Includes NCERT &

Exemplar Solutions

8
Foundation
Class

100% useful for Class 8 School Exam

Set of 4 Solved Exercises
è Exercise 1: FIB, T/F, Matching, VSA, SA and LA Questions
è Exercise 2: NCERT, Exemplar and HOTS Questions
è Exercise 3 & 4: MCQs 1 Correct, MCQs >_ 1 Correct,
Passage, Assertion-Reason, Multiple Matching and Integer Type Questions
 EBD_7034
• Corporate Office : 45, 2nd Floor, Maharishi Dayanand Marg, Corner Market, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017

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D. P. Gupta
Shikhaa Khattar

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 Contents
1. Rational Numbers 1-24

2. Linear Equations in One Variable 25-49

3. Understanding Quadrilaterals 50-78

4. Practical Geometry 79-95

5. Data Handling 96-124

6. Square and Square Roots 125-146

7. Cube and Cube Roots 147-163

8. Comparing Quantities 164-196

9. Algebraic Expressions And Identities 197-217

10. Visualising Solid-Shapes 218-237

11. Mensuration 238-268

12. Exponents and Power 269-288

13. Direct & Inverse Proportion 289-307

14. Factorisation 308-326

15. Introduction to Graphs 327-352

16. Playing with Numbers 353-368

EBD_7034
 Chap
ter Rational Numbers
1

As learnt in class VII, the sum, the difference and the product of two integers is an integer. What happens if we divide an integer
by another integer?
3
Consider – 3 ÷ 7 = - which is not an integer..
7
1
2 ÷ –4 = which is not an integer..
-2
Thus, we need to extend our number system to include such numbers. This new system of numbers is called rational numbers.
In this chapter, we will study the different properties of rational numbers. These properties are similar to properties of integers
which we have learnt in the previous class.
 EBD_7034
2 Mathematics
m
Rational Numbers: A number which is in the form of where n ¹ 0 and both m and n are integers are called rational numbers.
n
Rational numbers are denoted by Q.
For example :
5 7 -6 1
, , , are all rational numbers.
8 3 5 2

12
0.12 is rational because 0.12 = .
100
Hence, all integers and decimal numbers are also rational numbers.
Natural Numbers: The counting numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are called natural numbers.
Whole Numbers: If we include ‘0’ with natural numbers then the set of numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, .... are called whole numbers. It is denoted
by (W).
Integers: All natural numbers, 0 and negative of natural numbers are called integers . They are denoted by I or Z. Thus ..... –3, –2, –1,
0, 1, 2, 3 ..... etc are all integers.

PROPERTIES OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

Closure

a c æa cö
(a) Addition : For any two rational numbers, say, and ; ç + ÷ is also a rational number..
b d èb dø

Example : æç + ö÷ + æç + ö÷ = æç + ö÷ which is rational.

5 1 11
è 3ø è 6 ø è 6 ø

(b) Subtraction : For any two rational numbers, say, a and c ; æç a - c ö÷ is also a rational number..
b d èb dø

1 3 -2
Example : - = = –1 which is rational.
2 2 2

a c æa cö
(c) Multiplication : For any two rational numbers, say, and ; ç ´ ÷ is also a rational nmber..
b d èb dø

1 æ -1 ö -1
Example : ´ç ÷ = which is a rational.
2 è 10 ø 20

a c éa c ù
(d) Division : For any two rational numbers and ; ê ¸ ú is also a rational number..
b d ëb dû

2 æ -5 ö 2 æ -9 ö -6
Example : ¸ç ÷ = ´ç ÷ = Which is a rational.
3 è 9 ø 3 è 5 ø 5

Commutativity
a c a c c a
(a) Addition : For any two rational numbers and ; + = +
b d b d d b

æ 4ö æ 7 ö æ 7ö æ 4ö
Example : ç + ÷ + ç + ÷ = ç + ÷ + ç + ÷
è 5ø è 2ø è 2ø è 5ø
Rational Numbers 3

(b) Subtraction : Subtraction of rational numbers is not commutative.

1 1 1 1
Example : - ¹ -
7 5 5 7
a c a c c a
(c) Multiplication : For any two rational numbers and ; ´ = ´ .
b d b d d b
æ -5 ö æ -4 ö æ -4 ö æ -5 ö
Example : ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø è 7 ø è 7 ø
(d) Division : Division of rational numbrs is not commutative.
1 5 5 1
Example : ¸ ¹ ¸
12 4 4 12
Associativity

a c e a æc eö æa cö e
(a) Addition : For any three rational numbers , and ; + ç + ÷ = ç + ÷ +
b d f b èd f ø èb dø f
æ 1 3 ö æ -1 ö 1 ì 3 æ -1 öü
Example : ç + ÷ + ç ÷ = + í + ç ÷ý
è 8 7 ø è 7 ø 8 î 7 è 7 øþ
(b) Subtraction : Subtraction is not associative.
æ4 4ö 4 4 æ4 4ö
Example : ç - ÷ - ¹ - ç - ÷
è7 3ø 5 7 è3 5ø

a c e a æc eö æa cö e
(c) Multiplication : For any three rational numbers , and ; ´ ç ´ ÷ = ç ´ ÷ ´
b d f b èd f ø èb dø f

æ 1 3 ö æ -1 ö 1 ì 3 æ -1 ö ü
Example : ç ´ ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ´ í ´ ç ÷ ý
è 8 7 ø è 7 ø 8 î 7 è 7 øþ

a c e æ a cö e a æ c eö
(d) Division : For any three rational numbers , and , division is not associative, i.e., çè ¸ ÷ø ¸ ¹ ¸ çè ¸ ÷ø
b d f b d f b d f

æ 1 3ö 7 1 æ 3 7ö
Example : çè ¸ ÷ø ¸ ¹ ¸ çè ¸ ÷ø
2 4 8 2 4 8

ILLUSTRATION : 1

æ 1 3ö 1 1 æ 3 1 ö
Show that ç ¸ ÷ ¸ ¹ ¸ ç ¸ ÷
è 5 4ø 2 5 è 4 2ø

SOLUTION :
æ1 4ö 1 4 1
L.H.S. ç ´ ÷ ¸ = ¸
è 5 3 ø 2 15 2

4 8
= ´2 =
15 15
1 æ3 ö 1 3
R.H.S. ¸ç ´ 2÷ = ¸
5 è4 ø 5 2
1 2 2
= ´ =
5 3 15
So, L.H.S. ¹ R. H. S
 EBD_7034
4 Mathematics
THE ROLE OF 0
Additive Identity
a a a a
For every rational number : + 0 = 0 + = , then 0 is called additive identity..
b b b b
1 1 1
Example : +0 =0+ =
7 7 7

Additive Inverse

a a æ -a ö a -a
For every rational number , we have + ç ÷ = 0, then and are the additive inverse of each other..
b b è bø b b

Zero Property of Multiplication

a a a
For every rational number , we have ´ 0 = 0 ´ = 0
b b b

1
Example : ´0 = 0
9

Division By 0
Division by zero is not defined i.e., a ¸ 0 = not defined
1
Example : ¸ 0 = not defined
3

a a
But for every rational number ,0 ¸ = 0
b b

3
Example : 0 ¸ =0
4

THE ROLE OF 1
Multiplicative Identity

a a a a
For every rational number ; ´1 = 1´ =
b b b b
1 is called the multiplicative identity.
Division By 1

a a a
For every rational number , ¸1 =
b b b

1 1
Example : ¸1 =
2 2
Rational Numbers 5

NEGATIVE OF A NUMBER
a
For any rational number , there is a rational number, - æç a ö÷ such that a + çæ - a ÷ö = 0 .
b èbø b è b ø

æaö a
is called the negative of - æç ö÷ .
a a
We say - ç ÷ is the negative of and
èbø b b èbø

5 æ -5 ö 5 + ( -5 ) 0
Example : +ç ÷ = = =0
7 è 7 ø 7 7

MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE
a a b a b b
For any rational number , if × = 1, then and are the multiplicative inverse of each other and is called the reciprocal
b b a b a a
a
of .
b

-5 8 -8
Therefore, the reciprocal of is or .
8 -5 5

DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLICATION OVER ADDITION

a c e a æc eö æa cö æa eö
For any three rational numbers, , and ; ´ ç + ÷ = ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷
b d f b èd f ø èb dø èb f ø
ILLUSTRATION : 2

2 æ 5 7ö æ 2 5ö æ 2 7ö
Show that ç + ÷ =ç ´ ÷ +ç ´ ÷
3 è 4 3ø è 3 4ø è 3 3ø
SOLUTION :
2 æ 5 7 ö 2 æ 15 + 28 ö 2 æ 43 ö 43
L.H.S. ç + ÷= ç ÷= ç ÷ =
3 è 4 3 ø 3 è 12 ø 3 è 12 ø 18

æ 2 5 ö æ 2 7 ö 5 14
R.H.S ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷ = +
è3 4ø è3 3ø 6 9

15 + 28 43
= =
18 18
So, L.H.S = R.H.S.
ILLUSTRATION : 3

Simplify æç ´ ö÷ - æç ´ ö÷ + æç ´ ö÷
3 5 9 4 5 6
è 11 6 ø è 12 3 ø è 13 5 ø

SOLUTION :
15 36 30 5 6 -89
- + = - 1+ =
66 36 65 22 13 286
 EBD_7034
6 Mathematics

REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS ON NUMBER LINE

p
Representation of Rational Numbers in the Form of on Number Line:
q
p
Like whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, in the form of where p and q are integers can be represented on number line.
q
ILLUSTRATION : 4
5 -3 8
Represent , and on number line.
8 5 3
SOLUTION :
Draw a number line as shown below:

–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5
Now in , Numerator (5) < Denominator (8) and number is positive. represent a number between 0 and 1. Mark 7(= 8 – 1)
8 8
points at equal distance which divide the distances between 0 and 1 in 8 (denominator) equal parts, as shown below (Magnified).
5
8
2 0 1
5
Out of these 7 points the 5th (numerator) point represent the rational number .
8
-3
In , which is a –ve rational number, absolute value of the numerator (3) < denominator (5). So it represent a number
5
between 0 and –1.
To represent it on number line, mark 4 ( = 5 – 1) points between 0 and –1 which divide the distance between 0 and 1 in 5
(denominator) equal parts. Out of these 4 points. 3rd (absolute value of the numerator) point from right between 0 and
3
– 1 represents the rational number - .
5 3
–
5
–1 0
8 2
can be written as 2 + . Clearly this number lies between 2 and 3 eg. on the number line. Mark 2 ( = 3 – 1) points between 2
3 3
and 3, which divides the distance between 2 and 3 in 3 (denominator) equal parts. Of these two points, the 2nd point from left
æ 2ö
between 2 and 3 represent 8 ç = 2 + ÷
è 3ø
8
3
0 1 2 3

RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO RATIONAL NUMBERS

Between two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers.
a+b
Method – 1 : Let a and b be two rational numbers q1 = Þ a < q1 < b
2
q1 is the rational number between a and b.
a + q1
q2 = Þ a < q 2 < q1 < b
2
q2 is the rational number between a and q1.
q1 + b
q3 = Þ a < q 2 < q1 < q 3 < b
2
Rational Numbers 7

q3 is the rational number between q1 and b.

In this manner, we can find infinite rational numbers between two given distinct rational numbers.

a c
Method – 2 : and be two rational numbers.
b d
Step – 1 : Make denominators equal in both rational numbers.

ad cb
Step – 2 : If we have to find n rational numbers between and , then multiply numerators and denominators by such a
bd bd
number so that the difference between the numerators is at least n.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
1 2
Insert 5 rational numbers between and .
5 5
SOLUTION :
1 2
Since the denominator of and is same and we do not have five integers between 1 and 2, therefore change their denominators
5 5
such that, there exist at least five integers between numerator part.
Thus,
1 1´ 7 7
= =
5 5 ´ 7 35

2 2 ´ 7 14
= =
5 5 ´ 7 35
Now we can write
7 8 9 10 11 12 14
< < < < < <
35 35 35 35 35 35 35

8 9 10 11 12 7 14
\ , , , , lie between and .
35 35 35 35 35 35 35
 EBD_7034
8 Mathematics

-3 -9
1. The sum of two rational numbers is . If one of the numbers is , find the other..
5 20
-3 -9
Sol. It is given that sum of the numbers = and one of the numbers =
5 20
-3
Suppose the other rational number is x. Since the sum is
5
æ -9 ö -3 -3 æ -9 ö -3 9 é æ -9 ö 9 ù
\ x +ç ÷ = Þx= -ç ÷ Þ x = + ê - çè 20 ÷ø = 20 ú
è 20 ø 5 5 è 20 ø 5 20 ë û
( -3 ) ´ 4 + 9 ´ 1 ( -3 ) ´ 4 + 9 ´ 1 -12 + 9 -3
Þ x= Þx= = =
20 20 20 20

æ -7 15 ö æ 1ö æ 1 1 ö
2. Simplify : ç ´ - 1´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷
è 18 -7 ÷ø çè 4ø è 2 4 ø

æ -7 15 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 1 ö æ -7 15 ö æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
Sol. ç ´ ÷ - ç1´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷ = ç ´ ÷ - ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷
è 18 -7 ø è 4 ø è 2 4 ø è 18 -7 ø è 1 4 ø è 2 4 ø

5 1 1 5 -1 1 5 ´ 4 + ( -1) ´ 6 + 1´ 3 20 + ( -6 ) + 3 17
= - + = + + = = =
6 4 8 6 4 8 24 24 24
-2 9
3. Find 10 rational numbers between and .
11 11
-2 9
Sol. The given rational numbers are and . Since the denominators of both the rational numbers are equal and positive. Finding
11 11
-2 9
10 rational numbers between and is similar to finding 10 integers between – 2 and 9. We know that
11 11
–2 < –1 < 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 < 6 < 7 < 8 < 9
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -2 9
So, , , , , , , , , , are the desired 10 rational numbers between and .
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

æ 1 1 1ö
4. What should be added to çè + - ÷ø to get 3?
2 3 5
Sol. Sum of the numbers = 3
æ 1 1 1 ö 15 + 10 - 6 19
One of the numbers = ç + - ÷ = =
è 2 3 5ø 30 30
The other number = Sum – one number
19 90 - 19 71
= 3- = =
30 30 30
1 7 35
5. The speed of car is 54 km per hour. Find the distance travelled in hours and minutes.
2 2 2
Sol. We first calculate the time in hour.
7
35 35 7
minutes = = hour .
2 2 ´ 60 24
12
Rational Numbers 9

7 7 84 + 7 91
Therefore, total time (in hours) = + hour = = hours
2 24 24 24
Distance = Speed × time
1 109
Since, Speed = 54
= km / hr
2 2
109 91 9919
Þ Distance = ´ km = km
2 24 48
6. Represent the the following on the number line.
3 5
(i) (ii) -
7 6
3 3
Sol. (i) Since can not be expressed as a mixed fraction, divide the unit part in equal parts, where 3rd part will represent as
7 7
shown.

-5 3
6 7
-5
(ii) Since can not be expressed as a mixed fraction therefore, divide the unit part into 6 equal parts, where 5th part on the
6 -5
left of origin will represent as shown above.
6
50000 30000
7. A farmer has one piece of rectangular land measuring m length and m breadth. If he distributes his land
13 11
among his 5 children, how much area will each child get?
50000
Sol. Length of land = m
13

30000
Breadth of land = m
11

50000 30000 1500000000 2

Area of land = ´ = m
13 11 143

1500000000
Area of one piece of land when it is distributed among 5 children = ¸5
143

1500000000 1 300000000 2
= ´ = m
143 5 143

24
8. The perimeter of a square is cm . Find the side of the square.
10
24
Sol. The perimeter of the square = cm
10
But the perimeter of square = 4 × side
24
4 × side = cm
10
24 24 1 3
Thus, side = ¸4 = ´ = cm
10 10 4 5

3
The side of the square is cm .
5
 EBD_7034
10 Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks : 1. Column-I Column-II

(A) Distributive law (p) If a & b are rational
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an number, then a + b is
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). rational
(B) Commutative law (q) If a & b are rational
1. The product of two positive rational numbers is always
numbers, then
..... .
a+ b= b+ a
2. The product of two negative rational numbers is (C) Associative law (r) If a, b & c are rational
always......... . numbers, then
1 æ 3 -5 ö 1 -5 a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
3. ´ç + ÷ = ´ .......... + ......... ´ (D) Closure law (s) If a, b & c are ratioanl
2 è 4 12 ø 2 12
numbers, then
4. If a is reciprocal of b, then the reciprocal of b is ........... a × (b + c) = ab + ac
5. The number 0 is ......... the reciprocal of any number. 2. Column-I Column-II
1 2 A. Distributive property (p) rational
6. A rational number between and is ............ of multiplication over numbers
5 5
7. The denominator of a rational number cannot be .............. addition is
B. A rational number (q) For any three
-2 13
8. If = , then x = .............. which lies between rational
5 x any two rational numbers a, b,
9. For any rational number a (a ¹ 0), a ¸ (–a) = ............ numbers a and b is and c; we have
1 -1 a(b+ c) = ab + ac
10. A rational number between and is .........
2 3 C. All integers (r) irrational
True / False : numbers are
a+b
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your D. Square root of all (s)
2
answer as true or false. positive prime
11 numbers are
1. The rational number lies on the left of zero on the number
15 Very Short Answer Questions:
line.
1 -5 DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
2. The rational numbers and are on opposite sides of 0
3 2
on the number line. 4
3. Every whole number is a rational number. 1. Express rational number with positive denominator..
-14
x
4. If is a rational number, then y is always a whole -9
y + ....... = -1
2. Fill in blank :
number. 14
5. Every integer is a rational number.
-5 æ -10 ö æ 21 ö
6. All rational numbers can be represented on a number line. 3. Simplify : ´ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ( -7 )
9 è 13 ø è 11 ø
Match the Columns :
2 3
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in 4. The cost of 7 metres of rope is ` 12 , find its cost per
3 4
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D)
metre.
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in
column-II. 5. Find three rational numbers between 0 and 0.2
Rational Numbers 11

11. Use the distributivity of multiplication of rational numbers

1 æ 3 -5 ö 1 -5
6. (i) ´ ç + ÷ = ´ ........ + ......... ´ over their addition to simplify :
2 è 4 12 ø 2 12
3 æ 35 10 ö 3 æ8 ö
-4 æ 5 -8 ö æ -4 ö -4 -8 (i) ´ç + ÷ (ii) ´ ç - 40 ÷
(ii) ´ç + ÷ = ç ´ ...... ÷ + ´ 5 è 24 1 ø 4 è9 ø
5 è7 9 ø è 5 ø 5 9
-7 3 7 -3 9 -3 6
7. (i) + .......... = 3 12. Simplify: + + + + + .
9 8 2 5 8 2 5
15
(ii) ...... +
=4 1 æ 4 1 3ö
23 13. ¸ ç + – ÷ is equal to
8. Write the additive inverse of each of the following rational 15 è 15 3 45 ø
numbers : Long Answer Questions :
4 -13
(i) (ii) DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
9 7
5 -11
(iii) (iv) é 3 5ù é 9 4ù é 5 6 ù
-11 -14 1. Simplify ê ´ ú - ê ´ ú + ê ´ ú
ë11 6 û ë12 3 û ë13 15 û
Short Answer Questions :
æ 1 2 ö æ 5 -2 ö æ 3 9 ö
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences. 2. Simplify ç ´ ÷ - ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷
è 4 7 ø è 14 3 ø è 7 2 ø
1. The product of two rational numbers is 63 . If one of the
40 2 4
æ -7 ö 3. Find four rational numbers between and
number is ç ÷ , find the other number.. 3 5
è 5 ø
11 19 -9 -7 1 2
2. Evaluate : + + +0+ 4. For x = and y = verify that – (x + y) = (–x) + (–y)
14 10 5 4 2 3

3 2 1 4 -3
3. If of a number exceeds its by 44, find the number.. 5. If x = ,y = ,z = , then verify
5 7 2 3 5

-2 1 x × (y – z) = (x × y) – (x × z)
4. Find a rational number between and .
3 4
3
6. By what number should we multiply , so that the
1 1 -14
5. Insert three rational numbers between and .
3 2 5
product may be .
12
2
6. Represent 3 on the number line.
7 5
7. The value of 4 – is
1
-7 5 -5 1 -1 1+
7. Find : + + + + 3+ 1
4 3 6 3 2 2 + 41
8. Simplify:
-2 1
æ 13 -15 ö æ 7 8 ö æ 3 1 ö 8. Find ten rational numbers between and .
ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷ 5 2
è9 2 ø è3 5ø è5 2ø
9. Verify the property : x × (y + z) = x × y + x × z by taking:
9. Write any three rational numbers between -2 and 0.
10. Add and express the sum as a mixed fraction : -12 -15 8
x= ,y = ,z =
-12 43 101 7 5 4 3
(i) and (ii) and
5 10 6 8
 EBD_7034
12 Mathematics

