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JURNAL SCIENTIA, Volume 12 No 1, 2023 ISSN 2302-0059
THE ROLE OF NAHDLATUL ULAMA IN CREATING AN R20 FORUM
AS INDONESIA'S SOFT POWER IN THE WORLD
Sri Haryanto 1, Robingun Suyud El Syam 2
1,2
Islamic Education, Universitas Sains Al-Qur’an Wonosobo
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Article Info The purpose of this research is to unravel the role of Nahdlatul Ulama in
Received: 20/01/2023 making the R20 Forum as Indonesia's Soft Power in the international arena,
Revised: 11/02/2023 by helping to ensure that religion can function as a source of real and
Accepted: 27/02/2023 dynamic global solutions, not as a source of problems. This article uses a
combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Research was
carried out at the R20 Forum activities on 2-3 November 2022 in Nusa Dua,
Bali. The research object focuses on Soft Power Indonesia in the
international arena, with library data sources and descriptive analysis. The
research concludes: that the R20 forum was initiated by Nahdlatul Ulama
as an effort to promote mutual understanding, a culture of peace, and
harmonious coexistence among diverse people in the world, religions, and
nations, by ensuring the role of religion as a source of dynamic solutions,
not as a problem. The agenda becomes Soft Power Indonesia in the
international arena by presenting a model of religion, nation and state in
harmony. In addition to aspects in the field of tourism, politics and the
economy. Through this agenda, Nahdlatul Ulama has a strategic role to play
in increasing Indonesia's position in the international arena. This study
develops its setting and orientation by integrating religion as a solution to
global problems in internal and multilateral problems. This shows the
prominent role of Nahdlatul Ulama, because specific cases show a role in
social community.
Keywords: Nahdlatul Ulama, R20 forum, soft power

1. INTRODUCTION
The idea of soft power in its development has undergone a number of shifts, it is clear that initially
it was only intended for the big countries in the world (great power), then soft power was also considered
appropriate to be used by other countries which incidentally are not big countries, to achieve strategic
interests [1]. This certainly opens up opportunities for countries that are not yet categorized as
developed like Indonesia.
Indonesia consists of 17 thousand islands with three different time zones, with a population of
more than 275 million people, consisting of 714 tribes and more than 1,100 local languages, where they
embrace 6 different religions. Indonesia is a plural country in ethnicity, language and religion. However,
it is united by the state ideology of Pancasila. Indonesia is united by a spirit of tolerance and unity,
adhering to the principle of "Unity in Diversity". Indonesia's achievements in dealing with the Covid-
19 pandemic are also due to the contribution of religious leaders. Places of worship such as mosques,
temples, churches, monasteries, and pagodas are centers of literacy for people in various fields. The
spirit of mutual cooperation between adherents of religions unifies Indonesia [2].
Indonesia, which lives in harmony in ethnic and religious diversity, in fact often becomes an
example of other countries on how a country can build an attitude of tolerance and harmony. Several
countries want to learn from Indonesia. This can be an asset to soft power diplomacy and a positive
influence for Indonesia in international-scale forums. With these valuable assets, Indonesia wants to try
to play a role in helping create peaceful solutions to problems of conflict in the world [3].
Nahdatul Ulama means awakening (Renaissance) of Islamic slama, this organization has formed
a network of pesantren (residential religious schools for youth) and universities, and continues to run
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several clinics and hospitals. In this century, Nahdatul Ulama has also gradually paid more attention to
the deradicalization of some of its youth and the possible root causes of violent Islamic extremism,
which has also swept Indonesia. universal compassion”, and adopted the Manifesto Nusantara: “a
theological framework for reforming Islamic orthodoxy—and abolishing the legal category of “infidel”
in Islamic law, so that non-Muslims can enjoy full equality as fellow citizens [4].
Holland Taylor, CEO of the Center for Shared Civilization Values stated, Nahdlatul Ulama has
long been very systematic and institutional in its efforts to create social integration. Efforts to maintain
and strengthen social harmony, then sparked PBNU's initiative to initiate a dialogue forum between
world religious leaders, Religion of Twenty (R20). According to Holland, Nahdlatul Ulama's move to
partner with the Muslim World League (MWL) is very appropriate, because MWL as an international-
level Islamic organization has a strategic role [5]. The event is predicted to become a worldwide
movement. This was found in similar studies such as Volkov [6] who examined Ladies Figure Skating
as an element of Russian soft power in the international arena. Proctor [7] studied BTS as South Korea's
soft power in the international arena. Krzymowski [8] analyzes the soft power of the European Union
and the United Arab Emirates in sustainable development goals. Anlamassova at al. [9] examines the
importance of soft power and soft power tools in foreign policy. Arif [10] examines the concept of soft
power in China's diplomatic strategy and foreign policy.
Hongyi Lai [11] examines the determinants of Soft Power in the World and the Implications for
China. Joseph Nye [12] examines the concept of soft power in a geopolitical context. Carminati [13]
examines the economy as a soft power. Antonova et al. [14] examine the soft power of higher education
as a factor of global leadership. Frisch [15] assessed Iran's soft power in the Arab world through Google
trends. Kadetz and Stanley-Bake [16] examine China's soft power by leveraging health on the World
Stage. Aprianto [1] offers science as a source of soft power in Indonesia.
Throughout this research, no one has studied Religion of Twenty (R20) in Bali as a soft power,
so this research contains an element of novelty and is worth doing. Therefore, the purpose of this
research is to analyze the role of Nahdlatul Ulama in making the R20 Forum as Indonesia's Soft Power
on the international stage.

