPUR
3. 220 KV HINDAUN
 132 KV Outgoing Feeders
1. DIGARIYA BHEEM
2. MAHWA
3. PINAN
 33 KV Outgoing Feeders
1. HINGOTA
2. MAHWA
3. BALAHEDI
4. GARHI
5. MANDAWAR-2
6. RENI

220 KV G.S.S MANDAWAR is an outdoor type primary substation and distribution

substation aswell it has not only step down station but also the distribution work.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

FIG 1.1 BASIC OUTLAY DIAGRAM OF 132 K V G.S.S F.C.I 1

FIG 1.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 132 K V G.S.S F.C.I 7
FIG 2.1 BASIC OPERATION OF A TRANSFORMER 9
FIG 2.2 LARGE POWER TRANSFORMER OF 132 K V G.S.S F.C.I 10
FIG 2.3 TRANSFORMER CORE 12
FIG 3.1 CT IN THE YARD 14
FIG 4.1 CVT 16
FIG 4.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC TYPE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER 18
FIG 5.1 BUS-BAR 19
FIG 6.1 ISOLATORS 24
FIG 8.1 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS ON SUB-STATION 33
FIG 9.1 BUS SUPPORT INSULATORS 35
FIG9.2 PIN TYPE INSULATOR 36
FIG 9.3 SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATOR 37
FIG 9.4 STRAIN TYPE INSULATOR 38
FIG 9.5 SHACKLE TYPE INSULATOR 38
FIG 10.1 SUB-STATION CONTROL PANEL 40
FIG 11.1 SUB-STATION RELAY PANEL 43
FIG 11.2 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE BUCHHOLZ RELAY 45
FIG 12.1 POWER LINE CARRIER SCHEMATIC 49
FIG 12.2 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICTION SYSTEM 50
FIG 12.3 POWER LINE CARRIER DEVICES IN CONTROL HOUSE 50
FIG 12.4 WAVE TRAP 51
FIG 12.5 COUPLING CAPACITOR AND DRAIN COIL COMBINATION 52
FIG 13.1 GROUND WIRES 56
FIG. 14.1 BATTERY ROOM 58

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/VI)
 TABLE LIST

TABLE TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

TABLE 1.1 SPECIFICATIONS OF PLANT TRANSFORMER 11

TABLE 4.1 RATING OF CVT 17
TABLE 6.1 RATING OF SOME ISOLATORS 25

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/VII)
 SYMBOLS

S.NO. NAME FIGURE

1 TWO WINDING
TRANSFORMER

2 THREE WINDING
TRANSFORMER

3 AUTO TRANSFORMER

4 CURRENT TRANSFORMER

5 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

7 REACTOR

8 LIGHTENING ARRESTER

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/VIII)
 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE FROM DEPARTMENT I

CERTIFICATE FROM COMPANY II

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IV

ABSTRACT V

FIGURE LIST VI

TABLE LIST VII

SYMBOLS LIST VIII

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-5

1.1 R.R.V.P.N.L 1

1.2 220 KV GRID SUBSTATION, G.S.S MANDAWAR 3

1.3 MAIN EQUIPMENTS HOUSED AT GSS 4

1.4 DETAILS OF ORGANIZATION SETUP 5

CHAPTER 2 POWER TRANSFORMER 6-9

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF PLANT TRANSFORMER 6

2.2 CORE 8

CHAPTER 3 CURRENT TRANSFORMER 10-11

3.1 BASIC FEATURE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER 11

CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER/CVT 12-13

4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER12

4.2 CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER 13

CHAPTER 5 BUS-BARS 14-16

5.1 ADOPTED BY R.J.V.P N.L. 14
(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/IX)
 5.2 BUS-BAR ARRANGEMENT DEPENDS UPON 14

5.3 DOUBLE BUS BAR / CONTENTS MAIN BUS-I WITH 15

5.4 MAIN BUS-II ARRANGEMENT 15

5.5 DOUBLE BUS-BAR AUXILIARY BUS

(OR TRANSFORMER BUS) 16

5.6 DOUBLE BREAKER 16

CHAPTER 6 ISOLATORS 17-19

6.1 INTRODUCTION 17

6.2 OPERATION 19

6.3 PARTS 19

CHAPTER 7 CIRCUIT BREAKERS 20-22

7.1INTRODUCTION 20

7.2FUNCTIONS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER 21

7.3CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPES 22

CHAPTER 8 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS 23-26

8.1 INTRODUCTION 23

8.2 PRINCIPLE 24

8.3 CONSTRUCTION 25

CHAPTER 9 CONTROL ROOM 27-28

9.1 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL 27

9.2 SYNCHRONOSCOPE 28

9.3 ANNOUNCIATOR 28

CHAPTER 10 RELAYS 29-33

10.1 POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 29

10.2 BUCHHOLZ RELAY 31

10.3OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 32

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 10.4 TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION 33

CHAPTER 11 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION 34-37

11.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC 34

11.2 COMPONENT OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENT 35

11.3 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF PLCC 36

CHAPTER 12 BATTERY ROOM 38-39

12.1 BATTERY SYSTEM 38

CONCLUSION 40

REFERENCES 41

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/XI)
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

R.R.V.P.N.L.
RAJASTHAN Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited a company under the Companies Act,
1956 and registered with Registrar of Companies as "RAJASTHAN” POWER
TRANSMISSION CO- OPERATION LIMITED" vide No. 17-016485 of 2000-2001 with its
Registered Office at VIDYUT BHAWAN, has been established on 19 July, 2000 by Govt. of
RAJASTHAN under the provisions of the RAJASTHAN Power Sector Reform act 1999 as the
successor company of RRVPNL. The RRVPNL has granted RRVPNL a license for
transmission and bulk supply vide RRVPNL/Transmission and Bulk Supply License 4/2001
dated 30.4.2001 to function as Transmission and Bulk Supply Licensee in the State.