Text-Book Exercise : 4
4. A farmer has a field of area 49 ha . He wants to divide it
3 æ -6 ö æ -8 ö æ 5 ö 5
1. Find +ç ÷+ç ÷+ç ÷
7 è 11 ø è 21 ø è 22 ø equally among his one son and two daughters. Find the
area of each one’s share
-4 3 15 æ -14 ö
2. Find ´ ´ ´ç ÷ (ha means hecta re ; 1 hectare = 10.000 m2)
5 7 16 è 9 ø
5. Let a, b, c, be the three rational numbers where
3. Using appropriate properties, find.
2 4 5
2 3 5 3 1 a= , b = and c = -
(i) - ´ + - ´ 3 5 6
3 5 2 5 6
2 æ 3ö 1 3 1 2 (i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c (Associative property of
(ii) ´ç- ÷ - ´ + ´ addition)
5 è 7 ø 6 2 14 5
(ii) a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c (Associatative property of
4. Find the multiplicative inverse of the following. multiplication)
-5 -3 6. Identify the rational number which is different from the
(i) ´ (ii) –1
8 7 2 -4 1 1
6 -7 other three : , , , . Explain your reasoning.
5. Multiply by the reciprocal of . 3 5 2 3
13 16
7. The product of two rational numbers is –7. If one of the
8 1
6. Is the multiplicative inverse of -1 ? Why or why not? number us –10, find the other.
9 8
8. Tell which property allows you to compute
-5 5
7. Find any ten rational numbers between and . 1 é5 7ù é1 5ù 7
6 8 ´ ´ as ´ ´
5 êë 6 9 úû êë 5 6 úû 9
-2 -5 -9
8. Represent , , on the number line. 9. Verify the property x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z of rational
11 11 11
numbers by using
9. Find five rational numbers between .
2 4 -3 5 -2 -5 1
(i) and (ii) and x= ,y= and z =
3 5 2 3 7 6 4
1 1 10. Use the distributivity of multiplication of rational numbers
(iii) and
4 2 over addition to simplify
3 3
10. Find ten rational numbers between and . 3 é 35 10 ù -5 é 8 16 ù
5 4 (i) ´ + (ii) ´ +
5 êë 24 1 úû 4 êë 5 15 úû
Exemplar Questions :
2 é 7 21 ù 3 é8 ù
(iii) ´ - (iv) ´ - 40 ú
4 14 2 7 êë16 4 úû 4 êë 9 û
1. Find ´ ¸ .
7 3 3 11. Simplify
2. Using appropriate properties, find
32 23 22 3 28 14
(i) + ´ (ii) ´ ¸
2 æ -5 ö 7 2 æ -2 ö 5 11 15 7 15 5
´ç ÷ + + ´ç ÷ .
3 è 7 ø 3 3 è 7 ø
3 -2 -5 7 1 1
(iii) + ´ (iv) + -
3. Let O, P and Z represent the numbers 0, 3 and –5 7 21 6 8 16 12
respectively on the number line. choose a point T
between Z and O so that ZT = TO. Which rational number
does T represent?
Rational Numbers 13

1 3
12. A 117 m long rope is cut into equal pieces measuring 8 cm
3 4
1 1
7 m each. How many such small pieces are these? 1 cm
3 4
13. Riya, Reena and Seema received a total of Rs. 2,016 as
monthly allowance from their mother such that Seema gets HOTS Questions :
1 2 ( -2 ) 3 5 3 1
of what Riya get and Reena gets 1 times Seema’ss 1. Find the value of ´ + - ´
2 3 3 2 2 5 6
share. How much money do the th ree sisters get 1
2. The speed of car is 54 km per hour. What is the distance
individually? 2
7 35
14. On a winter day the temperature at a place in Himachal travelled in hours and minutes?
2 2
Pradesh was – 16° C. Convert it in degree Fahrenheit (°F)
3. A mother and her two daughters got a room constructed
C F - 32 3
by using the formula. = for Rs. 60,000. The elder daughter contributes of her
5 9 8
mother ’s contribution while the younger daughter
1
1 contributes of her mother’s share. How much do the
15. Shalini has to cut out circles of diameter 1 cm from an 2
4 three contribute individually?
3 1 1
aluminium strip of dimensions 8 cm by 1 cm . How 4. One fruit salad recipe requires cup of sugar. Another
4 4 2
recipe for the same fruit salad requires 2 tablespoons of
many full circles can Shalini cut? 1
suger. If 1 tablespoon is equivalent to cup, how much
16
more sugar does the first recipe require?

Single Option Correct : 1 1

3. A rational number between and is
4 3
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 7
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (a) (b) 0.29
24
ONLY ONE is correct.
13
(c) (d) All of these
192 48
1. The standard form of is
-168 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
-2 -8 5 7 9 11 11 9 7 5
(a) (b) (a) < < < (b) < < <
3 7 7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7
-1 -6 5 11 7 9 5 9 11 7
(c) (d) (c) < < < (d) < < <
7 7 7 13 9 11 7 11 13 9
27 -3 3 æ -8 ö 5 -125
2. The number which is subtracted from to get is 5. If + x +ç ÷+ = , then x is
13 7 7 è 21 ø 22 462
228 1 6 -5
(a) (b) (a) (b)
91 91 11 11
200 198 -6 5
(c) (d) (c) (d)
91 91 11 11
 EBD_7034
14 Mathematics

7 4 More Than One Option Correct :

6. What number should be added to to get ?
12 15
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
19 11 Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(a) - (b) -
60 30 ONE or MORE may be correct.
51 1 1. Which of the following forms a pair of equivalent rational
(c) (d) numbers?
60 20
7. Choose the rational number which does not lie between 14 21 -12 -18
(a) and (b) and
2 1 35 45 26 39
rational numbers - and - :
5 5
-3 -21 -7 -5
3 (c) and (d) and
1 7 56 28 20
(a) - (b) -
4 10
æ 5 2ö
3 7 2. The value of ç - ¸ ÷ is
(c) (d) - è 9 3ø
10 20
5 5
28 (a) - (b) -
8. The product of two numbers is - . If one of the numbers 2 6
27
æ 4ö 10 6
is ç - ÷ , then the other number is ____. (c) - (d) -
è 9ø 12 5
5 7 3. Which of the following rational numbers is in the standard
(a) (b) form?
2 3
1 2 -12 -49
(c) (d) (a) (b)
3 7 26 91
9. The sum of the additive inverse and multiplicative inverse -9 -4
of 2 is: (c) (d)
16 15
3 -3 16
(a) (b) 4. The product of two number is - . If one of the numbers
2 2 35
1 -1 15
(c) (d) is - , find the other..
2 2 14
10. Which of the following is false? -2 -32
(a) (b)
5 -75
-4 4
(a) +0=
-5 5 32 8
(c) (d) -
75 3
-5 -7 -7 -5
(b) + = + 2 3
6 12 12 6 5. - is not equal to
3 4
8 æ 11 -2 ö æ 8 11ö -2 -7 1
(c) +ç + ÷ = ç + ÷ + (a) (b) -
9 è 3 3 ø è9 3ø 3 12 12
1 17
8 7 7 8 (c) (d)
(d) - = - 12 12
9 11 11 9
-6
1 1 1 6. The additive inverse of is not equal to
11. Value of 13 – [4 – {3 – (2 – )}] will be – -17
2 2 2
1 1 6 -6
(a) 9 (b) 10 (a) (b)
2 2 17 17

1 1 -17 -17
(c) 8 (d) 11 (c) (d)
2 2 -6 6
Rational Numbers 15

Passage Based Questions : PASSAGE - II

a c e
If , and are any three rational numbers, then
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the b d f
following questions. a æc eö a c a e
´ç + ÷ = ´ + ´
PASSAGE - I b èd f ø b d b f

Properties of Addition of Rational Numbers 2 -7 -2 8 é -7 ù

4. ´ + ´ = ? ´ ê + ?ú
(i) Commutative property: The addition of rational numbers 3 10 3 9 ë 10 û

a c 2 8 -2 -8
(a) , (b) ,
is commutative i.e., if and are any two rational 3 9 3 9
b d
numbers, then 2 -8 +2 -8
(c) , (d) ,
3 -9 3 9
a c c a
+ = +
b d d b 5. Name the property used above.

(ii) Associative Proporties: The addition of Rational numbers (a) Commutativity of multiplication over addition
a c e (b) Communtativity of addition over multiplication
is associative i.e. if , and are any three rational
b d f
numbers, then (c) Distributivity of multiplication over addition

a æc eö æa cö e (d) Distributivity of addition over multiplication

+ç + ÷ =ç + ÷+
b èd f ø èb dø f
2 -8 5 2
6. ´ + ? ´ = ´ [? + ? ]
1. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers, 5 9 9 5
3 -7 2
express the following as a rational numbers + + 2 -8 5 2 8 -5
5 6 5 (a) , , (b) , ,
5 9 9 5 9 9
-1 1
(a) (b) -2 -8 -5 -2 -8 5
6 30 (c) , , (d) , ,
5 9 9 5 9 9
1 -1
(c)
6
(d)
30 Assertion & Reason :
2. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers,
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
7 11 5 followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
express the following as a rational number: + +
3 2 3 question on the basis of following options. You have to select
the one that best describes the two statements.
-19 19
(a) (b) (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
6 2
the correct explanation of Assertion.
19 -19
(c) (d) (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
6 3
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
3. Using above properties of addition of rational numbers,
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
-5 2
express the following as a rational number: + 3+ (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
7 7
1. Assertion : Zero is a rational number.
-18 24
(a) (b) Reason : Each rational number is a quotient of any two
7 7
integers, while its divisor should not be zero. Thus, a
-24 18 p
(c) (d)
7 7 number of the form where p and q are integers and q ¹
q
0 is a rational number.
 EBD_7034
16 Mathematics
2. Assertion : If x, y, z be rational numbers such that x > y and Integer Type Questions :
y > z, then x > z
Reason : The sum of two rational numbers is always greater DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
than third rational numbers. to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9.
1 1 7
3. Assertion : One of the rational between and is 1. Verify the distributive property x × (y + z) = xy + xz where
4 3 24
-4 1 -7
Reason : If x and y are any two rational numbers such that x= , y = ,z = and write the denominator of
3 2 5
1 (x + y) × z.
x < y, then ( x + y ) is a rational number between x and y 2. Find the sum of digits of numerator and denominator of
2
æ 2 5ö
1 reciprocal of rational number ç + ÷ .
such that x < ( x + y ) < y . è5 4ø
2
1
3. can’t be expressed as rational number having
Multiple Matching Question : 2
denominator 5 beacuse 5 is not the multiple of –––––––.
DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B,
4. The product of two numbers is 45 . If one of them is 9/7,
C and D) given in Column-I and four statements (p, q, r, s) in 56
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
then denominator of other number is –––––––.
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
1. Match the following æ -4 12 ö æ 3 21 ö 19
5. On simplifying ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷ we get . Find the
è 3 -5 ø è 7 15 ø k
Column-I Column-II value of k.
(A) Associative law is (p) Addition of rational
-3
satisfied by numnbers 6. The sum of two rational numbers is . If one of the
5
(B) Commutative law is (q) Subtraction of rational -9 -k
number is , than the other, number is . Find the
satisfied by numbers 20 20
(C) Closure law is (r) Multiplication of rational value of k.

satisfied by number
(D) Distributive law of (s) Division of rational
multiplication is number
satisfied by
Rational Numbers 17

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

23 51
4. The cost of metres of rope = `
3 4
Fill in the Blanks : 51 23
So, the cost of 1 metre = ¸
1. Positive 2. Positive 4 3
3 1 51 3 153 61
3. , 4. a = ´ = =`1
4 2 4 23 92 92
3 5. Rational numbers between 0 and 0.2
5. not 6.
10 Þ 0.1, 0.12, 0.13
-65 1 12 13
7. Zero 8. Þ , and
2 10 10 10
1 3 1 -5 5
1 6. (i) ´ + ´ (ii)
9. –1 10. 2 4 2 12 7
12
34 77
7. (i) (ii)
True / False : 9 23
4 13
11 8. (i) - (ii)
1. False : lies on the right of zero on the number line. (+ve) 9 7
15 5 -11
(iii) (iv)
rational numbers lies right of zero on the number line. 11 4
2. True
Short Answer Questions :
3. True
1. Let the other number be x.
x
4. False; If is a rational number, x and y must be integers.
y æ -7 ö 63
5. True Now, x ´ ç ÷ =
è 5 ø 40
6. True
-7x 63
Match the Columns : Þ = Þ -7x ´ 40 = 63 ´ 5
5 40
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (q); (C) ® (r); (D) ® (p)
63 ´ 5 9
2. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r) Þ -x = Þ -x =
7 ´ 40 8
Very Short Answer Questions :
9
Þ x=-
4 4 ´ ( -1) -4 8
1. = =
-14 -14 ´ ( -1) 14 -9
-9 The other number =
2. + x = -1 8
14
11 19 9 æ -7 ö é 11 19 ù é -9 7 ù
9 -14 + 9 -5 2. + - +ç ÷- + + -
Þ x = -1 + = = 14 10 5 è 4 ø êë14 10 úû êë 5 4 úû
14 14 14
3. We have
æ 55 + 133 ö é -36 - 35 ù 188 æ -71 ö
=ç ÷+ = +ç ÷
-5 æ -10 ö æ 21 ö è 70 ø ëê 20 ûú 70 è 20 ø
´ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ( -7 )
9 è 13 ø è 11 ø
376 + ( -497 ) -121
( -5 ) ´ ( -10 ) ´ 21 ´ ( -7 ) -7350 = =
= = 140 140
9 ´ 13 ´ 11 1287
 EBD_7034
18 Mathematics
3. Let the number be x. 7. LCM of 4, 3, 6, 3 and 2 is 12
3 2 2 4, 3, 6, 2
x - x = 44
5 7 2 2, 3, 3, 1
21x - 10x 11x 3 1, 3, 3, 1
Þ = 44 Þ = 44
35 35 1, 1, 1, 1
35 ´ 44 \ LCM of 4, 3, 6, 3, 2 is 2 ×2 × 3 = 12
Þ x= = 140
11
-7 5 -5 1 -1
The number is 140. \ + + + +
4 3 6 3 2
æ -2 1 ö
4. The rational number ç + ÷ ¸ 2 lies between ( ( -7 ) ´ 3) + (5 ´ 4 ) + ( ( -5) ´ 2 ) + (1´ 4 ) + ( ( -1) ´ 6 )
è 3 4ø =
-2 12
1
and ( -21) + 20 + ( -10 ) + 4 + ( -6 )
3 4 =
12
æ -2 1 ö ( -2 ) ´ 4 + 3 ´ 1 -8 + 3 -5
Þ ç + ÷= = = ( -37 ) + 24 -13
è 3 4ø 12 12 12 = =
12 12
æ -2 1 ö -5 -5 1 -5
Þ ç + ÷¸2 = ¸2 = ´ = -102
è 3 4ø 12 12 2 24 8.
15
-5
Thus, the required rational number is 9. We can write
24
-2 -5 1 -2 -2 ´ 5 -10 0
i.e., < < -2 = = = and 0 =
3 24 4 1 1´ 5 5 5
1 æ 1 1ö 5 integers between –10 and 0 are –9, –8, –7, –6, –5,......, –1.
1 1
5. A rational number between and is çè + ÷ø = -9 -8 -7 -2 -1
3 2 2 3 2 12 , , ,......., , are rational numbers between –2
\
5 5 5 5 5
1 5 1 and 0.
We have, < <
3 12 2 We can choose any three of these rational numbers.

1 5 1æ1 5 ö 3 9 17
10. (i) 1 (ii) 17
A rational number between and is çè + ÷ø = 10 24
3 12 2 3 12 8
55 -88
5 1 1 æ 5 1 ö 11 11. (i) (ii)
8 3
A rational number between and is çè + ÷ø =
12 2 2 12 2 24
3 7 ( -3) 9 ( -3) + 6
12. + + + +
1 3 5 11 1 8 2 5 8 2 5
Clearly, we have < < < <
3 8 12 24 2
15 + 140 - 24 + 45 - 60 + 48
1 1 3 5 40
Hence, three rational numbers between and are ,
3 2 8 12
248 - 84 164 41
= =
11 40 40 10
and .
24
1 æ4 1 3 ö
13. ¸ç + - ÷
2 15 è 15 3 45 ø
6. In order to represent 3 on the number line, take 3 unit
7
1 æ 12 + 15 - 3 ö
lengths between 0 and 3 and divide the unit length between = ¸ç ÷
15 è 45 ø
3 and 4 into seven equal parts and take the end of 2nd part
on it. 1 æ 24 ö
= ¸ç ÷
15 è 45 ø
2
This point represents the rational number 3 . 1 45
7 = ´
15 24

3 32 4 1
0 1 2 7 =
8
Rational Numbers 19

Long Answer Questions : 5. L.H.S. = x × (y – z)

æ 3 5ö æ3 4ö æ 5 2ö 1 é 4 æ -3 ö ù 1 é 4 3 ù
ç ´ ÷-ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷ = ´ -ç ÷ = ´ +
1.
è 11 6 ø è 4 3 ø è 13 5 ø 2 êë 3 è 5 ø úû 2 ëê 3 5 ûú
æ 1 5ö 2 1 é 20 + 9 ù 1 29 29
= ç ´ ÷ -1+ = ´ = ´ =
è 11 2 ø 13 2 êë 15 úû 2 15 30
5 2 æ1 4ö 4 2
= -1+ R.H.S. = (x × y) = ç ´ ÷ = =
22 13 è2 3ø 6 3
65 - 286 + 44 é 1 æ -3 ö ù -3
= ( L.C.M. of (13, 22 ) = 286 ) (x × z) = ê ´ ç ÷ú =
286 ë 2 è 5 øû 10
109 - 286 -177 2 æ -3 ö 2 3
= = ( x ´ y) - ( x ´ z) = -ç ÷ = +
286 286 3 è 10 ø 3 10
æ 1 2 ö æ 5 -2 ö æ 3 9 ö 20 + 9 29
2. ç ´ ÷-ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷ = =
è 4 7 ø è 14 3 ø è 7 2 ø 30 30
æ 1 1 ö æ 5 -1 ö æ 3 9 ö \ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
= ç ´ ÷-ç ´ ÷+ç ´ ÷
è2 7ø è7 3 ø è7 2ø 6. We have,
1 æ -5 ö æ 27 ö 1 5 27 5 3
= -ç ÷+ç ÷ = + + Product of two numbers = , One number =
14 è 21 ø è 14 ø 14 21 14 12 -14
3 + 10 + 81 5 3
= ( L.C.M of (14, 21,14 ) = 42 ) \ The other number x = ¸
42 12 -14
13 + 81 94 47 5 -14
= = = = ´
42 42 21 12 3
3. First we covert given rational numbers to rational numbers 5 ´ ( -14 ) - ( 5 ´14 ) - ( 5 ´ 7 ) -35
= = = =
with the same denominator equal to the LCM of their 12 ´ 3 12 ´ 3 6´3 18
denominators. The LCM of denominators 3 and 5 is 15.
5 5 155 1
2 2 ´ 5 10 4 4 ´ 3 12 7. 4– =4– =4– =
\ = = and = = 1 1 40 8
3 3 ´ 5 15 5 5 ´ 3 15 1+ 1+
1 31
Between the numerators 10 and 12 of these equivalent 3+
1 9
rational numbers there is only one integer. So, we replace 2+4
these numbers by equivalent rational numbers having a
sufficiently large common denominator. -7 -6 -5 9
8. , , ,......,
20 20 20 20
2 10 40 4 12 48
= = and = = 9. x × (y + z) = x × y + x × z
3 15 60 5 15 60
Between 40 and 48 there are seven integers 41, 42, 43, .......47. -12 -15 8
When x = , y= ,z=
41 42 47 5 4 3
Therefore, , ,......, are seven rational numbers
60 60 60 -12 é -15 8 ù æ -12 ö æ -15 ö æ -12 ö æ 8 ö
between ´ê + ú =ç ÷ ´ç ÷ +ç ÷ ´ç ÷
5 ë 4 3 û è 5 ø è 4 ø è 5 ø è 3ø
40 æ 2 ö 48 æ 4 ö
ç = ÷ and ç = ÷ We can take any four of these -12 é -13 ù æ 180 ö æ -96 ö
60 è 3 ø 60 è 5 ø ´ê =ç ÷ +ç ÷
rational numbers. 5 ë 12 úû è 20 ø è 15 ø
1 2 13 32
4. For x = and y = =9-
2 3 5 5
æ1 2ö æ1 3 2 2ö
= - (x + y) = - ç + ÷ = - ç ´ + ´ ÷ 13 45 - 32
è2 3ø è2 3 3 2ø =
15 5
æ 3 4 ö -7
= -ç + ÷ = and
è6 6ø 6 13 13
=
æ -1 ö æ -2 ö -3 - 4 -7 5 5
= ( -x ) + ( -y ) = ç ÷ + ç ÷ = =
è 2 ø è 3 ø 6 6
So, – (x + y) = (–x) + (–y)
 EBD_7034
20 Mathematics