2. METHOD
This article uses mixed methods which, according to Creswell [17], is a combination of
qualitative and quantitative research in order to obtain more comprehensive, valid, reliable and
objective data. Research was carried out at the Forum Religion of Twenty (R20) International Summit
of Religious Leaders which was held on 2-3 November 2022 in Nusa Dua, Bali. The research object is
Soft Power Indonesia in the international arena, with sources obtained from various library information
such as books, scientific journals, magazines, newspapers, and documents [18]. Analysis with a
descriptive approach to determine the existence of independent variable values [19].

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Religion of Twenty (R20) in Bali 2022
The Religion Forum of Twenty (R20) International Summit of Religious Leaders is a gathering
of world religious leaders initiated by PBNU in collaboration with the Muslim World League (MWL).
The religious agenda was held on 2-3 November 2022 yesterday at the Grand Hyatt Hotel, Nusa Dua,
Bali, where the agenda was included in a series of Engagement Group activities from the Presidency
Group of Twenty (G20).
The Group of Twenty (G20) is a multilateral cooperation forum whose members consist of 19
main countries and the European Union (EU). The Group of Twenty represents more than 60% of the
earth's population, 75% of global trade, and 80% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). G20
membership consists of various countries: United States, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia,
Argentina, Brazil, India, United Kingdom, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Italy, Germany,
Canada, Mexico, Russia, France, Turkey, China, as well as European Union [20].
The Religion of Twenty Forum discusses the relationship between religious groups which refers
to all issues that have historically been a burden or wound for certain main religious groups, re-
contextualization of religious norms and identification of values that are held and believed together in
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all religions [21]. The R20 Forum will continuously be held according to the order of the G20
presidency, namely in Indonesia in 2022, in India in 2023, in Brazil in 2024, and in South Africa in
2025.
Safira Machrusah as Deputy Chief Executive of the Religion of Twenty Forum, said the reason
why Nusa Dua Bali was chosen as the venue for the R20 meeting was because Bali met the
representative criteria to put forward ideas in the R20 forum. Bali is one of the provinces which is a real
replica of Indonesia in terms of maintaining and maintaining inter-religious harmony. The small
province of Bali, where the majority of the population is Hindu, is surrounded by provinces with a
Muslim majority, but relatively no religious conflicts have occurred there [22].
The activity was attended by 40 speakers who were representatives from five continents, plus 7
local speakers from Indonesia and was attended by more than 400 participants from outside and within
the country. A total of 160 religious leaders, sects and beliefs from a number of countries attended this
international event.
The Religion of Twenty Forum is a global platform where leaders from various religions and
nations gather, in order to convey their concerns and voice the mutually agreed upon values of
civilization. This forum specifically aims to help ensure that sacred religion can function as a source of
real and dynamic global solutions, not as a source of problems.
This religious forum mobilizes interfaith leaders, especially those from countries that are
members of the R20, and elsewhere around the world to help prevent the use of identity as a political
weapon; limit the spread of communal hate speech; encourage solidarity and respect amidst the
pluralism of societies, cultures and nations in parts of the world; and encourage the emergence of a just
and harmonious world order, based on respect for the equal rights and dignity of every human being
[23].
The Religion Forum (R20) International Summit of Religious Leaders was officially opened in
Nusa Dua, Bali on Wednesday 2 November 2022, marked by the playing of a tambourine tambourine
by several public figures who were present (Figure 1). The event was attended by more than 400 invitees
from within and outside the country. The invitees who attended consisted of religious leaders, sects,
and beliefs from various countries with millions of followers [24].

