Seminar Report on

WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Submitted by
Manoj Kumar Dhal
Regd. No: 2001229091

Seminar Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree of B.Tech. in Computer Science &
Engineering under
Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT)

2020 - 2024

Under the Guidance of

Shekharesh Barik
Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack-754022
 Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DRIEMS (Autonomous), Tangi, Cuttack - 745022

Certificate

This is to certify that this is a bonafide Seminar report, titled “WEATHER

MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT” done satisfactorily by Manoj kumar Dhal
(2001229091) in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of B.Tech. in Computer
Science & Engineering under Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT).

This Seminar report on the above mentioned topic has not been submitted for any other
examination earlier before in this institution and does not form part of any other course
undergone by the candidate.

Shekharesh Barik Surajit Mohanty

Asso. Professor, Dept. of CSE Asso. Professor & Head
Guide Dept of CSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness to my guide Prof. Shekharesh Barik, of the Computer Science

& Engineering department who spared his valuable time to go through manuscript and offer
his scholar advice in the writing. His guidance, encouragement and all out help have been
invaluable to me. There is short of words to express my gratitude and thankfulness to him.

I am grateful to all the teachers of Computer Science & Engineering department, DRIEMS,
for their encouragement, advice and help.

At the outset, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Surajit Mohanty,
H.O.D of Computer Science & Engineering department for his moral support extended
towards me throughout the duration of this seminar.

I am also thankful to my friends who have helped me directly or indirectly for the success
of this seminar.

Manoj kumar Dhal

Regd. No.: 2001229091
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
DRIEMS Autonomous Engg. College
 ABSTRACT

A weather monitoring system is a device that collects data related to the weather and

environment using many different sensors. Weather monitoring system is also a facility that can use

for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the

weather and climate. Therefore, weather monitoring system using Internet of Thing is proposed to help

user access data about weather anywhere in real-time. Proposed system is an advanced solution for

monitoring the weather conditions at a particular place and make the information visible anywhere in

the world. The technology behind this is Internet of things(IOT), which is an advance and efficient

solution for connecting the things to the internet and to connect the entire world of things in a network.

Here things might be whatever like electronic gadgets, sensors and automative electronic equipment.

The system deals with monitoring and controlling the environmental conditions like temperature,

relative humidity and CO level with sensors and sends the information to the web page and plot the

sensor data as graphical statistics.

Keywords: Internet of Things, Wi-Fi, temperature humidity sensor , Arduino UNO , Rain level sensor.

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 CONTENTS
Topic Page no.

I. Abstract iii
II. List of Figure v
Chapter 1 Introduction 6
1.1. Overview 7
1.2. Literature Review 7
Chapter 2 IoT 8
2.1. Basic theory and operation 8- 11
2.2. Block diagram of the system 12
2.3. Advantages of proposed system 12
Chapter 3 Proposed System and Architecture 13
3.1. Features of the proposed system 14
3.2. Proposed hardware architecture 14
3.3. Circuit Diagram 14 - 16
3.4. List of required hardware components 16
3.5. Details of hardware component 16
3.6. Arduino UNO 16 - 18
3.7. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 18 - 20
3.8. DHT11 20
3.9. BMP180 21
3.10. Rain Sensor 22
3.11. LCD Display 23
Chapter 4 Algorithm 24
4.1. Flow chart of the system 24
Conclusion 25
References 26

