4 | v Permutation and Combination Basic Knowledge Review. p.103 @ Basic Principles of Counting p104 @ Permutation p.1014 @ Combination p.10.29 ‘New Senior Secondary MATHEMATICS in Action Compulsory Pare Chapter 1010.2 “Could we have telephone numbers with fewer digits?” \J oO Nowadays, telephone numbers in Hong Kong are mostly 8-digit. in 1970s, telephone numbers in Hong Kong were mostly 6-digit, and area codes were assigned according to locations as follows. 3~ Kowloon 5 ~Hong Kong Island 12 New Territories In the mid-1980s, 6-digit numbers beginning with ‘0’ were converted to 7-digit numbers beginning with ‘71, making way for the subsequent change of the New Territories prefix from 12’ to ‘0. Therefare, fixed-line phone numbers were either 6-digit or 7-digit in the 1980s, Also, mobile phones became available for public use, and mobile phone numbers were all eight-digit starting with ‘9’. In the early 1990s, area codes were abolished. Area codes for é-digit numbers became part of the subscribers’ numbers, while area codes for 7-digit numbers were simply removed. In the mid-1990s, a2’ was prefixed to all fxedHiine (land line) numbers, making them 8-digit. From 2000 onwards, fixed line numbers starting with ‘2’ started running out, so numbers starting with °3° were introduced. Also, as the use of mobile phones became more and more popular, mobile phone numbers starting with ‘6’ and '5' were introduced subsequently. Today, the meanings of prefixes are totally different from those in the 1970s Do you know that changing from 6 digits to 8 digits can greatly increase the number of available telephone numbers by 10°— 10 = 990000007 Over the period 1990 ~ 2012, the number of mobile phone subscribers in Hong Kong increased significantly Dec 1990 | Dec 1995 | Dec 2000 | Dec2005 | Dec 2010 | Dec2012 ‘Number of mo phone subscribers 133912 | 687600 | 5234370 | 8544255 | 13416011 | 16392 841 abolish Rie« Basic Knowledge Review / Listing Possible Outcomes by Tree Diagrams ‘Tree diagrams are useful in listing all possible outcomes concerned in a systematic way, especially when the situation involves a series of steps. Example 1 A coin is tossed three times. Use a tree diagram to list all the possible outcomes. Let Hand T stand for a head and a tail respectively. Ist toss 2nd {oss 3rd toss Possible outcomes 4 —— HH nc H ——— HTH tT 7} HIT +H —— THH <8 Sm B= 2k. T= > —_ tr From the tree diagram above, we can easily see that there are 8 possible outcomes in total. B. Listing Possible Outcomes by Tables Tables are also useful in listing all the possible outcomes, especially when the situation involves two steps or two types of items. Example 2 A coin is tossed and a dice is thrown, Use a table to list all the possible outcomes. Dice 1]/2?])3]4|[3s]16 | HI/H2/H3/ a4 | aS | He T T,1 | T2 | 7.3 | 74 | 75 | 16 Coin From the table above, we can easily see that there are 12 possible outcomes in total. (Review Exercise FT) By drawing a tree diagram, find the number of possible outcomes/choices in each of the following situations, (1-2) 1, Two teams X and Y play three matches against each other. For each match, either X or ¥ wins. 2. John wants to order a milkshake with a choice of two flavours (banana (B) or chocolate (C)). For each flavour, there are 3 sizes (large (L), medium (M) and small (S)) available, By constructing a table, find the number of possible outcomes in each of the following situations. (3-4) 3. Mary answers a true-false question and a multiple-choice question with 4 options A, B, C and D. 4, David forms a 2-digit number from the digits ‘I’, 2” and ‘3°, 103» Biting Non-foundation Basic Principles of Counting In daily life, many situations involve counting, The process of counting may be quite complicated and tedious if there are a large number of objects. In this chapter, we will introduce two fundamental counting rules, 4Thesecounting rules allow us to count the sumber of obests they are without having t ist all the eases (@) Addition rule of counting () Multiplication rule of counting Addi Consider the following situation. In Rule of Counting {2 sesetenca worksnoet 151 David wants to take a language course. The table below shows the numbers and types of courses organised by a language centre, Language German Spanish French ‘Number of courses, 2 4 3 Since all the courses are distinct, the total number of ways that David can choose is Number of [Number of French courses German courses ¥ ¥ bere 24+44+3=9 4_____ Number of Spanish courses ‘The above counting technique is called the addition rule of counting, which is stated as follows: ‘Suppose a task can be performed by k methods, in which there are 1, ways to perform method 1, => SEED nin 1, Ways to perform method 2, Start task ==> “Theres only + step in tho process, 2 ways to perform method k, then there are in total n, +1, + ... +7, ways to perform the task. {Among hese m +m, +.. 4m, as there are no ways in common. 10.4Find the number of possible outcomes by the iz Example QB) edsivon ute s Sam crosses the harbour every day. There are 4 main types of public Ee transport available. The table below shows the number of routes for each By type of transport. ‘Type of transport Bus Minibus MIR Ferry ‘Number of routes 15 5 2 a How many ways are there for Sam to cross the harbour? Solution By the addition rule of counting, the number of ways = 15+5+2+3 =25 Quick Practice 101) A restaurant serves 4 types of rice, 6 types of noodles and 3 types of congee. How many choices are there for customers who want to order one item? In some situations, different methods may have common ways to perform the task. In this situation, we need to subtract the common ways when we apply the addition rule of counting to avoid double counting, For example, if a task can be performed using either method 1 with ‘ny ways or method 2 with ry ways, and there are m ways in common, then the number of ways to perform the task is m + 14 — Find the number of possible outcomes by the EX. 104 ad fan,13! From a deck of 52 playing cards, find the number of ways to select an Ace or a red card Solution one is See te ‘al OF res tor senders : ‘ect eter eres nds en eon thc os card 2 car) poe caueeets covaccocet aren (Wh), 9 umber carts (2~10) and 3 face cards J, 0,1). 2 ho0s ined Think Further “QQy From a deck o 52 playing cards, By the addition rule of counting, Mano raiernmares the required number of ways = 4+ 26—2 4 number of aces + number of red select a ‘2’, a‘QY ora club, cards ~ number of red aces 105» Non-foundation Data Handling Quick Practice (10.2) In a group, there are 20 students taking Economics and 12 students taking Chemistry. If there are 8 students taking both Economics and Chemistry, find the total number of students taking Economics or Chemistry in the group. fui) not red? cither even or a multiple of 3 2 daughters. In how many ways can the family choose (@)_ an adult or a female to cook dinner? (b)_achild or a male to wash the dishes? B Multiplication Rule of Counting 1} sctescaworshoo 1 Suppose Tom has 3 shirts and 2 pairs of shorts, In how many ways can he dress himself? VUPTan ‘We can divide the procedure into two steps: choosing a shirt, and then choosing a pair of shorts, ‘The tree diagram below shows this two-step procedure in a systematic way. Gite Seite, etondinen ~ -a—f? Pig aca t or a Ca 6 highways 3 raiways By the multiplication rule of counting, the number of ways to travel from city X to city ¥via city M- =6x3 18 (b)_ Number of ways to travel directly from city X to city ¥=2 By the addition rule of counting, the total number of ways Tommy can travel from city X'to city ¥ Cai) =2418 < Gi ea -2 18 indirect routes 2 direct routes Quick Practice (10.5) Shirley wants to travel from Quarry Bay to Tuen Mun. She may travel directly to Tuen Mun by one of 3 train routes. Or, she may travel to Central first by taking one of 4 minibus routes and then travel to Tuen Mun by taking one of 2 bus routes. Find the number of ways Shirley can travel from Quarry Bay to Tuen Mun, 10.9wy : Find the number of possible outcomes by the addition rul Cxample GI and the multiplication rule In the music club of a school, there are 8 pianists, 10 violinists and 5 cellists. How many choices are there if Non-foundation {a)_amember is selected to perform on the school’s open day? () 3 members playing different musical instruments are selected to perform on the school’s open day? (© 2 members playing different musical instruments are selected to perform on the school’s open day? Solution (@) By the addition rule of counting, the number of choices = 8 + 10+ 5 (©) By the multiplication rule of counting, the number of choices = 8 x 10 x 5 = 400 © By the multiplication rule of counting, | ona 5s for Seadenes the number of ways to select a pianist and a violinist = 8 x 10 = 80 Tins a enone a the number of ways to select a pianist and a cellist = 8 x 5 = 40 select 2 members playing the number of ways to select a violinist and a cellist = 10x 5 = 50 eifferent musical instruments (1) a pianist & votive 2) a pianist & a celst @) aviolinist & acelist By the addition rule of counting, the number of choices = 80 +40 + 50 = 170 Quick Practice There ate 2 tennis courses, 3 volleyball courses and 5 squash courses. How many choices are there if (a) Maria takes only one course? (b) Maria takes 3 courses of three different ball games? (©) Maria takes 2 courses of any two different ball games? Further Practice )) 1. A shop offers 3 tablet computer models. Each model is available in red, white, black and blue, However, only 2 models have both 3G and 4G versions. The remaining one has a 3G version only, How many choices of tablet computers does the shop offer in total? 