Advance Radio and Television Techniques

(Mac 410)

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What Is a Broadcast Producer?

A broadcast producer oversees the production operations of a TV channel, public radio station,
or similar media outlet. As a broadcast producer, your job duties vary but may include
developing the show schedules, managing the broadcast of live episodes, and identifying
appropriate locations to shoot scene Aspiring producers often gain valuable broadcasting
experience through an internship or school media outlet, such as a student radio station. You also
need strong communication, interpersonal, and organizational skills.

Media producers are content creators responsible for planning and creating audio-visual content.
A media producer may work in a senior position on a large project, with other staff members
following their plan and reporting to the media producer, or as part of a smaller team with the
media producer completing several of the jobs on a production themselves. Projects may take
place in the entertainment, marketing or public service sectors.

What is production?
Media production means the making of a motion picture, television show, video, commercial,
Internet video, or other viewable programming provided to viewers via a movie theater or
transmitted through broadcast radio wave, cable, satellite, wireless, or Internet.

Media production means a single-medium or multimedia feature film, television show or series,
video, commercial, photographic project, interactive computer or video game or other program
intended for a national audience and fixed on film, video tape, computer disk, laser disc or other
delivery medium that can be viewed or reproduced and that is exhibited in theaters or by
individual television stations or groups of stations, television networks or cable television
stations or via other means or licensed for home viewing or use.

Who is a Media Director?

Media directors are responsible for overseeing all aspects of their company’s media production.
They manage a team of writers, videographers, graphic designers and other media professionals
who create content for print, video or digital platforms.

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Media directors may also be involved in the creative process itself, helping to develop story ideas
and shape the overall tone of the company’s message.

Media Director Job Duties

A media director typically has a wide range of responsibilities, which can include:

 Evaluating the effectiveness of advertising campaigns by monitoring sales, customer

service calls, website traffic, etc.
 Coordinating with other members of the marketing department to develop marketing
campaigns
 Collaborating with production companies, agencies, and other vendors to coordinate
media placement
 Ensuring that all legal requirements for advertising are met, such as obtaining proper
permits for outdoor advertisements or ensuring that commercials meet industry standards
regarding length and content
 Creating the overall advertising strategy for an organization based on research about
target audiences
 Evaluating the effectiveness of advertising methods by collecting data on customer
response to ads, including sales figures and market share information
 Managing budgets, including hiring and supervising staff, maintaining equipment, and
ordering supplies
 Selecting which media channels will be used to promote products or services
 Developing and implementing strategies to promote products or services through various
media channels, such as television, radio, magazines, newspapers, social media, or
internet ads.

WRITING TALK SHOWS:

Talk consist of straight forward talk, the interview and the discussion. It may also include
the documentary. A talk programme is supposed to inform, educate, enlighten or
entertain and should be of short time span, if only one person is talking.

If a talk programme is directed towards a larger audience, then the subject must be of general
interest and the style used must be familiar, employing the use of words that are familiar to
everyone. However, a talk that is aimed at a specialized audience, may evolve its own style
base on the understanding of the target audience. The presenter of a talk programme, is the
programme prime motivator and his personality and warmth are needed to hold the attention
of his audience.

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 In all broadcast media (Radio&TV), talk its best, is a friendly chat built around one
subject, which has a unified structure. It has a clearly defined beginning, muddle and an
end. The words it uses are the action words of everyday speech. It introduces the subject
in an attention catchy manners of form, does a simple explanation, develops its argument
and then summarizes what it has said.

The writing of talk should be lively, colourful and direct. The writing should be simple and
the speaker should not talk down to his audience and should never try to demonstrate his own
cleverness.