41 42 43 44 45 -8 -7 1 2
9. (i) , , , , (ii) , , 0, ,
60 60 60 60 60 9 6 6 6

Text-Book Exercise : 9 10 11 12 13
(iii) , , , ,
3 æ -6 ö æ -8 ö 5 32 32 32 32 32
1. +ç ÷+ç ÷+
7 è 11 ø è 21 ø 22 (There can be many more such rational numbers)
é 3 æ -8 ö ù é -6 5 ù 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
= ê + ç ÷ú + ê + ú 10. , , , , , , , , ,
ë 7 è 21 ø û ë 11 22 û 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160
(by using commutativity and associativity)
(There can be many more such rational numbers)
é 9 + ( -8 ) ù é -12 + 5 ù Exemplar Questions :
=ê +
ë 21 ûú ëê 22 ûú
4 14 2 4 æ 14 3 ö 4
(LCM of 7 and 21 is 21; LCM of 11 and 22 is 22) 1. ´ ¸ = ´ç ´ ÷ = ´7 = 4
7 3 3 7 è 3 2ø 7
1 æ -7 ö 22 - 147 -125
= +ç ÷ = = 2 æ -5 ö 7 2 æ -2 ö -5 2 2 2 7
21 è 22 ø 462 462 2. ´ç ÷ + + ´ç ÷ = ´ - ´ +
3 è 7 ø 3 3 è 7 ø 7 3 7 3 3
-4 3 15 æ -14 ö
2. ´ ´ ´ç ÷ æ -5 2 ö 2 7 2 7 5
5 7 16 è 9 ø = ç - ÷´ + = - + =
è 7 7ø 3 3 3 3 3
æ -4 15 ö é 3 æ -14 ö ù
= ç ´ ÷´ ê ´ç ÷
è 5 16 ø ë 7 è 9 ø úû
(Using commutativity and associativity)
3. .........
Z
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1
O
0 1 2
P
3
So, T is the mid-point of OZ, i.e.
-3 æ -2 ö 1
= ´ç ÷ =
4 è 3 ø 2 0 + ( -5) -5
T= =
-11 2 2
3. (i) 2 (ii)
28
4 249
56 4. 49 ha = ha
4. (i) (ii) –1 5 5
15
-96 1 249 83 3
5. Each share = ´ ha = ha = 16 ha
91 3 5 5 5
6. No, because the product is not 1. 5. (i) L.H.S = a + (b + c)

-5 5 2 é 4 æ -5 ö ù 2 é 24 - 25 ù
7. We first convert and to rational numbers with the = + ê + ç ÷ú = + ê
6 8 3 ë 5 è 6 øû 3 ë 30 úû
same denominators.
2 æ -1 ö 20 - 1 19
= +ç ÷ = =
-5 ´ 4 -20 5 ´ 3 15 3 è 30 ø 30 30
= and =
6´ 4 24 8 ´ 3 24
R.H.S. of (i) = (a + b) + c
-19 -18 -17 14
Thus we have , , ,...... as the rational æ 2 4 ö æ -5 ö æ 10 + 12 ö æ -5 ö
24 24 24 24 =ç + ÷+ç ÷ = ç ÷+ç ÷
-20 15 è 3 5 ø è 6 ø è 15 ø è 6 ø
numbers between and . You can take any ten of
24 24
these. 22 5 44 - 25 19
= - = =
15 6 30 30
–1
8. 2 é 4 æ -5 ö ù æ 2 4 ö æ -5 ö
So, + +ç ÷ = ç + ÷+ç ÷
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
3 êë 5 è 2 ø úû è 4 5 ø è 6 ø
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11
Hence verified.
Rational Numbers 21

(ii) L.H.S = a × (b × c) 142 7 2

11. (i) or 9 (ii)
2 é 4 æ -5 ö ù 15 15 7
= ´ ´ç ÷
3 êë 5 è 6 ø úû 32 41
(iii) (iv)
63 48
2 æ -20 ö 2 æ -2 ö
= ¯ç ÷ = ´ç ÷ 12. 16 pieces.
3 è 30 ø 3 è 3 ø
13. ` 864, ` 720, ` 432
2 ´ ( -2 ) -4
= = 14. 3.2 ° F
3´ 3 9
15. 7
= (a × b) × c
HOTS Questions :
R.H.S. = (a × b) × c
æ 2 4 ö æ -5 ö 2 ´ 4 -5 ( -2 ) 3 5 3 1
= ç ´ ÷´ç ÷ = ´ 1. We have ´ + - ´
è 3 5 ø è 6 ø 3´5 6 3 2 2 5 6

8 æ -5 ö 8 ´ ( -5 ) -40 -4 1 5 3 -30 + 5 ´15 - 3

= ´ç ÷ = = = =- + - =
15 è 6 ø 15 ´ 6 90 9 1 2 30 30
2 é 4 æ - 5 ö ù é 2 4 ù æ -5 ö
So, ´ ´ç ÷ = ´ ´ç ÷ -30 + 75 - 3 42 7
3 êë 5 è 6 ø úû ëê 3 5 ûú è 6 ø = = =
30 30 5
-4
6. lies on the left side of zero while others lie on the right distance
5 2. Speed =
side of zero on the number line. time
7. Let the other rational number be x 1
1 min . = hrs.
– 10 × x = –7 60

-7 7 35 35 1 35
x= ,x = min s. = ´ hrs = hrs.
-10 10 2 2 60 120
Check
7 æ 7 35 ö
-10 ´= -7 . Hence, the result is correct. \ Total time taken = ç + ÷ hrs .
10 è 2 120 ø
8. Associative property
æ 7 ´ 60 + 35 ö
=ç ÷ hrs .
9. x × (y × z) = (x × y) × z è 120 ø
2 5 1 455 131
x= - , y= - , z = = hrs = hrs.
7 6 4 120 24

2 é æ -5 ö æ 1 ö ù é æ 2 ö æ -5 ö ù 1 109
- êç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ú = ê ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ú ´ Speed = km / hr
7 ëè 6 ø è 4 ø û ë è 7 ø è 6 ø û 4 2

2 æ -5 ö æ 10 ö 1 109 131 14279

- ç ÷ =ç ÷´ Distance = ´ km =
7 è 24 ø è 42 ø 4 2 24 48
3. ` 32,000, ` 12,000, ` 16,000
10 10
= (Hence verified). 3
168 168 4. cup
8
7 1
10. (i) 6 (ii) 3
8 3
11 3 88 1
(iii) or 1 (iv) or 29
8 8 3 3
 EBD_7034
22 Mathematics

-230 -230
Þ 21x + 1 = Þ 21x = -1
22 22
-252
Single Option Correct : Þ 21x =
22
192 -192 -192 ¸ 4 -252 -6
1. (b) = = x= =
-168 168 168 ¸ 4 Þ
22 ´ 21 11
-48 -48 ¸ 6 -8
= = = 6. (a) Let the number to be added be x
42 42 ¸ 6 7
7 4
27 -3 ÞÞ +x =
2. (a) We have -x = 12 15
13 7
27 3 189 + 39 228 4 7 16 - 35 -19
x= + Þx= Þx= . x= - = =
13 7 91 91 15 12 60 60

1 1 3 2 3 1
3. (d) = 0.25, = 0.33........ 7. (c) > - and >-
4 3 10 5 10 5
8. (b) Let us consider first rational number be x.
1 1
+ æ 4ö -28
(a) 4 3= 7 = 7 Now, from the equation, ç - ÷ ´ x =
2 12 ´ 2 24 è 9 ø 27

æ 28 ö æ 4 ö æ 28 ö æ -9 ö 7
1 7 1 x = ç - ÷ ¸ ç - ÷ = ç - ÷´ç ÷ =
< < , è 27 ø è 9 ø è 27 ø è 4 ø 3
4 24 3
(b) 0.25 < 0.29 < 0.33 ........ 1 -3
9. (b) – 2 + =
2 2
1 7
+ 8 7 88 - 63 25
(c) 4 24 = 6 + 7 = 13 10. (d) - = =
2 24 ´ 2 48 9 11 99 99

\ all are correct. 7 8 63 - 88 -25

- = =
4. (a) L.C.M. of 13, 11, 9, 7 = 117 × 77 = 9009 11 9 99 99

11 693 7623 9 819 7371 8 7 7 8

´ = , ´ = \ - ¹ -
13 693 9009 11 819 9009 9 11 11 9

7 1001 7007 5 1287 6435 1 é 1 ì æ 1 ö üù

´ = , ´ = 11. (b) 13 2 - ê 4 2 - í3 - çè 2 - 2 ÷ø ý ú
9 1001 9009 7 1287 9009 ë î þû

6435 7007 7371 7623 5 7 9 11

< < < or < < < . 27 é 9 ì æ 4 - 1 ö üù
9009 9009 9009 9009 7 9 11 13 = 2 - ê 2 - í3 - ç 2 ÷ ýú
êë î è ø þúû
3 æ -8 ö æ 5 ö 125
5. (c) + x +ç ÷+ç ÷ =- 27 é 9 ì 3 üù
7 è 21 ø è 22 ø 462 = - ê - í3 - ýú
2 ë 2 î 2 þû
9 + 21x - 8 -125 5
Þ = -
21 462 22 27 é 9 æ 6 - 3 ö ù
- -ç ÷
2 êë 2 è 2 ø úû
=
21x + 1 - (125 + 105 )
Þ = 27 é 9 3 ù 27 é 6 ù
21 462 - - -
= =
2 êë 2 2 úû 2 êë 2 úû
21x + 1 - ( 230 ) 21x + 1 - ( 230 )
Þ = Þ = 21 1
21 462 21 462 = = 10
2 2
Rational Numbers 23

More Than One Option Correct :

-5 + 2 -3 -3 + 21 18
= +3 = +3 = =
7 7 7 7
-12 -6
1. (b, d) Because = is its simplest form
26 13
2 -7 -2 8 2 é -7 æ -8 öù
4. (b) ´ + ´ = ´ +ç ÷
-6 -12 -18
= = and
-7 -5
= 3 10 3 9 3 êë 10 è 9 øúû
13 26 39 28 20
5. (c) Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition.
-1 -7 -5
Because is simplest form of &
4 28 20 2 -8 2 5 2 æ -8 5 ö
6. (a) ´ + ´ = ´ç + ÷
5 9 5 9 5 è 9 9ø
æ -5 2 ö -5 3 -5 10
2. (b, c) ç ¸ ÷ = ´ = =-
è 9 3ø 9 2 6 12 Assertion & Reason :
3. (c, d)
4. (b, d) Let the other number be x 1. (a) Assertion : True, Reason : True.
2. (d) Assertion : True, Reason : Fasle.
-15 -16
´x = 3. (a) Assertion : True, Reason : True.
14 35
1 1 1 9 1
-16 æ -15 ö -16 -14 4>5Þ < Þ < <
x= ¸ç ÷Þx = ´ 4 5 4 40 5
35 è 14 ø 35 15
Multiple Matching Questions :
-16 -2 32
x= ´ =
5 15 75 1. (A) ® (p, r); (B) ® (p, r); (C) ® (p, q, r, s); (D) ® (p, r)
5. (a, b and d)
Integer Type Questions :
6. (a, c and d)
1. (6) x × (y + z) = xy + xz
Passage Based Questions :

3 -7 2 3 2 -7 -4 æ 1 æ - 7 ö ö
1. (a) + + = + + [Commutative Property] L.H.S. x × (y + z) = ´ç + ç ÷÷
5 6 5 5 5 6 3 è 2 è 5 øø

æ 3 2 ö -7 æ 3 + 2 ö -7 -4 æ 1 7 ö -4 æ 5 - 14 ö
= ç + ÷+ =ç ÷+ = ´ç - ÷ = ç ÷
è5 5ø 6 è 5 ø 6 3 è 2 5 ø 3 è 10 ø
[Associative Property]
-4 -9 6
-7 6 + (-7) -1 = ´ =
= 1+ = = 3 10 5
6 6 6

7 11 5 7 5 11 -4 1 -4 æ -7 ö
2. (b) + + = + + R.H.S. xy + xz = ´ + ´ç ÷
3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 3 è 5 ø

[Commutative Properties]
-2 2 -10 + 28 18 6
= + = = =
æ 7 5 ö 11 3 15 15 15 5
=ç + ÷+ [Associative Property]
è 3 3ø 2
æ -4 1 ö æ -7 ö
æ 7 + 5 ö 11 11 8 + 11 19 Denominator of ( x + y ) ´ z = ç + ÷´ç ÷
=ç è 3 2ø è 5 ø
÷+ = 4+ = =
è 3 ø 2 2 2 2
æ -8 + 3 ö æ -7 ö -5 -7 7
=ç ÷´ç ÷ = ´ =
-5 2 -5 2 è 6 ø è 5 ø 6 5 6
3. (d) + 3+ = + +3 [Commutative property]
7 7 7 7 \ unit digit = 6

æ -5 2 ö
=ç + ÷ +3 [Associative Property]
è 7 7ø
 EBD_7034
24 Mathematics

æ 2 5 ö 8 + 25 33 19
2. (8) ç + ÷ = = =
è5 4ø 20 20 5

33 20 So, k = 5
Reciprocal of = 6. (3) It is given that,
20 33
-3 -9
20 Sum of the numbers = and, One of the numbers
Sum of digits of numerator and denominator of 5 20
33
Suppose the other rational number is x. Since the sum is
=2+0+3+3=8 -3
3. (2) Because 5 is not the multiple of 2. 5

45 æ -9 ö -3
4. (5) Product of two numbers = \ x+ç ÷ =
56 è 20 ø 5

-3 æ -9 ö
9 Þ x= -ç ÷
One of them = 5 è 20 ø
7
-3 9 é æ -9 ö 9 ù
45
´x =
9 Þ x= + êQ - çè 20 ÷ø = 20 ú
Let other be x, 5 20 ë û
56 7
( -3 ) ´ 4 + 9 ´ 1
9 45 9 56 Þ x=
x= ¸ = ´ 20
7 56 7 45
( -3 ) ´ 4 + 9 ´ 1 -12 + 9 -3
Other number = 8/5. Denominator = 5. Þ x= = =
20 20 20
æ -4 12 ö æ 3 21 ö 16 3 k= 3
5. (5) ç ´ ÷ + ç ´ ÷ = +
è 3 -5 ø è 7 15 ø 5 5
 Chap
ter Linear Equations in
2 One Variable

INTRODUCTION

A statement of equality of two algebraic expressions involving a variable is called an equation.

In this chapter, we learn how a mathematical problem is converted into an equation and it will be solved to find the solution of
the problem. Solution of an equation can be find out algebrically.
There are many types of equations. But here we study only about Linear equation in one variable.
Forming the equation(s) and solving it, has great use in many branch of mathematics. It is used as a great tool in algebra and has
its application in all spheres of life, be it Finance, Economics, Business, Marketing, Health, Sciences, etc.
 EBD_7034
26 Mathematics
VARIABLE OR UNKNOWN
In an equation, the symbol (letter) whose numerical value can vary is called a variable. Variables are usually denoted by letters
x, y, z .... etc.

LINEAR EQUATION
When two algebraic expressions are connected by the sign of equality (=), they form an equation. e.g. 2 x + 5 = 10 or 2 x + 4 = 6 x + 2
are examples of an equation. There ' x ' is a variable.
Both the above example contain only one variable and the maximum power of variable is one. These type of equations are called linear
equations.

Solution of a Linear Equation oF One Variable

The value of variable which satisfy a given equation is called solution of the equation. The solution is also known as root of the
equation. For e.g., for a linear equation: 2 x - 8 = 0 , x = 4 is a solution or root, because by putting x = 4 in the equation, both sides
of the equation become equal. In other words, x = 2 satisfies equation 2 x - 8 = 0 .

NOTE : Solution of an equation is also known as root of the equation.

ILLUSTRATION : 1
Verify that x = 3 is a solution of equation 3 x + 5 = 14
SOLUTION :
If x = 3 is a solution of the given equation, then by putting x = 3 in the given equation will make both sides of equation equal
\ Put x = 3 in the equation, we get
L. H. S. = 3 ´ 3 + 5 = 9 + 5
= 14 = R H S
Hence x = 3 is a solution of 3x + 5 = 14
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Verify that x = 2 is a solution of 2 x + 3 = 5 x - 6 .
SOLUTION :
By putting x = 2 , we get
L. H. S. = 2 x + 3 = 2 ´ 2 + 3 = 7
R. H. S. = 5 x - 6 = 5 ´ 2 - 6 = 4
So x = 2 is not a solution of 2 x + 3 = 5 x - 6
Rules for Solving a Linear Equation in One Variable
While solving a linear equation, following rules are to be remembered.
(a) Addition/ subtraction of same quantity to/from both sides of an equation does not change the equality
(b) Multiplication by a same number on both sides of an equation does not change the equality
(c) Division by a same non-zero number on both sides of an equation does not change the equality.
(d) Any term may be transposed from one side of equality to another side by changing the sign of the term (from + to –, or from –
to +),
(e) A multiplier may be removed from one side of an equation by making it a divisor on the other side.
(f) A divisor may be removed from one side of an equation by making it a multiplier on the other side.

SOLVING EQUATIONS HAVING VARIABLE TERMS ON ONE SIDE AND NUMBER(S) ON

THE OTHER SIDE
Following examples will illustrate the methnod of solving linear equations in one variable having variable terms on one side and
numbers on the other side.
Linear Equations in One Variable 27

ILLUSTRATION : 3
x 1
Solve the equation : + 11 = and check the result.
5 15
SOLUTION :
x 1 x 1
We have, + 11 = Þ + 11 - 11 = - 11 (Subtracting 11 from both sides)
5 15 5 15
x 1 x 164
Þ = - 11 Þ =-
5 15 5 15
x 164 164
Þ 5´ = 5´ - Þ x =-
5 15 3
164
Thus, x = - is the solution of the given equation.
3
Check
-164
Substituting x = in the given equation, we get
3
x -164 1 -164 -164 + 165 1
L.H.S. = + 11 = ´ + 11 = + 11 = =
5 3 5 15 15 15
1
and, R.H.S =
15
-164
\ L.H.S. = R.H.S. for x =
3
-164
Hence, x = is the solution of the given equation.
3
ILLUSTRATION : 4
1 5
Solve: x- = 6
3 2
SOLUTION :
We have,
1 5
x- = 6
3 2
1 5 5 5 æ 5 ö
Þ x- + = 6+
3 2 2 2 çè Adding on both sides÷ø
2
1 5 1 12 + 5
Þ x = 6+ Þ x=
3 2 3 2
1 17 1 17
Þ x= Þ 3´ x = 3´ (Multiplying both sides by 3)
3 2 3 2
51
Þ x=
2
51
Thus, x = is the solution of the given equation.
2
NOTE : We can check or verify the solution obtained by solving and putting the solution obtained in the equation. If L.H.S. =
R.H.S, then solution is verified.