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

Fig-2.2 NodeMCU 12

Fig-3.2 BMP180 with Arduino 15

Fig-3.3 DHT11 with Arduino 15

Fig-3.4 Rain sensor with Arduino 16

Fig-3.5 Arduino UNO 17

Fig-3.6 ESP8266 Wi-Fi 18

Fig-3.7 Hardware Circuit 19

Fig-3.11 LCD Display 23

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 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Here we introduce a smart weather reporting system over the Internet. Our introduced system allows
for weather parameter reporting over the Internet. It allows the people to directly check the weather
states online without the need of a weather forecasting agency. System uses temperature, humidity
as well as rain with humidity sensor to monitor weather and provide live reporting of the weather
statistics. The system constantly monitors temperature using temperature sensor, humidity using
humidity sensor and also for rain. Weather monitoring system deals with detecting and gathering
various weather parameters at different locations which can be analysed or used for weather
forecasting. The aim of this system is achieved by technologies such as Internet of Things (IOT)
and Cloud. The idea of internet of things is to connect a device to the internet and to other required
connected devices. Using Internet the information from the IOT device can easily be transferred to
the cloud and then from the cloud to the end user. Weather Monitoring is an essential practical
implementation of the concept of Internet of Things, it involves sensing and recording various
weather parameters and using them for alerts, sending notifications, adjusting appliances
accordingly and also for long term analysis. Also we will try to identify and display trends in
parameters using graphical representation. The devices used for this purpose are used to collect,
organize and display information. It is expected that the internet of things is going to transform the
world by monitoring and controlling the phenomenon of environment by using sensors/devices
which are able to capture, process and transmit weather parameters. Cloud is availability of
computer system resources like data storage, computing power without direct active management
of user. The data captured is transmittedto the cloud so that the data could be further displayed.
Besides this, the system consists of components such as Arduino UNO board which is a
microcontroller board consisting of 14 digital pins, a USB connection and everything used to support
microcontroller; DHT11 is Temperature and humidity sensor which is used for detecting these
mentioned parameters; WIFI module is used to convert the data collected from the sensors and then
send it to the web server. So, in this way weather conditions of any location can be monitored from
any remote location in the world. The system constantly transmits this data to the micro controller
which now processes this data and keeps on transmitting it to the online web server over a wifi
connection. This data is live updated to be viewedon the online server system.

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1.1 Overview
Assemble all system as per circuit diagram. Program the NodeMCU using Arduino IDE. You will
get confirmation on your screen once The NodeMCU is a programable controller which has inbuilt
wi-fi module
We connect three sensors 1) BMP180 2) DHT11 and 3) Rain Sensor to NodeMCU. By using these
three sensors, we can collect the required weather data for monitoring purpose. This pooled data is
stream over the Internet to display it or read it from anywhere. After the successfully programmed
hardware, the NodeMCU get one IP address.

1.2 Literature Review

In this paper, the author elaborates how the weather prediction system is becoming a crucial challenge
in every Weather extreme event that causes an adverse effect of the system on lives and property as
well. Hence the accuracy of weather data is being one of the critical challenges to enhance the weather
prediction skills and build up the resilience to effect of detrimental weather report condition. The
author describes that Uganda and various other developing countries have looked challenges in
developing timely & accurate weather data due to scarce weathers observation. The scarce weather
monitoring is a part of the high cost of developing automatic weather situations. The restricted funding
is available to national meteorological services of the respective countries. In this proposed system the
author firstly takes care of the problems and then applies them. The author proposed an Automatic
weather monitoring Station based on a wireless sensor network. The planning of the author is to
develop three generations of Automatic weather stations or AWS prototypes. In this research, the
author evaluates the 1st-generation AWS prototype to improve the 2nd generation depending upon the
need and generation. The author provides a suggestion to improve the nonfunctional requirement such
a power consumption, data accuracy, reliability, and data transmission in order to have an Automatic
Weather Station. The non-functional requirement collapsed with cost reduction in order to produce a
robust and affordable Automatic Weath

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 CHAPTER-2
IoT

2.1 IoT

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics system which exploits networking,
sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or
service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and performance when applied to any
industry or system.

IoT systems have applications across industries through their unique flexibility and ability to be
suitable in any environment. They enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more
through smart devices and powerful enabling technology.

2.2 IoT−Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors,
activeengagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below

• AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. Thiscan mean
something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect whenmilk and your
favourite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
• Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT networking,
mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much
smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its
system devices.
• Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments that
transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-
world integration.
• Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens
through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service
engagement.