2, Ina chocolate shop, there are 4 kinds of white chocolate, 5 kinds of milk chocolate and 4 kinds of dark chocolate. In how many ways can a customer choose (@)_achocolate from each kind? (®) awhite chocolate or a milk chocolate? (© awhite chocolate or a milk chocolate, and a dark chocolate? 10.10? i g i i 3. 4xLJis a three-digit number divisible by 5, where and Leach represents a non-negative integer less than 10. How many possible numbers are there if Toneponey TON (a) repeated usage of digits is allowed? (b) repeated usage of digits is not allowed? Exercise 10A ) Level 1- 1. In how many different ways can a drink be chosen from a list of 12 types of juice and 7 types of wine? 2. A picture is selected from 2 albums which contain 23 and 28 different pictures respectively. Find the number of possible outcomes. 3. Anecklace and a pair of earrings are chosen from 5 different necklaces ‘on & and 7 different pairs of earrings. Find the number of possible choices me 4, There are 5 males and 6 females. In how many different ways can a pair of male and female be selected? . Find the number of possible outcomes in the following situations. (a) Select one letter from either the word ‘MOBILE’ or the word ‘CASH’. (b) Select one letter from each of the words ‘MOBILE’ and ‘CASH’, 6. In how many different ways can (a)_ one song be chosen from three CDs which contain 12, 20 and 15 different songs respectively? (b) one song be chosen from each of three CDs which contain 12, 20 and 15 different songs respectively? 7. A restaurant offers fresh apple juice and fresh pineapple juice. Bach type of juice is available in small, medium and large sizes, How many choices do customers have? 8. A dice is thrown three times, How many possible outcomes are there? 9. Ina test, there are 8 multiple-choice questions, each with 4 options. In how many ways can a student answer all the questions by wild guessing? 10. A student can choose one topic for his Mathematics project from two lists A and B: list A contains 12 topics and list B contains 22 topics. How many choices are there for the student if (a) all the topics om the lists are different? (©) 2topics om list A are the same as 2 topics on list B? 11. Ina class, 32 students study Chemistry and 27 students study Biology. Among them, 18 students study both Chemisiry and Biology. Find the number of students studying either Chemistry or Biology. 10.11» Bia Non-toundation 10.12 12.” There are 2 classes in u tutorial centre. One of the classes has 30 students and the other class has 35 students. It is known that m students attend both classes. Suggest a possible value of m such that the tutorial schoo! has over 60 students. Level 2, 13, (a) How many numbers between | to 100 inclusive are (@® a multiple of 2 Gi) a multiple of 3? Gi) a multiple of 6? (>) In how many ways can Janet choose a number from 1 to 100 such that itis either a multiple of 2 or 3? 14, Find the number of ways to select (@)_a Jack ora King, (b) a number card or a red card, (©) _aneven number card or a club, (@)_a spade, a heart or a face card from a deck of 52 playing cards 15. Johnny will fly from Hong Kong to Beijing, and then from Beijing to Shanghai for a business trip. For the flight from Hong Kong to Beijing, he has a choice of 5 airlines, and for the flight from Beijing to ‘Shanghai, he has a choice of 3 airlines. (a) Inhow many ways can he travel for this business trip? (b) Furthermore, if Johnny has choice of 5 hotels in Beijing and a choice of 4 hotels in Shanghai, in how many ways can he choose the airlines and the hotels for this business trip? 16. Suppose a zip code consists of 5 digits. How many different zip codes are possible if (a) there are no restrictions on the numbers chosen? (b) the first number cannot be zero? (©) the first number cannot be zero and the last number must be a prime number? we, 17, Two safe deposit boxes use different password systems. Deposit box 4: The S-character password consists of 2 capital letters, each chosen from ‘A’ or ‘B’; followed by 3 digits, each chosen from ‘0’ to ‘9° inclusive, Deposit box B: The 4-digit password consists of 4 digits, each chosen from ‘1’ to ‘9? inclusive. ‘Which safe deposit box’s password is easier to be cracked? Explain your answer. 18. There are 16 different Chinese books and 23 different English books in the class library. Jim wants to borrow one book while Sam wants to borrow two books. (a) How many choices does Jim have? (0) How many choices are left for Sam to borrow one Chinese book and one English book if Jim has already borrowed a Chinese book? Gi) Jim has already borrowed an English book?ow Permutation and Combinat 19. The numbers of different types of secondary schools in a city are summarized as follows: ze Grammar ‘Technical iE Boys’ school 4 2 ie Girls sehoot 8 1 Co-educational school 5 1 (@)_ Ifa grammar school and a technical school are selected for review, how many possible choices are there? (b) If a boys’ school, a girls’ school and a co-educational school are selected for review, how many possible choices are there? 20. A fast food shop offers 8 types of hamburgers, 3 types of hotdogs and 5 types of drinks. (@)_ How many choices of foods are available for customers? (b) Suppose Jacky wants to buy one type of food together with a drink. How many choices are there for Jacky to choose from? 21, The figure below shows the transportation network between town Pand town Q. (a) Find the number of ways for «car to travel from town P to town Q via town X. (b) Find the number of ways for a car to travel from town P to town Q. 22, Jane has enrolled in a business school. The school offers 4 different accounting courses, 3 diferent finance ‘courses and 6 different language courses, In how many ways can she choose the courses if (@)_ she is required to take one accounting course and one finance course? () she is required to take 3 courses of different subjects? (©) she is required to take 2 courses of different subjects? 23, The menu of a fast food shop is shown on the right, Ivan has SIS to buy one food and one drink from the fast food shop. How many different choices does he have? Mincral water Orange juice Coffee ‘A 3-digit number is formed from the digits 0, 2, 3, 4,5, 7 and 9. If repeated use of digits is allowed, (a) how many numbers ean be formed? (b) how many even numbers can be formed? (©) how many numbers that are less than 500 can be formed? (@ how many odd numbers that are greater than 400 can be formed? 10.13Basi Topical Worksheot 152 Non-foundation Factorial Nota’ In Mathematics, we use the notation n!, read as n factorial, to denote the product of the first n positive integers from 1 to m. ‘The notation nl was frst ) Used by the French For any positive integer 2, ‘mathematician Christian ramp (1760 ~ 1826) in = n(n 1)(n—2) x. X3X2KL 1868, For example, a)=4x3x2K1=24 = 7X 6x 5X4*3%2% 1 = 5040 Moreover, we define o=L Evaluate the following expressions. (a) 3144! () 6-0! lo! 1x21 uy @ 1x2! @F Determine whether each of the following expression is correct. Put a ‘/” or a ‘X’ in the appropriate box. @) U+4=G+4)! (b) 61-08 (©) 1x2!= (7x2)! @ @ (3 (Example @) Evaluate expressions involving nl without using a calculator | Evaluate the following expressions. (6-0)! 8! 10! ® a ©) ei Solution (ay Ht = BaD s x 2x4! SATE 6%S cancel at rom the numerator 2 and the denominator. 840 10.14ow Permutation and Combination ol _ 10x98! z » 218! 