SOLVING EQUATIONS HAVING THE VARIABLE ON BOTH SIDES

Sometimes both sides of an equation contains both, variable and constants. In such cases, we first transpose (shift) terms containing
variable on R.H.S. to L.H.S. and constant terms on L.H.S. to R.H.S. While transposing, we change the sign of the term and then carry
it to the other side. Following examples will illustrate this method of transposition.
 EBD_7034
28 Mathematics
ILLUSTRATION : 5
8 x 17 5 x
Solve : x + 7 - = -
3 6 8
SOLUTION :
x 7 8 x 17 5 x
+ - = -
1 1 3 6 8

x 8 x 5 x 17 7 é 5x ù
Þ - +
1 3 8
= -
6 1
êë Transposing 8 to L.H.S. and - 7 to R.H.Súû

æ 8x 5x ö æ 17 ö
Þ 24 ç x - + ÷ = 24 ç - 7÷
è 3 8ø è 6 ø [ Multiplying both sides by 24, the LCM of 3, 6 and 8]
Þ 24x – 64x + 15x = 68 – 168
Þ –25x = – 100
-100
Þ x= =4 [Dividing both sides by –25]
-25

ILLUSTRATION : 6
Solve the following linear equation:

x 1 x 1
- = +
2 5 3 4
SOLUTION :
x 1 x 1
- = +
2 5 3 4
æ x ö
Transposing to LHS
x x 1 1 ç 3 ÷
Þ - = + ç ÷
2 3 4 5 ç 1
and – to RHS÷
è 5 ø
3x - 2 x 5 + 4
Þ =
6 20
x 9
Þ =
6 20
9
Þ x= ´6 (Multiplying both sides by 6)
20
27
Þ x=
10
9 1 18 + 5 23
= + = =
10 4 20 20
Therefore, LHS = RHS
ILLUSTRATION : 7
n 3n 5n
Solve : - + = 21
2 4 6
Linear Equations in One Variable 29

SOLUTION :
n 3n 5n 6n - 9n + 10n
- + = 21 Þ = 21 ( LCM (2, 4, 6) = 12)
2 4 6 12
7n 12 12
Þ = 21 Þn = 21´ = 36 (Multiplying both sides by )
12 7 7
CROSS-MULTIPLICATION METHOD
ax + b m
Let equation be of the form : = .
cx + d n
3x + 5 1
Consider the equation = where a = 3, b = 5, c = 2, d = 1, m = 1 and n = 3.
2x + 1 3
Equation is obtained directly by equating the product of numerator of L.H.S. and denominator of R.H.S. to the product of denominator
of L.H.S. and numerator of R.H.S.
3x + 5 1
This can be exhibited as follows : =
2x +1 3
This process of multiplying the mumerator of L.H.S. with the denominator on R.H.S. and equating it to the product of the denominator
on L.H.S. with the numerator on R.H.S. is called cross-multiplication.
ax + b m
So, we can convert an equation of the form = to a linear equation n(ax + b) = m(cx + d).
cx + d n
ILLUSTRATION : 8A
5x - 7
Solve : = 2 and check your solution.
3x
SOLUTION :
5x - 7 5x - 7 2
=2 Þ =
3x 3x 1
Þ (5x – 7) = 2 × 3x Þ 5x – 7 = 6x
Þ 5x – 6x = 7 Þ –x = 7 or x = –7
Check: When x = –7
5 ( -7 ) - 7 -35 - 7 -42
L.H.S. = = = = 2 = R.H.S.
3 ( -7 ) -21 -21

ILLUSTRATION : 9
2x - 1 1- 2x 4 - 3x
Solve : + = 2
x+3 x-3 x -9
SOLUTION :
( 2 x - 1)( x - 3) + (1 - 2 x)( x + 3) = 4 - 3x
x2 - 9 x2 - 9
[Using the identity (a + b)(a – b) = a 2 – b2]

é 2 ù é 2 ù
ë2 x - 6 x - x + 3û + ë x + 3 - 2 x - 6 x û = 4 - 3 x
Þ
x2 - 9 (
x2 - 9 ) Þ 2x2 – 7x + 3 + 3 – 2x2 – 5x = 4 – 3x

Þ –12x + 6 = 4 – 3x Þ –12x + 3x = 4 – 6
2
Þ –9x = –2 Þ x=
9
 EBD_7034
30 Mathematics
WORD PROBLEMS IN THE SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
Working Rule :
(a) Make assumptions using one variable say x.
(b) Express the conditions the problem in symbolic language and form equation in term of x.
(c) Solve the equation and verify the result
ILLUSTRATION : 10
Mohan is three times as old as his son Manoj. Five years later Mohan shall be two and a half times as old as his son. Find present
ages of Mohan and Manoj.
SOLUTION :
Let present ages of Manoj and Mohan are x and 3x years respectively..
5 years later, age of Mohan = (3x + 5) years
5 years later, age of Manoj = (x + 5) years
\ According to question,

1
(3x + 5) = 2 ( x + 5)
2
5
Þ (3x + 5) = ( x + 5)
2
Þ 2(3x + 5) = 5(x + 5)
Þ 6x + 10 = 5x + 25
Þ 6x – 5x = 25 – 10
Þ x = 15
\ Present age of Mohan = 45 years and
present age of Manoj = 15 years.
ILLUSTRATION : 11
The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased by 17 and the
3
denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is . Find the rational number..
2
SOLUTION :
x
Let the rational number be
x+8
According to the question,
x + 17 3
=
x + 8 -1 2
x + 17 3
Þ =
x+7 2
On cross multiplying, we get
2(x + 17) = 3(x + 7)
Þ 2x + 34 = 3x + 21
Þ 34 – 21 = 3x – 2x
Þ x = 13
and x + 8 = 13 + 8 = 21
13
Hence, the rational number is .
21
Linear Equations in One Variable 31

1. Solve: 0.16(5x – 2) = 0.4x + 7

Sol. We have,
0.16(5x – 2) = 0.4x + 7
Þ 0.8x – 0.32 = 0.4x + 7
Þ 0.8x – 0.4x = 0.32 + 7 [Transposing 0.4x to LHS and –0.32 to RHS]
Þ 0.4x = 7.32
0.4 x 7.32
Þ = [Dividing both sides by 0.4]
0.4 0.4

732 183
Þ x= Þ x= = 18.3
40 10
Hence, x = 18.3 is the solution of the given equation.

2x - 3 3x + 4
2. Solve for x : 2 + =
2x + 3 x+2

2(2 x + 3) + (2 x - 3) 3x + 4 4 x + 6 + 2 x - 3 3x + 4
Sol. = Þ =
2x + 3 x+2 2x + 3 x+2

6 x + 3 3x + 4
Þ = Þ (6 x + 3)( x + 2) = (3x + 4)(2 x + 3) (by cross multiplication)
2x + 3 x + 2

Þ 6 x 2 + 3 x + 12 x + 6 = 6 x 2 + 8 x + 9 x + 12 Þ 6 x 2 + 15 x + 6 = 6 x 2 + 17 x + 12

Þ 6 x 2 + 15 x - 6 x 2 - 17 x = 12 - 6 Þ -2 x = 6 (on dividing both sides by –2)

Þ x = –3

3. Solve for y : 1 (3 y + 1) - 1 (5 y + 2) = y - 1
2 3

1 1
Sol. Given equation is (3 y + 1) - (5 y + 2) = y - 1
2 3
To remove fractions, we multiply the equation on both sides by LCM of 2 & 3 i.e.
é1 1 ù
6 ê (3 y + 1) - (5 y + 2) = ( y - 1) ú
ë2 3 û
Þ 3(3 y + 1) - 2(5 y + 2) = 6 y - 6
Þ 9 y + 3 - 10 y - 4 = 6 y - 6
Þ 9 y -10 y - 6 y = - 6 + 4 - 3
Þ -7 y = -5
5
Þ y=
7
 EBD_7034
32 Mathematics

4. Solve the equation : 2 x - 1 - 6 x - 2 = 1

3 5 3
2x - 1 6 x - 2 1
Sol. Given equation is - =
3 5 3
Multiplying both sides by LCM of 3 and 5 i.e. 15
Þ 5(2 x - 1) - 3(6 x - 2) = 5 Þ 10x - 5 - 18x + 6 = 5
Þ -8 x = 5 + 5 - 6 Þ -8 x = 4
4 1
Þx=- =-
8 2
-1
\x = is the solution of given equation.
2
6x - 7 3x + 1
5. Solve for x : =
2x + 1 x+5
6 x - 7 3x + 1
Sol. = , on cross multiplying, we get
2x +1 x + 5
Þ (6 x - 7) ( x + 5) = (3x + 1) (2 x + 1)
Þ 6 x 2 + 30 x - 7 x - 35 = 6 x 2 + 3 x + 2 x + 1
Þ 23x - 3x - 2 x = 35 + 1
Þ 18 x = 36
36
Þx= Þ x=2
18
\ x = 2 is the solution of given equation .
2
6. The sum of two numbers, one of which is times the other, is 50. Find two numbers.
3
Sol. Let one of the number = x

According to question; other number = 2 x

3
2
Now, it is given that x + x = 50
3
5
Þ x = 50
3
50 ´ 3
Þx= = 30
5
\ one number = 30

Other number = 30 ´ 2 = 20
3
7. The length of a rectangle is 4 cm more than the breadth and the perimeter is 11 cm more than the breadth.
Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.

Sol. Let breadth of rectangle = x

\ Length of rectangle = ( x + 4) cm x

Now, perimeter (P) of rectangle = 2 (length + breadth)

= 2( x + x + 4) cm = 2(2 x + 4) = 4 x + 8 x+4
Linear Equations in One Variable 33

According to question,
Perimeter = Breadth + 11
Þ 4 x + 8 = x + 11
Þ 4 x - x = 11 - 8 Þ 3x = 3
Þ x = 1 = Breadth
\ Length = x + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5 cm
Perimeter = Breadth + 11 = 1 + 11 = 12 cm
8. A number consists of two digits. The digit at ten’s place is two times the digit at the unit’s place. The number formed by
reversing the digits, is 27 less than the original number. Find the original number.
Sol. Let the digit at units place = x
\ number at ten’s place = 2x
\ Original number = 10(2 x) + x = (20 x + x)
and, number formed by reversing the digits = 10 x + 2 x
Now, new number = original number – 27
10 x + 2 x = (20 x + x ) - 27
12 x = 21x - 27, Þ 21x - 12 x = 27
27
Þ 9 x = 27, Þ x = =3
9
\ Unit’s digit of original number = 3
Ten’s digit of original number = 2 x = 2 ´ 3 = 6
\ Original number = 10(2 x ) + x = 10 ´ 6 + 3 = 63

9. Divide 300 into two parts so that half of one part may be less than the other by 48.

Sol. Let one part of 300 be ' x ' so other part will be (300 - x).

1
Now, according to the question, x = (300 - x) - 48
2
1
Þ x = 252 - x Þ 504 - 2x = x
2

504
Þ 3x = 504 Þx=
3
Þ x = 168
\ other part = 300 – 168 = 132
10. Saurabh has ` 34 in the form of fifty paise and twenty-five paise coins. If the number of 25 paise coins be twice the number
of 50-paise coins, how many coins of each kind does he have?
Sol. Let the number of 50-paise coins be x. Then, number of 25-paise coins = 2x
50 ´ x x
\ Value of x fifty-paise coins = 50 ´ x paise = ` =`
100 2
50 x x
Value of 2x twenty-five paise coins = 25 × 2x paise = 50x paise = ` =`
100 2

æ x xö
\ Total value of all coins = ` ç + ÷ = ` x
è 2 2ø
But the total value of the money is ` 34 Þ x = 34
Hence, number of 50 paise coins = 34 and number of 25 paise coins = 68.
 EBD_7034
34 Mathematics
11. A boy covers a distance of 25 km in 4 hours partly on foot at the rate of 3.5 km/hr and partly on cycle at 9 km/hr. Find the
distance covered on foot.
Sol. Let the distance covered on foot be x km.
Then, the distance covered on bicycle = (25 – x) km.

æ x ö æ 25 - x ö
Time taken to cover x km at 3.5 km/hr = ç ÷ hours and (25 – x) km at 9 km/hr = ç ÷ hours
è 3.5 ø è 9 ø

x 25 - x
Time taken = + =4
3.5 9

2 x 25 - x 18 x + 175 - 7 x
Þ + =4Þ =4
7 9 63
Þ 11x + 175 = 252 Þ 11x = 77 Þ x = 7
\ Distance covered on foot = 7 km.
12. A motor boat covers a certain distance downstream in a river in five hours. It covers the same distance upstream in five and a
half hours. The speed of water is 1.5 km/hr. Find the speed of the boat in still water?
Sol. Let speed of boat in still water = x km/hr and speed of water = 1.5 km/hr
\ Speed of boat downstream = (x + 1.5) km/hr
\ Distance covered downstream in 1 hour = (x + 1.5) km
\ Distance covered downstream in 5 hours = 5(x + 1.5) = 5x + 7.5 km ...(i)
Speed of boat upstream = (x – 1.5)km/hr
Distance covered upstream in 1 hour = (x – 1.5) km
1 11 æ 11x 16.5 ö
Distance covered upstream in 5 hours = ( x - 1.5) km = ç - km ...(ii)
2 2 è 2 2 ÷ø
Since distance covered is same, we have
11x 16.5
5 x + 7.5 = - (from (i) & (ii))
2 2
Þ 2(5x + 7.5) = 1(11x - 16.5) Þ 10 x + 15.0 = 11x - 16.5
Þ 10 x - 11x = -16.5 - 15
Þ - x = -31.5 Þ x = 31.5
Hence, speed of boat in still water = 31.5 km/hr.
13. The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5% of one number is equal to 8.5% of the other, find the numbers.
Sol. Let the first number be x. And, Second number = 2490 – x
6.5 65 x
Now, 6.5% of the first number = ´x=
100 1000

8.5 85
and, 8.5% of the second number = ´ (2490 - x) = (4290 - x)
100 1000
According to the question
65 x 85
\ = (2490 - x)
1000 1000
Þ 65x = 85 (2490 – x) [Multiplying gboth sides by 1000]
Þ 65x + 85x = 2490 × 85
2490 ´ 85
Þ x= = 1411
150
\ First number = 1411, Second number = 2490 – 1411 = 1079
Linear Equations in One Variable 35

Fill in the Blanks : Match the Columns :

DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in
1 1 column II.
1. If - x = , then x = ____________
2 2
Column-I Column-II
2. If 5x = 5, then x = _____________
3. If x + a = b, then x = ____________ 1. (A) Solution of 2x – 3 = 7 is (p) –8
15
x (B) Solution of - 7 x = 9 is (q) 0.6
4. If = b , then x = _____________ 4
a y 3
(C) Solution of 1.6 = is (r) -
5. If 5 less than a number is 72 then the number is _________. 1.5 4
(D) Solution of
3( p - 1) (s) 5
6. Solution of the equation - = 2 is __________. 0.25(4t–3) = 0.05(10t – 9) is
10 (E) 3x + 4 2
Solution of = - is (t) 2.4
7. Solution of 0.18(5x – 4) = 0.5x + 0.8 is ___________. 2- 6x 5
8. An equation involving only __________ variable is called
a linear equation. Very Short Answer Questions :

True / False : DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.

1. Find the value of ‘p’, if x = 2 and y = 1, is a solution of the
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your equation 2x + 3y = p
answer as true or false. 2. When driven in town, a car runs x kilometres on each litre
of petrol.
1. When a number is divided by 9, it is diminished by 56. Find, in terms of x, the number of litres of petrol used when
Then, the number is 47. the car is driven 200 km in town.
2. A number which satisfies the given equation is called 2x + 1 3
3. Find the solution of = .
solutions or root of the equation. 3x - 1 2
3. Statements which are written in the form ax + b < 0, ax + b 4. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3: 4, then find the
£ 0, ax + b > 0 or ax + b ³ 0 are called linear in equations. difference between the greatest and smallest angles
1 1
5 5. If x = , then find the value of x +
4. The solution of the equation 2x + 5 = 0 is . 2 1
2 1+
1
5. An equation altered if we multiply or divide both sides of 1+
x
the equation by the same non-zero number. 1 1
6. If x - = 2- , then x is equal to ?
6. The two numbers whose sum is 28 and difference is 4 are 18 x-2 x-2
and 10. 7. Find three even consecutive integers whose sum is 90.
7. The solution of the equation 1 2
8. Find the value of S in +S= .
7 4 3 5
5 x - 2(2 x - 7) = 2(3 x - 1) + is .
2 5 9. Find the value of d if 5 –
2d + 7
= 0 is
8. When we divide 4500 into two parts such that 5% of the 9
first part is equal to 10% of the second part, then the first 10. Given that –0.3k + 2.1 = 0.4k, the value of k = ?
part and second part is 3000, 1500.
 EBD_7034
36 Mathematics
12. Write the equations for the following statements:
Short Answer Questions :
(i) A number increased by 34 gives 86.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences. (ii) Twice a number equals 20.
1. Solve the following equations : (iii) Half of a number is 16.
(iv) Five times Romi’s age equals 100 years.
2x - 3 5x + 2
(i) +1 = (v) Eight times a number added to 2 gives 60.
2 3

x-5 3 - 2x 3( x - 5)
+1 = 13. Solve = 12.
(ii) 7
4 7
14. Find the number if one-fourth of which is 8 more than 5.
5x + 3 4x - 1
(iii) - =2 15. (i) Seven times a number is 49. What is the number?
3 4
(ii) One and half times of a number is 300, find the number.
2. Solve the equation:
t 2t 3t 5t 11t
+ - = + +4 16. Solve the equation : 2 x - 1 - 6 x - 2 = 1
2 3 4 6 12 3 5 3

3. If two-thirds of a number is greater than one-fourth of the –4 3

17. y = – , then y = ?
number by 5, find the number. 3 4
18. A number consists of two digits. The digit in the ten’s
4. A man left one-fourth of his money to his wife, two fifth to
place exceeds the digit in the unit’s place by 4. The sum
his son and donated balance amount of ` 210000 to a
charitable fund. How much money did he have? How much 1
of the digits is of the number. Find the number..
money was received by his wife and son separately? 7

5. Three numbers are in the ratio 1:2:3 and their sum is 120. Long Answer Questions :
Find the numbers.
6. If the side of chess board is smaller than its perimeter by 24 DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
cm, then find the side of the chess board.
1. Solve for y : 1 (3 y + 1) - 1 (5 y + 2) = y - 1
7. A number is such that it is as much greater than 112 as it is 2 3
less is than it. Find the number. 2. Find the value of n such that
8. When seventh part of a number is increased by 2 and fifth 2 æ 1+ n ö 1 4
part of the same number is decreased by 4, they become (4n - 1) - ç 2n - ÷= n+ .
3 è 3 ø 3 3
equal. Find the number.
x - 4 2x - 3 5x - 32 x + 9
9. Solve the following equation for given variable: 3. Solve, + = –
3 35 9 28
x 70 - x 4. Solve the following:
(i) + = 19 (ii) 8 (x + 40) = 1.5 (2x + 8).
10 2
1 1 5
10. Solve for x (x + 1) + (x – 1) = (x – 2)
2 3 12
(i) 12 (3 – x) = 48
(ii) 2x + (x + 1) + (x + 2) = 103 2 4 –6
5. Find the solution for – =
x 7 x+3 x –3 x+3
(iii) +1= .
3 15 6. The sum of three numbers is 98. The ratio of the first to the
11. Form equations and solve the following statements: 5
2
(i) Thrice a number equals 60. What is the number? second is and the ratio of the second to the third is .
3 8
(ii) 60 subtracted from a number gives 52. What is the Find the second number.
number? 7. The difference between two natural numbers is 96. If the
(iii) Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 8. If their sum is 130, larger number is divided by the smaller one, then the quotient
then find the numbers. is 6 and the remainder is 11. Find the numbers.
Linear Equations in One Variable 37

8. A number consists of two digits. The digit at ten’s place is 11. Two trains, one travelling 15 km/hr faster than the other,
two times the digit at the unit’s place. The number formed leave the same station at the same time, one travelling east
by reversing the digits, is 27 less than the original number. and the other west. At the end of 6 hours they are 570 km
Find the original number. apart. What is the speed of each train?
9. 300 is divided into two parts such that half of one part is 12. The perimeter of a rectangle is 40cm. The ratio of its side is
less than the other by 48. Find the two parts. 2 : 3. Find its length & breadth.
10. One number is three times another. If the larger number is 13. A lady has 25 p and 50 p coins in her purse. If in all she has
subtracted from 60, the result is 5 less than the smaller number 40 coins totalling `.12.50, find the number of coins of each
subtracted from 55. Find the numbers. type she has.