Figure 1.1 Basic outlay of GSS

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/1)
Under the provision of the Electricity Act, 2003, RRVPNL has been declared as State
Transmission Utility (STU) by Govt. of RAJASTHAN. Section 39(1) of this act, prohibits the
STU to undertake business of trading of electricity, however RRVPNL continued its function
of transmission of bulk power from generating stations to inter-phase point of Discoms from
1st April 2004. Now the Distribution Companies are directly contracting with Generating
Companies in accordance to the share allocated by the State Government. RAJASTHAN
Power Procurement Cell (UPPPC) has been established for purchase of power on behalf of
Discoms.
RRVPNL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient
electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.RRVPNL provides the pathway for power within whole of RAJASTHAN. RRVPNL
owns, builds, maintains and operates the high-voltage electrical transmission system that helps
to keep the lights on, businesses running and communities strong. RRVPNL also owns the
shared generating projects as representative of erstwhile UPEB.
consumers who count on RRVPNL to deliver power from the location of generation to inter-
phase point of Discoms enabling them to supply where it's needed in the homes and
businesses they serve. Our aim is to provide reliable electric transmission service to these
customers. As a public utility whose infrastructure serves as the link in transporting electricity
to millions of electricity users, RRVPNL has following duties and responsibilities:
1. Intra state transmission of electricity through Intra-State Transmission System.
2. Planning and co-ordination relating to intra-state transmission with all concerned
agencies such as CTU, State Govt., generating companies, licensees, Regional Power
Committees etc.
3. Ensuring development of an efficient, co-ordinate and economical system of intra-state
transmission of electricity from generating stations to Load Centers.
4. Non-discriminatory Open Access to its transmission system on payment of
transmission charges.
5. Complying with the directions of RLDC and SLDC, operating SLDC until any other
authority is established by the State Govt.

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/2)
Now RRVPNL is "An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Company". RAJASTHAN RAJYA VIDYUT
PRASARAN NIGAM LIMITED.
The Transmission Company will own and operate all the 400kV, 220 kV, 132kV and
electricity lines and system in State and will also be responsible for procuring power.
The three Distribution Companies will operate and maintain the electricity system below 132
kV in the state and their respective areas.
Along these transmission lines secondary substation are created where voltage is further
stepped down to sub transmission and primary distribution voltage.
A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical
energy from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a
substation is an intermediate link between the generating station and consumer.
For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the
generated voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this
purpose substations are installed. The normal voltages for transmission are 400 kV, 220 kV,
132 kV and for distribution 33 kV, 11 kV etc.
Electricity boards are setup in all states of India which are responsible for:-
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In
RAJASTHAN R.J.P.T.C.L is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power
all over RAJASTHAN. It has its own generating station and it’s also gets power from various
other stations also. Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over RAJASTHAN with
the help of grid stations. Depending on the purpose, substations may be classified as:-
1. Step up substation
2. Primary grid substation
3. Secondary substation
4. Distribution substation

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/3)
5. Bulky supply and industrial substation
6. Mining substation
7. Mobile substation
8. Cinematograph substation

Depending on constructional feature substation is classified as:-

1. Outdoor type
2. Indoor type
3. Basement or Underground type
4. Pole mounting open or kilos type

The control room is equipped with protective relays, ammeters, voltmeters, energy meters and
frequency and power factor meters. D.C. supply is heart of GSS batteries are used for this
purpose. They have separate charging circuit also. For communication purpose P.L.C.C. is
used which has its various components.

220 KV GRID SUBSTATION, MANDAWAR

The 220KVRewa road line is connected to main bus of 220KV. Now the transmission line
first parallel connected with lightning arrester to diverge surge, followed by CVT connected
parallel. CVT measures voltage and steeps down at 110V. A.C. for control panel, at the
location a wave trap is connected to carrier communication at higher frequencies. A current
transformer is connected in series with line which measure current and step down current at
ratio 800:1 for control panel.
Switchgear equipment is provided, which is the combination of a circuit breaker having an
isolator at each end. A transformer is connected to main bus though a bus coupler. The main
bus has total capability of 160 MVA for 33 KV, which is subdivided into two transformer
capacity of 80 MVA (40MVA+40MVA) parallel connected for 33KV and other two
transformer capacity of 80KV (40KV+40KV) are parallel connected for substation.
At both ends of transformer lightning arrester current transformer and switchgear equipment
provided. Transformer step downs voltage from 220KV to 132KV. The main bus is provided
with switchgear equipment & a current transformer. This gives way to six

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/4)
Figure 1.2:- Single Line Diagram

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/5)
 CHAPTER 2
POWER TRANSFORMER

A transformer makes use of Faraday's law and the ferromagnetic properties of an iron core to
efficiently raise or lower AC voltages. It of course cannot increase power so that if the voltage
is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa. Power transformer are called
autotransformer fitted with a on load tap changer [OLTC]

Figure 2.1:- Basic Operation of a Transformer

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/6)
 DESCRIPTION OF PLANT TRANSFORMER
The three transformers are oil immersed with rating of 100MVA auto. However a
synchronous loading of 100MVA at 0.8 power factor (lag) and 18 MVA 0.8 pf (lag) on the
tertiary can also be loaded to 20MVA loading with 100MVA 0.8 pf on LV without exceeding
the generated temperature rise.
The transformer is equipped with German Reign Hansen make on load voltage regulation to
facilitate HV variation. The transformer is simultaneous parallel operation. It is ensured that
the tertiary winding will operate also satisfactory with each other.
The transformer is also provided with a separate bank of radiation, fans, and associated
control equipments. The control equipments are housed in a tank mounted miscalling.