TALK SHOWS ON RADIO

To
Apart from the music element of Radio Broadcasting, radio does not engage in any other
business, except talking. Talk shows could be multi facet and varied in the popularity of a
radio station, is a subject of how it can manipulate it’s talk shows, in a creative way. The
sound medium often employ the use of a monologue (talking through a presenter), or a
dialogue (using two presenter). Talkshows can vary from chit-chat on weather, to the
presentation of very topical issues, which would be of tremendous benefit to the listeners.
Sometimes they could be comically mundane or strategically comic, in which case,
serious societal issues are presented, with a comic touch, without losing the
developmental information that is being communicated to the Listeners. Sometimes two
presenters in a talkshow, compete with each other, for attention of their listeners. This
happens l, because of the lack of proper pre-broadcast planning. Where a talkshow
employs duo presentation, then the two presenters must understand themselves and be
prepared to achieve the programme objective, through well co-ordinated discussion.

PRODUCTION OF TALKSHOW ON TELEVISION

Talkshows, whether on radio or Television employ the same basic principles. Since is a
combination of both audio and visuals, it is likely to hold the attention of viewers, with
fewer effects than radio. There may be straight talk programmes, which may feature a
presenter (monologue presentation) or may have presenters, using the dialogue, because a
presenter, who raps by himself, may not be able to hold the attention of his viewers, for
too long. So he has to bring other people into his show, through interviews or direct
discussion or through packaging drama sketches and documentaries, as part of talkshow
programmes. Every talkshow should have attribute of informing, educating as well as
entertaining its viewers.

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 LIVE PROGRAMME:
Live broadcasting” refers to any type of programming that is broadcast as it happens, as opposed
to pre-recorded programs. A live broadcast, also called a live transmission, generally refers to
various types of media that are broadcast without a significant delay.
RECORDED PROGRAMME:
To render (sound or images) into permanent form for reproduction in a magnetic or electronic
medium.
To record the words, sound, appearance, or performance of (someone or something) which will
be played later as in form delayed or it involves storing of performances that will be kept and
later displayed in the cinema or home theatre. convert (sound or a performance) into a permanent
form for subsequent reproduction or broadcast.
OUTSIDE BROADCASTS
Outside broadcast (“OB”) refers to any television or radio programme which broadcast from a
location away from the normal studio setting. The location doesn’t actually have to be out -of
–doors – the “outside” simply means “outside the studio”.
Television outside broadcasts can be any size and complexity. From a single camera to dozens
of cameras and staff. Generally, the term OB implies multi-camera coverage coordinated and
directed from a mobile control room.
An “OB Unit” is a mobile production unit (with equipment and crew) which is able to
travel to a location and provide broadcast coverage. A simple OB unit could include the
following;
A number of cameras (usually at least four)
A mobile control room, staffed by a director, vision controller, sound operator and VT
(videotape) operator
Equipment and housing for a presentation area
Transmission equipment
Event commonly by OB units include sports, concerts, ceremonies, etc. OB units may
specialize in a particular area, for example, a motor sports OB unit would carry specialize in a
particular area; for example, a motor sports OB unit would carry specialized camera
equipment for in-car coverage and have staff which knows this particular sport well.
OUTSIDE BROADCAST CONTROL ROOM
Audio Monitors: enable staff to hear the programme audio, or any other selected audio source.

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 Teletext Monitors: this particular OB uses a local teletext system to provide information to
televisions located around the venue. This is unusual feature – most OBs would not have such
a system.
Environmental Controls: light, power etc.
VT Edit Station: standard tape-to tapes edit station. More details can be found.
Monitors: video monitors are provided for main preview and programme feeds, each VT
machine, and certain selectable sources.
Off- Air Decoders: for monitoring the off-air (broadcast) programme when using a paid
coding system.
Camera Monitors: individual monitors for each camera. In this case there are six camera
monitors – if there are more than six cameras then addition cameras must be selected on other
monitors.
Graphics Pc Monitor: monitor for the graphics computers, this monitor is selectable between
two computers to save space.
Technical Monitors: waveform monitor and vector scope, for monitoring the technical
parameters of various video signals.
Audio VU Meters: monitors the programme audio levels.
CCU Controls: camera control units. More details can be found.
Vision Mixer: the main switcher which controls the programme video, operated either b the
director or a vision switcher, this determines which vision sources are fed to the programme
feed.
Technical Settings for Vision Mixer: under the desk, various technical adjustments can be
made to the vision mixer’s feed.