14. The organisers of an essay competition decide that a winner

Text-Book Exercise : in the competition gets a prize of `100 and a participant who
1. 8x + 4 = 3 (x – 1) + 7 does not win gets a prize of `25. The total prize money
distributed is `3,000. Find the number of winners, if the
4
2. x = (x + 10) total number of participants is 63.
5
15. There is a narrow rectangular plot, reserved for a school, in
2x 7x Mahuli village. The length and breadth of the plot are in the
3. +1 = +3
3 15 ratio 11:4. At the rate ` 100 per metre it will cost the village
panchayat ` 75000 to fence the plot. What are the
5 26
4. 2y + = -y dimensions of the plot?
3 3
16. Hasan buys two kinds of cloth materials for school uniforms,
8 shirt material that costs him `50 per metre and trouser
5. 3m = 5m -
5 material that costs him `90 per metre. For every 3 metres of
the shirt material, he buys 2 metres of the trouser material.
8x 17 5x
6. x +7- = - He sells the materials at 12% and 10% profit respectively.
3 6 2 His total sale is `36,600. How much trouser material did he
3t - 2 2t + 3 2 buy?
7. - = -t
4 3 3
Exemplar Questions :
m -1 m-2
8. m- =1 -
2 3 1. A steamer goes downstream from one point to another in 7
hours. It covers the same distance upstream in 8 hours. If
9. 0.25(4f - 3) = 0.05(10f - 9)
the speed of stream be 2 km/hr, find the speed of the steamer
10. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363. Find in still water and the distance between the ports.
these multiples. 2. Distance between two stations A and B is 690 km. Two cars
11. Deveshi has a total of `590 as currency notes in the start simultaneously from A and B towards each other, and
denominations of `50, `20 and `10. The ratio of the number the distance between them after 6 hours is 30 km. If the
of `50 notes and `20 notes is 3:5. If she has a total of 25 speed of one car is less than the other by 10 km/hr, find the
notes, how many notes of each denomination she has? speed of each car.
12. Baichung’s father is 26 years younger than Baichung’s 3. 1 –(x – 2) – [(x – 3) – (x – 1)] = 0
grandfather and 29 year solder than Baichung. The sum of 3t - 2 2t + 3 7
the ages of all the three is 135 years. What is the age of each 4. + =t+
3 2 6
one of them?
5. 4 (3p + 2) – 5(6p –1) = 2(p – 8) – 6(7p – 4)
5
13. A rational number is such that when you multiply it by 6. `13500 are to be distributed among Salma, Kiran and Jenifer
2
2 7 in such a way that Salma gets `1000 more than Kiran and
and add to the product, you get - . What is the Jenifer gets `500 more than Kiran. Find the money received
3 12
number? by Jenifer.
 EBD_7034
38 Mathematics
7. The volume of water in a tank is twice of that in the other. If 2. Advanced purchase tickets to an art exhibition cost `4,
we draw out 25 litres from the first and add it to the other, while tickets purchased at the door cost `6. If a total of 150
the volumes of the water in each tank will be the same. Find tickets were sold and `680 was collected, how many
the volume of water in each tank. advanced purchase tickets were sold?
8. Find a number whose fifth part increased by 30 is equal to
its fourth part decreased by 30. 3. An alloy of silver and gold weighs 90 gm in air and 84 gm in
a liquid. Assuming that silver loses one – tenth of its weight
9. Two equal sides of a triangle are each 4m less than three
in the liquid and that gold loses one–nineteenth of its
times the third side. Find the dimensions of the triangle, if
its perimeter is 55m. weight. Find the weight of each metal in the alloy.
10. Anima left one-half of her property to her daughter, one- 4. Simplify the following linear equations, then solve them:
third to her son and donated the rest to an educational
institute. If the donation was worth `1,00,000, how much 7y - 2 3 + 7y
(i) =
money did Anima have? 5y - 1 4 + 5y
11. A man was engaged as typist for the month of February in
2009. He was paid `500 per day but `100 per day were 1 1 2
deducted for the days he remained absent. He received `9,100 (ii) + =
a + 2 a + 1 a + 10
as salary for the month. For how many days did he work?
12. For what value of x is the perimeter of shape 77 cm? 0.1 æ 2 ö
(iii) x - 5 ç 0.2x - ÷ = 3x
2 è 25 ø
(x + 1) (x + 1)

19.5x - 32.5 æ 13x - 26 ö

5. 6.5x + = 6.5x + 13 + ç ÷
2 è 2 ø
(x + 2) (2x + 1)
6. (3x - 8)(3x + 2) - (4 x - 11)(2 x + 1) = (x - 3)(x + 7)

(2x + 2)
4x + 17 13x - 2 x 7x x + 16
7. Solve: - + = -
18 17x - 32 3 12 36
HOTS Questions : 8. Divide `1380 among Ahmed, John and Babita so that the
1. A man has a certain number of 5–rupee coins, 2– rupee among Ahmed receives in 5 times as much as Babita’s share
coins, 1–rupee coins and 50–paise coins. The number of and is 3 times as much as John’s share.
5– rupee coins is 7 less than 2–rupee coins, the number of 9. The length of a rectangle exceeds its breadth by 4 cm. If
1– rupee coins is 15 more than 5–rupee coins and the number
length and breadth are each increased by 3 cm, the area of
of 50–paise coins is twice the number of 2–rupee coins. If a
the new rectangle will be 81 cm2 more than that of the givne
man has ` 198 in all, find the number of coins of each
denomination. rectangle. Find the length and breadth of the given rectangle.

x x x
Single Option Correct : 2. If + + = p + q + r , then x =
pq qr pr
pq
(a) pqr (b)
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. r
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which p q
(c) (d)
ONLY ONE is correct. qr pr
12 x + 1 13 x - 1
1 1 3. The equation = + 3 is true for
1. If + = 0 , then x = 4 5
x +1 x + 4 1
1 1 (a) x = (b) x = 2
(a) 2 (b) -2 8
2 2 5 3
(c) 3 (d) – 3 (c) x = (d) x =
8 4
Linear Equations in One Variable 39

4 5 (a) 25 (b) 62
4. The root of equation = is
2 z - 3 3z - 2 (c) 26 (d) 52
(a) – 7/2 (b) 7/2 th
æ4ö
(c) 3/2 (d) – 3/2 2. Divide 34 into two parts in such a way that ç ÷ of one
5. The sum of two numbers is 90 and the greater number è7ø
th
exceeds thrice the smaller number by 14. The number is æ 2ö
part is equal to ç ÷ of the other..
(a) 18, 72 (b) 19, 71 è5ø
(c) 20, 70 (d) 15, 75 (a) 10 (b) 24
6. A boat covers a certain distance downstream in 3 hours,
(c) 14 (d) 20
and it covers the same distance upstream in 5 hours. If the
speed of the boat in still water is 8 km / hr, then the speed of 3. The numerator of a fraction is 4 less than the denominator.
the stream is If 1 is added to both its numerator and denominator, it
(a) 1 km/hr (b) 1.5 km/hr becomes 1/2. Which of the following is the multiple of the
(c) 2 km/hr (d) 3 km/hr denominator?
7. Two numbers are in the ratio 5 : 3. If they differ by 18, then.
(a) 6 (b) 14
The numbers are
(a) 45 , 27 (b) 25, 15 (c) 7 (d) 10
(c) 35 , 21 (d) 65 , 39 4. Shikhaa has Piggy bank. It is full of one-rupee and fifty-
8. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 8 is 888, then paise coins. It contains 3 times as many fifty paise coins as
multiples are one rupee coins. The total amount of the money in the
(a) 160, 168, 176 (b) 288, 296, 304 bank is ` 35. How many coins of each kind are there in the
(c) 320, 328, 336 (d) 264, 272, 280.
bank?
9. The ages of Rahul and Haroon are in the ratio 5 : 7. If four
years later, the sum of their ages will be 56 years, then (a) 14 (b) 16
Rahul’s present age is (c) 48 (d) 42
(a) 28 years (b) 26 years
(c) 20 years (d) 18 years 5. The sum of two numbers is 45 and their ratio is 7 : 8. Find
10. A bag contains 50P, 25P and 10P coins in the ratio 2:3:4: the numbers.
amounting to ` 129. Find the number of coins of each type (a) 21 (b) 24
(a) 120,180,240 (b) 180,150,200 (c) 25 (d) 20
(c) 200,180,120 (d) 180,200,140
11. Sum of the digits of a two digit number is 9. When we 6. Two numbers are such that the ratio between them is 3:5. If
interchange the digits, it is found that the resulting two each is increased by 10, the ratio between the new numbers
digit new number is greater than the original number by 27. so formed is 5:7. Find the original numbers.
Then the two digit number is (a) 12 (b) 20
(a) 63 (b) 36
(c) 45 (d) 54 (c) 25 (d) 15
12. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its 7. The age of a man is same as his wife’s age with the digits
numerator by 8. If the numerator is increased by 17 and the reversed. Then sum of their ages is 99 years and the man is
3 9 years older than his wife. The age of man and his wife is
denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is .
2 (a) 50 years (b) 45 years
Then the rational number is
13 20 (c) 54 years (d) 44 years
(a) (b) 8. Two angles in a triangle are in the ratio 4 : 5. If the sum of
20 13
these angles is equal to the third angle, then the angles are
21 13
(c) (d) (a) 180° (b) 40°
13 21
(c) 50° (d) 90°
More Than One Option Correct : 9. The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5% of one number is
equal to 8.5% of the other, the numbers are
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (a) 1311 (b) 1411
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (c) 1089 (d) 1079
ONE or MORE may be correct.
10. The length of a rectangle is 6 m less than three times its
1. One of the two digits of a two digit number is three times breadth. The length and breadth of the rectangle if its
the other digit. If you interchange the digits of this 2-digit perimeter is 148 m, is
number and add the resulting number to the original number, (a) 54 m (b) 30 m
you get 88. The original number is
(c) 40 m (d) 20 m
 EBD_7034
40 Mathematics
5 -1
Passage Based Questions : 4. Assertion : x + 11 = 1 is a linear equation.
3
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph (s) and answer the Reason : In a linear equation power of x cannot be negative.
following questions. 7
5. Assertion : x + 9x = 3 is not a linear equation.
4
PASSAGE-I Reason : Linear equation involves only linear polynomials.
Twenty years ago, my age was one-third of what it is now.
1. My present age is Multiple Matching Questions :
(a) 66 years (b) 30 years
(c) 33 years (d) 36 years
2. My age twenty years ago is DIRECTIONS : Following question has statements (A, B, C, D)
(a) 40 years (b) 15 years given in Column-I and statements (p, q, r, s) in Column-II. Any
(c) 22 years (d) 10 years given statement in Column-I can have correct matching with
3. Ratio of my present age to age twenty years ago is one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
1. Find the value of x.
(c) 3 : 1 (d) 1 : 2
Column-I Column-II
PASSAGE-II
A rectangle has a perimeter of 60 cm. (A) 8x + 4 = 3 (x – 1) + 7 (p) 2
4. If length and breadth of rectangle is (k + 4) cm and 3x - 2 2x + 3 2
(3k – 2) cm respectively, then value of k is (B) - = -x (q) 13
4 3 3
(a) 7 (b) 9
(c) 12 (d) 29 (C) 3 (5x – 7) – 2(9x – 11) (r) 0
5. The length and breadth of the rectangle is = 4(8x – 13) – 17
(a) 11, 7 (b) 11, 19
(c) 19, 20 (d) 23, 11 x + 17 3
(D) = (s) 0 < x < 4
6. If perimeter of rectangle is equal to perimeter of square, x+7 2
then side of square is
(a) 60 cm (b) 18 cm Integer Type Questions :
(c) 225 cm (d) 15 cm

Assertion & Reason : DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion 0 to 9.
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the 1. What must be subtracted from each term of the ratio 4 : 7,
question on the basis of following options. You have to select so that the ratio becomes 2 : 5 ?
the one that best describes the two statements.
2. A’s age is twice that of B, B’s age is twice that of C and C’s
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is age is twice that of D. If the average of the ages of A, B, C
the correct explanation of Assertion. and D is 15 years, then what is the present age of D?
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is 3. A man can row at 8 kmph in still water. If the river is running
not the correct explanation of Assertion. at 2 kmph, it takes him 48 minutes to row to a place and
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. back. How far is the place ?
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 4. The figure shows a cuboid with a volume of 180 cm3.
1. Assertion : The length of rectangle exceeds its breadth by
4 cm. If length and breadth are each increased by 3cm, the
area of the new rectangle will be 81cm2 more than that of 4 cm
given rectangle. Length and breadth are 14 and 10 cm
respectively.
Reason : Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth.
4 3 9 cm
2. Assertion : x + 4 = x is a linear equation.
5 4
Reason : Four-fifth of a number is more than three fourth of (P + 3) cm
the number by 4 is a statement of linear equation.
8 6x - 2 What is the value of p?
3. Assertion : 4x + = is a linear equation.
9 8 a ( x - b) b ( x - a)
Reason : Solution of the equation is –2. 5. If + = 1 , then x =
a -b b-a
Linear Equations in One Variable 41

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

Match the Columns :

1. (A) ® (s); B ® (r); (C) ® (t); (D) ® (q); (E) ® (p)

Fill in the Blanks : Very Short Answer Questions :

1. 0 2. 1 3. b–a 1. 2(2) + 3(1) = p
4. a×b 5. 77 6. – 15 Þ p=7
7. 3.8 8. linear 200
2.
True/False : x

1. False 2. True 3. True 2x + 1 3

3. Þ =
5 3x - 1 2
4. False : The solution of the equation 2x + 5 = 0 is x = - . Þ 4x + 2 = 9x – 3
2
Þ x=1
5. False : An equation remains unaltered if we multiply or divide
4. 2x + 3x + 4x = 180°
both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
9x = 180°
6. False : Let one number be x
x = 20°
Other number = 28 – x
Difference = 4x – 2x = 2x = 2 × 20° = 40°.
Þ x - (28 - x) = 4 Þ x - 28 + x = 4
Þ 2 x = 28 + 4 Þ 2 x = 32 Þ x = 16 1 1 1 1 1
5. x+ = + = +
One number is 16 1 2 1 2 1+ 1
1+ 1+ 1+ 2
Other number is (28 – x) = 28 – 16 = 12. 1 1
1+ 1+
7 x 1
7. False : 5 x - 2(2 x - 7) = 2(3 x - 1) + 2
2
7
Þ 5 x - 4 x + 14 = 6 x - 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 3 2+3 5
2 = + = +4 = + = =
2 1+ 1 2 2 4 4 4
7 3 3
Þ x + 14 = 6 x - 2 +
2
1 1
7 -4 + 7 - 28 6. x- = 2-
Þ x - 6 x = -2 + - 14 Þ -5 x = x-2 x-2
2 4
1 1
-25 5 Þx = 2- + Þ x=2
Þ -5 x = Þx= x-2 x-2
4 4
8. True : Let first part be x 7. The three consecutive even integers are x, x + 2, x + 4.
Second part = 4500 – x x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 90
Now, 5% of x = 10% of (4500 – x) 3x + 6 = 90
x = 28
5 10
´x = (4500 - x ) \ The required numbers are 28, 30 and 32.
100 100
Þ 5x = 10(4500 – x) 1 2
8. +S=
Þ 5x = 45000 – 40x 3 5
45000 2 1 1
15x = 45000 Þ x = = 3000
– ÞS= .
15 S=
5 3 15
First part = x = 3000
Second part = (4500 – x) = 4500 – 3000 = 1500
 EBD_7034
42 Mathematics

2d + 7 x x
9. 5– =0 Thus, +2 = – 4 Þ x = 105
9 7 5
Þ 45 – 2d – 7 = 0 9. (i) x = 40.
(ii) x = –61.6.
Þ 38 = 2d Þ d = 19
10. (i) x = –1
10. – 0.3 k + 2.1 = 0.4 k (ii) x = 25
Þ 2.1 = 0.4k + 0.3k -8
(iii) x = .
2.1 5
Þ k= =3
0.7 11. (i) 3x = 60, where x = 20.
(ii) x – 60 = 52, where x = 112.
Short Answer Questions : (iii) 5x + 8x = 130, where x = 50 and 80.
12. (i) x + 34 = 86, where x is a number.
7 47 9 (ii) 2x = 20, where x is a number.
1. (i) x = - ; (ii) x = ; (iii) x =
4 15 8 x
2. t = –3 (iii) = 16, where x is a number..
2
3. 12
(iv) 5y = 100, where y is Romi’s age.
4. Let the man had ` x with him.
(v) 8x + 2 = 60, where x is a number.
x 13. x = 33.
Wife received = ` and
4 14. 52
2x 15. (i) The number is 7.
Son received = ` (ii) The number is 200.
5
æ x 2x ö 7x 16. Given equation is 2 x - 1 - 6 x - 2 = 1
\ The amount left with the man = ` ç x - - ÷ = ` 3 5 3
è 4 5 ø 20
According to the question, Multiplying both sides by LCM of 3 and 5 i.e. 15
7x 210000 ´ 20 Þ 5(2 x - 1) - 3(6 x - 2) = 5
= 210000 Þ x = = 6,00,000
20 7
Hence, Man has ` 6,00,00. Þ 10x - 5 - 18x + 6 = 5
1 Þ -8 x = 5 + 5 - 6 Þ -8 x = 4
Wife received = 600000 × = ` 1,50,000
4 4 1
Þx=- =-
2 8 2
Son received = 600000 × = ` 2,40, 000
5
5. Let the numbers be x, 2x and 3x. -1
\x = is the solution of given equation.
According to the question, 2
x + 2x + 3x = 120
120 4 3
6x = 120 Þ x = = 20 17. – y=–
6 3 4
Hence, numbers are 20, 40 and 60.
6. Side =8 cm –3 æ –3 ö 9
y= ´ç ÷ = .
7. If the number is x. 4 è 4ø 16
then x – 112 = 112 – x 18. Let the digit in the unit’s place = x
Þ 2x = 224 Þ x = 112
Let the digit in the ten’s place = x + 4
8. Let the required number be x.
x \ The number is
Seventh part of a number = 10(x + 4) + x = 10x + 40 + x = 11x + 40
7
x Sum of the digits = x + x + 4 = 2x + 4
When it is increased by 2, it becomes +2
7 1
x Given, 2x + 4 = (11x + 40)
Fifth part of a number = 7
5 Þ 14x + 28 = 11x + 40 Þ 3x = 12 Þ x = 4
x \ The number is 11 × 4 + 40 = 44 + 40 = 84.
When it is decreased by 4, it becomes –4
5
Linear Equations in One Variable 43

Long Answer Questions : x x 5x –10 1 1

+ – = + –
2 3 12 12 3 2
1 1
1. Given equation is (3 y + 1) - (5 y + 2) = y - 1
2 3 6x + 4x – 5x –10 + 4 – 6
=
To remove fractions, we multiply the equation on both sides 12 12
by LCM of 2 & 3 i.e. 5x –12
=
é1 1 ù 12 12
6 ê (3 y + 1) - (5 y + 2) ú = 6( y - 1
ë2 3 û 5x
= –1
Þ 3(3 y + 1) - 2(5 y + 2) = 6 y - 6 12

Þ 9 y + 3 - 10 y - 4 = 6 y - 6 –12
x= .
5
Þ 9 y -10 y - 6 y = - 6 + 4 - 3
2 4 –6
Þ -7 y = -5 5. – =
x+3 x –3 x+3
5
Þ y= 2 ( x – 3) – 4 ( x + 3) –6
7 Þ =
( x + 3)( x – 3) x+3
2 æ 1+ n ö 1 4
2. (4n - 1) - ç 2 n – ÷ = n+
3 è 3 ø 3 3 2x – 6 – 4x – 12 –6
Þ =
(x + 3) (x – 3) ( x + 3)
2 æ 6n - 1 - n ö 1 4
(4n - 1) - ç ÷ = n+
3 è 3 ø 3 3 –2x – 18
2(4n – 1) – (5n – 1) = n + 4 Þ = –6
x–3
8n – 2 – 5n + 1 = n + 4
Þ –2x – 18 = –6x + 18
(8n – 5n) + (–2 + 1) = n + 4
Þ 4x = 36 Þ x = 9.
3n – 1 = n + 4
6. Let three numbers are x1, x2 and x3
3n – n = 4 + 1
Then
2n = 5
x1 : x2 = 2 : 3
5 x2 : x3 = 5 : 8
n=
2 Þ x1 : x2 : x3 = 10 : 15 : 24
Þ 10x + 15x + 24x = 98
x - 4 2x - 3 5x - 32 x + 9
3. + = – 49x = 98
3 35 9 28
x= 2
Multiplying throughout by 9, we have x2 = 15x = 30
18x - 27 9 x + 81 7. Let the two numbers are x and y and assume that x > y
3x – 12 + = 5x – 32 – Thus, x – y = 96 … (i)
35 28
and x = 6y + 11
18x - 27 9 x + 81 But x = 96 + y ( Q From (i))
transposing, + = 2x – 20
35 28 \ 96 + y = 6y + 11
Now clear of fractions by multiplying by 5 × 7 × 4 or 140 Þ 96 – 11 = 5y
thus 72x – 108 + 45x + 405= 280x –2800 Þ 85 = 5y
Þ y = 17
\ 2800 - 108 + 405 = 280x – 72x – 45x
and x = 96 + 17 = 113
\ 3097 = 163x
8. Let the digit at units place = x
\ x = 19
\ number at ten’s place = 2x
1 1 5
4. (x + 1) + (x – 1) = (x – 2) \ the original number
2 3 12
= 10(2 x ) + x = (20 x + x )
x 1 x 1 5x 10 Now, number formed by reversing the digits = 10 x + 2 x
+ + – = –
2 2 3 3 12 12 Now, new number = original number – 27
 EBD_7034
44 Mathematics