Figure 2.2:- Large Power Transformers

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/7)
Continuous rating KVA 50000/70000/100000
Customer's order No. & date P.O. No. RSEB/SE/SSPC/E3A2/TN.2409/
EMCO/ NO. 2446 dated 10/11/95.
W.O. No. and Sr. No. HT-1362/11674
Phases 3
Frequency 50 Hz.
Normal voltage ratio at No Load 220/132/11 KV
Connections Star/Star (Auto)/Delta
Vector Group Y
Tapping’s on HV +10% to -15% of HV in 1.25% steps on HV
for HV variation.
Type of tap changer OLTC Type 3-x DI 500 star.
150/150-12233 W (HHE Make)
Details of CT HV WTICT, class 5, 10 VA/308.8/1.8A
LV WTICH, class 5,10 VA/437.4/1.8A
HV Protection CT, 600/1A, Class P5
LV Protection CT, 600/1A, Class P5
Cooling ONAN/ONAF/OFAF
Terminal Arrangement HV 245 kV/800 A, OIP Condenser
bushing with 600 BCT.
IV Bushing 145 kV/800 A O.I.P. Condenser
busing with 300 BCT 36 kV/2000 A Neutral
bushing Short stem type.
Total weight of transformer 128430 kg.
Weight/Quantity of oil 43430 kg/48800 Liters
Untankling weight 55000 kg.
Untanking height 9000 mm
Transport weight 68000 kg. (Without oil)
Table 2.1Specification of plant transformer

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/8)
 CORE
Magnetic circuit is a three limbed care type construction; each limp being interleaved with
miter joints with top and bottom yokes the winding surrender with three limbs. The lamination
are made from high grade cooled rolled grain oriented alloy steel. The insulation on
lamination is varnish.
The cooling ducts are provided parallel to the plane of laminations the yoke are clamped with
by means of clamping per sling plate.
They are clamped with bolts for lifting the core with 8 lighting blotters are provided insulated
from each other to withstand a pressure of 2 kV, 50 c/s AC for one minute.

Figure 2.3:- Transformer Core

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/9)
 CHAPTER 3
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Current transformer is used for monitoring the current for the purpose of measuring and
protection. They can be classified as dead tank inverter type. The dead tank current
transformer accommodates the secondary core inside the tank, which is at the ground
potential. The insulated primary passes through the porcelain and the tank and the terminals
into the top chamber. The primary used in such types of construction is of ‘U’ type. The
inserted secondary cores are insulated to the system voltage and hence inside the top chamber
which is at the line potential. Before commissioning of the current transformer the earthing of
the power terminal and base is essential, otherwise excessive high voltage appears at the
power factor terminals and leads to heavy spark. The secondary terminal of the core should be
short circuited and earthed which are not in use otherwise excessive high voltage will be
developed across the current transformer secondary. The current transformer should always be
in vertical position so that gas forming at the top does not enter the insulated part. The current
transformer actually steps down the current so that it can be measured by standard measuring
instrument. There are three current transformers in each feeder. The current transformers are
inserted into energy incoming and outgoing feeder from 220 kV systems for measurement.
The current transformer is used with its primary winding connected in series with the line
carrying the current to be measured and therefore the primary current is not determined by the
load on the secondary of the current transformer. The primary consists of a very few turns and
there is no appreciable voltage across it. The secondary consists of a very large number of
turns. The ammeter or wattmeter current coil is connected directly across the secondary
terminals thus a current transformer operates its secondary nearly under short circuit
conditions. The secondary circuit is connected to ground in many cases.
Instrument transformers perform two important functions: they serve to extend the range of
the measuring instrument, much as the shunt or the multiplier extends the range of the dc
ammeter. They also serve to isolate the measuring instrument from the high voltage power
line. The primary winding of the current line transformer is connected directly to the load
circuit, while the secondary is open circuited. The voltage across the open terminal can be
very high (because of the step up ratio) and could easily break down the insulation between

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/10)
the secondary windings. The secondary winding of a current transformer should therefore
always be short circuited or connected to a relay coil.

3.1 BASIC FEATURE OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

1. As you all know this is the device which provides the pre-decoded fraction of the
primary current passing through the line /bus main circuit. Such as primary current
60A, 75A, 100A, 120A, 150, 240A, 300A, 400A, to the secondary output of 1A to 5A.

Figure 3.1:- Current Transformer in Yard

2. Now a day mostly separate current transformers units are used instead of bushing
mounting CT’s on leveled structure they should be for oil level indication and the base
(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/11)
 CHAPTER 4
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER/CVT

A potential transformer (P.T.) is used to transform high voltage of power line to a lower value,
which is in the range of an AC voltmeter or the potential coil of an AC voltmeter.

CLASSIFICATION OF POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

1. Capacitive voltage transformer
2. Electro-Magnetic type

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Capacitive voltage transformers are special kind of power transformers using capacitors to
step down the voltage.

Figure 4.1:- Current Voltage Transformer

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/12)
 DESCRIPTION
The capacitive voltage transformer comprises of a capacitor divider with its associated
electromagnetic unit. The divider provides an accurate proportioned voltage, while the
magnetic unit transforms this voltage, in both magnitude and phase to convenient levels
suitable for measuring, metering, protection etc. All WSI capacitor units have metallic bellows
to compensate the volumetric expansion of oil inside. The porcelain in multi unit stack, all the
potential points are electrically tied and suitably shielded to overcome the effect of corona
RIV etc. Capacitive voltage transformers are available for system voltages of 33 kV to 420
kV.
APPLICATION
1. Capacitive voltage transformers can be effectively as potential. Sources for measuring,
metering, protection, carrier communication and other vital functions of an electrical
network.
2. CVT are constructed in single or multi-unit porcelain housing with their associated
magnetic units. For EHV system cuts are always supplied in multi-unit construction.
3. In case of EHV cuts the multi-unit system has many advantages easy to transport and
storing, convenience in handling.

