Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLE, CHARTS, DRAWINGS ......................................... 3

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................. 9

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION ................................................... 10

1.1 Site Location .............................................................. 11

1.2 Site Description .......................................................... 12

1.3 Fault Current Data from Power Utility ............................. 13

1.4 Electrical Analysis Objectives ........................................ 14

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study ................................ 15

1.5.1 Scope of the TER ..................................................... 15

1.5.2 Limitations of the Technical Engineering Report ........... 16

Chapter 2 – EXISTING SITE DATA ........................................... 17

2.1 Existing Working Plans ................................................. 17

3.2 Photos of Equipment .................................................... 24

Chapter 3 – ELECTRICAL DESIGN ANALYSIS ............................. 27

Chapter 4 - VOLTAGE DROP ANALYSIS ..................................... 28

4.1 Voltage Drop Analysis Summary ...................................... 33

Chapter 5 - SHORT CIRCUIT ANALYSIS .................................... 34

5.1 Per Unit Method .......................................................... 35

5.2 Power Base Conversion ................................................ 38

5.3 Impedance Network Model ........................................... 45

5.4 Short Circuit Calculation ............................................... 47

5.5 Short Circuit Analysis Summary .................................... 80

Chapter 6 – PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION ..................... 84

6.1 Feeders and Equipment Damage Curve .......................... 86

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 6.1.1 Bus Damage Curve .................................................. 86

6.1.2 Wire Conductor Damage Curve .................................. 88

6.1.3 Transformer Damage Curve ...................................... 96

6.1.4 Generator Damage Curve ....................................... 102

6.2 Overcurrent Time-Current Characteristic Curve ................ 103

6.3 Load Operating Curve ................................................ 112

6.4 Protection Coordination ................................................ 115

6.4 Protective Device Coordination Summary ........................ 130

Chapter 7 – ARC-FLASH ANALYSIS ........................................ 132

7.3 Incident Energy Calculation ........................................ 132

7.4 Arc-Flash Boundary ................................................... 140

7.5 Arc-Flash Analysis Summary ....................................... 141

Chapter 8 – HARMONICS ANALYSIS ....................................... 144

8.1 Harmonic Analysis Summary ......................................... 152

Chapter 9 - SUMMARY OF ELECTRICAL ANALYSIS .................... 153

8.1 Assessment of System Conformance to Standards ............ 153

8.2 Assessment of System Reliability ................................... 157

8.3 Updating of Safety Hazard Boundaries ............................ 161

Chapter 10 – BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES ...................... 164

ANNEX ............................................................................... 166

Affidavit of Sole Authorship ................................................ 166

Autobiography .................................................................. 167

Comprehensive Bio-Data.................................................... 169

CPD Trainings and Seminars ............................................... 174

Outstanding Achievements ................................................. 183

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LIST OF TABLE, CHARTS, DRAWINGS

List of Figures

Figure 1 SLD - VD Impedance Path .......................................... 30

Figure 2 SLD Showing End Bus Voltage for LVS1-1 to LVS1-3 ...... 31
Figure 3 SLD Showing End Bus Voltages for LVS2-1 - LVS2-3 ...... 32
Figure 4 Typical X/R Values - Transformers ............................... 38
Figure 5 Typical X/R values for Ind. M/C ................................... 40
Figure 6 Impedance Diagram with Fault Location ....................... 46
Figure 7 TX Test Condition When Secondary Is Shorted .............. 47
Figure 8 Single Line to Ground Fault Condition .......................... 48
Figure 9 Single Line to Ground Fault Impedance Model ............... 49
Figure 10 Double Line to Ground Fault Condition ........................ 49
Figure 11 Double Line to Ground Imp. Model ............................. 50
Figure 12 Fault 1 (A) Network Reduction Development ............... 52
Figure 13 Fault 1 (A) Single Impedance Network Development .... 53
Figure 14 Fault 1 (B) Network Reduction Development ............... 54
Figure 15 Fault 1 (B) Single Impedance Network Development .... 55
Figure 16 Fault 2 (A) Network Reduction Development ............... 56
Figure 17 Fault 2 (A) Single Impedance Network Development .... 57
Figure 18 Fault 2 (B) Network Reduction Development ............... 58
Figure 19 Fault 2 (B) Single Impedance Network Development ... 59
Figure 20 Fault 3 (A) Network Reduction Development ............... 60
Figure 21 Fault 3 (A) Single Impedance Network Development .... 61
Figure 22 Fault 3 (B) Network Reduction Development ............... 62
Figure 23 Fault 3 (B) Single Network Impedance Development .... 63
Figure 24 Fault 4 (A) Network Reduction Development ............... 64
Figure 25 Fault 4 (A) Single Impedance Network Development .... 65
Figure 26 Fault 4 (B) Network Reduction Development ............... 66
Figure 27 F4 Scenarion (B) Single Impedance Network Reduction 67
Figure 28 Fault 4 (C ) Network Reduction Development .............. 68

