21FOTCA11096 DIV - D HARSHIL B.

KUNJADIYA

ASSIGNMENT 4

1.Difference b/w encoding and modulation.

Encoding

Encoding process
Encoding converts analog data to digital signal form. Analog data is converted to
digital data format using the sampling and quantization process as used in PCM.
It uses an encoder at the transmitter end and decoder at the receiver end.
Encoder makes digital data suitable to be transmitted on digital transmission
lines. They are used to transmit encoded data using DSL (Digital Subscriber line)
or ethernet cables used between stations connected on LAN (Local Area
Network).

Advantages of Encoding process

Following are the advantages of encoding techniques.

➨It provides self synchronization by eliminating long string of zeros and ones
and incorporating more transitions in the data. Hence it is easy for the receiver to
match bit intervals with the transmitter and recover the bit pattern. Line encoding
techniques prevent baseline wandering.

➨It incorporates error detection capability in the code. This helps to detect some
or all the errors.

➨It doesn't create any DC components i.e. low frequencies.

➨Some encoders are immune to noise and interference.

➨Based on number of levels encoding techniques are simple or complex to

implement.

➨Refer advantages and disadvantages of Unipolar, Polar and Bipolar coding and
NRZ and RZ coding techniques.

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Modulation

Modulation process
The process of shifting baseband signals to higher frequency region is known as
modulation. Modem performs modulation at the transmitter end and
demodulation at the receiver end. There are two types of modulation viz. analog
and digital. The modulated analog signal can be transported using optical fiber
cables and unguided media.
Analog modulation takes analog baseband signal and gives modulated analog
signal as output. Digital modulation takes digital baseband signal and gives
modulated analog signal.

Advantages of modulation process

Following are the genetic advantages of modulation techniques.

➨Modulation converts low frequency baseband signal to high frequency carrier

signal suitable for transmission over air without any noise or interference.

➨It overcomes need of large antenna required in low frequency transmission.

Higher frequencies after modulation require smaller antannas.

➨Higher level digital modulation schemes such as QPSK, QAM reduces

bandwidth requirement and increases spectrum efficiency.

➨Higher level modulation schemes increases data rate as more number of data
bits are mapped on single signal elements. For example QPSK maps 2 bits on
single symbol or signal element where as 16-QAM maps 4 bits on single symbol
or signal element and so on.

➨It reduces error probability.

➨Refer advantages and disadvantages of AM and FM, ASK modulation, FSK

modulation and PSK modulation.

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2. List types of modulation techniques.

Modulation is a process of changing the characteristics of the wave to be transmitted
by superimposing the message signal on the high-frequency signal. In this process
video, voice and other data signals modify high-frequency signals – also known as
the carrier wave. This carrier wave can be DC or AC or pulse chain depending on
the application used. Usually, a high-frequency sine wave is used as a carrier wave
signal.

These modulation techniques are classified into two major types: analog and digital
or pulse modulation. Prior to discussing further the different types of modulation
techniques, let us understand the importance of modulation.

Different Types of Modulation

-Analog Modulation
★ Amplitude modulation (AM)
★ Frequency modulation (FM)
★ Phase modulation (PM)
-Digital Modulation
-Frequency Modulation
★ Narrow band FM
★ Wide band FM

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3. Explain analog to analog in detail.

Analog Signal: An analog signal is any continuous signal for which the time
varying feature of the signal is a representation of some other time varying
quantity i.e., analogous to another time varying Signal.
Analog to Analog Conversion –
Analog-to-analog conversion, or modulation, is the representation of analog
information by an analog signal. It is a process by virtue of which a characteristic
of a carrier wave is varied according to the instantaneous amplitude of the
modulating signal. This modulation is generally needed when a bandpass
channel is required. Bandpass is a range of frequencies which are transmitted
through a bandpass filter which is a filter allowing specific frequencies to pass,
preventing signals at unwanted frequencies.
Analog to Analog conversion can be done in three ways:
1. Amplitude Modulation
2. Frequency Modulation
3. Phase Modulation

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
The modulation in which the amplitude of the carrier wave is varied according to
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal keeping phase and
frequency as constant. The figure below shows the concept of amplitude
modulation:

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21FOTCA11096 DIV - D HARSHIL B. KUNJADIYA

AM is normally implemented by using a simple multiplier because the amplitude

of the carrier signal needs to be changed according to the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
AM bandwidth:
The modulation creates a bandwidth that is twice the bandwidth of the
modulating signal and covers a range centered on the carrier frequency.
Bandwidth= 2fm

2. FREQUENCY MODULATION –
The modulation in which the frequency of the carrier wave is varied according to
the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal keeping phase and
amplitude as constant. The figure below shows the concept of frequency
modulation:

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21FOTCA11096 DIV - D HARSHIL B. KUNJADIYA

FM is normally implemented by using a voltage-controlled oscillator as with FSK.

The frequency of the oscillator changes according to the input voltage which is
the amplitude of the modulating signal.
FM bandwidth:
1. The bandwidth of a frequency modulated signal varies with both
deviation and modulating frequency.
If modulating frequency (Mf) 0.5, wide band Fm signal.
2. For a narrow band Fm signal, bandwidth required is twice the maximum
frequency of the modulation, however for a wide band Fm signal the
required bandwidth can be very much larger, with detectable sidebands
spreading out over large amounts of the frequency spectrum.