RATING OF CVT
Table 4.2.3.
Type CVE245/1050/50
YEAR 2001
Frequency 50 Hz
Capacitance C1 4880 Pf
Capacitance C2 44455 Pf
Equivalent Capacitance 4400+10% Pf
Insulation level 460/1050 Kv
Emu oil 95+10% Kg
Total weight 530+10% Kg
Total sim burden/class 300 VA/0.5

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/13)
 CHAPTER 5
BUS-BARS
If the bus-bars are of rigid type (Aluminum types) the structure heights are low and minimum
clearance is required. While in case of strain type of bus-bars suitable ACSR conductors are
strung/tensioned strain by tension insulator discs according to system voltages. In the widely
used strain type bus bars stringing tension is about 500-900 kg depending upon the size of
conductor used and tensioning is manual by means of rope pulleys or by pull lifts. It may also
with the help of tractors.
Here proper clearance would be achieved only if require tension is achieved. Loose bus bars
would affect the clearances when it swings while over tensioning may damage insulators.
Clamps or even affect the supporting structures in low temperature conditions.
The clamping should be proper, as loose clamp would spark under in full load condition
damaging the bus bars itself.
The bus bar is provided with lightening protection to safeguard the equipment against direct
stroke by providing aerial earth wire giving a protection at 30 degree, i.e. height and earth
wiresuch that all the equipment and bus bar should be covered with in this 30 degree.

Figure 5.1:- Bus-Bar

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/14)
 BAR BUS ARRANGEMENT MAY BE OF FOLLOWING TYPES
WHICH ARE BEING ADOPTED BY R.J.P.T.C.L
1. Single bus bar arrangement.
2. Double bus bar arrangement.
a. Main bus with transformer bus.
b. Main bus-l with Main bus-ll.
3. Double bus bar arrangement with auxiliary bus.

BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT DEPENDS UPON

1. Interruption tolerable in the supply scheme.
2. Alternative supply arrangements in case of failure of Equipments.

BUS BAR ARRANGEMENT

1. Single bus bar arrangement-This arrangement is simplest and cheapest. It suffers,
however, from major defects.
a. Maintenance without interruption is not possible.
b. Extension of the substation without a shutdown is not possible.
The equipment connections are very simple and hence the system is very convenient to
operate. This scheme is not very popular for 33 kV and above, except where the relative
importance of the substation is less or the position of the substation does not justify elaborate
schemes. The indoor 11 kV switchyards have quite often-single bus bar arrangement.

DOUBLE BUS BAR / CONTAINTS MAIN BUS-I WITH MAIN BUS-ll

ARRANGEMENTS
This scheme has two bus bar so that-
1. Each load may be fed from either bus.
2. The load circuits may be divided in two separate groups if needed from operational
consideration. Two supplies from different sources can be put on each bus separately.
3. Either bus bar may be taken out from maintenance and cleaning of insulators.

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/15)
This arrangement has been quite frequently adopted where the loads and continuity of supply
is necessary. In such a scheme a bus coupler breaker is mostly provided as it enables on load
change over from one bus to other.
The normal bus selection isolators cannot be used for breaking load currents. The arrangement
does not permit breaker maintenance without causing stoppage of supply.

DOUBLE BUS BAR ARRANGEMENTS/CONTAIN MAIN BUS WITH

AUXILIARY BUS (OR TRANSFER BUS)
The double bus bar arrangement provides facility to charge over to either bus to carry out
maintenance on the other but provide no facility to carry over breaker maintenance. The main
and transfer bus works the other way round. It provides facility for carrying out breaker
maintenance but does not permit bus maintenance. Wherever maintenance is required on any
breaker the circuit is changed over to the transfer bus and is controlled through bus coupler
breaker.

DOUBLE BREAKER
This scheme is the modification of double bus bar scheme. In this arrangement the
maintenance of CB or isolator without an outage is possible, which is the main drawback of
double bus bar. This arrangement is costly so it varies for various generating stations.

(ACERC/DOEE/2019-23/PTR/16)
 CHAPTER 6
ISOLATORS

INTRODUCTION
When to carry out inspection or repair in the substation installation a disconnection switch is
used called isolator. Its work is to disconnect the unit or section from all other line parts on
installation in order to insure the complete safety of staff working. The isolator works at no
load condition. Theydo not have any making or breaking capacity.
Isolators are used to isolate the bus when it is not in working condition. If the bus is to be
Isolators are also called as disconnect switches or air break switches. Shut down then it is
isolated from the main bus. The moving and fixed contacts is done so that all the three phase
of the isolator close and open simultaneously and there is a full surface contact between
moving and fixed contacts. The adjustment of the tendon pipes, leveling of post isolator, stops
Holts in the fixed contacts etc. are done for smooth operation of isolator. Isolators are
provided at both ends of the bus. There are ten isolators provided at 400 kV substations.
Following type of isolator provided at 400 kV substations.
Following type of isolator are being used in R.S.E.B
a. Isolator without earth blades.
b. Isolator with earth blades.
c. Tendon isolator
On fundamental basis the isolating switches can broadly divided into following categories
1. Bus isolator
2. Line isolator cum earthing switch
4. Transformer isolating switch.

OPERATION
The operation of an isolator may be hand operated without using any supply or may be power
operated which uses externally supplied energy switch which is in the form of electrical
energy or energy stored in spring or counter weight.