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The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the
advantages that IoT has to offer.
• Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind spots and
significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms
this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
• Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer
experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT
unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
• Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us
superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management
of resources.
• Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its
design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces and places it exactly where humans really
want to go to analyse our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.
2.1.1 IoT – Disadvantages
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges. Here
is a list of some its major issues.
• Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over
networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed
to various kinds of attackers.
• Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without
the user's active participation.
• Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and
maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
• Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with
another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.

• Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with
regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a battle.

2.3 IoT Software

IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded systems,
partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are responsible for data
collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and process extension within the

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(e.g., orderingsystems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.

• Data Collection
This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and
aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time, machine- to-
machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance with
settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits
all collected data to a central server.
• Device Integration
Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create the body
of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking between devices. These
applications are the defining software technology of the IoT network because without them, it is not
an IoT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and limitations of each device to
allow communication.

• Real-Time Analytics
These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into viable actions orclear
patterns for human analysis. They analyze information based on various settings and designs in order
to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.
• Application and Process Extension
These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more effective
system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing certain mobile
devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity and more accurate data
collection.

2.4 Internet of Things - Technology and Protocols

IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However, the major
enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy
wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and Wi-Fi-Direct. These technologies support the
specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform
networkof common systems.
• NFCandRFID
RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field communication) provide simple,
lowenergy, and versatile options for identity and access tokens, connection bootstrapping, and
payments.
RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tagsassociated

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NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile deviceand a
standard device.
• Low-EnergyBluetooth
This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a standard
technology with native support across systems.
• LTE-A
LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by increasing not only
its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its throughput. It gives IoT a tremendouspower
through expanding its range, with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar
communication.
• Wi-Fi-Direct
Wi-Fi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with
the speed of Wi-Fi, but with lower latency. Wi-Fi-Direct eliminates an element of a network
thatoften bogs it down, and it does not compromise on speed or throughput.
2.5 Internet of Things - Common Uses
IoT has applications across all industries and markets. It spans user groups from those who want to
reduce energy use in their home to large organizations who want to streamline their operations.
Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure

Applications of IoT in these areas include improving production, marketing, service delivery, and
safety. IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various processes; and real transparency creates
greater visibility for improvement opportunities.

Government and Safety

IoT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defense, city planning,
and economic management. The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many current flaws,
and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, IoT can help city planners have a clearer view
of theimpact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the local economy.

• Home and Office

In our daily lives, IoT provides a personalized experience from the home to the office to the
organizations we frequently do business with. This improves our overall satisfaction, enhances
productivity, and improves our health and safety. For example, IoT can help us customize our office
space to optimize our work.

• Health and Medicine

IoT pushes us towards our imagined future of medicine which exploits a highly integrated networkof

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sophisticated medical devices. Today, IoT can dramatically enhance medical research, devices, care,
and emergency care. The integration of all elements provides more accuracy, more attention to detail,
faster reactions to events, and constant improvement while reducing the typical overhead of medical
research and organization.

Block Diagram

Fig-2.1 Block diagram with Arduino

Fig-2.2 Block diagram of Node MCU

2.6 Advantages of Proposed System

• High-quality receiving data
• Less power consumption

2.7 Dis-Advantages of Proposed System

o Decreased field damaging conditions
o Improved safety and security

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 CHAPTER-3
Proposed System and Hardware Architecture

3.1. Features of purposed system

In IOT enabled weather monitoring system project, Arduino Uno measures 4 weather parameters using
respective 4 sensors. These sensors are a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, light sensor, and rain level
sensor. These 4 sensors are directly connected to Arduino Uno since it has an inbuilt Analog to digital
converter. The weather monitoring system gives high accuracy and reliability for weather monitoring
and climate changing. It uses the renewable energy source like solar panel for charging the connected
battery. Through the web, it access real time weather information and data. This system can be
communicated over general packet radio service (GPRS) network. Low maintenance is required for end
users. It is capable for storing data and providing it to the users as required.