10 x + 2 x = (20 x + x ) - 27 3. x = 10

12 x = 21x - 27, Þ 21x - 12 x = 27 7

4. y=
3
27
Þ 9 x = 27, Þ x = =3
9 4
Unit’s digit of original number = 3 5. m=
\ 5
Ten’s digit of original number = 2 x = 2 ´ 3 = 6 6. x = –5
\ Original number = 10(2 x) + x = 10 ´ 6 + 3 = 63 7. t=2
9. Let one part of 300 be ' x ' so other part will be (300 - x). 7
8. m=
1 5
Now, according to the question, x = (300 - x) - 48
2 9. f = 0.6
1 10. Take three consecutive multiples of 11 as x, x + 11 and x + 22.
Þ x = 252 - x Þ 504 - 2x = x Sum of these consecutive multiples of 11 = 363.
2
\ x + (x + 11) + (x + 22) = 363
504 or x + x + 11 + x + 22 = 363
Þ 3x = 504 Þ x =
3 or 3x + 33 = 363
Þ x = 168 or 3x = 363 – 33
\ other part = 300 – 168 = 132 or 3x = 330
10. Let the smaller number = x 330
Larger number subtracted from 60 = 60 – 3x or x =
3
Smaller number subtracted from 55 = 55 – x
Hence, the three consecutive multiples are 110, 121, 132.
Solution is x = 5 (smaller no.)
11. Let the number of `50 notes and `20 notes be 3x and 5x,
11. Speed of fast train = (x + 15) km/hr
respectively.
Distance travelled by slow train = 6x
But she has 25 notes in total.
Distance travelled by fast train = 6 (x+15)
Therefore, the number of `10 notes = 25 – (3x + 5x) = 25 – 8x
Total distance = 6x + 6(x + 15) = 570
The amount she has
So, speed of fast train = 55 km/hr
from `50 notes : 3x × 50 = `150x
12. Let length & breadth be 2x cm & 3x cm respectively.
from `20 notes : 5x × 20 = `100x
According to problem, from `10 notes : (25 – 8x) × 10 = `(250 – 80x)
2 (x + y) = 40 .............. (1) Hence the total money she has =150x + 100x + (250 – 80x)
= `(170x + 250)
y 2
and = .............. (2) now, 170x + 250 = 590
x 3 or 170x = 590 – 250 = 340
on solving, x = 12, y = 8
340
\ length be 12 cm. & breadth be 8 cm. or x = =2
170
13. Let the lady has x coins of 25 p and (40 – x) coins of 50 p. The number of ` 50 notes she has = 3x
Then acc. to problem = 3×2=6
25 x + 50 (40 – x) = 1250 ......... (2) The number of ` 20 notes she has = 5x = 5 × 2 = 10
Solving for x, we get The number of ` 10 notes she has =25 – 8x
= 25 – (8 × 2) = 25 – 16 = 9
x = 30 (25 P coins) & y = 10 ( 50 P coins)
12. Baichung’s age: 17 years; Baichung’s father’s age: 46 years;
Baichung’s grandfather’s age = 72 years
1
13. -
2
14. 19
Text-Book Exercise :
15. Length = 275 m; breadth = 100 m
1. x= 0 16. 200 m
2. x = 40
Linear Equations in One Variable 45

Exemplar Questions : According to question,

4x + 6 ( 150 – x) = 680
1. Let speed of steamer in still water = x km/hr
Speed of stream = 2 km/hr On solving, we get
Speed downstream = (x + 2) km/hr x = 110
Speed upstream = (x – 2) km/hr 3. Weight of silver = x gm
Distance covered in 7 hours while downstream = 7(x + 2) Weight of gold = (90 – x) gm
Distance covered in 8 hours while upstream = 8(x – 2) x
Weight lost by silver = gm
According to the condition, 10
7(x + 2) = 8(x – 2) 1
7x + 14 = 8x – 16 Weight lost by gold = (90 - x)gm
19
x = 30 km/hr
Total Distance = 7(x + 2) km 9x 18(90 - x)
Given, + = 84
= 7(30 + 2) km 10 19
= 7 × 32 km 1 -26
= 224 km 4. (i) y= (ii) a=
2 17
2. Let speed of faster car = x km/hr
Then speed of other = (x – 10) km/hr 8
(iii) x = .
Let 1st one start from A and other from B. 79
M and N be their position after 6 hours. 5. x = –2.8
6. x= 4
A M N B
AM = 6x,BN = 6(x –10) 4x + 17 13x - 2 x 7x x + 16
7. - + = -
According to condition, 18 17x - 32 3 12 36
6x + 6x – 60 + 30 = 690
4x + 17 7x x + 16 x 13x - 2
12x = 690 + 30 Þ - + + =
18 12 36 3 17x - 32
12x = 720
x = 60 km/hr Multiplying both sides by 36 i.e., the LCM of 18, 12, 36 and
Speed of other car = 50 km/hr. 3, we get
3. x= 5 4x + 17 7x x + 16
36 ´ - 36 ´ + 36 ´
1 18 12 36
4. t=
3
x æ 13x - 2 ö
+36 ´ = 36 ´ ç ÷
-5 3 è 17x - 32 ø
5. P=
22
æ 13x - 2 ö
6. `4500 Þ 2(4x + 17) - 3 ´ 7x + x + 16 + 12x = 36 ´ ç ÷
7. 50l, 100l è 17x - 32 ø
8. 1200
æ 13x - 2 ö
9. 9 m, 23 m, 23 m Þ 8x + 34 - 21x + x + 16 + 12x = 36 ´ ç ÷
è 17x - 32 ø
10. `3,00,000
11. 20 days [By cross-multiplication]
12. x = 10 cm
æ 13x - 2 ö
Þ 50 = 36 ´ ç ÷
HOTS Questions : è 17x - 32 ø

1. No. of 2–rupee coins = 25 Þ 50 ´ (17 x - 32) = 36(13x - 2)

No. of 5–rupee coins = 18 Þ 850x – 468x = 1600 – 72
No. of 1–rupee coins = 33
1528
No. of 50–paise coins = 50. Þ 382x = 1528 Þ x= =4
382
2. Let x = no. of advanced purchase tickets sold.
No. of tickets sold at the door = 150 – x Hence, x = 4, is the solution of the given equation.
 EBD_7034
46 Mathematics
8. Let Babita‘s share be ` x. Then, The distance covered by the boat upstream in 5 hours
Ahmed’s share = ` 5x = 5 (8 – x) km.
\ John’s share = Total amount – As the distances covered by the boat downstream
and upstream are equal, we get
(Babita’s share + Ahmed’s share)
3 (8 + x ) = 5 (8 – x)
= ` [1380 – (x + 5x)] = Rs (1380 – 6x)
Þ 24 + 3x = 40 – 5x
\ 5x = 3(1380 – 6x)
Þ 8 x = 16
Þ 5x = 4140 – 18x
Þ 5x + 18x = 4140 16
Þ x= =2
Þ 23x = 4140 8
4140 \ Speed of the stream = 2 km/hr
Þ x= = 180 7. (a) 8. (b)
23
9. (c) Let the present ages of Rahul and Haroon be x and Y
\ Babita’s share = ` 180, Ahmed’s share
respectively.
= ` (5 × 180) = ` 900
x 5
John’s share = ` (1380 – 6 × 180) = ` 300 \ it is given =
y 7
9. Let the breadth of the given rectangle be x cm. Then, Length
5
= (x + 4) cm Þ x= y ....(1)
7
\ Area = Length × Breadth = (x + 4) x = x2 + 4x. Four years later ages of Rahul of Haroon will be (x + 4)
When length and breadth are each increased by 3 cm. and (y + 4) respectively.
New length = (x + 4 + 3) cm = (x + 7) cm, \ (x + 4) + (y + 4) = 56
New breadth = (x + 3) cm Þ x + y = 48 ....(2)
\ Area of new rectangle = Length × Breadth From (1) and (2)
= (x + 7) (x + 3)
5
= x(x + 3) + 7(x + 3) Þ y + y = 48
7
= x2 + 3x + 7x + 21 = x2 + 10x + 21
5y + 7 y
It is given that the area of new rectangle is 80 cm2 more than Þ = 48
the given rectangel. 7
\ x2 + 10x + 21 = x2 + 4x +81 12 y
Þ = 48
Þ x2 + 10x – x2 – 4x = 81 – 21 7
Þ 6x = 60 Þ y = 28
(1) from (2)
60
Þ x= = 10 x + 28 = 48
6
Þ x = 20
Thus,
\ Present age of Rahul = 20 years.
Length of the given rectangle = (x + 4) cm = (10 + 4) cm
10. (a)
= 14 cm
11. (b) Let the two digit number be xy
[i.e. digit at units place be ‘y’ and digit at tens place
be x]
\ the two digit number can be expressed as
Þ 10x + y
Single Option Correct :
Number obtained by reversing the digits is
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) Þ 10y + x
5. (b) Now according to question
6. (c) Let the speed of the stream is x km/hr. Since the speed New number – Original number = 27
of the boat in still water is 8 km/hr., the speed of boat
(10 y + x) – (10 x + y ) = 27
downstream = (8 + x) km/hr. and the speed of boat
upstream = (8 – x ) km/hr. \ 9y – 9x = 27
Then the distance covered by the boat downstream in Þ y–x =3
8 hours = 3 (8 + x) km [distance = time × speed] Þ y=3 + x ....(1)
Also it is given that
Linear Equations in One Variable 47

x +y=9 ....(2) 3. (b, c) Let the denominator of the fraction be x. Then,

From (1) and (2) Numerator of the fraction = x – 4
Þ x + (3 + x) = 9 x-4
Þ 2x + 3 = 9 \ Fraction =
x
Þ 2x=6
If 1 is added to botjh its numerator and denominator, the
6
Þ x= =3 1
2 fraction becomes .
2
From (1) y = 3 + 3 = 6
\ the original number (xy) = 36. x - 4 +1 1
\ =
12. (d) Let the numerator of rational number = x x +1 2
Let the denominator of rational number = y
x-3 1
Þ =
x x +1 2
\ rational number =
y Þ 2(x – 3) = x + 1 [Using cross-multiplication]
Now according to question y = x + 8 Þ 2x – 6 = x + 1
Þ 2x – x = 6 + 1
x
\ rational number = ....(1) Þ x= 7
x+8
Putting x = 7 in (i), we get
Further it is given that
7-4 3
x + 17 3 Fraction = = . Hence, the requires denominator is 7.
= 7 7
x + 8 -1 2
4. (a,d) Let there be x one rupee coins in the bank. Then,
x + 17 3 Number of 50-paise coins = 3x
Þ =
x+7 2 \ Value of x one rupee coins = ` x
Þ 2x + 34 = 3x + 21 Value of 3x fifty-paise coins = 50 × 3x paise
Þ 3x – 2x = 34 – 21 150 3x
Þ x = 13 = 150 x paise = 150 x paise = ` x= `
100 2
x 13 13
\ the required rational no = = = æ 3x ö
x + 8 13 + 8 21 \ Total value of all the coins = ` ç x + ÷
è 2ø
More than One Option Correct : But, the total amount of hte money in the bank is given as
1. (b, c) ` 35.
2. (c, d) Let one part be x. Then, other part is (34 – x). It is given 3x
\ x+ = 35
that 2
th Þ 2x + 3x = 70 [Multiplying both sides by 2]
æ4ö æ2ö
ç 7 ÷ th of one part = ç ÷ of the other part 5x 70
è ø è5ø 5x = 70 Þ = Þ x = 14
Þ
5 5
4 2 \ Number of one rupee coins = 14,
Þ x = (34 - x)
7 5 Number of 50 paise coins = 3x = 3 × 14 = 42.
Þ 20x = 14(34 – x) 5. (a, b) Let one of the numbers be x. Since the sum of the two
[Multiplying both sides by 35, the LCM of 7 and 5] numbers is 45.
Þ 20x + 14 × 34 – 14x Therefore, the other number will be 45 – x.
Þ 20x + 14x = 14 × 34 It is given that the ratio of the numbers is 7 : 8.
Þ 34x = 14 × 34
x 7
\ =
34x 14 ´ 34 45 - x 8
Þ = [Dividing both sides by 34]
34 34 Þ 8 × x = 7 × (45 – x)
Þ x = 14 and other part = 34 – 14 = 20 Þ 8x = 315 – 7x
 EBD_7034
48 Mathematics
Þ 8x + 7x = 315 10. (a, d) Let breadth of the rectangle = x metres
Þ 15x = 315 Length of the rectangle = (3x – 6) metres
Perimeter = 148m
315
Þ x= = 21 Þ 2(l + b) = 148 Þ 2(3x – 6 + x) = 148
15
Þ 2(4x – 6) = 148 Þ 4x – 6 = 74
Thus, one number is 21 and, Other number = 45 – x = 45 – 21 = 24
Þ 4x = 74 + 6 Þ 4x = 80 Þ x = 20
6. (c, d) Since the ratio between the numbers is 3 : 5. So, let the
Breadth of the rectangle = 20 metres
two numbers be 3x and 5x.
Length of the rectangle = 3 × 20 – 6 = 54 metres.
If each number is increased by 10, the new numbers are 3x + 10
It is given that the ratio between the new numbers is 5 : 7. Passage Based Questions :
3x + 10 5 1. (b) Let my present age be x years.
\ =
5x + 10 7 20 years ago, my age = (x – 20) yrs.
Þ 21x + 70 = 25x + 50
1
Þ 4x = 20 \ (x – 20) = x
3
Þ x= 5
\ Numbers are 15 and 25. 1
Þ x– x = 20
7. (b, c) Let Man’s age = x years, Wife’s age = 99 – x 3
Þ x – 9 = 99 – x Þ x + x = 99 + 9 Þ x = 30
2x = 108 Þ x = 54 2. (d) my age, 20 years ago = 30 – 20 = 10 years.
Man’s age = 54 years
Wife’s age = 99 – x = 45 years 30
3. (a) Ratio = =3:2
8. (b, c, d) Let the two angles be 4x, 5x 20
4x + 5x = third angle [Given] 4. (a) Length of rectangle = (k + 4) cm
Þ 9x = third angle Breadth of rectangle = (3k – 2)cm
Now, 4x + 5x + 9x = 180° Þ 18x = 180° Perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b) = 60 cm
(Angle sum property of a triangle) We have, 2[(k + 4) + (3k – 2)] = 60
Þ x = 10°, then the angles are 4x = 40°, 5x = 50° and 9x = 90°. Þ 2[k + 3k + 4 – 2] = 60
9. (b, d) Let the first number be x. Then, Þ 2[4k + 2] = 60 Þ 8k + 4 = 60
Second number = 2490 – x 8k = 60 – 4 Þ 8k = 56 Þ k = 7.
[\ Sum of the numbers is given to be 2490] 5. (b) Since, k = 7 (calculated in 1st part)
Length of the rectangle = (k + 4) cm
6.5 65x
Now, 6.5% of the first number = ´x = and, 8.5% = (7 + 4) cm = 11 cm
100 1000
Breadth of the rectangle = (3k – 2) cm
of the second number
= (3 × 7 – 2) = 21 – 2 = 19 cm
8.5 85 6. (d) We are given that
= ´ (2490 - x) = (2490 - x)
100 1000 Perimeter of the rectangle = Perimeter of the square
It is given that 6.5% of the first number is equal to 8.5% of Perimeter of square = 60 cm
the other. 4 × side = 60 Þ Side = 60 ÷ 4 = 15 cm.
65x 85
\ - (2490 - x) Þ 65x = 85(2490 - x) Assertion and Reason :
1000 1000
Þ 65x = 2490 × 85 – 85x 1. (a)
Þ 65x + 85x = 2490 × 85 2. (b) Assertion : Correct, Reason : Correct; But Assertion
Þ 150x = 2490 × 85 is not the correct explanation of Reason.
3. (c) Assertion : Correct, Reason : Incorrect
2490 ´ 85
Þ x= Þ x = 1411 4x + 8 6x - 2
150 =
9 8
\ First number = 1411
Second number = 2490 – 1411 = 1079
Linear Equations in One Variable 49

Þ 8(4x + 8) = 9(6x – 2)
15 x
Þ 32x + 64 = 54x – 18 = 15
4
82 41
Þ –22x = –82 Þ x = =
22 11 15 ´ 4
x= = 4 yrs
4. (c) Assertion : Correct, Reason : Incorrect. 15
3 -1 3 \ D’s Present age = 4 yrs
x + 9 = 1 is a linear equation because + 9 =1, 3. (3) Speed of the man in still water = 8 kmph
2 2x
Speed of the river = 2 kmph
Now multiplying the whole equation by x we get
Downstream = 8 + 2 = 10 kmph
3 Upstream = 8 – 2 = 6 kmph
+ 9x = x which can be solved in terms of x.
2
x x 48
5. (c) Assertion : Correct, Reason : Incorrect + = Þ 8x = 24
10 6 60
5 x = 3 km.
x + 88x = 9 is not a linear equation because the
2 4. (2) Volume of cuboid = 180 cm3
highest power of x has to be 1 and in this case x has a But volume = l × b × h
1 Þ 4 × 9 × (P + 3) = 180 cm3
power of .
2 Þ 36(P + 3) = 180
Þ P + 3 = 180 ÷ 36
Multiple Matching Questions : Þ P+3 =5
1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (p, s); (C) ® (p, s); (D) ® (q) Þ P= 2

Integer Type Questions : a ( x - b ) b( x - a )

5. (1) + =1
(a - b) (b - a)
4- x 2
1. (2) = a ( x - b) - b ( x - a )
7-x 5 =1
20 – 5x = 14 – 2x (a - b )
3x = 6 Þ x = 2
2. (4) Let Present age of D be x yrs ax - ab - [bx - ab]
=1
\ Present age of A, B and C are 8x, 4x and 2x respectely ( a - b)
8x + 4 x + 2 x + x ax – ab – bx + ab = a – b
Þ = 15
4 (a – b)x = a – b
x= 1
 EBD_7034
50 Mathematics

Chap
ter Understanding
3 Quadrilaterals

A quadrilateral is a four sided polygon with four angles. There are many kinds of quadrilaterals. The most common types are the
parallelogram, the rectangle, the square, the trapezoid and the rhombus.
In this chapter, we will learn about polygons, different types of quadrilaterals and the special cases, of parallelograms. We shall
also learn the angle sum property of a quadrilateral and other polygon.
Understanding Quadrilaterals 51

POLYGONS
A simple closed curve made up of only line segments is called a polygon.
We classify polygons according to the number of sides they have
No. of sides Name of Polygon
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon

Classification of polygons
Polygons can be classified into regular and irregular polygons.
(a) Regular polygons :- Polygons with all the sides and angles equal i.e regular polygons are equilateral and equiangular.
(b) Irregular polygons :- Polygons in which all the sides or angles are not of the same measure.
Polygons can also be classified into convex and concave polygons.
Convex polygons are polygons in which all the line segments joining any two points of the polygon lie completely inside the polygon,
otherwise the polygon is concave polygon.

Diagonals
The line segments obtained by joining two non-consecutive vertices of a polygon is called the diagonals of the polygon.

ANGLE SUM PROPERTY

Recall that the sum of three angles of triangles is 180°. We shall use this property to find the sum of four angles of a quadrilateral.
Consider a quadrilateral, ABCD.
Join the diagonal AC and name the angles so formed as Ð 1, Ð 2, Ð 3, Ð 4, Ð 5 and Ð 6.
The diagonal AC divides the quadrilateral ABCD in two triangles, namely, DABC and DACD.
In DABC, C B
25 6
Ð 4 + Ð 5 + Ð 6 = 180° (angle sum property of triangle) .........................(i)
Similarly, in DACD,
Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 = 180° ............................(ii)
D 3
Adding (i) and (ii),
Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 + Ð 5 + Ð 6 = 180° + 180°
Þ Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 + Ð 5 + Ð 6 = 360° 4
1
Þ Ð DAB + Ð ABC + Ð BCD + Ð CDA = 360° A
Thus the sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
\ Sum of all the interior angles of a polygon with ‘n’ sides = (n – 2) × 180°

(n - 2)
and Perimeter of polygon = n × a (a = side of regular polygon) and each interior angle of n-sided polygon = ´ 180º .
n
 EBD_7034
52 Mathematics

No. of sides Name of Polygon Sum of all the interior angles = (n – 2) × 180
3 Triangle (3 – 2) × 180° = 180°
4 Quadrilateral (4 – 2) × 180° = 360°
5 Pentagon (5 – 2) × 180° = 540°
6 Hexagon (6 – 2) × 180° = 720°
7 Heptagon (7 – 2) × 180° = 900°
8 Octagon (8 – 2) × 180° = 1080°
9 Nonagon (9 – 2) × 180° = 1260°
10 Decagon (10 – 2) × 180° = 1440°

ILLUSTRATION : 1
Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose interior angle measures 108°.
SOLUTION :
( n - 2)
Recall, the interior angle of a n-sided polygon = ´ 180°
n
( n - 2)
Þ 108° = ´ 180º
n
( n - 2) 6
Þ =
n 10
By cross multiplication,
10n – 20 = 6n

Þ 4n = 20
Þ n =5
Thus, a regular pentagon has each interior angle of 108°.