PRODUCTION CREW

Production crews and their duties

Production crew members are responsible for maintaining the setup, dismantling, maintenance,
and removal of music and theater production equipment for stage work. They are hired in
production companies, event venues, theater groups, and touring bands. Their duties include
implementing stage design as well as selecting and positioning lighting and sound equipment.
Also, they transport, maintain, and mend production equipment. Additionally, they organize and
attach cables to the electrical supply utilizing portable junction boxes.

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The success of every production depends upon harmonious working relationship among the
production crew. The production crews are stated here under:-
The producer: He acts as the boss of a production. He generates programme ideas and
coordinates production activities.
The writer: He/she interprets the process message (message actually received by the
audience) into a broadcast presentation and translates it into a radio or television script.
The director: A director is given the responsibility for the professional execution of a
production project. He translates the script into specific video and audio images.
The art director: suggests appropriate set designs and graphic that will give the show a
specific look according to the process message and the director's perception of the overall
show design.
Sex designer: sets from scenery that makes programmes appear realistic. The designer should
coordinate the activities of the craft men to ensure that their work is done accordingly.
Associate Director: He or she assists the director during rehearsals and on- the air
performance or taping session.
Production Assistant: He/she assists in duplication and distributing the scripts. He welcomes
the artistes and takes notes for the producer and director.
Make-up artist: Make-ups are used to enhance appearance, to correct appearance and to
change appearance. The make-up artist should know various purposes for applying cosmetics.
All make up rooms should have large mirrors so that artistes can watch the entire make up
procedure.
The floor manager: the floor manager coordinates all activities on the floor (studio or on-
location site) and relays the cues from the director the artiste.
Clothing and costume designer: The designer is concerned mainly with clothing the
performers. The performer's clothes should be attractive and stylish but not too showy. The
type of clothing a performer wears should be on his personal taste and the type of programme.
Script editor: In charge of editing the script.
Choreographer: He/she is in charge of arranging how dancers should move during a
performance.
Musician: He/she is in charge of plying musical instruments.
Choral director: Gives directives to singers and musicians.
Conductor: stands in front of musicians and directs their playing.

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The technical director: His/her main responsibility is to operate the switch. He should sit beside
the programme director in the control room and works according to the instruction of the
director. For example he can CUT from camera one to camera three if the instruction is given.
MEANING OF ONLINE PLATFORM:
online platform means a provider of a hosting service which, at the request of a recipient of the
service, stores and disseminates to the public information, unless that activity is a minor and
purely ancillary feature of another service and, for objective and technical reasons cannot be
used without that other service, and the integration of the feature into the other service is not a
means to circumvent the applicability of this Regulation.
online platform means a public-facing Internet Web site, web application, or digital application,
including a social network, ad network, or search engine, that sells advertisements directly to
advertisers. A public-facing Internet Web site, web application, or digital application is not an
online platform for purposes of this article to the extent that it displays advertisements that are
sold directly to advertisers through another online platform.
Unlike other mediums, webcasts and podcasts can captivate your audience for an extended
period of time - usually anywhere between 15 minutes to one hour at a time.

In a world full of character limits and dwindling attention spans (currently around 8 seconds
long), the potential to engage with your audience for 15 minutes is a really big deal.

What is a Webcast?

A webcast is a live video stream of an event or conference that includes both audio and visual
content. In simple terms, a webcast is a video broadcast of an event over the internet.

If you're picturing a wobbly iPhone video that your friend posted to social over the weekend,
that's not quite right. A webcast is a polished, high-quality video that brings an event to life
online. Webcasts can be pre-recorded or streamed live.

A Ted Talk is the most recognizable example of a webcast but they can also be used to broadcast
smaller-scale conferences, events or even your company town hall.

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Benefits of a webcast

One of the biggest benefits of a webcast is that it allows your online audience to engage with
presenters by submitting questions or responding to polls in real time. This helps your online
audience feel like they're part of your live event and not just stuck watching it from behind a
screen.

What is a Podcast?