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In a horizontal break, center rotating double break isolator, 3 strokes are found. Poles are
provided on each phase. The two strokes on side are fixed and center one is rotating. The
center position can rotate about its vertical axis at an angle of 90. In closed position, the
isolating stroke mounts on galvanized steel rolled frame. The three poles corresponding to 3
phases are connected by means of steel shaft.
Isolators are of two types -
1. Single pole isolator
2. Three pole isolator

.
Figure 6.1:- Isolators
RATING OF SOME ISOLATOR
1. Air breaker isolator
Table 6.3.1.
Type VLE
Short time amperes 40 ka/sec
Auxiliary voltage 220 v dc

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2. Air breaker isolator
Table 6.3.2.
Type Main
Volt 420 Kv
Rated amps 2000 amp
Impulse voltage 1425 Kv
Auxiliary voltage 220 v dc

PARTS
1. Contacts: Contacts are liberally rated and have been designed to with stand
electromagnetic stresses and preventing shattering at rated short time current. The
contact is made out of electrolytic copper, fixed in co housing.
2. Switch plans: All the three phases of switch are cleaned open or closed simultaneously
with provision of adjustable tendon pipe connected to towers provided at the center
pedes

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 CHAPTER 7
CIRCUIT BREAKERS

INTRODUCTION
Breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically, a Circuit breaker comprises
a set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be separated by means of an operating
an arc. The arc is extinguished by a suitable medium such as dielectric oil vacuum, SF6 gas.
The circuit breakers play an important role in the design and performance of a power system,
in that these are the key pieces of apparatus protecting the system and thus ensure continuity
of supply from consideration of cost, the circuit breakers represent a major items, and are next
only to the generator and transformer, since their quantity is greater than that of
generators/transformer in a power system owing to the services required for control of
transmission lines, bus-bar etc. in addition to control of transformers and generator.

FUNCTIONS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

The Expected functions of a circuit breaker are: -
It must be capable of closing on to and carrying full load currents for long period of time.
Under proscribed condition,
1. It must open automatically to disconnect the load or some small overload.
2. It must successfully and rapidly interrupt the heavy current, which flow when a short
circuit has to be cleared from the system.
3. It must be capable of closing on to a circuit in which a fault exists and immediately re-
opening to clear the fault from system.
4. It must be capable of carrying current of short circuit magnitude until, and for such
time as, the fault is cleared by another breaker nearer to the pint of fault.

CIRCUIT BREAKER TYPES

(i) Bulk oil Circuit Breaker.
(ii) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.

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 (iii)Air blast Circuit Breaker

7.3.1 (A) OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breaking in oil has been adopted since the early stages of circuit breakers manufacture.
The oil in oil-filled breakers serves the purpose of insulating the live parts from the earthed
ones and provides an excellent medium for arc interruption. Oil circuit breakers of the various
types are used in almost all voltage ranges and ratings. However, they are commonly used at
voltages below 115 kV leaving the higher voltages for air blast and SF6 breakers. The contacts
of an oil breaker are submerged in insulating oil, which helps to cool and extinguish the arc
that forms when the contacts are opened. Oil circuit breakers are classified into two main
types namely bulk oil circuit breakers and minimum oil circuit breakers. The methods of arc
control and interruption is different from one type to the other.

ADVANTAGES:-
1. It absorbs the arc energy to decompose the oil into gases, which have excellent cooling
properties.
2. It acts as an insulator and permits smaller clearance between live conductors and
earthed components.

DISADVANTAGES:-
1. It’s inflammable and there is risk of fire.
2. It may form an expulsive mixture with air.
3. The arcing products remain in the oil and it reduces the quality of oil after several
operations.
4. This necessities periodic checking and replacement of oil.

(B) BULK OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

Bulk oil circuit breakers are widely used in power systems from the lowest voltages up to 115
kV. However, they are still used in systems having voltages up to 230 kV.

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The contacts of bulk oil breakers may be of the plain-break type, where the arc is freely
interrupted in oil, or enclosed within arc controllers. Plain-break circuit breakers consist
mainly of a large volume of oil contained in a metallic tank. Arc interruption depends on the
head of oil above the contacts and the speed of contact separation. The head of oil above the
arc should be sufficient to cool the gases, mainly hydrogen, produced by oil decomposition. A
small air cushion at the top of the oil together with the produced gases will increase the
pressure with a subsequent decrease of the arcing time.

MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

Bulk oil circuit breakers have the disadvantage of using large quantity of oil. With frequent
breaking and making heavy currents the oil will deteriorate and may lead to circuit breaker
failure. This has led to the design of minimum oil circuit breakers working on the same
principles of arc control as those used in bulk oil breakers. In this type of breakers the
interrupter chamber is separated from the other parts and arcing is confined to a small volume
of oil. The lower chamber contains the operating mechanism and the upper one contains the
moving and fixed contacts together with the control device. Both chambers are made of an
insulating material such as porcelain. The oil in both chambers is completely separated from
each other. By this arrangement the amount of oil needed for arc interruption and the
clearances to earth are roused.
However, conditioning or changing the oil in the interrupter chamber is more frequent than in
the bulk oil breakers. This is due to carbonization and slugging from arcs interrupted chamber
is equipped with a discharge vent and silica gel breather to permit a small gas cushion on top
of the oil. Single break minimum oil breakers are available in the voltage range 13.8 to 34.5
kV.

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 CHAPTER 8

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR

INTRODUCTION
The lightning arrester (or) the lightning conductor is a commonly used device which is used to
protection a substation is essential:
1. Protection for transmission line from direct strokes.
2. Protections of power station or substation from direct stroke.
3. Protection of electrical apparatus against traveling waves.
4. Effective protection of equipment against direct strokes requires a shield to prevent
lighting from striking the electrical conductor together with adequate drainage facilities
over insulated structure.

