ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

EEE 203: ELECTRICAL MACHINES I

Muhammad Ahad Rahman Miah

Assistant Professor, EEE
 Objective
2

Ø To review the magnetic field concepts

Ø To study the fundamentals of electromechanical energy
conversions.
Ø To know about the losses in rotating machines.
Ø To know the different types of rules in electromagnetic
induction.
 Magnetic field
3

Ø A magnetic field is the magnetic influence of electric currents

and magnetic materials. The magnetic field at any given point
is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength).
 Magnetic field (cont’d)
4

Ø The magnetic field B is defined in terms of force on moving

charge in the Lorentz force law.
Ø The Lorentz force is the combination of electric and magnetic
force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. If a
particle of charge q moves with velocity v in the presence of
an electric field E and a magnetic field B, then it will
experience a force.
So, F = q (E + V × B)
Ø The direction of the force is always
perpendicular to the direction of both
the particle motion and that of the
magnetic field.
 Magnetic field (cont’d)
5

Ø In a pure electric-field system, the force is determined simply

by the change on the particle and the electric field.
F= qE
Ø But in pure magnetic field system, the situation is somewhat
more complex,
F= q(v × B)
Here, F is in newton (N), q in coulomb (C), E in volts per meter,
v is meter per second and B is in tesla (T)
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
6

Ø Energy is subject to the law of conservation of energy states

that, energy can neither be created (produced) nor destroyed
by itself. It can only be transformed.
Ø There are many different machines and transducers that
convert one energy form into another.
• Thermoelectric (Heat → Electric energy)

• Geothermal power (Heat→ Electric energy)

• Battery (electricity) (Chemical energy → Electric energy)

• Wave power (Mechanical energy → Electric energy)

• Windmills (Wind energy→ Electric energy or Mechanical

energy)
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
(cont’d)
7

For an electro-mechanical system following terms are important

1. Electrical port (=armature terminals)- receiving / delivering
electrical energy.
2. Mechanical port (=shaft)- delivering / receiving mechanical
energy.
3. Coupling field- Electric or Magnetic field.

Ø An electrical motor receives energy at the electrical port and

delivers it at the mechanical port.
Ø An electrical generator receives the energy at mechanical port
and delivers it at the electrical port.
 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
(cont’d)
8

Ø During the conversion process the following losses take place

in the system and are dissipated as heat
I. Copper losses in the windings of the machine
II. Friction losses
III. Core-losses.

Ø The efficiency of a system would be,

 Electromechanical Energy Conversion
(cont’d)
9

Energy conversion process example,

 Energy- Balance
10

ü Energy input from electric sources = Mechanical energy

output + energy stored in magnetic field + energy converted
into heat

ü Simple energy balance equation (if no losses)-

Change in electrical energy = Change is mechanical energy +
Change in field energy
So, dWelec = dWmech + dWfld

ü In case of no mechanical work has done, the total electrical

energy input = energy stored in magnetic field
Thus, dWelec = dWfld
 Electric current and Magnetic field
11
 Magnetic Hysteresis
12

Ø The term "hysteresis" is derived from “ὑστέρησις”, an ancient

Greek word meaning "deficiency" or "lagging behind".
Ø Hysteresis is the dependence of the output of a system not
only on its current input, but also on its history of past inputs.
The dependence arises because the history affects the value of
an internal state. If a given input alternately increases and
decreases, a typical mark of hysteresis is that the output forms
a loop called Hysteresis loop.
Ø The hysteresis is related to the magnetic domains in the
magnetic material.
 Hysteresis loop and Hysteresis losses
13

ü The net energy unrecovered in the process is area oefabo

which is lost irretrievably in the form of heat is called
hysteresis loss.
 Variations in Hysteresis Curves
14
 Eddy-Current & Eddy-Current losses
15

Ø When a magnetic core carries a time-varying flux, voltages

are induced in all possible paths enclosing the flux which
results the production of circulating currents in the core. These
currents are known as eddy currents.
Ø The power loss due to these currents is known as eddy current
loss.
Ø The eddy current losses are determined by,
 Eddy-Current losses
16

Ø Higher resistivity and longer paths increase the effective

resistance which results in reduction of eddy-current loss.
Ø In terms of the frequency of the applied signal and the
magnetic field strength produced, the eddy current loss is
proportional to the square of the frequency times the square of
the magnetic field strength.