Figure 1. Opening of Religion of Twenty (R20) in Bali 2022

The forum initiated by Nahdlatul Ulama and the World Muslim League intends to bring together
religious leaders from all over the world, in the framework of sharing ideas and discussions, making
religion part of the solution to problems in the world. In addition, as a medium to encourage systematic
cooperation between various religions, civilizations and nations. The implementation of Religion of
Twenty (R20) in Indonesia promises a sustainable global impact [25]. The topics discussed in the
international agenda can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Topics of Discussion in Religion of Twenty [22]

No Topic
1. Historical Grievances, Reconciliation, Revealing the Truth, and
Forgiveness
2. Identification and Accommodation of Noble Values from World Religion
and Civilization sources
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3. Recontextualization of Problematic and Obsolete Religious Teachings
4. Identification of Beneficial Values to Ensure and Foster Peaceful
Coexistence
5. Spiritual Ecology

Sheikh Mohammed Al-Issa, Secretary General of the Muslim World League (MWL) at the
opening of the G20 said that tolerance is a pillar of unity and peace. It is urgent to continue to be echoed
in daily life, building inter-religious dialogue regarding the harmony of ethical values in each religion
is crucial to do, because seeing the reality that there are still conflicts between religious adherents. The
R20 International Summit of Religious Leaders Forum is a space for world religious and sect leaders to
build dialogue and convey ideas regarding the contribution of religion to creating solutions to global
problems [26].
According to Indonesian President Joko Widodo [2] , the R20 forum presents religious leaders
from various countries as a medium for sharing knowledge and experiences from various religious
leaders and various countries, to be able to work together. Cooperation is carried out in order to increase
the contribution of religions in solving world problems in order to reduce rivalry and stop wars, so that
the world is peaceful, united, and works together to pass down goodness to the next generation.
The delegates who were religious leaders from G20 member countries as well as a number of
other countries saw the Kimpulan Temple site in the UII Library firsthand. The preservation of the
temple in the midst of the Muslim community makes them know how the Muslim way of life in
Indonesia is full of tolerance. UII Chancellor, Fathul Wahid said that since its establishment, UII is an
open campus for diverse thoughts, not just Islamic thoughts. The existence of the Kimpulan Temple in
the UII Complex, sends a message that human equality can be guaranteed and all have the opportunity
to develop. The agenda of the R20 delegation in Yogyakarta apart from visiting the UII Kimpulan
Temple Site also visited the Yogyakarta Palace, Prambanan Temple, Mendut Temple, Borobudur
Temple, Pandanaran Islamic Boarding School [27].
From this forum, an agreement was born, or what they call a communiqué, which was agreed
upon by religious leaders, sects and traditions present at R20. The following is the contents of the R20
Bali 2022 forum communiqué (Table 2).

Table 2. Communiqué Religion of Twenty (R20) in Bali 2022 [28]

No Communiqué
1. We religious leaders from the G20 and other countries around the world are aware of global
challenges such as environmental destruction, natural and man-made disasters, poverty,
unemployment, evictions, extremism and terrorism. This challenge has been complicated by
the rivalries between the major powers and the outbreak of identity-based conflicts around
the world, which undermine world and domestic peace and security, including undermining
the commitment to ethical and spiritual values of every person and society.
2. Responding to this challenge, we gathered in Bali, Indonesia for the G20 religious forum
November 2-3 2022, which was held with KH Yahya Cholil Staquf and Sheikh Mohammad
bin Abdulkarim Al-Issa.
3. R20 is determined to promote common understanding, a culture of peace and harmonious
coexistence among the diversity of nations, religions and peoples of the world. To achieve
this goal, R20 mobilizes religious, social, economic, and political leaders around the world,
ensuring religion is a source of solutions, not a problem.
4. R20 opens doors and appreciates the constructive will to achieve the above goals, including
but not limited to:
a. Establishment of the Center for Shared Civilizational Values June 2021 by spiritual
leaders of Nahdlatul Ulama, including founder of R20 & Ketum PBNU, KH Yahya
Cholil Staquf.
b. Forum bridging West and East in 2019 and the "Mecca Charter", which was initiated by
the World Muslim League under the leadership of Secretary General Sheikh Mohammad