2 10x9 E <4 Cancel fom the numerator iS 2x1“ and the denominator. E =45 8 Quick Practice (10.7) Concept Check | Try to express 212223 Xn 3940 using factorial notation, Evaluate the following expressions. In fact, we can find the value of n! by calculator. For example, we can find the value of 7! by keying in: ee which gives 5040, B Permutation In daily life, we often come across situations of arranging objects. For example, we have to arrange the contestants’ order of performance in a singing contest; or we may have to arrange the order of photos in a leaflet, ete. Consider the 3 photos below: We can arrange them in a number of ways. Could you think of all the possible arrangements? ‘An arrangement of a certain number of objects in a definite order is called a permutation. In the above case, there are altogether 6 ordered arrangements or permutations, They are listed below. 10.15» Bia When the number of objects involved is large, itis difficult and tedious to list all the permutations. We can apply the multiplication rule to find the number of permutations of distinct objects Non-toundation Consider the permutations of the 3 photos above. Step 1 There are 3 ways to choose a photo in the Ist position, ‘stposiion 2nd postion rd position Number of choices | 3 Step2 Since the photo to be placed in the 2nd position cannot be the photo placed in the Ist position, there are only 2 ways to choose a photo in the 2nd position. ‘stposition 2nd postion reposition Number of choices | 3 2 Step3 Since the photo to be placed in the 3rd position cannot be the photos placed in the Ist and 2nd positions, there is only 1 way to choose a photo in the 3rd position. stpostion 2rd poston 3 postion Number of choices | 3 2 1 i is By the multiplication rule of counting, the number of permutations of Concept Check _) 3 photos is3 x 2% 1 6. 115 children are arranged in ‘0 find the numberof Similarly, the number of permutations of n distinct objects is permutations. WX (N= 1) X (1-2) K 0 KBXBX Lae, The number of permutations of 7 distinet obj is nt. cts without reps ‘-Witrout repeon’ means exch ‘object only appears once in each permutation, In some situations, not all of the » distinct objects are arranged; but only some of them, say r objects (where 0 2 9 4 Choose 3 numbers om the remaining 4 nome and range tbe order ‘The number of ways of filling in the remaining 3 digits with the 4 numbers 2, 5, 7and 9 is Pj = 24, i.e. the number of 4-digit mumbers formed that end with 4 is 24. ‘The number of 4-digit even numbers formed = 24 +24 By the addition rule of counting Alternative Solution Step 1: To form a 4-digit even number, the last digit musteither be2or4. 5.7.9 2 4 i.e. The number of ways of filling in the last digit is P? « i Step 2: After choosing 2 or 4 as the last digit, we have 4 numbers left. Choose 3 numbers and arrange them in the remaining 3 digits, i.e, The number of ways of filling in the remaining 3 digits is P4. ©. The number of 4-digit even numbers formed = F? x Pf 4 By the multiplication rule of counting =48 Quick Practice (1010) There are 4 distinct numbers 3, 5, 6 and 8. (a) How many 3-digit numbers can be formed by using the above 4 numbers without repetition? (b) How many 3-digit numbers formed in (a) are greater than 500? Tonepuney TON 10.21vy : Problem on the permutation of distinct abjects under | Ex 108 | Crample QE cin rstresos {Ste Ina game, 2 adults and 3 children are selected from 6 adults and 7 children to queue up in a row. How many possible arrangements are there if the 2 adults must stand together at one end and the 3 children at the other end? Non-foundation Solution ‘The adults can either stand at the left end or at the right end. Case 1: The adults stand at the left end. ON re tor Sarionca ABB | BBR wae and aranga om im str. ie, The numberof ways of arranging 2 adults atthe left end is ‘Step 2: Select 3 children from the 7 children and arrange them in order tthe right end, aaa » BARB > BEBE gsscicmimner oxic rd range thm nore, i.e, The number of ways of arranging 3 children atthe right end is ‘The mumber of ways of arranging 2 adults on the left of 3 children = P§x P} By the multiplication cule of counting = 6300 Case 2: ‘The adults stand at the right end. a ‘The number of ways of arranging 2 adults on the right 222 828 of 3 children isthe same as in case 1, ie. 6300. eee of Slee Scrien Seca c+ The required number of arrangements toneo7 aigonsee fomiesaane and = 6300 +6300 4 By theaddition rule of counting 12.600 Quick Practice (1011) ‘The password for logging into a computer system is formed by 2 upper case letters followed by 4 digits, How many different passwords are possible if no repeated use of letters and digits is allowed? 10.22Pia armimais — Problem on the permutation of distinct objects under Crample QED cece rstrctons The 7 different animals, including 3 different birds, shown below are to be arranged in a row. RELE BED How many possible arrangements are there if the birds must be placed together? Tonepuney- TON Solution eres Since the birds must be placed together, we can treat all the bids as one unit. Step 1: Arrange the (4 + 1) units in order. Kk Ae 43- 8 ise. The number of possible arangements ofthese 5 units is (4+ 1), Step 2: In each ofthe arrangements above, arrange the 3 btds in order, Le The 3 birds can be arranged in 3! ways. The required number of arrangements = (4+ 1)! x 3! 4 By the multiplication rule of counting asinw =p Quick Practice (1012) The 6 playing cards shown below are to be arranged in a row. fb & 26 4% & to Wwe +,¢ é ae fot i ease a NT ho 3) Dae How many possible arrangements are there if (@) the face cards must be placed on the right of the number cards? (b) the Face cards must be placed together? 10.23vy : Problem on the permutation of distinct objects under Crample QE cen stresors Joe, Zoe and 5 other players enter the final of a bowling competition. The bowling centre has 7 adjacent lanes and each of the players is assigned to play in a lane. Find the number of arrangements that can be made if Non-foundation (a) there are no restrictions, (©) Joc and Zoe must not be assigned to two lanes next to each other. Solution © ©Fps for students ‘The number of ways to assign 7 players to 7 different lanes with no rolvalonsb uate renumbered pemuatorval stn be The required number of arrangements 1 5040 ©) Cpe tor students Step 1: Arrange the $ players other than Joe and Zoe in order first. te, The number of ways to arrange the S players is SI Step 2: Since Joe and Zoe must not be assigned next to each other, they can be arranged into the 6 positions between the 5 players as shown below. ' i.e. The number of ways to arrange Joe and Zoe is fi The required number of arrangements = 51x PS By the multiplication rue of counting 3600 Alternative Solution The number of ways to assign Joe and Zoe to two lanes next to each other (S+ Dx 2t The required number of arrangements = 5040 -(5 +1)! 2b 3600 Quick Practice (1013) Consider 6 letters, A, B, C, D, E and F The 6 letters are to be arranged in a row. Find the number of permutations if the vowels must be separated by consonants 10.24ow Permutation and Combination Maths Dialogue CH Refer to Example 10.12 on page 10.23. ALLE HOY The required number of arrangements total number of ways to the number of arrangements = arrange the 7 animals if ~ where the 3 birds are placed there are no restrictions together == G+ IX Um... It seems that you haven't removed all the undesired arrangements from 7! There are 4! ways to arrange the 4 mammals in 4 different ‘wise Chon positions. a AS, Since the 3 birds cannot be placed together, there are P} ways to arrange the birds. ‘The required number of arrangements = 4! x P} = 144 Your method is better. But you didn’t make < use of all the spaces to place the birds. Miss chen ) What are the mistakes mentioned by the teacher in Ken's calculation and Angel's calculation? What is the correct number of arrangement? Tonepuney TON 10.25vy : Further Practice ) ) 1, There are Setters, A, D, T, Oand R. Non-foundation (@)_ How many 4-letter strings can be formed if no repetition of letters is allowed? (b) Among the 4-letter strings formed in (a), how many of them begin and end with a vowel? 2 Inaconcert, there will be 4 male and 5 female solo singers, (@) Find the number of performing sequences that can be arranged if (there are no restrictions, , (ithe concert must begin and end with a male singer. (@) Suppose only 3 male singers and 3 female singers show up eventually. In how many ways can they be arranged if the male and female singers perform alternately? 