3.2. Purposed Hardware Architecture

The implemented system consists of a microcontroller (ESP8266) as a main processing unit for the entire
system and all the sensor and devices can be connected with the microcontroller. The sensors can be
operated by the microcontroller to retrieve the data from them and it processes the analysis with the
sensor data and updates it to the internet through Wi-Fi module connected with via blynk app then we
can measure temperature, humidity, pressure and rain fall.

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Circuit Diagram

Fig – 3.1 Circuit diagram of NodeMCU

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Fig – 3.2 Circuit diagram of BMP180 with Arduino

Fig – 3.3 Circuit diagram of DHT11 with Arduino

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 Fig – 3.4 Circuit diagram of Rain sensor with Arduino

List of required hardware components

Serial No. Name of the components

1. Arduino UNO
2. ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module
3. DHT11
4. BMP180
5. Rain Sensor
6. 16*2 LCD Display
7. Beard Board
8. Jumper Wire
9. Data Cable

3.3 Details of Hardware Component

3.3.1 Arduino UNO

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), and a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a
reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started..

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something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over
again. "Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software
(IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of
USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past
or outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.

Fig – 3.5 Arduino

Uno

3.3.2 ESP8266 – Wi-Fi Module

The ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is a self-contained SOC with in an integrated TCP/IP protocol
stack that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network. The ESP8266 is
capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from
another application processor. Each ESP8266 module comes pre-programmed with an AT
command set firmware, meaning, you can simply hook this up to your Arduino device and
get about as much Wi-Fi-ability as a Wi-Fi Shield offers (and that’s just out of the box)! The
ESP8266 module is an extremely cost-effective board with a huge, ever -growing,
community.
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.

Fig – 3.6 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module

3.3.3 Pin Configuration

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3.3.4. Some features of ESP8266
Low cost, compact and powerful Wi-Fi Module
Power Supply: +3.3V only
Current Consumption: 100mA
I/O Voltage: 3.6V (max)
I/O source current: 12mA (max)
Built-in low power 32-bit MCU @ 80MHz
512kB Flash Memory
Can be used as Station or Access Point or both combined0
Supports Deep sleep (<10uA)
Supports serial communication hence compatible with many development platform like
Arduino
Can be programmed using Arduino IDE or AT-commands or Lua Script

3.4. DHT11(Temperature & Humidity sensor)

The DHT-11 Digital Temperature and Humidity Sensor is a basic, ultra-low-cost digital
temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to
measure the surrounding air and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input pins
needed).

Fig – 3.7 DHT11(Temperature & Humidity Sensor)

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3.4.1 Pin Configuration of DHT11

3.4.2 DHT11 Specifications

Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V
Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA (standby)
Output: Serial data
Temperature Range: 0°C to 50°C
Humidity Range: 20% to 90%
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

3.5 BMP180 (Pressure Sensor)

BMP180 is one of sensor of BMP XXX series. They are all designed to measure Barometric
Pressure or Atmospheric pressure. BMP180 is a high precision sensor designed for consumer
applications. Barometric Pressure is nothing but weight of air applied on everything. The air
has weight and wherever there is air its pressure is felt. BMP180 sensor senses that pressure
and provides that information in digital output. Also, the temperature affects the pressure and
so we need temperature compensated pressure reading. To compensate, the BM180 also has
good temperature sensor.

Fig – 3.8 BMP180

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3.5.1 pin configuration

3.5.2 Some features of BMP180 Module

Can measure temperature and altitude.