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3. PHASE MODULATION:
The modulation in which the phase of the carrier wave is varied according to the
instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal keeping amplitude and
frequency as constant. The figure below shows the concept of frequency
modulation:

Phase modulation is practically similar to Frequency Modulation, but in Phase

modulation frequency of the carrier signal is not increased. It is normally
implemented by using a voltage-controlled oscillator along with a derivative. The
frequency of the oscillator changes according to the derivative of the input
voltage which is the amplitude of the modulating signal.
PM bandwidth:
1. For small amplitude signals, PM is similar to amplitude modulation (AM)
and exhibits its unfortunate doubling of baseband bandwidth and poor
efficiency.
2. For a single large sinusoidal signal, PM is similar to FM, and its
bandwidth is approximately 2 (h+1) Fm where h= modulation index.

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4. Difference b/w manchester and differential manchester

S. No Manchester Encoding Differential Manchester

Encoding

1.
Manchester encoding s a Differential Manchester encoding is a line
synchronous clock-encoding code in which data and clock signals are
technique used by the physical layer combined to form a single 2-level
to encode the clock and data of a self-synchronizing data stream
synchronous bit stream.

2.
Low to High represents 1 and High to No transition at the start of a bit period
Low represents 0. represents 1 and transition at the start of a bit
period represents 0.

3.
It provides better signal It provides less signal synchronization as
synchronization. compared to manchester encoding.

4.
Signal rate is the drawback of It maps at least one transition per bit time and
manchester encoding as there is possibly two bits. Its modulation or signal rate
always one transition at the middle of is two times that of NRZ. Hence it requires
the bit and maybe one transition at more bandwidth.
the end of each bit.

5.
Used by IEEE 802.3 specification for Used by IEEE 802.5 specification for Token
Ethernet LAN Ring LAN

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5.Explain digital to digital modulation and explain any

The term DM stands for digital modulation, and it is a common term for the
techniques of modulation. This modulation uses discrete signals for modulating a
carrier wave. Indifference, both the amplitude modulation and frequency modulation
techniques are analog. Digital modulation removes communication noise as well as
provides enhanced strength for the signal intrusion. But, it is not rare to digital
modulation schemes for introducing time delay because of the required process. To
avoid this, a comfort SST (Secure Stream Technology) audio is designed.

Digital Modulation (DM) gives more capacity of data, high information security, and
accessibility of a faster system by enormous quality communication. Therefore, DM
techniques have a huge demand due to their capacity for communicating superior
amounts of information than AM (analog modulation) techniques.

Types of Digital Modulation

There are several kinds of digital modulation techniques available based
on the requirement which includes the following.

● ASK or Amplitude shift Key

● FSK or Frequency shift key
● PSK or Phase shift key

1) ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying)

In amplitude shift keying, once the instant amplitude of the carrier signal is
changed in quantity toward m(t) message signal. For instance, if we have the
modulated carrier (m(t) coswct) then the carrier signal will be coswct. Because
the data is an ON/OFF signal, and the output is also an ON/OFF signal
wherever the carrier is there when data is 1, as well as the carrier, is not
present when data is 0. Therefore this modulation scheme is called as OOK or
on/off keying (OOK) otherwise amplitude shift keying or ASK. The
applications of ASK mainly include IR remote controls and fiber optic
transmitter & receiver.

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7.Why do we need encoding and modulation?

Encoding :
The purpose of encoding is to transform data so that it can be properly (and safely)
consumed by a different type of system, e.g. binary data being sent over email, or
viewing special characters on a web page. The goal is not to keep information secret,
but rather to ensure that it's able to be properly consumed.

Modulation :
Encoding is about converting digital or analog data to digital signal, whereas modulation
is about converting digital or analog data to an analog signal. Encoding is used to
ensure efficient transmission and storage, whereas modulation is used to send the
signals to a long way.

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8. What is bandwidth?
Bandwidth specifically refers to the capacity at which a network can transmit data.
For example, if the bandwidth of a network is 40 Mbps, it implies that the network
cannot transmit data faster than 40 Mbps in any given case.

Bandwidth usage refers to a computer network's capacity to transfer data between

devices or over the internet in a specific amount of time. Put simply, bandwidth is
the maximum rate of data transfer across any given path. The best way to understand
how bandwidth works is to compare it to motor vehicle traffic.

9.Difference b/w AM,PM and FM

N Param
FM AM PM
o. eter

1 Noise immunity of FM AM receivers are very Noise immunity is better

Noise is superior to AM and than AM but not FM.
susceptible to noise.
PM.

2. The frequency of the The amplitude of a carrier A phase of the carrier

Function carrier wave deviates wave in AN wave varies as per the
as per the voltage of Diverges as per amplitude voltage of modulating
the modulating signal or voltage of modulating signal input.
input. signal input.

3. The amplitude of the The frequency of the carrier The amplitude of the
Constant carrier wave is kept wave is kept invariable. carrier wave is kept
parameter changeless. changeless.

4. Types Digital FM types AM types : Digital PM

:FSK,GFSK,offset DSB-SC,SSB,VSB,ect. types:QPSK,BPSK,QAM
PSK,etc.

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