3. The staff of a shop plans to arrange 8 different mobile phones, A to H, in a row in the display window. It is known that phones A, B and C are of brand I, phones D and E are of brand Il, and phones F, G and H are of brand III. Find the number of ways of arrangements if (a) the two brand II phones are displayed in the middle of the row, (b) phones of the same brand are displayed next to each other, (©) there are exactly 4 phones between phones D and E. Exercise 10B ) Level 1_- Evaluate the following expressions. (1-6) 1 24a! 2. Sto! 3. 5x6! 2 101 316, 4. G3) SF 6 Evaluate the following expressions, (7 ~ 12) aR 8 P a ee to. Pir un 2 pF 7 % 13, How many different 4-letter strings can be formed from the letters C, A, R and T without repetition’ List all the possible outcomes. 10.26ow Permutation and Combinat 14, In how many ways can 6 students be arranged in & row to take 2 photo? iz 15. A truck driver has to deliver newspapers to 8 stalls. In how many ways can the driver arrange the | order of delivery? ie How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from I, 2, 5, 7 and 8 if no repeated use of digits is allowed? =| 17. A school committee consists of a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a treasurer. In how many ‘ways can the school committee be formed from 32 candidates? 18. Peter has 7 different toy cars. Find the number of ways to arrange (@) allof them in a row, () 4o0f them ina row, 19, There are 8 Mathematics teachers in a school. In how many ways can they be assigned to teach four $5 classes if (@) cach teacher can teach at most one $5 class? (b) there are no restrictions? 20. 6 students compete for 4 different prizes. In how many ways can the 4 prizes be awarded to 6 students if (2) each student can get at most one prize? (0) there are no restrictions? oon 21. Determine whether the number of arrangements in each of the following situations is 81. Explain your answer briefly. (@) The number of permutations of all the letters of the word ‘MULTIPLY’ () The number of ways of arranging 8 dogs in a row. Level 2 22, (@)_ How many 3-digit numbers can be formed from 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 without repetition? CEanpie 1070 (@) How many of the 3-digit numbers formed in (a) are even? 23, Kelly and 7 other athletes participate in the 100 m final, In how many ways can they be ranked if Kelly must be in the first 3 positions? Winnie and 4 other participants join a magic competition. There are three prizes: the champion, the first runner-up and the second runner-up. (2) Inhow many ways ean the 3 prizes be awarded? (If Winnie is not the champion or the first runner-up, in how many ways can the 3 prizes be awarded? 25, Ina kindergarten class of 8 pupils, there are 5 boys and 3 girls. (@) Find the number of ways for all the pupils to enter the classroom one by one in the morning. (6) Find the number of ways for all the pupils to leave the classroom one by one during a break such that all the girls leave before the boys. (© _Alvinis one of the 8 pupils and he is naughty today. The teacher punishes him by not letting him be the first 3 pupils to leave the classroom in the afternoon. Find the number of ways forall the pupils to leave the classroom one by one in the afternoon, 10.27» Diag 26. Non-toundation 27. P30. oa. 10.28 ‘There are 5 different sports magazines and 6 different computer magazines. In how many ways ean 3 sports ‘magazines and 4 computer magazines be selected and arranged on a bookshelf if all sports magazines are placed at one end and the computer magazines are placed at the other end? Carmen and Elle watch a football match in a stadium with 4 friends. They sit in a row. Find the number of possible seating arrangements if (a) there are no restrictions, (b) Carmen and Elle must sit next to cach other, (© Carmen and Elle must not sit next to each other. Jelly, Ken, Leo, Mandy and Naney are arranged in a queue. Find the number of ways of arranging the queue if (a) there are no restrictions, (b) Jelly stands just behind Ken, (©) Jelly stands behind Ken, (@ Jelly, Leo and Mandy stand together. In the figure, 4 different red balls and 5 different blue balls are placed in a row in a container with nine partitions. Find the number of ways of arranging them if EEE (a)_ the red balls and blue balls are placed alternately, (b) no red balls are placed next to each other. ‘There are 5 women and 5 men at a party. In how many ways can they be paired into five couples? ‘Tom and Mary have 3 sons and 2 daughters. They have bought 7 concert tickets. In how many ways ean they be arranged in the following scats if (@)_ there are no restrictions? (b) at least one of the parents must sit at one end of the row? (© both Tom and Mary must be seated between two children? (@_ the parents must sit at the two ends of the row and (@ there are no restrictions for the seating of the children?” Gino sons sit next to each other?? z E i 3 i Combination 1 sas trica workshest 153, In the previous section, we have learnt how to find the number of permutations of 4 students (Ada, Bobby, Cathy and Dennis) taken 3 at a time, ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA ABD ADB BAD BDA DAB DBA ACD ADC CAD CDA DAC DCA BCD BDC CBD CDB DBC DCB However, in some situations, the order of the objects selected is not important. When we select a team of 3 members from 4 students (Ada, Bobby, Cathy and Dennis) to join a competition, the order in which the members are selected is not important. Therefore, some of the permutations listed above give the same outcome. For example, the following permutations give the same team members ‘Ada, Bobby and Cathy. Concept Check Pas ABC ACB BAC BCA CAB CBA Can you state other examples of . . permutations that give the same A selection of objects without considering the order is called a combination. team members? Can you tell how many possible combinations are there if we want to form a team of 3 from 4 students? Now, let us explore how to find the number of combinations without listing all the permutations. Exploring the number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition AA shop sells 4 different coloured cups. © ew Blue Green Orange 1. _ John wants to buy 2 of the 4 coloured cups. (@)_ The number of permutations of 4 coloured cups taken 2 ata time is P= : Tonepuney- TON 10.29vy : Non-toundation 10.30 (b) The order of selecting 2 coloured cups is not important to John. Make use of the tables below and write down the combinations of 4 coloured cups taken 2 ata time. Possible permutations Possible combinations a aR > 8 mG cr & m0 oR > ac oe 9 80 OB ry 0 06 > From the table above, we can see that each combination of 2 colours can be permuted in ways. ‘Therefore, the number of combinations of 2 coloured cups selected from 4 is Mary wants to buy 3 of the 4 coloured cups. (@)_The number of permutations of 4 coloured cups taken 3 at a time is Pj = (b) Again, the order of selecting 3 coloured cups is not important. Write down the combinations of 4 coloured cups taken 3 at a time in the table below. Sse posible combinations mec | ace | orc | scr | cw | co | CD wo | sop | ono | son | om | om | CD nco | noc | cro | con | onc | oce | > sco | soc | cso | cos | osc | ocs | > From the table above, we can see that each combination of 3 colours can be permuted in ways. ‘Therefore, the number of combinations of 3 coloured cups selected from 4 is Pe 3. Now, if there are n coloured cups, what is the number of combinations if (@)_ 2cups are selected from n different coloured cups? (b) 3 cups are selected from n different coloured cups? (©)_rcups (where 1 ‘There are 12 girls and 10 boys in a school choir. In how many ways can a group of 3 girls and 2 boys be selected from the school choir if (@) there are no restrictions? () 2 particular girls must be included while 4 particular boys must be excluded? Problem on the combination of distinct objects under | Ceample QED corer sercone Jason decides to subscribe to the pay-TV. The pay-TV offers 6 movie channels and 8 sports channels. In how many ways can Jason select 7 channel (a) there are no restrictions? (b) he wants to have more movie channels than sports channels? (©) he wants to subscribe to at least 3 sports channels? Solution (a) The total number of channels offered = 6 +8 = 14 The required number of ways (b) Jason may subscribe to 4 movie channels and 3 sports channels, or Th: ota! number of channels subseribed must be equal 0 7. 