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bin Abdulkarim Al-Issa, in order to strengthen common understanding, peaceful
coexistence, and harmony between diverse nations, religions and peoples world.
5. Accordingly, the R20 calls on religious and political leaders, as well as all individuals of
good will from all nations and faiths to join forces to build a global alliance on shared
civilizational values.
6. R20, through this global alliance, seeks to:
a. Making & realizing real initiatives to bridge nations and civilizations,
b. Encourage realistic and honest dialogue within or between religious groups, to ensure
religion acts as a source of solutions, not problems,
c. Inject social, political, and economic power structures, with moral and spiritual values,
d. Prevent identity as a political weapon,
e. Prohibit the spread of communal hate speech,
f. Promote respect and solidarity among the diverse nations and cultures of the world's
citizens,
g. Protecting people from violence and suffering due to conflict,
h. Calling citizens of the world, actively assisting those suffering from conflict,
i. Exploring the wisdom of spiritual ecology contained in world religious traditions to ensure
respect for and preservation of the environment, including earth, air and water,
j. Maintaining the emergence of a world order that is truly just and harmonious from respect
for equal rights and dignity of every human being,
k. Confirming the R20 as part of the official G20.
7. Having launched R20 under Indonesian presidency for the G20 Summit, we are waiting for
the Indian presidency for the G20 Summit

