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Plane Geometry Revision Notes

Angles and Parallel Lines

a+ b=180 ° a+ b+c=180 ° a=b

[adj.∠s on st. line] [∠s at a pt.] [vert. opp.∠s]

If AB//CD  a = b If AB//CD  a + b = 180°

[corr.∠s, AB//CD] [alt.∠s, AB//CD] [int.∠s, AB//CD]

If a = b  AB//CD If a + b = 180°  AB//CD

[corr.∠s equal] [alt.∠s equal] [int.∠s supp.]

To prove Congruent Triangles

[S.S.S.] [S.A.S.] [A.S.A.] [A.A.S.] [R.H.S.]

If two Δs are congruent, their corresponding angles and sides are equal.
[corr. ∠s, ≅Δs] [corr. sides, ≅Δs]

To prove Similar Triangles

[A.A.A.] [3 sides prop.] [ratio of 2 sides, inc.∠]

If two Δs are similar, their corresponding∠s are equal, their corr. sides are in proportional.
 [corr. ∠s, ~Δs] [corr. sides, ~Δs]
Angles of Triangle Isosceles Triangle
a+ b+c=180 ° [∠sum of Δ]
a+ b=d [ext.∠of Δ]

Isosceles Triangle AB=AC, if one of the condtions

below is true, then the other two
conditions must also be true.
i) d=e
ii) BC⊥AM
If AB=AC  b = c If b = c  AB=AC iii) BM = MC
[base∠s, isos. Δ] [sides. opp. equal∠s] [property of isos. Δ]

Name Example Point of Special Example

concurrency Property

circumcentr
perpendicular e circumcetre O
bisector (in/out/on OA = OB = OC
side of Δ)

in-centre in-centre I
angle bisector
(insideΔ) ID = IE = IF

AD : DN = 2 : 1
centroid
median BD : DM = 2: 1
(insideΔ)
CD : DP = 2 : 1
 orthocenter
(in/outsideΔ
altitude or on vertex) -
*vertex is on
the sides

Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon Sum of Exterior Angles of a Polygon

n-sided polygon: (n−2)×180 ° ¿ 360 °
[∠ sum of polygon] [sum of ext. ∠s of polygon]

Parallelograms Tests for Parallelograms

If ABCD is a parallelogram, i) If AB = DC and AD = BC  ABCD is //gram

[opp. sides equal]

ii) If∠A =∠C and∠B =∠D  ABCD is //gram

AB = DC; AD = BC [opp. sides of //gram]
∠A =∠C ; ∠B =∠D [opp. ∠s of //gram] [opp. ∠s equal]
AO = OC ; BO = OD [diagonals of //gram]
iii) If AO = OC and BO = OD  ABCD is //gram

Rhombuses [diags. bisect each other]

If ABCD is a rhombus,
i) All properties of a // gram. iv) If AD // BC and AD = BC  ABCD is //gram
ii) AC⊥BD
iii) interior angle is bisected by diagonal [2 sides equal and //]
(e.g. ∠BCA = ∠DCA)
[property of rhombus]

Rectangles Squares

i) All properties of a // gram.

ii) ∠A =∠B =∠C =∠D = 90∘ i) All properties of a rectangle.
iii) AC = BD ii) All properties of a rhombus.
iv) diagonal bisect each other into 4 equal line iii) Angle between a side and a diagonal
segments. (i.e. AO = BO = CO = DO) is 45∘(e.g. ∠ACB = 45∘)
[property of rectangle] [property of square]

Mid-point Theorem Intercept Theorem

InΔABC, if AD = DB and AE = EC, If AD // BE // CF and AB = BC

DE = EF
i) DE // BC [intercept theorem]
ii) 1
DE= BC
2
[mid-pt. theorem]

Properties of Circle Revision Notes

Chords

If ON AB, If AN = BN, If AB = CD & ON CD If OM = ON & ON CD

& OM AB, & OM AB,
AN = BN ON AB OM = ON AB = CD
 from centre to chord line joining centre to equal chords, chords equidistant from
bisects chord mid-pt. of chord  chord equidistant from centre centre are equal

Chords Angles

If AN = NB and PNAB If AOB is a diameter,

O is on PN x = 2y x=y x = 90°
bisector of chord ∠at centre twice ∠s in the same segment ∠in semi-circle
passes through centre ∠at circumference

Angles, Arcs and Chords

 equal angles ↔ equal chords ↔ equal arcs

[arcs prop. to ∠s at centre] [equal (reason) , equal (result) ]

[arcs prop. to ∠s at circumference] e.g. [equal angles , equal arcs] , etc

Cyclic Quadrilaterals
If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral,

x + y = 180° & a + b = 180° x=y

[opp. ∠s, cyclic quad.] [ext. ∠, cyclic quad.]

Tests for Cyclic Quadrilaterals

If x = y, If x + y = 180°, If x = y,
ABCD are concyclic. ABCD are concyclic. ABCD are concyclic.
[converse of [opp. ∠s supp.] [ext.∠ = int. opp.∠]
∠s in the same segment]

Tangents
If AB is tangent to the circle at P, If AB is tangent to the circle at P,
AB OP If AB & AC are tangents to the x=y
[tangent  radius] circle at B & C respectively, [∠ in alt. segment]
AB = AC ; a = b ; x = y
If AB OP, [tangent properties] If x = y ,
AB is tangent to the circle at P AB is tangent to the circle at P
[converse of tangent  radius] [converse of ∠ in alt. segment]