5 movie channels and 2 sports channels, or 6 movie channels and | sports channel. Case 1: Jason subscribes to 4 movie channels and 3 sports channels, ‘The number of ways = Cfx Cf Case 2; Jason subscribes to 5 movie channels and 2 sports channels. The number of ways = C$x Cf Case 3: Jason subscribes to 6 movie channels and I sports channel. ‘The number of ways = Cx Cf By the addition rule of counting, the required number of ways = Cfx C$+ Cx 8+ Cx CE 1016 10.34? z E i 2 (©) Jason may subscribe to 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 sports channels Mts tor Students The numberof wat Sle at est 3 spr channel w ienmtecet mame: demnberdommresien ‘The number of ways to select at most 2 sports channels = CEx ChE CEx CE cas 6 moviechanes and 1 sport chanel Care 2:S mae hamels and 2 sors chanel, 176 ‘, The required number of ways 3432-176 3256 Quick Practice 1017) ‘Acommittee of 8 members is formed from 5 mathematicians and 7 physicists. How many different committees can be formed if (@) there are no restrictions? (b) it must include exactly 4 mathematicians? (© _ it must have fewer mathematicians than physicists? (@)_ it must include at most 3 physicists? Some daily life problems may involve both permutations and combinations. In solving such problems, we need to be careful in distinguishing between permutations and combinations. The following table summarizes the characteristics of permutation and combination, Permutation ‘Combination An arrangement of a set of objects A selection of @ set of objects from a selected from a group in.a definite order. | group regardless of their order. ‘The number of permutations of ‘The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken rata time distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition is Pr = @ 5, Ci without repetition is C= —" oom Tonepuney TON 10.35Determine whether each of the following is a permutation or a combination. Non-foundation (@)_ Select 4 students from a class to join an inter-class Mathematics competition. (b) Choose 10 students from all $5 students to take up different posts in the Student Union, (© Draw 5 cards from a deck of 52 playing cards, @ Hang 8 different p ings in two rows of 4 on a wall. (© Assign 4 athletes to run different legs in the 4 X 100 m relay final. In the school debate club, there are 12 members. A team of 5, consisting of a captain, a vice-captain and 3 general team members, is to be selected to participate in an inter-school competition. In how many ways can the team be formed? Solution OM bps tor Students B&BBBA ., BB BBBBABA * B88 Seles member rom the 12 mentors Le, The number of ways of selecting the 5 members is C Step 2: Select 2 members from the 5 selected members and arrange them to the positions of captain and vice-captain in order. Vico Genera BA Captain captain members BAR Serrleennate Smombers and arange tem in crder ie. The numberof ways af arranging 2 ofthe 5 members tothe postions of captain and vice captains PE ‘The required number of ways = Ci? x P} = 15840 10.36? z E i 2 Alternative Solution Number of ways of selecting a captain from 12 members = C}? Tonepuney- TON Number of ways of selecting a vice-captain from the remaining 11 members = Cj! Number of ways of selecting three general members from the remaining 10 members = C3 adie = 15840 The required number of ways Quick Practice (10.18) 9 boys are selected from 15 to play the roles of a prince, a princess and T dwarves in a drama. In how many ways can the drama team be formed? Ex. 100 Problem on the permutation and combination of ‘ Example QED ane oers 150 Atan annual dinner, @ group of $ men and 3 ladies are arranged) ©) ©) C+ —rintow to sit at the dinner table shown on the right. How many different possible arrangements are there if aa (a). there are no restrictions? OOOO + second row (b)_ the 3 ladies must sit on the same row? Solution (a) The number of possible arrangements of the 8 peopl EF rps tor Students ios for Student The required situation is the same as assigning these & people to 8 seats in row. (b) The 3 ladies can sit on the first row or on the second row. Case 1: The 3 ladies sit on the first row. ‘The number of ways to select | man to fill up the first row = C} The number of ways to arrange 3 ladies and 1 man in the first row = 4! The number of ways to arrange the remaining 4 men in the second row = 4! The number of ways of arranging the 3 ladies in the first row= GPx 4x4! Case 2: The 3 ladies sit on the second row. Similarly, the number of ways of arranging the 3 ladies in ‘the second row = Cx 4! x4! ‘The total possible number of arrangements = C$x 4! x 4! x2 = 5760 10.37» Diag Non-toundation 10.38 Quick Practice (10.19) Ata reunion activity, 6 old boys and 4 old girls of a school are going to take a group photograph. In how many ways can they be arranged if (a) all the girls stand in the front row and all the boys stand in the back row? (©) they are arranged in two rows of 5 @ without restrictions? Gi) with all the girls standing next to each other? 1 ‘An ice-cream shop offers 10 different flavours of ice cream. How many choices of 3 scoops of different flavours are available if (@)_ the arrangement of the scoops is not taken into account? (b) the arrangement of the scoops is taken into account? ‘There are 5 dogs and 6 cats in a pet shop. (@)_ Find the number of ways of choosing 6 animals if (@ _ there are no restrictions, (i) 3 dogs and 3 cats must be selected, (ii) 2 particular dogs must be selected, (Gv) at least 3 dogs are selected. () Find the number of ways to select 4 dogs and 2 cats and arrange them in a row, ‘There are 9 students a group. (@)_ The students are divided equally into 3 groups to perform three different tasks. Find the number of arrangements that can be made, () The students are divided equally into 3 groups to play a game. Find the number of arrangements that can be made,Exercise 10C ) Level 1. Evaluate the following expressions. (1 - 6) 1. 10. m, 2. 1B. 15, z i g i i Tonepuney TON a 2 aa a Gict 5. 6 OC]+GG @ A designer must choose 3 different colours from Red (R), Blue (B), Green (G), Yellow (Y) and Violet (V) for a product. (a) List all the possible combinations, () Find the number of possible combinations by using the concept of C}. ‘There are 18 candidates applying for the 5 vacancies of the same post at a company. Find the number of ways thatthe vacancies can be filled The manager of a restaurant chooses 5 days in June to launch a food festival. Find the number of possible choices In how many ways can 4 multiples of 5 be selected from 10 to S0 inclusive? Find the number of possible outcomes in each of the following situations. (@ Choose 2 froma list of 12 friends to invite to a birthday party. (©) Choose a champion and a first runner-up from 12 finalists ‘There are 20 students in a class, In how many ways can a class committee of 6 members be selected if the 2 monitors cannot be chosen? 4 letters are selected from the word ‘QUESTION’. In how many ways can the letters be selected if| (a) there are no restrictions? (b) the letter “Q’ must not be selected? (©) the letters ‘S’ and “T’ must be selected? 3 typists are chosen from 20 typists in an office, How many choices are there if {a) the fastest typist is included? () the slowest typist is not included? Ina lottery, a player chooses 6 numbers out of 45 numbers ranging from 1 to 45 inclusive. If each selection of the numbers costs $2, how much does the player have to pay if he wants to bet on all the combinations? 10.397. 18, 19. 21. 2. 23. 10.40 s{ _Level 2 2] 16. How many diagonals does a convex 12-sided polygon have? In how many ways can I captain and 4 members be selected from a team of 10 people? Ina drama club, there are 10 actors and 6 actresses. In how many ways can the director select (a) 2actors and 2 actresses to perform a scene from ‘Romeo and Juliet"? famlet”? () 4actors and 1 actress to perform a scene from ‘There are 22 players in a football team. 3 of the players are goalkeepers. In how many ways can 11 starters, including a goalkeeper, be selected to play in @ match? There are 7 accountants and 8 economists. A committee which consists of 3 accountants and 2economists is to be formed. How many different committees can be formed if (@)_ there are no restrictions? 