The Role of Nahdlatul Ulama in Making the R20 Forum Indonesia's Soft Power in the World
The R20 Forum was created in order to strive to promote mutual understanding, a culture of
peace and harmonious coexistence among the world's diverse peoples, religions and nations. To achieve
this noble goal, the R20 mobilizes religious, social, economic, and political leaders from around the
world to ensure that religion functions as a dynamic source of solutions, not problems [29].
The G20 or R20 Religious Forum event was held by PBNU together with the Muslim World
League (MWL) in Nusa Dua, Bali, on 2-3 November 2022. At least 338 participants attended the R20
event, coming from 32 countries. A total of 124 of these came from abroad. This forum also presents
45 speakers from five continents. This is certainly a big step and is appreciated by all religious
communities, especially Indonesian Muslims.
On the eve of the G20 Summit of world leaders, the Religions 20 forum featured more than 160
interfaith leaders talking about the importance of nurturing religion as a source of global solutions.
According to Holland Taylor: R20 founded Nahdlatul Ulama, partnering with the World Muslim
League to give voice to religious leaders to help ensure that religion functions as a source of pure and
dynamic solutions [30].
From 2022 to 2024, in turn, Indonesia, India and Brazil are lined up to hold the G20 Presidency.
These countries have inherited a rich and varied civilizational tradition, being home to the world's
largest Muslim, Hindu and Catholic populations. They experience rapid development in the economic
field, have extraordinary socio-cultural capital and have the potential to show the soft power of religion
on the world stage.
The world's largest network of political parties, CDI, on 29 October 2021 adopted a resolution
calling on the government and civil society organizations to join forces with Indonesia and Nahdlatul
Ulama in preserving and strengthening a rules-based international order based on shared civilizational
values. The resolution then states CDI's commitment to support Indonesia's efforts, through the G20
and R20 Forums, to encourage the emergence of a just and harmonious world order, based on respect
for equal rights and the dignity of every human being [31].
The agreement is considered important, especially since the world is currently facing many
problems. The meeting of world religious leaders through the R20 is expected to create global
awareness of the importance of the role of religion in creating and directing a good and sustainable
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world order. This meeting brought optimism to be able to lay down strong basic principles from a
religious perspective in order to succeed the concept of profit, people and planet (3P) which has become
a world agreement. This principle is important for the sake of development which encourages the
creation of sustainable improvements in the economic welfare of the community, and is able to maintain
the sustainability of the social life of the community [32].
The theme for the 2022 Bali G20 Presidency, "Recover Together, Recover Stronger". Through
this theme, Indonesia wants to invite the whole world to work hand in hand, support each other to
recover together and grow stronger and more sustainable. The G20 presidency in the midst of a
pandemic is evidence of good perceptions of Indonesia's economic resilience to crises, as well as a form
of recognition of Indonesia's status in the world, one of the developing countries in the world. The
presidential momentum, which only occurs once per generation (+ once every 20 years), can be used to
provide added value to Indonesia's recovery, both from an economic standpoint and the trust of the
international community. The G20 meeting in Indonesia is also a means of introducing Indonesia's
superior products and tourism to the international world, thereby helping to drive the Indonesian
economy [20].
The R20 Agenda is a forum for religious and sect leaders, where followers stand behind millions,
even tens of millions of people, with the main participants from G20 member countries, besides inviting
religious leaders from other countries outside the G20 so that a total of 32 countries, participants reached
464 invitees and 170 of them are foreign elements from five continents. The resource persons presented
were 40 people from five continents. They express various religious problems in response to various
global humanitarian problems and their solutions [33]. This shows how important and central the forum
is.
According to Prof. Aleksius Jemadu, Professor of International Relations at Pelita Harapan
University: Indonesia's progress in the R20 forum is not only limited to normative calls to build the
principles of civility, for the sake of human civilization and peace. Member countries of the G20 forum
consist of various religions, ethnicities and political regimes that need inspiration and models to manage
internal and multilateral diversity. NU, as the largest religious organization in Indonesia, is able to
represent the State of Indonesia to offer what the G20 countries need in overcoming the above situation.
Indonesia can be used as a model for how to manage conflict so that it is able to make a major
contribution to R20, by presenting itself as a discursive force, in the midst of world conditions that are
ideologically polarized and contested for power, which in turn suppresses the essence of universal
humanity [34]. Indonesia as a country with a majority Muslim population, however, the life of the
community continues and develops with mutual respect for one another. Indonesia gives respectable
living spaces to non-Muslim sites and communities. This was clearly reflected in President Joko
Widodo's remarks at the opening of the R20 Forum.
The issues raised at the R20 event focused on placing religion as a solution, not as a problem by
raising internal problems in religion, relations between religions, and seeking joint solutions to
humanitarian problems. The thing that is seen as the most prominent is how the organizers try to show
the world how high the level of tolerance of religious communities, especially Muslims in Indonesia.
This is an initial effort towards soft power diplomacy for Indonesia, played by religious groups and the
Indonesian government in resolving various conflicts and problems before the international world.
Soft power diplomacy is an ability to influence groups or countries by presenting the power of
cooperation, not violence or military force. Soft power is defined as an indirect, intangible influence;
such as culture, values, or ideology. Public diplomacy as part of soft power is a vital tool to promote a
country's soft power [35]. Thus, religious issues can be categorized as a form of soft power, creating a
new term called: "religious diplomacy" played by Nahdlatul Ulama for the Indonesian nation.
The role and contribution of Nahdatul Ulama in the context of global constellations and religious
life is very unique. As previously known, NU together with the Ministry of Religion, has held the
Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies (AICIS), on 8-20 October 2022 in Lombok and
Bali as an initial activity welcoming the G20. In addition, NU's participation in the Asia-European
Meeting (ASEM) Interfaith Dialogue, namely the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs related
to efforts to carry out Asian-European cultural and religious dialogue. This event is certainly very good,
considering that it is aimed at knitting peace, prosperity and progress together [30].
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The harmony and harmony of religious communities in Indonesia is important to be promoted to
the eyes of the world, and how tolerant the majority of Muslims are towards other minority religious
groups. Tolerance and harmony certainly do not come alone. There is a role from other religious groups,
and especially there are Muslim communities in Indonesia which consistently and massively knit this
harmony and harmony. Here the concept of religious moderation initiated by the Ministry of Religion
can be raised [36].
General Chairperson of the Indonesian Association of International Relations, Dr. Asep
Kamaluddin Nashir, is of the view: R20 is a diplomatic opportunity to strengthen Indonesia's position
as a middle power, which has strategic bargaining values, also provides legitimacy for Indonesia to play
an active role in global issues, especially those related to religion . This is a blueprint for religious
diplomacy, which Indonesia will carry out in the future, a momentum when the international community
looks to Indonesia [34].
Nahdlatul Ulama has proven to be exemplary in prohibiting its followers from calling 'infidels'
to non-Muslims aware of equality as human beings (al-insan) and as citizens (al-muwathin). This
decision was taken by Nahdlatul Ulama at the highest forum of the two organizations in Banjar
Patoman, West Java, namely the 2019 National Alim Ulama Conference. In this way, NU's scientific
and methodological base has built fiqh siyasa within the framework of nation and state thoroughly based
on Pancasila and Bhinneka. Single Ika. With the momentum of the R20 forum in Bali, it is hoped that
it will become a global mainstream phenomenon that will roll forward [37].
However, we must look positively, that the R20 forum in Nusa Dua, Bali is a strategic first step.
It is hoped that the soft power diplomacy that Nahdlatul Ulama is building for Indonesia can help
victims of oppression or even Islamophobia which often occurs on the European continent, in the name
of religion. A religious forum like this certainly creates hope for the emergence of an intelligent solution
on the one hand, and becoming Indonesia's soft power diplomacy in the international arena, on the other
hand.

4. CONCLUSION
After being reviewed and analyzed, the research concluded: that the R20 forum was initiated by
Nahdlatul Ulama as an effort to promote mutual understanding, a culture of peace, and harmonious
coexistence among diverse people in the world, religions, and nations, by ensuring the role of religion
as a source of solutions dynamic, not a problem. The agenda becomes Soft Power Indonesia in the
international arena by presenting a model of religion, nation and state in harmony. In addition to aspects
in the field of tourism, politics and the economy. Through this agenda, Nhadhatul Ulama has a strategic
role to play in increasing Indonesia's position in the international arena.

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