Podcasts are pre-recorded digital audio files that people can download and listen to on their
phone, laptop or preferred device. Most podcasts are created as an episodic series, but they can
also be one-offs or sponsored episodes.

Podcasts have become wildly popular in recent years, with one-third of the US population having
listened to a podcast in the last month (that's 90 million monthly listeners).

With podcasts, predictability and consistency are key for your listeners. Each podcast episode
within a series should be roughly the same length, released in regularly scheduled intervals (i.e.
Thursdays at 6am, or the second Monday of every month), and be produced in the same format,

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which could be a solo show, co-hosted, interview format, etc. Savvy marketers have
started repurposing webinar content into podcasts to help reach new audiences.

Creating a podcast

Like any good story, podcast episodes require a beginning, middle and end. A standard podcast
will consist of the following sections:

 Intro music to set the mood of the podcast

 Introduction of topic and speakers
 Deep-dive into the topic of the episode
 The occasional sponsor shout out or advertisement
 Conclusion
 Episode credits

How Are Webcasts Different From Podcasts?

Now that we know what webcasts and podcasts are, let's sort out the differences between them.

The most obvious difference between webcasts and podcasts is that a webcast involves both
audio and visual content. Podcasts are just audio.

The next big differentiator is that webcasts provide opportunities for live engagement and
interaction from online audience members through the use of polls, live-chat and Q&As. Most
podcasts are pre-recorded which leaves little to no opportunity for audience engagement.

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When it comes to broadcasting your content, webcasts require a little bit of extra effort compared
to podcasts. You may also want to have technical support on-hand to make sure everything runs
smoothly.

For a webcast, you'll need to produce professional quality video and audio from a live event
environment. And as we all know, anything can happen in a live event environment so invest
properly and don't cut corners.

Podcasts on the other hand only require your content and a professional quality pre-recorded
audio track. Your recording can be edited, touched up, and even re-recorded if necessary before
you broadcast it out to the world.

While these two mediums can be vastly different, one thing they have in common is that they are
great ways to get your content in front of your audience. And, if you have the right strategy in
place, both can be an integral part of your content marketing strategy.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASE CONTROL ROOM, TRANSMITTER AND

TRANSMISSION PROCESS;
BASE CONTROL ROOM: The production control room (PCR) or studio control
room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program
takes place.[1]

Production control room at Sky Sport24, PCR.

The production control room is occasionally also called an SCR or a gallery – the latter name
comes from the original placement of the director on an ornately carved bridge spanning
the BBC's first studio at Alexandra Palace which was once referred to as like a minstrels' gallery.
[2] Master control is the technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over-the-
air television stations and television networks. Master control is distinct from a PCR in television
studios where the activities such as switching from camera to camera are coordinated.
A transmission control room (TCR) is usually smaller in size and is a scaled-down version
of centralcasting..

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TRANSMITTER:
A broadcast transmitter is an electronic device which radiates radio waves modulated with
information content intended to be received by the general public. Examples are a radio
broadcasting transmitter which transmits audio (sound) to broadcast radio receivers (radios)
owned by the public, or a television transmitter, which transmits moving images (video)
to television receivers (televisions). The term often includes the antenna which radiates the radio
waves, and the building and facilities associated with the transmitter. A broadcasting
station (radio station or television station) consists of a broadcast transmitter along with
the production studio which originates the broadcasts. Broadcast transmitters must be licensed by
governments, and are restricted to specific frequencies and power levels. Each transmitter is
assigned a unique identifier consisting of a string of letters and numbers called a callsign, which
must be used in all broadcasts.

TRANSMISSION PROCESS:
Radio transmission:
Most people don’t understand the mechanics of how radio broadcasting works. While some
people may claim to have a vague familiarity with the process of radio wave and sound, many do
not truly understand the basics of how a broadcasting system actually works. When researching
the ends and outs of broadcasting, too much confusing terminology creeps up, leaving the reader
blindsided by terminology they don’t really understand. But truly comprehending what it takes
for a radio broadcast system to function really doesn’t have to be as complex as it first appears
on the Internet. So the question remains, how exactly do our favourite songs and programs
stream through the air to wind up on radios?