1 pa (©) | particular accountant and 1 particular economist must be in the committee? ular economist cannot be in the committee? There are 32 scouts in a school, Johnny and Steven are two of them, A team of 4 scouts is selected to participate in an orienteering competition, In how many ways can the team be formed if (a) both Johnny and Steven are included in the team? (b) Johnny and Steven are excluded from the team? (©) Johnny is included in the team but Steven is excluded from the team? ‘A badminton team of 4 players is selected from 8 $4 players and 5 $5 players to join the inter-school ‘badminton competition. In how many ways can the team be formed if (@) there are no restrictions? (b) equal numbers of $4 and 85 players are required in the team? (©) at least one S4 player is required in the team? Mandy wants to invite 5 friends out of a list of 9 friends including Emma and Frankie to an outdoor activity, Find the number of ways of selection if (a) there are no restrictions, (@) both Emma and Frankie are not invited, (© Emma and Frankie are not invited together.26. en. 28. 29. 30. ow Permutation and Combinat There are $ $5 members and 6 $6 members in the Social Service Team. The teacher wants to select 4 students from the team to participate in a community service. Find the number of ways of selection if (@) there are no restrictions, (@) at most 2.S5 members are selected, (© there must be fewer $5 members than $6 members, Tonepuney TON (@ atleast 1 $5 member and 1 $6 member are selected. ‘There are 12 new buses. Find the number of ways of dividing them into (@)_ two groups of 6 for two different bus routes, (b)_ three groups of 4 for three different bus routes. ‘Simon, Nick and 5 friends take two taxis. Each taxi has a capacity for 4 passengers. Find the number of arrangements if (@) there are no restrictions, (b) Simon is in the taxi carrying 4 passengers, (©) Simon and Nick are in the same taxis, (@ Simon and Nick are in different taxis. There are 20 points on a plane. If 4 of the points are collinear, how many triangles can be formed by joining any 3 points? ‘There are 5 Red Cross members and 6 scouts in a class. (@)_In how many ways can 4 Red Cross members and 4 scouts be selected to perform duties on Sports Day? (b) In how many ways can 4 Red Cross members and 4 scouts be selected and assigned to 8 different positions on the sports ground? ‘There are 20 students in a class. A class committee of 6 members, consisting of a chairman, a secretary, a treasurer and 3 coordinators, is to be selected. In how many ways can the class committee be formed? 6 articles are selected from 9 different English articles and 7 different Chinese articles to be published in a school magazine (a) Find the number of ways of selection if there are no restrictions. (b) If 2 English articles and 4 Chinese articles are required, (find the number of ways of selection, i) find the number of ways of arranging the articles in the magazine such that the 4 Chinese articles are placed before the 2 English articles. 10.41vy : Non-toundation 10.42 1 Basic Principles of Counting (@) Addition rule of counting (Suppose a task can be performed by A methods, in which there are 1n, ways to perform method 1, nz ways to perform method 2, 1, ways to perform method k, then there are in total m, +n, +... +1 ways to perform the task, Suppose a task can be performed using either method 1 with m, ways or method 2 with , ways and there are m ways in common, then the number of ways to perform the task is my +, —m. () Multiplication rule of counting Suppose a task involves a sequence of k steps. If there are _n, ways to perform step |, ny ways to perform step 2, ‘ways to perform step k, then the number of ways to perform the task is MX My Xoo X tye Example 1 ‘Cherry can choose one dish from two menus A and B, Menu A contains 10 dishes and ‘menu B contains 8 dishes. How many choices are there for her if (@) all the dishes on the menus are different? (B) 2dishes on menu A are the same as 2 dishes on menu B? (B) By the addition rule of counting, the number of choices = 10-+8~2 16 Example 2 If Betty wants to choose a red card anda black card from a deck of 52 playing cards, how many choices are possible? Solution By the multiplication rule of counting, the number of choices = 26% 26 616Permutation An arrangement of a certain number of objects in a definite order is called a permutation. For example, ABC, BCA and CBA are 3 different permutations of the letters A, B and C, (a) The number of permutations of m distinct objects without repetition is x! Note: For any positive integer m, nl = n(n=1)(a= 2)... 3X2 L Moreover, 0! = (®) The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition, denoted by Pt, is AX (W=I)XM=DK.. X(N AG pi Combination A selection of r objects from n distinct objects regardless of their order is called a combination. For example, when 3 letters are selected from the letters A, B, C and D, ABC, BCA and CBA belong to the same combination. The number of combinations of 1 distinct objects taken r at a time without repetition, denoted by C?, nt Gan iscre4 ow Permutation and Combination iz Example 3 ie (a) How many 4-digit numbers can be formed by using 2, 3, 5 and 7 without repetition? (6) How many 2-digit numbers ean be formed by using 2, 3, 5 and 7 without repetition? Solution (a) The number of 4-digit numbers formed =4! (b) The number of 2-digit mumbers formed is. macs Example 4 IL 5 representatives are chosen from a class of 40 students to participate in a debate competition, how many possible combinations are there? Solution The number of combinations =cf = 658008 10.431. 10.44 Z| GO Check Yourself 7 2 1, Determine whether the ‘addition rule of counting’ or the ‘multiplication rule of counting” should be used to find the number of possible selections/outcomes in each of the following situations, and put a ‘¥” in the appropriate box. Addition rule Multiplication of counting rule of counting (a) Select a ball from 2 different blue balls and 3 different yellow balls. (6) Forma Setter string from the letters ‘A’ to °Z! (© Choose a song from 3 different Chinese songs and 5 different English songs. @ Tossa coin five times. Fill in the blanks. 2-3) ‘An arrangement of a certain number of objects in a definite order is called a For example, the number of ways to arrange 5 different toy cars in a row is, A selection of r objects from m distinct objects regardless of their order is called a For example, the number of ways to choose 4 colour pens from 10 different colour pens is There are 5 different types of TV sets, 3 different types of radios and 4 different types of DVD players available in a shop. In how many ways can Tiffany buy (@)_an electrical appliance from the shop? (®) three electrical appliances of different types from the shop? How many 4-digit numbers formed from 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9 without repetition (@)_ start with 2 (b) start with 2 and end with 92 3 letters are selected from the word ‘ANSWER’. In how many ways can the letters be selected if (@)_ the letter ‘E’ must be selected? (b) the letters ‘A’ and ‘R’ must not be selected? Ina tutorial school, there are 5 male teachers and 3 female teachers, (@)_In how many ways can the teachers be seated in a row? (®) In how many ways can 4 of the teachers be arranged to give a speech one by one? © In how many ways can 2 male teachers and 2 female teachers be selected to attend a seminar?Revision Exercise 10 ) Level 1. 4. 3 Ina store, there are 8 different kinds of juice, 5 different kinds of milk and 6 different kinds of tea. Mary wants to buy a drink from the store. How many choices does she have? ‘Tom goes to a restaurant for dinner. The restaurant offers 10 different types of rice, 6 different types of congec and & different types of noodles. How many choices are there for Tom if he wants to order one type of food? Find the number of ways to select the following from a deck of 52 playing cards. (@)_AKing or an Ace (0) A spade ora black card (© Aclub ora face card @ A diamond or an odd number card ‘The breakfast special menu in a restaurant is shown on the right. (@) How many choices does a customer paying $25 have? (@) How many choices does a customer paying $30 have? There are 2 men, 3 women, 2 boys and 4 girls in a party, Find the number of ways to select (@) person, (0) 1 male and | female, (©) adult and | child, (@ 1 man, | woman and 1 child. The password of a computer consists of 2 upper case letters followed by 2 digits. If repeated use of characters is allowed, how many different passwords are possible if (a) there are no restrictions? (®) the first character must be a vowel? (©) the last character must be even? (@) the first character must be neither ‘I’ nor “ ind the last character must not be less than 7? ? z E i 2 Q-tutor : QU6, 19, 32, 37 Tonepuney TON Breakfast Special (1) bacon, ham or sausage @) scramble egg or fried exe, ) toast or bread () orange juice, grape juice, tea or eoffee Price O+@+@ O+0+0+@ at $25 at $30 10.45» Daly Non-toundation 1. 8 10. 12, 13. 4, 15. 16. 17. 