PRINCIPLE
Lightning arrestor is a device, which protects the overhead lines and other electrical apparatus
viz., transformer from overhead voltages and lighting. When electrostatic induction then the
negative charge is however presented right under the cloud and portion of the line away from
the cloud becomes positively right under the charge on the line does not flow.
The positive charge on the far and flows to the earth through insulators, thus leaving the
negative charge on the line directly under the cloud. Now assume due to the direct discharge
occurring between this clouds and passing by negative charge cloud the charge in the cloud
becomes neutralized, then the charge on the line is no more bound charge and is free to travel
on both direction in the form of waves. These travelling waves will be of light magnitude and
have steep wave form, which can damage the unprotected equipment connected to the line.
These waves are passed to the earth through the lightning arrestors.
It consist of a isolator in series and connected in such a way that long isolator is in upward and
short isolator is in downward so that initially large potential up to earth is decreased to zero.
The lightning arrestor protects the structure from damage by intercepting flashes of lightning
and transmitting their current to the ground. Since lightning strikes tend to strike the high

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 AN IDEAL ARRESTOR MUST THEREFORE HAVE THE FOLLOWING
PROPERTIES
1. It should be able to drain the surge energy from the line in a minimum time.
2. Should offer high resistance to the flow of power current.
3. Performance of the arresters should be such that no system disturbances are introduced
by its operation.
4. Should be always in perfect form to perform the function assigned to it.
5. After allowing the surge to pass, it should close up so as not to permit power current to
flow to ground.
CONSTRUCTION
The apparatus consists of a long thick rod made up of copper which is a very good conductor
of electricity so that it can allow a large amount of charges to flow through it. This copper rod
passes through the walls of the building. The upper end of the rod is provided with a metal
plate having a number of sharp spikes which are visible at the top of the building while the
lower end is connected to a plate of copper which is deeply buried in the ground so that the
excess of charges is passed to the earth which is a good conductor of electricity and this
process is called "earthing".

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 FUNCTION
The working of a lightning arrestor can be explained either with a positively charged cloud
commonly called "male cloud" or with a negatively charged cloud commonly called "female
cloud". Consider a negatively charged cloud which passes over the building with a lightning
arrestor. Due to the negative charge of the cloud, positive charges are induced to the sharp
spikes which are at the top of the building. Now, due to the principle of action of points,
leakage of the positive charges from the sharp spikes occurs so that the nearby atoms in the
space are ionized into positive and negative charges. Now, the positive charges in the sharp
spikes repel the newly formed positive ions and these ions try to neutralize the negative charge
of the cloud. If the negative charges are not completely neutralized, these charges due to the
attraction of the positive charges in the sharp spikes are passed through the copper rod to the
ground where they are earthed. Thus, the intensity of lightning can be reduced thus saving the
building from its destructive attack. A lightning conductor can save its surroundings for more
than half a kilometer from the attack of lightning.

8.4 THYRITE TYPE

Ground wire run over the tower provides an adequate protection against lightning and reduce
the induced electrostatic or electromagnetic voltage but such a shield is inadequate to protect
any traveling wave, which reaches the terminal of the electrical equipment, and such wave can
cause the following damage.
1. The high peak of the surge may cause a flashover in the internal wiring thus it may
spoil the insulation of the winding.
2. The steep wave font may cause internal flash over between their turns of transformer.
The stop wave front resulting into resonance and high voltage may cause internal or
external flashover causing building up the oscillator is the electrical operation.

Lightening arrestor are provided between the line and earth provided the protection against
traveling wave surge the thyrite lightening arrestor are provided at GSS.
This type of LA has a basic cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with
carborendum. Thirties has a particular property of being insulator one voltage.

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 Fig 8.1:- Lightning Arrestors on Substations
This type of LA has a basic cell made of thirties, which is a particular type of clay, mixed with
carborendum. Thirties has a particular property of being insulator one voltage
At high voltage it will behave like a conducting material the electrical resistance of thyrite
depends upon the voltage each time the voltage is Made twice the resistance decrease in such
a manner as to allow an increased current of 12.5 times the change in current is independent of
rate of application voltage and its instantaneous value.
One upon each other and they are further placed in to a porcelain container with a suitable
arrangement of gap between them. These gaps serve as the purpose of preventing any current
flow during normal operating voltage in case of nay transients the gap.

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 CHAPTER -9
CONTROL ROOM
Control panels contain meters, control switches and recorders located in the control building,
also called a doghouse. These are used to control the substation equipment, to send power
from one circuit to another or to open or to shut down circuits when needed

Figure 10.1:- Substation Control Panel

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 SYNCHRONIZING PANEL
There is a hinged panel mounted on the end of a control board to take out new supply. On bus
bar we have the synchronies and fee the synchronoscope zero on this bus bar.
The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate phase
and frequently voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder
voltage supply.

SYNCHRONOSCOPE
A synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instance of closing the switch with connect
the new supply to bus bar the correct instance of synchronizing is indicated when bus bar and
incoming voltage.
1. Are equal in magnitude
2. Are equal in phase
3. Have the same frequency.
4. The phase sequence is same.
The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate phase
and frequently voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder voltage of bus bar and incoming feeder
voltage supply.

ANNOUNCIATOR
In the control room the Announciator the most compact in which probable faults at different
feeders and different feeders and different zone have written to inform the bulb behind the
structure when some faults is announciator auxiliary relay. Relay’s first signal trip the circuit
breaker and signal goes to the auxiliary trip the relay, the relay send the signal to the
announciator which give alarm and bulb is lighting up in front of the type of fault occurred.

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 CHAPTER 10

RELAYS
Every electrical equipment needs portion the house wiring is protected by the fuses. Modern
generators are protected by complex protective schemes. The choice of protection depends
upon several aspects such as type and rating of protective equipments.
The location of relay is very important the protective relay may protect the concerned
equipment from the abnormal operating condition develops in protective relaying of that
equipment sense the abnormal condition and initiates the alarm and close the trip circuit of CB
and isolate the equipment from the supply
The relays are compact self-contained device, which respond to an abnormal condition
whenever and abnormal condition is developed. The relay close their contacts thereby the trip
circuit of CB is closed current from the battery supply flows in the trip circuit [coil] of breaker
and breaker opens and the faulty part is disconnected from the supply.