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Figure 29 Fault 4 (C ) Single Impedance Network Development ... 69
Figure 30 Fault 4 (D) Network Reduction Development ............... 70
Figure 31 F4 Scenario (D) Single Impedance Network Reduction .. 71
Figure 32 Fault 5 Network Reduction Development ..................... 72
Figure 33 Fault 5 Single Impedance Network Development .......... 73
Figure 34 Fault 6 Network Reduction Development ..................... 74
Figure 35 Fault 6 Single Impedance Network Reduction .............. 75
Figure 36 F7 Network Reduction Development ........................... 76
Figure 37 F6 Single Impedance Network Reduction .................... 77
Figure 38 F7 Network Reduction .............................................. 78
Figure 39 F7 Single Impedance Network Reduction .................... 79
Figure 40 SLD Showing Bus kA level & actual kA Ratings ............. 81
Figure 41 Load Transient States w/ Related OCPD Setting ........... 84
Figure 42 OCPD Zoning Scheme ............................................ 103
Figure 43 Protection Zone Scheme ......................................... 104
Figure 44 NW32 + Micrologic 2.0 Trip Unit Data Sheet .............. 106
Figure 45 Summary of OCPD Settings .................................... 131
Figure 46 Capacitor System Model ......................................... 149
Figure 47 Reactance System Model ........................................ 150

List of Design Plans

Design Plans 1 E-01 - General ................................................. 18

Design Plans 2 E-02 Equipment Layout ..................................... 19
Design Plans 3 E-03 Load Schedule 1 of 3 ................................. 20
Design Plans 4 E-04 Load Schedule 2 of 3 ................................. 21
Design Plans 5 E-05 Load Schedule 3 of 3 ................................. 22
Design Plans 6 Single Line Diagram ......................................... 23
Design Plans 7 Single Line Diagram with Fault Locations ............. 45
Design Plans 8 Simplified SLD for Harmonics ........................... 146

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List of Photos

Photo 1 SMART LEC BUILDING ................................................ 10

Photo 2 Map of the vicinity ..................................................... 11
Photo 3 Existing Substation Facility .......................................... 12
photo 4 Substation Layout ...................................................... 24
photo 5 Transformer Data plate............................................... 24
photo 6 ATS and Main LV CB ................................................... 25
photo 7 Main Load Center....................................................... 25
photo 8 Engine Data Plate ...................................................... 26
photo 9 Generator ................................................................. 26
photo 10 Power ACB with kAIC Rating Magnified ........................ 82
photo 11 Generator ACB with kAIC rating magnified ................... 83
photo 12 “EATON” Brand MV VFI specification ........................... 83
photo 13 Actual OCPD & Trip Unit .......................................... 105
photo 14 Actual Main CB Showing Trip Unit ............................ 107
photo 15 Cooper/Eaton Edison Trip Control Unit Stock Photo ..... 110
photo 16 VCB Electrode Configuration .................................... 133
photo 17 VCCB Electrode Configuration .................................. 133
photo 18 HCB Electrode Configuration .................................... 134
photo 19 VOA Electrode Configuration .................................... 134
photo 20 HOA Electrode Configuration .................................... 134
photo 21 Actual Photo of LV Switchgear Cubicle ....................... 135
photo 22 Existing Outdoor Transformer Installed ..................... 153
photo 23 Cable Tray Feeder Distribution ................................. 156