Pressure range: 300 to 1100hPa
High relative accuracy of ±0.12hPa
Can work on low voltages
3.4Mhz I2C interface
Low power consumption (3uA)
Pressure conversion time: 5msec
Potable size

3.5.3 Specification of BMP180 Module

Operating voltage of BMP180: 1.3V – 3.6V

Input voltage of BMP180MODULE: 3.3V to 5.5V
Peak current: 1000uA
Consumes 0.1uA standby
Maximum voltage at SDA , SCL : VCC + 0.3V
Operating temperature: -40ºC to +80ºC

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3.6 Rain Sensor
A rain sensor is one kind of switching device which is used to detect the rainfall. It works
like a switch and the working principle of this sensor is, whenever there is rain, the switch
will be normally closed.

Fig – 3.9 Rain Sensor with Module

3.6.1 Rain Sensor Module

The rain sensor module/board is shown below. Basically, this board includes nickel coated
lines and it works on the resistance principle. This sensor module permits to gauge moisture
through analog output pins & it gives a digital output while moisture threshold surpasses.
This module is similar to the LM393 IC because it includes the electronic module as well as a
PCB. Here PCB is used to collect the raindrops. When the rain falls on the board, then it creates
a parallel resistance path to calculate through the operational amplifier.

Fig – 3.10 Rain Module

3.6.2 Pin Configuration

The pin configuration of this sensor is shown below. This sensor includes four pins which
include the following.

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 Pin1 (VCC): It is a 5V DC pin

Pin2 (GND): it is a GND (ground) pin

Pin3 (DO): It is a low/ high output pin
Pin4 (AO): It is an analog output pin

3.6.3. Specification of Rain Sensor

This sensor module uses good quality of double-sided material.
Anti-conductivity & oxidation with long time use
The area of this sensor includes 5cm x 4cm and can be built with a nickel plate on the side
The sensitivity can be adjusted by a potentiometer
The required voltage is 5V
The size of the small PCB is 3.2cm x 1.4cm
For easy installation, it uses bolt holes
It uses an LM393 comparator with wide voltage
The output of the comparator is a clean waveform and driving capacity is above 15mA.

3.7 LCD Display

A Liquid Crystal Display commonly abbreviated as LCD is basically a display unit built using
Liquid Crystal technology. When we build real life/real world electronics - based projects, we
need a medium/device to display output values and messages. The most basic form of
electronic display available is 7 Segment displays – which has its own limitations. The next
best available option is Liquid Crystal Displays which comes in different size specifications.
Out of all available LCD modules in market, the most commonly used one is 16×2 LCD
Module which can display 32 ASCII characters in 2 lines. To establish a good communication
between human world and machine world, display units play an important role. And so, they
are an important part of embedded systems. Display units - big or small, work on the same
basic principle. Besides complex display units like graphic displays and 3D display, one must
know working with simple displays like 16x1 and 16x2 units.

Fig – 3.11 16*2 LCD Display

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 CHAPTER-4
ALGORITHM
4.1. Flow chart of the system

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 CONCLUSION

By keeping the weather station in the environment for monitoring enables self-protection (i.e.,
smart environment) to the environment. To implement this need to use the sensor devices in
the environment for collecting the data and analysis. By using sensor devices in the
environment, we can bring the environment into real life. Then the collected data and analysis
results will be available to the user through the Wi-Fi. The smart way to monitor the
environment an efficient, low-cost embedded system is presented in this paper. It also sent the
sensor parameters to the cloud. This data will be helpful for future analysis and it can be easily
shared to other users also. This model can be expanded to monitor the developing citiesand
industrial zones for pollution monitoring. To protect the public health from pollution, this
model provides an efficient and low-cost solution for continuous monitoring of
environment.One can implement a few more sensors and connect it to the satellite as a global
feature of this system. Adding more sensors to monitor other environmental parameters such
as CO2, Pressure and Oxygen Sensor. In aircraft, navigation and the military there is a great
scope ofthis real-time system. It can also be implemented in hospitals or medical institutes for
the research & study in “Effect of Weather on Health and Diseases”, hence to provide better
precaution alerts.

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 REFERENCES

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3. J. A. Stankovic, Research directions for the Internet ofThings,IEEE Internet ThingsJ., vol. 1, no.
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