Figure 11.1:- Substation Relay Panel

Besides relays and CB there are several components in relaying schemes these includes
potential transformer protective fine relay time delay relay auxiliary relay secondary circuit

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and accessories each equipment is important in protection relaying in team work of their
components.
The function of protection relaying scheme includes following.
1. To sound an alarm or close the trip coil of CB to disconnect the equipment in abnormal
condition, which includes overload under voltage temperature rise, unbalanced load
reserve power under frequency short circuit.
2. To disconnect the abnormally operating part to prevent subsequent fault as over load
protection of machine and prevent machine failure.
3. To disconnect the faulty part if a machine is connected immediately after a winding
fault only a few coil may need replacement.
4. To realize the effect of fault by disconnecting faulty part from healthy part causing
least disturbance to the healthy replacement.
5. To disconnect the faulty part quickly to improve the system stability service condition
and system performance.

The component of a substation which are provided with the protection schemes are:
1. Power transformer.
2. Transmission line feeder.
3. Bus bars.
4. Shunt capacitor banks.

POWER TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

A power transformer is subjected to following faults
1. Over load and external short circuit.
2. Terminal fault
3. Winding fault
4. Incipient fault.

Winding and oil temperature indicator with alarm and trip contacts are provided. As soon as
the temperature of winding and oil exceed the predetermined value of contacts are bridged

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reaches the spot valve the transformer is tripped the different protection which are provided to
a power transformer are
1. Buchholz relay
2. Over current and earth fault
3. Differential protection
4. Frame leakage protection

BUCHHOLZ RELAY
This relay is used for the protection of the transformer and is based upon the principle of a gas
operated relay since any internal fault inside the transformer will evaporate the oil due top
intense heat generated by short circuit current and will generate gases. This type of relay can
be fitted only to the transformers, which are equipped with conservator tank and the main tank
i.e. in the transformer pipe connecting. The two relays consists of an oil cum tuner with the
two internal floats which operates and Accurate mercury switches, which are in turn
connected to external to the external alarm and to the tripping circuit.

Fig 11.2:- Internal Structure of Buchholz Relay

The relay is normally full of oil and floats remain engaged in seat due to buoyancy and floats
are made aluminum each one has a counter weight, which has mild steel coated with nickel.
The relay is also useful in indicating any loss of oil that a transformer may suffer because heat
loss of oil will cause oil level to drop the top float will indicate it by dropping and shorting the
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alarm contact and if the oil level keeps on falling the lower float will affected and will close
the trip circuit of transformer.
The alarm circuit is made these by going a warning bell is advanced that a serious fault is
developing inside. The tank occurs the volume of gas generated is considerable which is
moving through the relay causes the gas surge flap valve to be defected. There by close the
mercury contact switch and energizing the trip coil of CB and isolate the transformer from the
supply sample for analysis if gas from the top valve.

OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

These protection schemes are provided against external short circuit and excessive load.
Commonly the over current and earth fault protection is provided on the front side of
transformer and is made to trip both HV and LV breaker these protections serve only as
backup protection both for transformer internal and external fault.
The over current relay has a single element for each phase and earth fault has a single element
the connection for restricted earth fault protection on one winding of transformer with a
similar scheme. For a star connected winding three lines current transformer is balanced
against a CT the neutral connection. In case of delta connected winding the three lines CT are
parallel and connected to across the earth fault relay some of them same in CT is used for over
current protection as well as earth fault protection.

FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION

This protection is known as tank protection. The transformer is lightly insulated from earth by
mounting it on a concrete plinth. The transformer tank is connected to earth fault relays. Earth
fault current due to insulation failure in any winding of the transformer will flow to
transformer energizes here two relay operates.

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
For the differential protection, different relay is used. Different protection scheme compares
quality derived from the input and output current of the protected circuit in such a way that all
the healthy system and protection in operative while for fault condition the balance is
disturbed and the protection operated.

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The protection has many advantage over other protection over other protections the flash over
at the bushing are not adequately covered by other protective scheme also unless it. Involves
ground the differential relay scheme delete such fault and also on the lead between the CB and
power transformer provided. The current transformer are separately mounted and not in the
transformer bushing. In case of every serve internal faults differential faults differential relay
operates faster than the buchholz’s relay this control the external damages.
The differential damage protection response to phase to phase faults with in the protection
zone. This generally comprises all equipments and connection between ct and all side of
transformer. It provides protection against turn to turn faults also. It operates on the principle
of the circulating current by comprising current in various winding through the media of CT’s
the ratio and connection of the CT’s on various winding shown that secondary current are
equal in magnitude and phase in normal condition.

TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION

The protection scheme for transmission lines is differential relaying.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAYING
In this type of relaying 6 point conductors would be required one for each phase CT and one
for neutral connection and two for the trip circuit but this scheme is costlier. A modified
scheme is applicable only on parallel feeder. In this scheme the secondary current from CT’s
on the two circuits at the same end is compared. Under normal condition, each line will carry
equal current. In the event of fault the balance is disturbed that is why relay trips the CB.

DIRECTION BACKUP RELAYS

These relays are used for the over current and earth fault of high voltage 132,220 kV sides.
This consists of main and backup scheme at standby. As carrier current protection of short
distance impedance, reactance and pilot relay for long short and very short distance
respectively.

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 CHAPTER-11

POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC
In PLCC the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage power lines result
in increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over long distances. Since
telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage lines,
suitably designed coupling devices have therefore to be employed. These usually consist of
high voltage capacitor with potential devices used in conjunction with suitable line matching
units(LMU’s) for matching the impedance of line to that of the coaxial cable connecting the
unit to the PLC transmit-receive equipment.
Also, the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from entering
the power equipment used in GSS as this would result in high attenuation or even complete
lossof communication signals when earthed at isolator. To prevent this loss, wave traps or line
traps are employed. These consist of suitably designed choke coils connected in series with
line, which offers negligible impedance to RF carrier current.
As electronics plays a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also a backbone of
any power station, communication between various generating and receiving station is very
essential for proper operation of power system. This is more so in case of a large
interconnected system where a control lead dispatch station has to coordinate the working of
various units to see that the system is maintained in the optimum working condition, power
line communication is the most economical and reliable method of communication for
medium and long distance in power network.