10.46 On the bookshelf, there are 8 novels, 6 science books and 5 history books. Suppose all the books are different, how many choices does Tom have if he wants to read (@) 1 book? (b) I novel and I science book? (© 2 different kinds of books? (@ 3 different kinds of books? ‘A car park has 10 vacant parking spaces in a row. (a) If 2 cars enter the car park, in how many ways can the cars be parked? (b) If 5 cars enter the car park, in how many ways can the cars be parked? There are 3 boys and 3 girls in a committee. (@)_Inhow many ways can they be assigned to take up 6 different jobs? (b)_Inhow many ways can 4 of them be chosen to give a speech in order? (© _Inhow many ways can 4 of them be chosen to join a meeting? In how many ways can 5 different letters be put into 8 different envelopes if (a)_ there are no restrictions? (b) each envelope can only contain one letter? Rainbow ice-cream shop offers 25 different flavours of ice eream. Jacky orders a double-scoop cone. Find the number of combinations of flavours if (a) he wants two different flavours, (b) there are no restrictions. A group of 6 violinists is chosen from 10 violinists. Find the number of possible ways to choose if 2 particular violinists must be included in the group. In how many ways can a team of 5 basketball players be chosen from a group of 15 students if 3 particular students must be excluded and a particular student must be included? In how many ways can 5 students, including Jack and Queenie, queue up in a single row such that Jack and Queenie are at the two ends of the row? 7 guests are invited to a ceremony. In how many ways can they be seated in a row if (a) there are no restrictions? (b) the honourable guest must be in the middle of the row? ‘A coach wants to divide 12 athletes into three groups with 3, 4 and 5 athletes respectively. Find the ‘number of ways of forming the groups, Find the number of ways to distribute 12 different story books among 4 children evenly.Level 2 20. 2. 22. 23. 26. ee z i g i i 8 children, of which 3 are triplets, are going to take a group photo with all of them standing in a row. Find the number of possible arrangements if the triplets must stand together. Tonepuney TON ‘There are six people A, B, C, D, E and F. In how many ways can they be arranged in a row if A and B must be separated from each other? 8 students participate in a magie show. Suppose all the participants will be ranked according to their performances. (@) Find the number of possible outcomes for the top 3 positions, () _Itis given that John, one of the participants, is the champion. Find the number of possible outcomes for the top 3 positions, (a) In how many ways can 4 out of 7 people be assigned to live in 4 single rooms? ()_ Inhow many ways can 4 people be assigned to live in 7 single rooms? (©) Mary claims that the results of (a) and (b) are the same, Do you agree? Explain your answer, David has 12 different phone application: ways can he arrange (a) 4 f the application icons in the bottom row? (0) all of the application icons in 3 rows of 4? his phone. In how many ‘There are 4 scouts and 5 girl guides. Find the number of arrangements if (a) the scouts stand next to each other, (b) no scouts stand next to each other. ‘There are 12 students in class 4, 9 students in class B, The teacher wants to select 4 students to form a study group. In how many ways can the study group be formed (@)_itincludes 3 students from class A and 1 student from class 7? (©) itincludes at least 3 students from class 4? ‘A jury of 7 members is chosen from 6 men and 9 women. How many different juries can be formed if the mumber of men must be more than the number of women in the jury? ‘There are 10 cards numbered 1 to 10 in a bag, 4 cards are drawn from the bag without replacement. Find the number of ways to select the cards such that ‘6's the second langest number drawn. 10.47» Diag Non-foundation 27. 28. 29. 3. 32. 10.48 A student wants to take 4 courses in the coming academic year. There ure 4 Mathematics courses (M1, M2, M3 and M4) and 5 Finance courses (Fl, F2, F3, F4 and FS). (@) @ How many different choices does he have if there are no restrictions? Gi) Due toa time clash, courses M1 and F2 cannot be taken together. How many different choices are there? (b) If the student needs to take at least one Mathematics course and one Finance course, how many different choices are there? There are 5 classes in S5. The SS form committee consists of 15 members, with 3 representatives from each class, In how many ways can 3 members be selected from the form committee if (@)_ the 3 selected members are from different classes? (b)the3 selected members are from at most 2 different classes? A bookshop sells story books at the prices listed below: 6 different story books at $16 each 8 different story books at $20 each 4 different story books at $28 cach 6 different story books at $34 each In how many ways can a boy buy (@)__one story book using less than $30? (b)__bwo story books using $50? (© two story books using not more than $50? @_any numbers of story books using not more than $50? ‘There are 10 cards numbered I to 10 in a bag, (@)__If two cards are drawn from the bag without replacement, find the number of selections in which (the sum of the numbers on the cards drawn is even, i) the product of the numbers on the eards drawn is even. (b) If three cards are drawn from the bag without replacement, find the number of selections in which (® the sum of the numbers on the cards drawn is odd, (i) the product of the numbers on the cards drawn is even. (The orders of the selections are not considered.) Sandy, Lisa, Bunice and 3 of their classmates take turns to present their projects. Find the number of ‘ways to arrange their presentation order if (@)_ there are no restrictions, (b) Sandy must present just before Lisa and Lisa must present just before Eunice, (©) Sandy must not be the last one to present, (@)_ Sandy must present just before Lisa and both of them must present before Eunice Paul, Tom, Mary and Jenny take the lift together at the ground floor of a building. Suppose the building has 20 floors (not including the ground floor). How many ways are there for the people to leave the lift if (a) they leave the lift at different floors? (b) the boys leave at different floors while the girls leave at the same floor?ow Permutation and Combinat 33. (a) In how many ways can 10 people be arranged to take one 2-seat cable car and two 4-seat cable cars? (0) Inhow many ways can 10 people be assigned to the seats in one 2-seat cable car and two 4-seat cable cars? Tonepuney TON ‘A 5-catd poker hand is selected from a deck of 52 playing cards. How many different poker hands (@) contain exactly one King? () contain at least one King? (© contain exactly one pair? 35, Mr and Mrs Cheung invite 5 friends to their son Alan’s birthday party, At the end of the party, they take photos together. (a) In the first photo, they sit in a single row of 8, Find the number of arrangements that can be made if (there are no restrictions, (i) Alan must sit between (b)_In the second photo, they sit in two rows of 4, Find the number of arrangements that can be made if s father and mother. (there are no restrictions, Gi) Alan must sit between his father and mother in the front row. 4 men and 3 women are selected from 5 men and 5 women. (a) If the selected people are arranged to sit in a row, find the mumber of arrangements in which the 3 selected women will sit together. H(b)_ If the selected people are arranged to sit in two rows with 3 seats in the front row and 4 seats in the back row, find the number of arrangements in which the 3 selected women will sit together. 37. (@)_ John is going to move a chessman from A to B on the following grid map. Find the number of possible paths if he can only move the chessman to the north or east. (Hint: Find the number of northwards moves and eastwards moves required in total.) Sseooeoa N Spoaoa 4 SSS SOS) sims aoo0a oooo “4 bcks (@) Hence, find the number of possible paths from C'to D on the following grid map in terms of Sos-ogs) t blocks B BBB _———— blocks 10.49vy : Non-foundation 10.50 2. Multiple Choice Questions - All lunch sets provided by a restaurant include a main dish and a drink. Customers can either choose rice or noodle for the main dish. If there are 2 choices for the rice, 3 choices for the noodle and 5 choices for the drink, how many possible choices are there for a customer? A. 10 B. 25 c. 30 D. 35 A test consists of three true-false questions and three multiple choice questions each with 4 options. Tom answers all questions by wild- ‘guessing. In how many ways ean he answer all the questions? A B90 © 512 D. 729 In how many ways can the gold, silver and bronze ‘medals be awarded to 6 sportsmen in a race? A. 20 B 120 c. 216 D. 729 In how many ways can a team of 4 students be selected from a group of 15 students if one particular student must be included and one particular student must be excluded? 