Beginning with basics, radio broadcasting performs as a single transmission that is carried
through radio waves with the intention of reaching an audience. This wireless transmission is
actually electromagnetic energy (radio waves) that is transferable through space, allowing
information (sound) to travel while it is modulated. These radio waves then come into contact
with an electrical conductor that causes certain fields to emit an alternating current where the
waves can be transformed into the original form. In order for this process to take place, there
must first be a radio transmitter that can manipulate sound (with the possibility of taking on
multiple forms of modulation). An interesting component to radio is that there are different
signal waves that can be transmitted; this is where AM and FM radio is derived. AM radio (or
Amplitude modulations) differs from FM radio (or Frequency modulation) because it varies the
strength of the signal in conjunction with the size of information that is being transmitted. This
was the original form of radio. FM radio varies the frequency of the signal, meaning that the
immediate frequency from the carrier will always be proportionate to the immediate strength of
the input signal. Interesting, no?!

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The next component to radio broadcasting is the antenna, whose job is to both send and receive
electrical currents and radio waves. A broadcasting system can only work with if it has an
antenna that can emit the transmission. So when tuning the radio to select your favorite station, it
is key to know that it is the electrical resonance that allows the user to pick a radio station. Once
the radio receiver has obtained the information from the antenna, it is able to convert it into the
desired projection, whether that be sound, pictures, digital media, etc. A radio broadcasting
system can only work with the necessary radio equipment (the transmitter and receiver, with
both having an antenna and necessary essentials like a microphone or loudspeaker).

Radio is a form of media that is often overlooked and undervalued among the general public, but
after having deciphered just how the radio works, it really is something to be massively
appreciated. While modern technological advances make radio seem like a thing of the past,
understanding how a radio broadcasting system works really illustrates the complexities with
what many deem to be an antiquated force of technology.

Television transmission process:Television transmission and reception

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colour TV
Transmission and reception involve the components of a television system that generate,
transmit, and utilize the television signal wave form (as shown in the block diagram). The scene
to be televised is focused by a lens on an image sensor located within the camera. This produces
the picture signal, and the synchronization and blanking pulses are then added, establishing the
complete composite video wave form. The composite video signal and the sound signal are then
imposed on a carrier wave of a specific allocated frequency and transmitted over the air or over a
cable network. After passing through a receiving antenna or cable input at the television receiver,
they are shifted back to their original frequencies and applied to the receiver’s display and
loudspeaker. That is the process in brief; the specific functions of colour television transmitters
and receivers are described in more detail in this section.
Transmission
Generating the colour picture signal
As is pointed out in the section Compatible colour television, the colour television signal actually
consists of two components, luminance (or brilliance) and chrominance; and chrominance itself
has two aspects, hue (colour) and saturation (intensity of colour). The television camera does not
produce these values directly; rather, it produces three picture signals that represent the amounts
of the three primary colours (blue, green, and red) present at each point in the image pattern.
From these three primary-colour signals the luminance and chrominance components are derived
by manipulation in electronic circuits.

Immediately following the colour camera is the colour coder, which converts the primary-colour
signals into the luminance and chrominance signals. The luminance signal is formed simply by
applying the primary-colour signals to an electronic addition circuit, or adder, that adds
the values of all three signals at each point along their respective picture signal wave forms.
Since white light results from the addition (in appropriate proportions) of the primary colours,
the resulting sum signal represents the black-and-white (luminance) version of the colour image.
The luminance signal thus formed is subtracted individually, in three electronic subtraction
circuits, from the original primary-colour signals, and the colour-difference signals are then
further combined in a matrix unit to produce the I (orange-cyan) and Q (magenta-yellow)
signals. These are applied simultaneously to a modulator, where they are mixed with the
chrominance subcarrier signal. The chrominance subcarrier is thereby amplitude modulated in
accordance with the saturation values and phase modulated in accordance with the hues. The
luminance and chrominance components are then combined in another addition circuit to form
the overall colour picture signal.

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