Figure 12.1:- Power-Line Carrier Schematic

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 Figure 12.2:- Power Line Carrier Communication System

Fig12.3:- Power Line Carrier Device in Control House

COMPONENT OF COUPLING ARRANGEMENT

1. Wave Trap.
2. Coupling Capacitor.
3. Drainage coil.
4. Voltage arrestor.
5. Ground switch.

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6. Matching transformer.
7. Tuning capacitor.
8. Vacuum arrestor.

WAVE TRAP
The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed toward the remote line terminal
and not toward the station bus, and it must be isolated from bus impedance variations. This
task is performed by the line trap is usually a form of a parallel resonant circuit which is tuned
to the carrier energy frequency. A parallel resonant circuit has high impedance at its tuned
frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier energy to flow toward the remote line
terminal. The coil of the line trap provides a low impedance path for the flow of the power
frequency energy. Since the power flow is rather large at times, the coil used in a line trap
must be large in terms of physical size.
Once the carrier energy line, any control of the signal has been given over to nature until it
reaches the other end. During the process of traveling to the other end the signal is attenuated,
and also noise from the environment is added to the same way that it was coupled at the
transmitting terminal. The signal is then sent to the receivers in the control house via the
coaxial cable.

Fig 12.4:- WAVE TRAP

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 COUPLING CAPACITOR
The coupling capacitor is used as part of the tuning circuit. The capacitor is a device which
provides low impedance path for the carrier energy to the high voltage line and at the same
time, it blocks the power frequency current by being a high impedance path at those
frequencies. It can perform its function of dropping line voltage across its capacitance if the
low voltage end is at ground potential. Since it is desirable to connect the line tuner output to
for the carrier signal and low impedance path for the power frequency current. This device is
an inductor and it is called a drain coil. The coupling capacitor and drain coil circuit are
shown in diagram.

Fig 12.5:- Coupling Capacitor and Drain Coil Combination

DRAINAGE COILS
The drainage coil has a pondered iron core that serves to ground the power frequency charging
to appear in the output of the unit. The coarse voltage arrester consists of an air gap, which
sparks over at about 2 kV and protects the matching units against line surge. The grounding
switch is kept open during normal operation and is closed if any thing is to be done on the
communication equipment without interruption to power flow on the line.
The LMU which consist of the matching transformer and tuning capacitors indicated above is
tailor-made to suit the individual requirements of the coupling equipment and is generally
tuned to a wide band of carrier frequencies (100-450kHz typical).

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 CHAPTER 12

BATTERY ROOM
In a GSS, separate dc supply is maintained for signaling remote position control, alarm circuit
etc. Direct current can be obtained from 220volt 3 phase ac supply via rectifier and in event of
arc failure, from the fixed batteries, which are kept, charged in normal condition by rectifier
supply.

Figure 14.1:- Battery Room

14.1 BATTERY SYSTEM

A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead–acid battery) is more commonly known as a sealed
battery a lead–acid rechargeable battery. Because of their construction, VRLA batteries do not
require regular addition of water to the cells, and vent less gas than flooded lead-acid batteries.
The reduced venting is an advantage since they can be used in confined or poorly ventilated

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spaces. But sealing cells and preventing access to the electrolyte also has several considerable
disadvantages as discussed below.
VRLA batteries are commonly further classified as:
1 Absorbed glass mat (AGM) battery
2 Gel battery ("gel cell")

An absorbed glass mat battery has the electrolyte absorbed in a fiber-glass mat separator. Agel
cell has the electrolyte mixed with silica dust to form an immobilized gel.
While these batteries are often colloquially called sealed lead–acid batteries, they always
include a safety pressure relief valve. As opposed to vent (also called flooded) batteries, a
VRLA cannot spill its electrolyte if it is inverted. Because AGM VRLA batteries use much
less electrolyte (battery acid) than traditional lead–acid batteries, they are sometimes called an
"acid-starved" design.
The name "valve regulated" does not wholly describe the technology. This is really
"recombinant" batteries, which means that the oxygen evolved at the positive plates will
largely recombine with the hydrogen ready to evolve on the negative plates, creating water
and preventing water loss. The valve is a safety feature in case the rate of hydrogen evolution
becomes dangerously high. In flooded cells, the gases escape before they can recombine, so
water must be periodically add.

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 CONCLUSION

Training at 220 K.V G.S.S MANDAWAR,DAUSA gives the insight of the real instruments
used. There are many instruments like transformer, CT, PT, CVT, LA, relay, PLCC, bus
bars, capacitor bank, insulator, isolators, control room, Battery room etc. What is the various
problem seen in substation while handling this instruments. There are various occasion when
relay operate and circuit breaker open, load shedding, shut down, which has been heard
previously.

To get insight of the substation, how things operate, how things manage all is learned there.
Practical training as a whole proved to be extremely informative and experience building and
the things learnt at it would definitely help a lot in snapping the future ahead a better way.

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 REFERENCES

BOOKS
1. Instruction manual of instrument transformer (TELK instrument transformer) provided
by R.R.V.P.N.L.

2. Instruction manual of Lighting Arresters (LAMCO’S metal oxide surge

arrestermorester) provided by R.R.V.P.N.L.

3. A Text-book of ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY ( AC and DE machines) by B.L.

Theraja

4. A Text-book of POWER SYSTEM by V.K. Mehta

5. Electrical Power System by C. L. Wadhwa

6. B.R. Gupta / a Text Book of Electrical Technology Vol. II / Chapter 32/ Transformer/
Page No. 1116-1120.

7. Sunil S. Rao / Switch Gear Protection and Power Systems / Chapter 33/

8. Protection of Transformer/ Page No. 826-830.

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