PAKISTAN STUDIES

Submitted to:
Zeeshan Izhar

Submitted by:
Bilal Mehmood

Reg#:
SP23-BDS-058

Assignment:
Assignment # 1

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Question 1:

Khilafat Movement:
Khilafat movement was the movement which was started just after the World War 1. Its
duration was of almost 5 years from 1919 to 1924.It’s main purpose was to pressurize the British
government to kept the authority of Ottoman sultan as caliph of Islam as the Ottoman Empire was
broken down at the end of World War 1.

Khilafat Movement Failure:

In the sub-continent, when Kamal Ataturk started the opposition of this movement it gave a
huge blow to the Khilafat movement. When sultan Abdul Majeed was exiled by him and completely
destroyed this movement, then all the agitational activities come to an end in the subcontinent. The other
activities which affect the Khilafat movement were that.When India was declared as the Darul-Harab. A
large number of Muslims were migrated to N.W.F.P to Afghanistan. The afghan government did not
allow them to enter in their country. After this incident those people who advocate this movement come
to realize their mistake which became a main reason for this failure. After sometime when Khilafat
movement was gradually growing up and become stronger a horrible incident took place in the city of
Chora Chori in which police opened up the fire on the procession of residents is the result 21 police
constables were burnt alive due to which Ali brother and many other well-known politicians got
arrested. After that Hindu politicians put full stop to this movement. Which mighty affect this movement
after this many consciousness among many politicians between Hindu and Muslims which lead to way
of Pakistan movement.

Role of congress in Khilafat Movement Failure:

During the peak of the Khilafat movement, the congress and Gandhi fully supported and
helped the Khilafat movement to come to grow. Gandhi and Nehru attended the different events and
protects of this movement which help to gather the people in large number and deliver them the
movement message. Then Gandhi shifted his focus towards the non-cooperation with the British
government in the early 1920s.Its means that congress started to disobey the rules of British
government. The change in main focus causes the priorities to shift towards the congress and led down
the Khilafat movement main purpose.

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Question 2:

Khilafat movement separating Hindu and Muslims:

The Khilafat Movement, which emerged in the early 1920s in India, was
primarily a pan-Islamic movement aimed at supporting the Ottoman Caliphate, which was under threat
following World War I. While it did unite some Muslims and Hindus in a common cause against British
colonial rule, it did not necessarily prove that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations. The idea
that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations gained prominence later with the All-India Muslim
League's demand for a separate Muslim state, which eventually led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
This concept was articulated most notably by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and is often associated with the
Two-Nation Theory. The Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement (which ran
concurrently) were significant events in the struggle for independence from British rule, but they did not
inherently prove the division of Hindus and Muslims as separate nations. The demand for a separate
Muslim state gained momentum for various reasons, including perceived religious and cultural
differences, political developments, and the failure of efforts to establish a united India under a single
political framework.In summary, while the Khilafat Movement played a role in the broader context of
India's struggle for independence, it was not the sole factor that led to the idea of Hindus and Muslims
being two separate nations, which culminated in the Pakistan Movement and the eventual partition of
India in 1947.

Khilafat movement paved the way for Pakistan:

The Khilafat movement proved that Hindus and Muslims were two different
nations as they could not continue the unity and could not live together. The Khilafat Movement created
political consciousness among the Indian Muslims, which inspired them to constitute another movement
for then Independence. Thus, they started Pakistan Movement. The Khilafat movement evokes
controversy and strong opinions. By critics, it is regarded as a political agitation based on a pan-Islamist,
fundamentalist platform and being largely indifferent to the cause of Indian independence. Critics of the
Khilafat see its alliance with the Congress as amarriage of convenience. Proponents of the Khilafat see it
as the spark that led to the non-cooperation movement in India and a major milestone in improving
Hindu-Muslim relations, while advocates of Pakistan and Muslim separatism see it as a major step
towards establishing the separate Muslim state. The Ali brothers are regarded as founding-father of
Pakistan.

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