2 B.C) ccf pb. ci How many ways can a black, a red, a green, a blue, a yellow and a purple marble be arranged in a row if the black and the purple marbles, ‘must be placed at the two ends of the row? A6 B. 24 C48 D. 56 1 10. In how many ways can 3 different novels, 4 different science books and 2 different dictionaries be arranged on a bookshelf if books of the same type are put together? AL 288 B. 864 © 178 D. 362880 In how many ways can 4 students A, B, C and D queve up in a row if A and B cannot stand together? AL 6 B12 C18 D. 24 In how many ways can 4 boys and 4 girls be seated in a row if the boys and girls must sit alternately? AL ad B. 576 ©. 1182 D. 2880 If 3 fair dice are thrown, find the number of ‘outcomes with at least one ‘6. AL 89) B. 91 C3 D. 95 A family of 8 members goes on a picnic with two cars. The two cars, A and B, can carry at most 5 and 4 people respectively, In how many ‘ways can they be arranged? AL 13 B. 126 C. 1960 D. 3920ow Permutation and Combination Hong Kong Mathematics Olympiad 1. In how many possible ways can 8 identical balls be distributed to 3 distinct boxes so that every box contains at least one ball? (HKMO 2009 - 2010) 2 Ina 5x 5 checker board, two squares not lying in the same row are randomly chosen. If ¢ is the number of combinations of different pairs of squares chosen, find the value of ¢. (HKMO 2009 - 2010) 3. Among 4 English books, 6 Chinese books and 9 Japanese books, two books are selected. It is found that they are of the same language. If there are X such choices, find the value of X. (HKMO 2006 - 2007) 4, Inthe figure, a I em x I em x 2.em rectangular box is made up by two cubes 5 with side length 1 om, An ant is climbing along the box in a way that it must stay on the edges of the cubes through out the climbing, Starting from vertex 4 and climbing with a speed of | cm per minute, it reaches vertex B after 4 minutes. If the total number of possible paths taken by the ant is S, find the value of S. A (AIKMO 2006 ~ 2007) “The ease can be considered as putting two bars on a row of eight balls: eoleecel|eoe Question2 Use the multiplication rule of counting. Question 4 Try to count the number of diferent paths. 10.51@ Sample Question in HKDSE ‘There are 5 junior form students and 7 senior form students in a school badminton team. A team of 6 students are selected to join a training programme. In how many ways can the team be formed if (a) _at least 4 junior form students must be selected? (2 marks) (b) atleast 3 senior form students must be selected? (2 marks) & Question insight 1. The order of selecting the students to form the team is not important. 2. The requirement ‘atleast 4 junior form students must be selected” implies two ways to form the team: (D 4 junior form students & 2 senior form students, or (i 5 junior form students & 1 senior form student. Suggested Solution Marks | Exam Tips (2) The required number of ways aq+Gq 1M. ‘Some students may forget 1 1A (ans) | t0choose the senior form Franke | studentsand write C+ C$ (b) The number of ways of forming the team ae with no restrictions is C3*7, ie. CY. The required number of ways =cP-12 IM__| ‘the requited answer =812 1A (ons) |e mamben eS rayetyl ee select 6 students with no restrictions — answer ‘Alternative Method: ing) The required number of ways = C+ SCI+ C+ Cl 1m. || Consider thecasss of =312 1A (ang) || selecting, 4, $0 6senior = form students separately. TmarksExam-type Questions 1 ‘There are 8 different red balls and 6 different blue balls in a bag. In how many ways can 4 balls be selected. from the bag if (@)_ only red balls are selected? (2 marks) () 2 red balls are selected? (2 marks) (©) the number of red balls und blue balls selected are different? (2 marks) 3 students are selected from 8 students of different heights. Find the number of ways of selection if (@)_ the tallest student is selected, (2 marks) () the tallest student out of the 3 selected students is the second tallest one among the 8 students, (2 marks) (©) the 2 tallest students are not selected at the same time. (2 marks) Nick and Cathy invite 5 friends to a party. By the end of the party, the participants are arranged to sit in row to take a photograph. Find the number of arrangements that can be made if (@)_ Nick and Cathy must sit at the two ends, (marks) (b) Nick and Cathy must sit together, (2 marks) (© two particular participants must not sit next to each other. (2 marks) ‘The following stem-and-leaf diagram shows the distribution of the ages of 20 members in a committee. ‘Stem (tens) Leaf (unit) 1 689 2 os 5 3 0023388 4 13559 5 28 (@)_ 15 members of the committee are selected to form a sub-committee, in how many ways can the sub-committee be formed if all the members must be younger than 40? (2 marks) (b) The S-member sub-committee consists of a chairperson, a vice-chairperson, a secretary, a treasurer and ‘a coordinator. In how many ways can the sub-committee be formed if both the chairperson and the vice-chairperson must be older than 40 while the secretary must be younger than 30? (marks) Box A contains 3 different red cards, 2 different 6, Winnie, Yanny and 4 other students participate yellow cards and 4 different blue cards while box ina speech festival. If each participant performs B contains 2 different red cards and 5 different ‘only once, find the number of arrangements blue cards. If one card is drawn from each box, such that Winnie performs just after Yanny, find the number of ways of selection such that Aw B 120 7 re of different col the two selected cards are of different colours. uo bd 10 A 16 B27 c37 D4 10.53@ A choir consists of 4 boys and 6 girls. If a team of 3 students is selected from the choir to participate in a competition and the team consists, of at least one boy, how many different teams can be formed? A. 90 B. 100 cue D. 120 Public Exam Questions as In the figure, rectangle ABCD is partitioned into 6 identical squares. How many triangles can be formed by joining the vertices of these 6 identical squares? A 8 oO c A. 200 B. 209 ©. 213 D. 220 John and Mary invite 8 friends to their Christmas party. (@) When playing a game, all of the 10 participants are arranged in a row. Find the number of arrangements that can be made if @ there is no restriction, Gi) John and Mary are next to each other. (b) By the end of the party, the participants are arranged in 2 rows of 5 in order to take a photograph. Find the number of arrangements that can be made if (@ there is no restriction, Gi) John and Mary are next to each other. IF the first three digits and the last five digits of an eight-digit phone number are formed by a permutation of 5, 6, 9 and a permutation of 2, 3, 4,7, 8 respectively, how many different eight- digit phone numbers ean be formed? ALIS B, 126 © 720 D, 40320 (HDSE 2013) (6 marks) (HKASL M&S 1998) 3. A drama club is formed by 12 boys and & girls, Ifa team of 5 students is selected from the club to participate in a competition and the team consists of at least one girl, how many different ‘teams can be formed? A, 3960, B. 14712 ©. 15.448 D, 15504 (HKDSE 2012)Colouring Game Figure (1) The rectangle in figure (1) is divided into 5 regions. Tom is asked to colour the regions subject to the following conditions. |. Each region can only be filled with one colour. Il. No adjacent regions can be filled with the same colour. (a) Suppose 5 colours are available and Tom colours the regions in figure (1) in order of the numbers marked on the regions. ())_ Find the numbers of ways for Tom to fill regions 1, 2 and 3 with colours. Step1_ step? _ steps i) Region 4 can be filled in two ways. Case 1: With the same colour as region 2 Steps steps Finish anask Case 2: With a colour different from region 2 Step steps Fish ate Find the numbers of ways for Tom to fill regions 4 and 5 with colours in each case. Hence, find the number of ways for Tom to fill igure (1) with colours. 10.55(b) If 10 colours are available, find the number of ways to fill (figure (1) with colours, Gil)_ figures (2) and (2) with colours. Figure (2) Figure (3) (©) If n colours are available, where n 2 3, find the number of ways to fill figure (1) with colours, (ii) figures (2) and (3) with colours. (Express your answers in terms of 1.) 10.56