CAPE Pure Mathematics Unit 2

Module 1 – Complex Numbers and

Calculus 2
Topic: Complex Numbers
Teacher: Mr. G Reid
BSc Mathematics and Education (ongoing)
Email: [email protected]
 Objectives for Today
Find the principal value of the argument  of a non-zero complex
number, where      .

Interpret the argument of complex numbers on the argand diagram.

Represent complex numbers, their sums, differences and products on

an argand diagram.
 Objectives for Today Cont’d
Apply De Moivre’s theorem for integral values of n.

Use eix  cos  x   i sin  x  , for real x .

Im  z 
The Argument of a Complex Number
Consider a point P on the argand
diagram representing the complex
P  x, y  number z  x  yi .
y From the diagram you should
recognise that:
y  y
tan       tan 1  
z r x x
Theta is known as the argument of
the complex number and is
normally denoted as arg  z  . Please
note that      .
 Re  z 
0 x Im  z   Im  z  
1 Im  z 
sin       sin 1    y  
Alternatives:
z  z    tan   OR   tan 
1

cos   
Re  z   Re  z  
   cos 1 
x  Re  z  

z  z 
 Worked Examples
Find the argument of the complex number z  3  4i .
Solution:

4
  arg  z   tan    53.13
1

3

Note: Whenever the complex number is in the 1st or 4th quadrant then
we use
1 Im  z 
 y  
  tan   OR   tan 
1

x  Re  z  
 Worked Examples
Find the argument of the complex number w  1  i.
Solution:

  arg  w   180  tan 1  1  135

Note: Whenever the complex number is in the 2nd quadrant we use

 y
  180  tan  
1

x
 Worked Examples
Find the argument of the complex number v  2  5.i
Solution:

5
  arg  v   180  tan    111.80
1

2

Note: Whenever the complex number is in the 3rd quadrant we use

 y
  180  tan  
1

x
Representing Complex Numbers
on the Argand Diagram
 Worked Examples
Represent the complex numbers z  4  2i,
1 z2  1  3i, z3  2  i, z4  1  2i on an argand
diagram. Im  z 

z2
z1

Re  z 
z3
z4
 Worked Examples
Represent the complex numbers u  2  3i, v  4  i, u  v  6  4i on an argand diagram.
Im  x  yi 

uv
u

v
Re  x  yi 
 Worked Examples
If z1  5  i and z2  3  4i , represent on one argand diagram z1 , z2 , z1  z2 , z1  z2 .
Im  z 

z2
z1  z2

Re  z 
z1

z1  z2
Polar Form of a Complex
Number
 The Polar Form of a Complex Number
Im  z 
Consider a point P on the
P  x, y  argand diagram representing
y the complex number z  x  yi .
From the diagram:
z r sin   
y
 y  r sin  
r
x
cos     x  r cos  
r

 Re  z  z  x  yi
0 x z  r cos    ir sin  
z  r cos    i sin    Polar Form
 Worked Examples
Express the complex number z  3  7i into polar form.
Solution:
7
  arg  z   tan    66.80
1

3
r z   3   7   58
2 2

 z  58 cos  66.80   i sin  66.80  

 Worked Examples
Express the complex number w  2  i into polar form.
Solution:
 1
  arg  w   180  tan     153.43
1

 2
r w  2   1  5
2 2

w  5 cos 153.43   i sin 153.43  

Exponential Form of a Complex
Number
 Exponential Form
3 5 7
sin     
3!

5!

7!
 z  r cos    i sin   
2 4 6 i
cos    1     z  re Exponential Form
2! 4! 6!
 2 3
e 1   
2! 3!
i  2i 2  3i 3
e  1  i   
2!3!
i  2  3i
e  1 i   
2! 3!
i  2   3 
e  1     i    
 2!   3! 
 ei  cos    i sin  
 Worked Examples
Express the complex number z  3i into exponential form.
Solution:
 1   c
  arg  z   tan 1    30  6
 3

   1  4  2
2
w
2
3
c
i
 z  2e 6
 Worked Examples
Express the complex number w  2  i into exponential form.
Solution:
 1
  arg  w   180  tan     153.43  2.68c
1

 2
r w  2   1  5
2 2

 w  5e 2.68c i
De Moivre’s Theorem
z  2  9i  85 cos  77.47   i sin  77.47  
z   2  9i   77  36i  85 cos 154.94   i sin 154.94  
2 2

z   2  9i   478  621i  783.66 cos  127.59   i sin  127.59  

3 3


z  r cos    i sin      r n cos  n   i sin  n   De Moivre’s Theorem
n
n

When r  1, z  cos    i sin     cos  n   i sin  n 

n n
 Worked Examples
cos    i sin     cos  n   i sin  n  
n
Using , show that:
cos  3   4cos3    3cos   and sin  3   3sin    4sin 3  
Solution:
cos    i sin     cos  3   i sin  3 
3

cos3    3i cos 2   sin    3i 2 cos   sin 2    i 3 sin 3    cos  3   i sin  3 

cos3    3i sin   1  sin 2     3cos   1  cos 2     i sin 3    cos  3   i sin  3 
cos3    3i sin    3i sin 3    3cos    3cos 3    i sin 3    cos  3   i sin  3 
4cos3    3 cos    3i sin    4i sin 3    cos  3   i sin  3 
 4cos3    3cos     i 3sin    4sin 3     cos  3   i sin  3 
 cos  3   4cos3    3cos   ,sin  3   3sin    4sin 3  
Products and Quotients in De Moivre’s
Theorem
If z1  r1 cos 1   i sin 1   and z2  r2 cos  2   i sin  2   then:
z1 z2  r1r2 cos 1   i sin 1   cos  2   i sin  2  
 r1r2 cos 1  cos  2   i sin  2  cos 1   i sin 1  cos  2   i 2 sin 1  sin  2  


 r1r2 cos 1  cos  2   sin 1  sin  2   i  sin  2  cos 1   cos  2  sin 1   
  
 z1 z2  r1r2 cos 1   2   i sin 1   2  

z1 r1 cos 1   i sin 1 

 
z2 r2 cos  2   i sin  2 
cos 1   i sin 1   cos  2   i sin  2  

r1

cos  2   i sin  2   cos  2   i sin  2  
r2
r1 cos 1  cos  2   i sin  2  cos 1   i sin 1  cos  2   i sin 1  sin  2 
2
 
r2 cos 2  2   sin 2  2 
r1
 cos 1  cos  2   sin 1  sin  2   i sin 1  cos  2   i sin  2  cos 1  
r2 

cos 1   2   i sin 1  cos  2   cos 1  sin  2 

r1

r2 
z1 r1
  cos 1   2   i sin 1   2  
z2 r2 
 Worked Examples
If z  13 cos 123.69  i sin 123.69 and z
1 2  2 cos  60   i sin  60   then find z1 z2 .
Solution:
z1 z2  2 13 cos 123.69  60   i sin 123.69  60    2 13 cos 183.69   i sin 183.69  
 Worked Examples
z1
If z  13 cos 123.69  i sin 123.69 and z
1 2  2 cos  60   i sin  60   then find z2 .
Solution:
z1 13 13
 cos 123.69  60   i sin 123.69  60    cos  63.69   i sin  63.69  
z2 2 2 