SUM OF THE MEASURES OF THE THE EXTERIOR ANGLES OF POLYGON

If the sides of a quadrilateral are produced in order, the sum of four exterior angles so formed is 360°.
Let the side of a quadrilateral ABCD be produced in order as shown in figure forming exterior angles Ð 1, Ð 2, Ð 3 and Ð 4
Since Ð 1 and Ð DAB forms a linear pair and the sum of the angles of a linear pair is 180°

D
4 3
C

2
A
1 B

\ Ð 1 + Ð DAB = 180° ... (i)

Similarly, we have
Ð 2 + Ð CBA = 180° ... (ii)
Ð 3 + Ð DCB = 180° ... (iii)
and Ð 4 + Ð ADC = 180° ... (iv)
Understanding Quadrilaterals 53

Adding (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we get

(Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4) + (Ð DAB + Ð CBA + Ð DCB + Ð ADC) = 180° + 180° + 180°
Þ Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 + 360° = 720° [\ ÐDAB + ÐCBA + ÐDCB + ÐADC = 360° ]
Þ Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 = 720° – 360° = 360°
Thus, the sum of the measures of the external angles of any polygon is 360°.

æ 360 ö °
NOTE : Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of n sides is equal to çè ÷
n ø

ILLUSTRATION : 2
The interior angle of a regular polygon is 135°, find number of sides of the polygon.
SOLUTION :
If interior angle of regular polygon = 135° then exterior angle = 180° –135° = 45°
360° 360°
\ no. of sides = = =8
exterior angle 45°
\ no. of sides = 8
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Each interior angle of a regular polygon is 100° greater than each exterior angle. How many sides the polygon has ?
SOLUTION :
Let measure of each exterior angle is x.
Then measure of each interior angle = (x + 100)
Now x + (x + 100) = 180°
Þ 2x = 80° Þ x = 40°
360° 360°
Now, no. of sides = = =9
exterior angle 40°

DIFFERENT TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS

Trapezium
A quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel and the other pair of sides is non-parallel and not equal is called trapezium.
In the given figure, ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || CD whereas AD and BC are its non-parallel sides.
D C

A B
Isosceles Trapezium
If the non-parallel sides of the trapezium (AD and BC as shown in figure) are equal, then it is called an isoceles trapezium. In the
trapezium ABCD, AB || CD; AD and BC are its non-parellel sides such that AD = BC. So, ABCD is an isosceles trapezium. In an isosceles
trapezium, Ð A = Ð B and Ð C = Ð D.
D C

A B
Isosceles Trapezium
 EBD_7034
54 Mathematics

NOTE : Non-parallel sides of a trapezium are called lateral sides.

Kite
A quadrilateral in which two pairs opf adjacent sides are equal is called a kite. It has uequal opposite sides.
In the adjoining figure, ABCD is a kite.
AB = AD and BC = CD
Diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at right angles.
C

D O B

A
Parallelogram
A quadrilateral with both pair of opposite sides parallel is called a parallelogram.
In the adjoining figure ABCD, AB || CD and AD || BC.
Thus, ABCD is a parallelogram.
D C

A B
Sides of Parallelogram
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal.
Consider a parallelogram ABCD. D C
Join the diagonal AC. 1
4
In DADC and DABC,
Ð 1 = Ð 2 (AB || CD, alternate interior angles).
AC = CA (common),
and Ð 3 = Ð 4 (AD || BC, alternate interior angles). 3
2
By ASA congruency rule, DADC @ DABC A B
By c.p.c.t.s., AD = BC and AB = CD.
Thus, pair of opposite sides are equal.
Angles of Parallelogram
Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
Let us consider a parallelogram ABCD in which AB || CD and BC || AD.
D C
Now, AB || DC and AD is a transversal
Ð A + Ð D = 180° ...(i)
[Sum of the measures of interior angles on the same side of a transversal is 180°]
Again, AD || BC and AB is a transversal.
\ Ð A + Ð B = 180° ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
\ Ð D=ÐB A B
Similarly, we can prove that Ð A = Ð C.
Thus, the adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary and the opposite angles are equal.
Understanding Quadrilaterals 55

ILLUSTRATION 4:
Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal. What is the measure of each?
SOLUTION:
Let the measure of each angle be x°.
Since the sum of any two consecutive angles of a parallelogram is 180°.
\ x° + x° = 180° Þ 2x° = 180°
180°
Þ x° = = 90°
2
Hence, the measure of each angle is 90°.
Diagonals of a Parallelogram
The diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other. D C
Let the diagonals of parallelogram ABCD intersect at O. 4 2
In DAOB and DCOD,
Ð1=Ð2 [alternate interior angles].
AB = CD [opposite sides of a parallelogram]. O
and Ð 3 = Ð 4 [alternative interior angles]. 1 3
\ By ASA congruency rule, A B
DAOB @ DCOD
Thus, OA = OC and OB = OD (c.p.c.t.s.)
Therefore, diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
D
In the given kite, calculate x, y and z.
SOLUTION:
Both pairs of adjacent sides of a kite are equal, therefore, 40°
z
AB = AD and BC = CD A C
x O 32°
In DABD, ÐABD = ÐADB = 40° (isos. D property)
y
Since the diagonals of a kite intersect at rt. Ðs, ÐAOB = 90°.
In DAOB, x = ÐOAB = 180° – (90° + 40°)
B
= 180° – 130° = 50°
In DBOC, y = ÐOBC = 180° –(90° + 32°)
= 180° – 122° = 58°
Diagonals of kite bisect the angles at the vertices
z = 32°
ILLUSTRATION : 6 S R
PQRS is a parallelogram. Then find the value of y.
y
SOLUTION: 139° 68°
(a) ÐPSR = ÐPQR = 68° (opp. Ðs of a | | gm are equal) P Q
T
ÐPTS = 180° – 139° = 41° (PTQ is a straight line)
\ ÐRST = ÐPTS = 41° (SR | | PQ alt. Ðs are equal)
\ y = ÐPSR – ÐRST = 68° – 41° = 27°
SOME SPECIAL PARALLELOGRAMS
Rhombus
A parallelogram having all sides equal is called a rhombus.
Properties of Rhombus
It has all properties of a parallelogram. In addition it has one more property as follows.
 EBD_7034
56 Mathematics
Diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
D C
Let us consider a rhombus ABCD with diagonal AC and BC.
In DAOB and DBOC, we have
AB = BC [Sides of a rhombus]
BO = BO [Common] O
AO = OC [Diagonals bisect each other]
\ DAOB @ DBOC [SSS congruency]
Hence, ÐAOB = Ð BOC [C.P.C.T] A B
But, ÐAOB + Ð BOC = 180º [Linear Pair]
Þ 2ÐAOB = 180°
\ ÐAOB = Ð BOC = 90º
Rectangle
A B
1. A rectangle is a quadrilateral with all right angles.
In a rectangle ABCD, Ð A = Ð B = Ð C = Ð D = 90°
Consider, Ð A = 90° + 90° = 180°
Þ AB || CD
Similarly, AD || AB
Since the pairs of opposite sides are parallel, ABCD is a parallelogram. D C
Thus,
A rectangle is a parallelogram with one of the angles as 90°. D C
2. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length.
Consider a rectangle ABCD, whose diagonals meet each other at O.
In DABD and DDCA
DC = AB (opposite sides of rectangle)
ÐBAD = ÐCDA (each 90°)
AD = DA (Common)
A B
therefore DABD @ DDCA by S.A.S., congruency rule.
By c.p.c.t.s. AC = BD
Thus, the diagonals of rectangle are equal in length.

ILLUSTRATION : 7
GHJK is a rectangle. GH = HI and ÐHKJ = 50°. HLK and GLI are straight lines. Find ÐGLK.
SOLUTION:
G H
In DGHI
Ð HGI = Ð HIG [ Q GH = HI] …(i)
So by angle sum property L
Ð GHI + Ð HGI + Ð HIG = 180°
Þ 90° + Ð HGI + Ð HGI = 180°[From (i) all the angles of rectangle are 90°]
I
Þ Ð HGI = 45°
\ ÐKGI = 90° – ÐHGI = 90° – 45°
50°
ÐKGI = 45° J
K
Now, ÐGKL + ÐHKJ = 90°
Þ ÐGKL = 90° – 50= 40°
So, In DGLK
ÐGKL + ÐKGI + ÐGLK = 180°
Þ ÐGLK = 180° – 95º = 85°
Square
A square is a rhombus with each of its angles as 90°.
Understanding Quadrilaterals 57

Properties of A square
It has all properties of a rhombus. In addition, it has one more property as follows: D C
Diagonals of a square are equal.
Let us consider a square ABCD with diagonals AC and BD.
O
In DABD and DBAC, we have
AD = BC [Opposite sides of square]
AB = AB [Common] A B
Ð DAB = Ð ABC = 90°
\ Ð ABD @ DBAC [S.A.S. congruency]
AC = BC [C.P.C.T.]

NOTE : Square is a rhombus and rectangle at the same time.

ILLUSTRATION : 8
ABCD is a square, BA = BQ, QPC and BPD are straight lines and ÐPBQ = 21°. Then, ÐBAQ equals

SOLUTION: A B
Since the diagonal of a square bisects the angle at the vertices, ÐDBC = 45°,
21°
\ ÐABQ = 90° – (21° + 45°) = 90° – 66° = 24°
Q
In DBAQ, BA = BQ
Þ ÐBQA = ÐBAQ (isos. D property) P

180° - 24° 156°

\ ÐBAQ = = = 78°
2 2
D C
Diagonal Properties of all Parallelograms

Type of Parallelogram
S l. No. Diagonal Properties
Parallelogram Rectangle Rhombus S quare

1 Diagonals bisect each other ü ü ü ü

2 Diagonals are equal × ü × ü

3 Diagonals are at 90º to each other × × ü ü

 EBD_7034
58 Mathematics

1. An angle is equal to one-third of its supplement. Find its measure.

Sol.
Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 180° are called supplementary angles.
Let the angle is x.
Its supplementary angle = (180° – x)

180° – x
Now x = given
3
\ 3x = 180° – x
Þ 4x = 180°
Þ x = 45°
2. The complement of an angle exceeds the angle by 60°. Find the angle.
Sol.
Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 90° are called complementary angles.
Let an angle is ‘x’, its complementary angle will be (90° – x)
90° – x = x + 60° (Given)
\ 2x = 30°
Þ x = 15°
3. In the below given figure of parallelogram, find the measure of x°.

D E F C
x°
60°
O
30° 60°

A B
Sol.
ÐEOF = ÐAOB = x° (Vertically opposite angles)
In a parallelogram pair of opposite angles are equal.
\ ÐA = ÐC = 60° and ÐB = ÐD
Also in a parallelogram adjacent angles are supplementary.
\ ÐC + ÐD = 180°, ÐA + ÐB = 180°
\ ÐD = 180 – ÐC
ÐD = 180 – 60° = 120°
ÞÐB = 120º
Þ 60° + ÐOBA = 120°
Þ ÐOBA = 60°
Now, ÐA = ÐC = 60°
Þ 30° + ÐOAB = 60°
Understanding Quadrilaterals 59

Þ ÐOAB = 30°
\ ÐOAB = 30° and ÐOBA = 60°
In DOAB
ÐOAB + ÐOBA + ÐAOB = 180° [Angle sum property]
\ ÐAOB = 180° – ( ÐOAB + ÐOBA)
= 180 – (30 + 60)
ÐAOB = 180 – 90 = 90°
\ Ðx = ÐAOB = 90°
4. The measure of the angles of a quadrilateral ABCD are respectively in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3: 4. Find the type of quadrilateral ABCD
.
D C

A B
Sol.
Let the ratio factor be ‘x’
\ ÐA = x, ÐB = 2 x,
ÐC = 3x, ÐD = 4 x
x + 2x + 3x + 4x = 360°
10x = 360°
x = 36°
\ ÐA = 36°, ÐB = 72°, ÐC = 108°, ÐD = 144°
Now we see that
ÐA + ÐD = 180° and ÐB + ÐC = 180°
It shows that AB || DC
\ ABCD is a trapezium.
5. ABCD is a parallelogram. DK perpendicular to BA produced at K and DM perpendicular to BC produced at M. Find the
measure of ÐKDM.
A B
K
30°

30°
D C

M
Sol.
AD || BC and BC is extented to BM
\ AD || BM
So ÐDCM = ÐADC = 30°
And from DCDM , ÐCDM = 60°
Similarly BK is extended form of BA
\ DC || BK
 EBD_7034
60 Mathematics

\ ÐADC = ÐDAK = 30°

\ From DADK , ÐKDA = 60°

So ÐKDM = ÐKDA + ÐADC + ÐCDM = 60 + 30 + 60
ÐKDM = 150°
6. Find the measure of the angle between the internal bisectors of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram.
Sol.
Let ABCD is a parallelogram and internal bisectors of adjacent angles A & B intersect at M. We are required to find ÐAMB .
Let ÐAMB = x°.
D C
1 1
ÐMAB = ÐA, ÐMBA = ÐB M
2 2

1 x
ÐMAB + ÐMBA = [ ÐA + ÐB ]
2 A B
1
ÐMAB + ÐMBA = ´ 180° = 90° ........ (1)
2
(Adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary)
Now from DAMB
ÐMAB + ÐAMB + ÐMBA = 180°
ÐAMB = 180° – ( ÐMAB + ÐMBA)
ÐAMB = 180° – 90° From (1)
\ x° = 90°
\ measure of angle between the internal bisectors of any two adjacent angles in a parallelogram is 90°.
7. ABCD is a rhombus with Ð ABC = 56° , find the value of ÐACD where AC is the diagonal of rhombus ABCD.
Sol.
ABCD is a rhombus.
A D
\ AB = BC
x
So, ÐBAC = ÐBCA = x (let)
From DABC
x + x + 56° = 180°
56° x
2x + 180° – 56°
2x = 124 B C
x = 62°
Now AD || BC and AC is a transversal.
\ ÐBAC = ÐACD = 62° (Alternate Interior Angles)
\ ÐACD = 62°
1 1
8. ABCD is a parallelogram. P is a point on AD such that AP = AD and Q is a point on BC such that CQ = BC . Then what
3 3
kind of quadrilateral AQCP is ? D C
Sol.
ABCD is a parallelogram. Q
\ AD = BC and AD || BC P
1 1 A B
\ AD = BC
3 3
Understanding Quadrilaterals 61

AP = CQ (Given) ..... (1)

AP lies on AD and CQ lies on BC.
\ AP || CQ ..... (2)
From (1) and (2)
AP = CQ and AP || CQ
APCQ is a parallelogram. [Opposite sides are equal and parallel]
9. Four angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7 : 9. Find the angles.
Sol. Suppose the measure of four angles are 3x, 5x, 7x and 9x. By angle sum property we get
3x + 5x + 7x + 9x = 360°
Þ (3 + 5 + 7 + 9)x = 360°
Þ 24x = 360°

360°
Þ x= = 15°
24
Here, angle are: 3x = 5 × 15° = 45°
5x = 5 × 15° = 75°
7x = 7 × 15° = 105°
9x = 9 × 15° = 135°

10. In a rectangle ABCD, DN and BM are perpendiculars drawn on the diagonal AC as shown in the figure. Prove that DN = BM.

D C
M

D
N
A B

Sol. In DAND and DCMB, we have

AD = BC (opposite sides of rectangle ABCD)
Ð DNA = Ð BMC (90° each)
Ð DAN = Ð BCM (AD || BC and AC is transversal and these angles are alternate interior angles.)

Therefore, DAND @ DCMB

\ DN = BM (c.p.c.t.)
Hence Proved.
 EBD_7034
62 Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks : (B) A polygon bounded by (q) hexagon

eight line segments is
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an called a
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (C) A polygon which is made (r) decagon
by fivec line segments is
1. All regular polygons are_________. called a
2. A rhombus is a parallelogram in which __________. (D) A polygon bounded by (s) octagon
six line segments is called a
3. A square is a rhombus in which________________. 2. Match the column:
4. A rhombus has all its sides of_________________. Column-I Column-II
5. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect_____________. (A) ABCDE is a regular pentagon. (p) 70°
6. If the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other at right The bisector of Ð A of the
angles, then it is a _________________. pentagon meets the side CD in M.
7. If ABCD is a parallelogram, then Ð A – ÐC = ........... Then Ð AMC is
(B) The angles of a quadrilateral are (q) 80°
8. The perimeter of a parallelogram is 180 cm. One side exceeds respectively equal to 110°, 50° and
the another by 10 cm. The adjacent sides of the 40°. The fourth angle is.
parallelogram are........ (C) In a quadrilateral ABCD, the bisector (r) 90°
9. ABCD is a parallelogram in which Ð DAB = 75° and ÐDBC of Ð A and Ð B meet at point P. If
= 60° then ÐCDB = ........... Ð C = 100°, Ð D = 60°, the mÐ APB is
10. The diagonal of rectangle is thrice its smaller side. The (D) Three angles of a quadrilateral are (s) 160°
ratio of its sides is _______. equal: Fourth angle is of measure
150°. The measure of equal angles is
True / False :
Very Short Answer Questions:
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your
answer as true or false. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
1. Write the angle-sum property of a quadrilateral.
1. All squares are also rectangles.
2. What is the name of the polygon which is bounded by
2. All rectangles are also squares. three line segments.
3. Some rectangles are also squares. 3. In which condition a polygon is called a regular polygon?
4. All squares and rectangles are also parallelograms. 4. The sides of a quadrilateral are produced in order. What is
5. If the diagonals of a rhombus are equal, its always a square. the sum of the four exterior angles?
6. In a parallelohram opposite angles are not equal. 5. An isosceles trapezium has two parallel sides 60 m and 40
m. If the perimeter of this trapezium is 160 m, find the length
7. Every rhombus is a kite. of the other two sides.
8. The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other at right 6. Which of the shapes have only one pair of opposite sides
angles. parallel ?
9. The diagonals of a square bisect each other at right angles. 7. What is the sum of exterior angles in a convex polygon?
10. Opposite sides of a trapezium are parallel.
8. Identify the picture.
Match the Columns: B

DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in

two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) A C
O
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in
column-II.