Ø Eddy current losses can be reduced if the core is constructed

of thin, laminated sheets of ferromagnetic material insulated
from one another and aligned parallel to the magnetic flux.
 Core loss
17

Ø When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization,

two kinds of power losses occur in it-
ü Hysteresis loss
ü Eddy-current loss
Ø Together these losses are known as core-loss.
Ø The core-loss is important in determining heating, temperature
rise, rating and efficiency of transformers, machines and other
ac run magnetic devices.
 Skin Effect
18

Ø The skin effect is where alternating current tends to avoid

travel through the center of a solid conductor, limiting itself to
conduction near the surface.

Ø The effect becomes more and more apparent as the frequency

increases.
Ø The main problem with skin effect is that it increases the
effective resistance of a wire for AC at moderate to high
frequencies, compared with the resistance of the same wire at
direct current (DC) and low AC frequencies.
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
19

Ø First law-
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an
e.m.f. is always induced in it or whenever a conductor cuts
magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is always induced in that conductor.

Ø Second law-
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of
change of flux-linkages.
 Lenz’s law
20

ü It states that the voltage, current and associated flux generated

by transformer action or relative motion between a conductor
and a magnetic field will always be induced in a direction to
oppose that action that caused it.

ü Simply, an induced effect is always such as to oppose the

cause that produced it.

ü Thus, the negative sign is given to the right hand side

expression to signify the fact that the induced e.m.f. sets up
current in such a direction that magnetic field produced by it
opposes the very cause producing it.
 Lenz’s law (cont’d)
21

Ø There is an induced current in a closed conducting loop if and

only if the magnetic flux through the loop is changing. The
direction of the induced current is such that the induced
magnetic field always opposes the change in the flux.
 Lenz’s law (cont’d)
22

Ø If the field of the bar magnet is already in the loop and the
magnet is removed, the induced current is in the direction
that tries to keep the field constant
 Fleming’s rule
23

Ø Fleming’s left hand and right hand rules were originated by

John Ambrose Fleming, in the late 19th century, as a simple
way of working out the direction of motion in an electric
motor, or the direction of electric current in an electric
generator.

Ø Fleming’s left hand rule is applicable for motors and right

hand rule is applicable for generators.

Ø Both of these rules been explained through Thumb, First

finger and Second finger of left or right hand.
 Fleming’s left hand rule
24

Ø Fleming's left hand rule (for electric motors) shows the

direction of the thrust on a conductor carrying a current in a
magnetic field.
Ø In an electric motor, the electric current and magnet field exist
(which are the causes), and they lead to the force that creates
the motion (which is the effect), and so the left hand rule is
used.
 Fleming’s left hand rule (cont’d)
25

Ø The Thumb represents the direction of the Thrust or resultant

Motion.
Ø The First finger represents the direction of the magnetic Field.
(north to south).
Ø The Second finger represents the direction of the Current (the
direction of the current is the direction of conventional
current; from positive to negative).
 Fleming’s right hand rule
26

Ø Fleming's right hand rule (for generators) shows the direction

of induced current when a conductor moves in a magnetic
field.
Ø In an electric generator, the motion and magnetic field exist
(causes), and they lead to the creation of the electric current
(effect), and so the right hand rule is used.
 Fleming’s right hand rule (cont’d)
27

Ø The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the

conductor.
Ø The First finger represents the direction of the Field (north to
south).
Ø The Second finger represents the direction of the induced or
generated Current (the direction of the induced current will be
the direction of conventional current; from positive to
negative).
 Summary
28

ü Magnetic field
ü Electric field
ü Lorentz force law
ü Relation between electric current and magnetic field
ü Classification of losses in rotating machines
ü Lenz’s law
ü Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
ü Fleming’s Right and Left hand rule