List of Tables

Table 1 Fault Duty Data from Utility Co. ................................... 13

Table 2 Cable Impedance Data - Phelps Dodge .......................... 28
Table 3 Copper Busbar Impedance Data ................................... 29
Table 4 Computed Voltage Drop per Feeder/Bus ........................ 29
Table 5 End Bus Voltages ....................................................... 31
Table 6 Voltage Drop Summary ............................................... 33
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Table 7 Generator Technical Data Sheet ................................... 39
Table 8 Typical X/R Values for Generators ................................. 39
Table 9 IEEE Std C37.101-1979 Ind. M/C X"d Values .................. 40
Table 10 Cable Per Unit Impedance Values ................................ 43
Table 11 Network Impedance Values ........................................ 44
Table 12 Fault Current Magnitudes ........................................... 80
Table 13 ANSI C37.23 Bus Damage Limit Table source: IEEE
C57.91-2011 ........................................................................ 86
Table 14 Cable Operating Temp. Limits IEEE C57.91-2011 .......... 88
Table 15 Cable K Factors ........................................................ 88
Table 16 Cable Current Percent Overload source: IEEE C57.91-2011
.......................................................................................... 89
Table 17 Phelps Dodge 36kV XLPE Data Sheet ........................... 92
Table 18 ANSI C57.109 Transformer Thermal Limit Curve ........... 96
Table 19 Transformer Categories IEEE-Std-C.57 ........................ 96
Table 20 Capability Curve Application Requirements ................... 97
Table 21 NW63 + Micrologic 6.0 Trip Unit Data Sheet ............... 108
Table 22 IEEE C37.112 Inverse TOC Coefficients ...................... 111
Table 23 FLA Plot Points ....................................................... 113
Table 24 Motor Transient Current Plot Points ........................... 114
Table 25 Coefficients for Equation 13 ..................................... 133
Table 26 Equipment Class Working Distances .......................... 137
Table 27 k Coefficients for Equation 16 ................................... 138
Table 28 Coefficient for Equation 19 ....................................... 138
Table 29 NFPA 70E 2009 Hazard/Risk Categories ..................... 141
Table 30 NFPA 70E 2009 FR Clothing System (PPE) ................. 141
Table 31 NFPA 70E Approach Boundaries ................................ 142
Table 32 Harmonic Effect on System Components .................... 149
Table 33 Ampacity Correction Factors NEC Table 310.15(B)(a) ... 156

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List of Formulas/Equations

Total Line Impedance (1) ............................................... 30

Per Unit Impedance Conversion (2) ...................................... 35
Cable Per Unit Impedance Conversion (3) ............................ 35
Cable Per Unit Resistance Conversion (4) ............................. 36
Cable Per Unit Reactance Conversion (5) .............................. 36
Cable Per Unit Impedance (6) ........................................... 37
Utility Per Unit Impedance (7)........................................... 38
Three Phase Fault Current (IF3Ø) (8) .................................... 48
Single Line to Ground Fault Current (I FL-G) (9) ....................... 49
Double Line to Ground Fault Current (IF2L-G) (10) ..................... 51
Line to Line Fault Current (IFL-L) (11) ................................... 51
Cable SC time-current equation (12) .................................... 90
Extremely Inverse ToC Formula (13) ................................. 111
Generator Symmetrical Fault Current (14) .......................... 129
Generator Assymmetrical Fault Current (15) ....................... 129
Average rms Arcing Current Equation (16) .......................... 132
Final Arcing Current Equation (17) ................................... 136
Incident Energy Equation (18) .......................................... 137
Correction Factor Equation (19) ........................................ 138
Arc-Flash Boundary Equation (20) ..................................... 140
Short Circuit Ratio Formula (21) ........................................ 146
Harmonic Order at Parallel Resonance (22).......................... 148
Harmonic Order Resonant Impedance (23) .......................... 150
Harmonic Order Current (24)............................................ 151

List of Illustrations

Illustration 1 Arc Flash Warning Label Guide............................ 142

Illustration 2 Harmonic Distortion Illustration .......................... 144
Illustration 3 Proposed Oil Containment Wall ........................... 154
Illustration 4 Secondary Tie Sytem ........................................ 155

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Illustration 5 Recommended Warning Sign .............................. 161
Illustration 6 Proposed Safety Boundary ................................. 162
Illustration 7 PPE for Category 1 ............................................ 163