1. Column-I Column-II
(A) A polygon bounded by ten (p) pentagon
D
line segments is called a
Understanding Quadrilaterals 63

9. In a quadrilateral PQRS; Ð P = 70°, Ð Q = 90°; Ð R = 55°. 6. Find the dimensions of a rectangle with perimeter 16 cm,
Find the measure of ÐS. What kind of quadrilateral is it? whose long side is 3 times its short side.
Convex or concave. 7. If the sum of the two angles of a quadrilateral is 180° then
10. Find measure x.
what is the sum of the remaining two angles ?
90°
8. Find the number of sides of a polygon whose exterior and
50° interior angles are in the ratio 1 : 5.
9. Find the ÐADC , ÐECF and ÐEBC in the below given
x° figure.
A
110° A E B
11. Let PQRS be a rhombus, find x, y.
Q F
40°
5
x D C
P 12 R
O
10. The shorter side of a parallelogram is 4.8 cm and the longer
y side is half as much again as the shorter side. Find the
perimeter of the parallelogram.
S 11. The diagonals of a quadrilateral are of lengths 6 cm and
Short Answer Questions : 8 cm. If the diagonals bisect each other at right angles,
what is the length of each side of the quadrilateral ?
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences. 12. Classify the following curves as open or closed.
1. Find the sum of interior angles of
(i) a polygon with 12 sides.
(ii) a polygon with 18 sides.
2. Each interior angle of regular polygon is 144°. Find the (i) (ii) (iii)
interior angle of a regular polygon which has double the
number of sides as the first polygon.
3. Find the measure of each angle of a parallelogram, if one of
its angles is 30° less than twice the smallest angle.
(iv) (v)
S R 13. In the given figure, find a + b + c + d.
2x–30° x°
c R
60°
b
x° 2x–30° S
80° Q
P Q d
120°
4. ABCD is a parallelogram in which ÐDAO = 40°,
P a
ÐBAO = 35° and ÐCOD = 65°. Find ÐODC.
14. Find the measure of an angle if seven times its complement
is 10° less than three times its supplement.
D C
15. Explain how the following figure is a trapezium ? Which of
65° its two sides are parallel ?
O A B
. 40°
35° 100°
A B
80°
5. The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4 : 7. Find
D C
all the angles of the quadrilateral.
 EBD_7034
64 Mathematics
16. Study the figure and answer the following questions. 3. In a quadrilateral ABCD, AO and BO are the bisectors of
ÐA an d ÐB respectively. Prove that Ð AOB =
C
1
( ÐC + ÐD ) .
D 2
4. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD meet at O. If ÐBOC =
44°, find ÐOAD.
A B
5. In Fig, determine Ð P + Ð Q + Ð R + Ð S + Ð T.
(i) Name a pair of adjacent sides.
(ii) How many pairs of opposite sides are these ? T S
(iii) How many pairs of adjacent angles are there ? E
4 73
6 D
(iv) Name a pair of opposite angles ? A
5 28
(v) How many pairs of opposite angles are there ? 10 R
P B C
17. The adjacent figure PQRS is a trapezium in which SP || RQ, 1 9
find the measures of Ð P and Ð R.
S R
Q

6. In a parallelogram ABCD, the bisectors of Ð A and Ð B

meet at O. Find Ð AOB.
0°
13 D C
Q
O

Long Answer Questions : A B

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences. 7. In Fig, PQRS is a square. Determine ÐSRP.
1. In Fig., AB || DC. Find the value of x. S R
1
D C

O
2
A B

2. In the given figure, ABCD is a quadrilateral and P Q

ÐADC = a°, ÐBCD = b°. AO and BO are bisectors of 8. In figure, RENT is a rectangle. Its diagonals meet at O. Find
ÐDAB and ÐABC respectively meeting at O. Find ÐAOB x, if OR = 2x + 4 and OT = 3x + 1.
in terms of a° and b°. T N
3x

C
+1

b°
D
a° O
O
+4

x
2x

x
A B R E
Understanding Quadrilaterals 65

Text-Book Exercise : 7. The measure of two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are

in the ratio 3 : 2. Find the measure of each of the angles of
1. How many diagonals does each of the following have? the parallellogram.
(i) A convex quadrilateral (ii) A regular hexagon 8. Two adjacent angles of a parallelogram have equal measure.
(iii) A triangle Find the measure of each of the angles of the parallelogram.
2. Given here are some figures. 9. The following figures GUNS and RUNS are parallelograms.
Find x and y.(Length are in cm)
26
S N
(i) (ii)

3x 18
(i)
(iii) (iv) G U
3y – 1
S N
20

y
(v) (vi)

x+
y+
(ii) 16 7

(vii) (viii) R U
10. The adjacent figure HOPE is a parallelogram. Find the angle
Classify each of them on the basis of the following. measures x, y and z.
(a) Simple curve (b) Simple closed curve Ex P
(c) Polygon (d) Convex polygon
(e) Concave polygon
y
3. Find the angle measure x in the following figures.
°
40

z 70°
50° H O
x x 70°
K E S U
(i) 130° (ii)
120° 60° 120° x

11.
70°
30° R L
I C
In the above figure both RISK and CLUE are parallelograms.
(iii) x x (iv) Find the value of x.
x 12. Find the measure of Ð P and Ð S if SP || RQ in Fig. (If you
70° 60° find mÐ R, is there more than one method to find mÐ P?)
S R
4. Find the number of sides of a regular polygon whose each
exterior angle has a measure of 45°.
5. Find the measure of each exterior angle of a regular polygon
of
(i) 9 sides (ii) 15 sides 0°
13
6. Can a quadrilateral ABCD be a parallelogram if Q
(i) Ð D + Ð B = 180°?
(ii) AB = DC = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm and BC = 4.4 cm?
(iii) Ð A = 70° and Ð C = 65°?
P
 EBD_7034
66 Mathematics
13. Name the quadrilaterals whose diagonals.
(i) bisect each other x
(ii) are perpendicular bisectors of each other 90°
(iii) are equal.
14. ABC is a right-angled triangle and O is the mid point of the
side opposite to the right angle. Explain why O is equidistant z 30°
y
from A, B and C. (The dotted lines are drawn additionally to
help you). (ii) Find x + y + z + w
A D
z
O
60°

B C
15. Consider the following parallelograms. Find the values of
the unknown x, y, z. w
80° y
Dy 120°
xC
x
(i)
10
0° Exemplar Questions :
Az B
1. The ratio between exterior angle and interior angle of a
y
50° regular polygon is 1:5. Find the number of sides of the
polygon.
(ii) 2. Two sticks each of length 7 cm are crossing each other
such that they bisect each other at right angles. What shape
x z
is formed by joining their end points? Give reason.
3. In rectangle READ, find Ð EAR, Ð RAD and Ð ROD
y
R D
x 30°
(iii)
z
60° O

z
y E A
(iv) 4. In parallelogram PQRS, O is the mid point of SQ. Find Ð S,
80° Ð R, PQ, QR and diagonal PR.
x
S 15 cm R
y x
11cm
m O
(v)
40° 112° 6c
z 60°
P Q Y
16. How many sides does a regular polygon have if each of its 5. In the given parallelogram YOUR, Ð RUO = 120° and OY is
interior angles is 165°? extended to point S such that Ð SRY = 50°. Find Ð YSR.
17. (i) What is the minimum interior angle possible for a
R U
regular polygon? Why?
120°
(ii) What is the maximum exterior angle possible for a 50°
regular polygon?
18. (i) Find x + y + z S O
Y
Understanding Quadrilaterals 67

6. A rectangular MORE is shown below: 13. In the following figure, FD || BC || AE and AC || ED. Find the
R E value of x.
Y A E
x
52°

F D
X
O M 64°
Answer the following questions by giving appropriate B C
reason. 14. In the following figure, AB || DC and AD = BC. Find the
(i) Is RE = OM? (ii) Is Ð MYO = Ð RXE? value of x.
(iii) Is Ð MOY = Ð REX? (iv) Is DMYO @ DRXE? 20 cm
(v) Is MY = RX? D C
7. In trapezium HARE, EP and RP are bisectors of Ð E and
Ð R respectively. Find Ð HAR and Ð EHA. 10 cm
E R
25° 30°
60°
P A B
x cm
15. The angle between the two altitudes of a parallelogram
H A
through the vertex of an obtuse angle of the parallelogram
8. In the following figure of a ship, ABDH and CEFG are two is 45°. Find the angles of the parallelogram.
parallelograms. Find the value of x.
HOTS Questions :
1. The diagonals of a rectangle ABCD intersect in O. If
Ð BOC = 68°, find Ð ODA.
D C
A H G F

x 30°
130° O 68°
x
B C D E
9. Find the values of x and y in the following parallelogram. A B
2. In Fig, find the measure of ÐMPN.
6y
B.

120°(5x + 10)° N
10. In the figure, find the value of x. P

85°
45°
20° O .
M A
3. In Fig, bisectors of Ð B and Ð D of quadrilateral ABCD
x° meet CD and AB produced at P and Q respectively. Prove
1
92° that Ð P + Ð Q = ( ÐABC + ÐADC ) .
2
89° A B Q
3
11. A lilne l is parallel to line m and a transversal p interesects 4
them at X, Y respectively. Bisectors of interior angles at
X and Y intersect at P and Q, Is PXQY a rectangle? Give
reason.
1 2
12. ABCD is a parallelogram. Points P and Q are taken on the
sides AB and AD respectively and the parallelogram PRQA P D C
is formed. If Ð C = 45°, find Ð R.
 EBD_7034
68 Mathematics
4. Look at the angles in this quadrilateral. Which angle measure 5. In the given figure lines p and q are parallel. Find value of x
is closest to 48°? so that lines l and m be parallel.
l
1 2

^
d
x–5
p ^ q
^
4 3 x
3 +5

^
m

Single Option Correct : (a) AC = BD (b) AD || BC

(c) AB || DC (d) None of these
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 5. In a quadrilateral ABCD, ÐB = 90° and
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
AD2 = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 then ÐACD is equal to
ONLY ONE is correct.
(a) 90° (b) 60°
1. The sides BA and DC of quadrilateral ABCD are produced (c) 30° (d) None of these
as shown in the figure given below. Then x + y is equal to 6. ABCD is a rhombus whose one angle is 60°. The ratio of
D C F the lengths of its diagonals is
y° a° (a) 3 :1 (b) 2 :1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 3 : 1
7. In the diagram, ABCD is a rhombus.
b° x°
D C
E A B y
a b
(a) a + b (b) a – b (c) (d)
b a x
2. In the figure given below AN and CP are perpendiculars to o
the diagonal BD of a parallelogram. Then 40°
A D
A B
P
The value of x – y is :
N
(a) 50° (b) 40°
B C (c) 30° (d) 20°
(a) AN = CP (b) AN > CP 8. In the diagram, ABCD is a rhombus. AEC and BED are
(c) AN < CP (d) None of these straight lines.
3. The bisectors of angles of a parallelogram enclose a
D C
D C
s t
S
P R E
Q r q
p
A B
A B
(a) Rhombus (b) Rectangle
(c) Square (d) Parallelogram p+q+r + s+ t= ?
4. The measures of the angles of a quadrilateral ABCD are (a) 200° (b) 270°
respectively in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4. Then which of the (c) 360° (d) 540°
following is true?
Understanding Quadrilaterals 69

3. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

B (a) A parallelogram in which two adjacent angles are equal
9. A
is a rectangle.
E
(b) A quadrilateral in which both pairs of opposite angles
D are equal is parallelogram.
C
(c) In a parallelogram, the number of acute angles is zero
or two.
In the above figure, ABCD is a square and BCE is an
(d) None of these
equilateral triangle, what is the measure of angle DEC?
4. Which of the following is/are concave polygon?
(a) 15° (b) 30°
(c) 20° (d) 45° A
E D
10. In the figure given below, PTU is a straight line.
D
(a) (b) F C
B
R Q C
A B
x
F D
E

G C
125° 130° (c) (d) O
S P A B

5. In which quadrilateral digonals bisect each other?

85°
T (a) Parallelogram (b) Rectangle
U (c) Square (d) Rhombus
6. A mason has made a concrete slab. He needs it to be
rectangular. In what way(s) can he make sure that it is
What is the value of x? rectangular?
(a) 100° (b) 110° (a) By measuring each angle
(c) 120° (d) 130° (b) By making opposite sides parallel
More than One Option Correct : (c) By measuring the lengths of the diagonals
(d) All of these
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 7. Which quadrilateral have four sides of equal length?
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (a) Rhombus (b) Rectangle
ONE or MORE may be correct. (c) Parallelogram (d) Square
1. Which of the following properties are not true for a 8. If in the adjoining figure, ADE and CBF are straight lines,
parallelogram ? then x not equal to
(a) Its diagonals are equal. E

(b) Its diagonals are perpendicular to each other. D 55° C

(c) The diagonals divide the figure into four congruent 65°
triangles.
(d) Each diagonal divides a parallelogram into two x
congruent triangles. B
A 60°
2. A parallelogram which has equal diagonals is a
F
(a) Square (b) Rectangle (a) 55° (b) 60°
(c) Rhombus (d) None (c) 65° (d) 50°
 EBD_7034
70 Mathematics
9. If two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are in the ratio 8. In the trapezium ABCD with AB P CD, we have
4 : 5, then the measure of the angles not equal to is
(a) Ð A + Ð D = 90°
(a) 80°, 100° (b) 160°, 200°
(b) Ð A + Ð D = 180°
(c) 40°, 50° (d) 114°, 36°
(c) Ð A + Ð D = 360°
Passage Based Questions : (d) Ð A + Ð D = 45°
9. In the isosceles trapezium PQRS with PQ P RS and
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
following questions. QR = PS , which of the following is correct ?

PASSAGE - I (a) Ð P + Ð S = 180° and Ð Q + Ð R = 180°

The angles of a quadrilateral are in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7 : 9. (b) PS = QR and PR = QS

1. If measure of angles be (3x)°, (5x)°, (7x)° and (9x)°, then the (c) Ð P = Ð Q and Ð R = Ð S
value of x is (d) All of the above
(a) 20 (b) 15
Assertion & Reason :
(c) 25 (d) 10
2. The measure of all angles are DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
(a) 45°, 70°, 105°, 140° (b) 40°, 80°, 105°, 135° followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
(c) 45°, 75°, 110°, 130° (d) 45°, 75°, 105°, 135° question on the basis of following options. You have to select
3. The sum of the least and greatest angle is the one that best describes the two statements.
(a) 175° (b) 180° (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
(c) 170° (d) 185° the correct explanation of Assertion.
PASSAGE - II (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
Consider a parallelogram ABCD in the figure given below not the correct explanation of Assertion.
D C (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(2x + 35)°
1. Assertion : A polygon bounded by four line segments is
called a quadrilateral.
(3x + 15)°(2x + 15)° Reason : A polygon bounded by seven line segments is
called a hexagon.
A B 2. Assertion : A polygon having 16 sides is called 16 sided
4. The value of x is polygon or 16-gon.
(a) 50 (b) 30 Reason : A polygon bounded by n-line segments is called
(c) 20 (d) 40 n-sides polygon or n-gon.
5. The value of y is
3. Assertion : In a regular polygon,
(a) 45° (b) 30
(c) 20 (d) 40 (i) all sides are equal
6. The measure of Ð A and Ð B is (ii) all interior angles are equal
(a) 115°, 65° (b) 100°, 180°
(iii) all exterior angles are equal.
(c) 95°, 85° (d) 75°, 105°
Reason : A polygon is called regular polygon if all its sides
PASSAGE - III as well as angles are equal.
A quadrilateral having one pair of opposite sides parallel and the 4. Assertion : In a parallelogram if one angle is a right angle,
other pair of opposite sides nonparallel is called a trapezium. If then it is called a rectangle.
the two non-parallel sides of a trapezium are equal in length, then
Reason : In a rectangle if all the sides are equal then it is
it is called an isosceles trapezium.
called a square.
Based on the above passage answer the following questions:
5. Assertion : The adjacent angles in a parallelogram are
7. The parallel sides of the trapezium are known as supplementary.
(a) bases (b) perpendiculars
Reason : In a parallelogram, the adjacent angles are always
(c) hypotenuse (d) none equal.
Understanding Quadrilaterals 71

Multiple Matching Question : Integer Type Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B, DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
C and D) given in Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s, and t) to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
in Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct to 9.
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II. 1. The ratio of two sides of a parallelogram is 4 : 3 and its
1. Column-I Column-II perimeter is 56 m. If the sides of parallelogram be a and b.
(A) Parallelogram (p) opposite sides are equal. a+b
Then is
7
(B) Rhombus (q) Diagonals are equal.
2. In Fig, ABCD is a parallelogram in which ÐDAB = 75°,
(C) Rectangle (r) Diagonals bisect each ÐDBC = 60° then the value of ÐCDB and ÐADB is 12k°.
other. Find the value of k.
D C
(D) Square (s) opposite angles are equal.
(t) All sides are equal.
60°
75°
A B
3. In the following figure RISK and CLUE are parallelograms.
Then the measure of x is 10k°. Find the value of k.

K E S U

120° x°

70°
R L
I C
 EBD_7034
72 Mathematics

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

Let the smaller side of rectangle be x.

Let the length be l.
\ Diagonal = 3x
Fill in the Blanks : Now, since the sides of rectangle are perpendicular,
1. convex (3x)2 = l2 + x2
2. adjacent sides are equal (By pythagoras theorm)
3. one angle is right angle or
4. equal length l2 = 9x2 – x2 = 8x2
5. each other at right angles. l = 2 2x ,
6. rhombus
7. In a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal. \ ratio of sides = 2 2x / x = 2 2 :1
So Ð A = Ð C Þ ÐA - ÐC = 0°. True / False :
8. Two sides are x, x + 10
1. True
Perimeter = 180 cm
2. False
i.e., x + x + 10 + x + x + 10 = 180 3. True
4x + 20 =180 4. True
x = 40 cm. 5. True
The sides are 40 cm, 50 cm. 6. False: Opposite angles are equal in a parallelogram.
9. 7. False: In case of rhombus both the diagonals bisect each
D C other at right angles but in a kite only one of the diagonals
bisects the other. So, every rhombus is not a kite.
8. False
9. True
10. False
75° 60°
Match the Columns :
A B 1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q)
We have,
2. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p)
ÐADB = ÐCBD = 60° (Q AD || BC) (A) We know that the measure of each interior angle of a
regular pentagon is 108°.
In D ADB
1
ÐA + ÐD + ÐB = 180° \ Ð BAM = (108° ) = 54°
2
75° + 60° + ÐB = 180° D
ÐB = 45° M
E C
\ ÐABD = 45°
\ ÐCDB = ÐABD = 45°
(Alternate interior angles)
A B
10. A B Since the sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
Therefore, in quadrilateral ABCM, we have
\ Ð BAM + Ð ABC + Ð BCM + Ð AMC = 360°
Þ 54° + 108° + 108° + Ð AMC = 360°
Þ ÐAMC = 90°
D C
Understanding Quadrilaterals 73

(B) Let the fourth angle be x. 10. x + 90° + 50° + 110° = 360°
x + 110° + 50° + 40° = 360° Þ x + 250° = 360° Þ x = 110°
[Sum of angles in a quadrilateral is 360°] 11. Here, x = 12, y = 5 [Diagonals bisect each other]
Þ x + 200° = 360° Þ x = 160°
Short Answer Questions :
So, fourth angle = 160°
1. (i) Sum of interior angles of a polygon with 12 sides
D C = ( 2 ´ 12 - 4) right angles
60° 110°
= 20 right angles
(C) P = 20 × 90° = 1800°
B (ii) (2 × 18 – 4) × 90° = 32 × 90 = 2880
A
2. 162°.
Since, sum of angles of a quadrilateral. 3. 70°, 110°, 70°, 110°.
So, Ð A + Ð B + Ð C + Ð D = 360° 4. Given, ÐAOB = ÐCOD = 65°
Þ Ð A + Ð B + 100° + 60° = 360° In DAOB, ÐA + ÐO + ÐB = 180°
Þ Ð A + Ð B = 200° 5. Þ ÐABO = 80°
In DAPB, we have ÐODC = ÐABO = 80° (Alternate interior angles)
1 1 6. Required angles are 24°, 72°, 96° and 168°.
ÐA + ÐB + ÐAPB = 180° 2 cm by 6 cm.
2 2
7. 180°.
1
Þ Ð APB = 180° – ( ÐA + ÐB ) 8. Let no. of sides of polygon = n
2 Exterior angle = x°
æ1 ö Interior angle = 5 x°
Þ ÐAPB = 180° – ç ´ 200 ÷ = 80°
è2 ø
x = 30° (Q x + 5x = 180)
(D) Let ABCD be a quadrilateral such that Ð A = 50°. Let
Sum of all exterior angle = (30n)°
Ð B = Ð C = Ð D = x°.
Hence, n = 12
Now, by angle sum property of a quadrilateral
9. ÐEBC = 50°, ÐADC = 50°, ÐFCE = 50°
Ð A + Ð B + Ð C + Ð D = 360°
10. 24 cm.
Þ 150° + x + x + x = 360° 11. 5 cm.
Þ 3x + 150° = 360° 12. Open curve:
Þ 3x = 360° – 150° Þ x = 70° (i), (iii), (iv)
Close curve
Hence, the measure of each of the remaining three equal (ii), (v)
angles is 70°. 13. Since, sum of measure of interior angles of a quadrilateral is
360°.
Very Short Answer Questions :
\ 120 + 80 + 60 + Ð RSP = 360°
1. The sum of the four angles of any quadrilateral is always
Þ Ð RSP = 100
360° or 4 right angles.
2. Triangle a = ext Ð SPQ = 60°
3. A polygon is called regular polygon if all its sides as well as Similarly,
angles are equal. b = 100, c = 120, d = 80
4. 360° 14. Two angles are complementary when their sum is 90° and
5. 30 m each are supplementary when their sum is 180°.
6. Trapezium Use the condition
7. 360° 7 ( 90° - x ) = 3 (180° - x ) - 10
8. The given picture is a Kite. Required angle = 25°
9. Since Ð P + Ð Q + Ð R + Ð S = 360° 15. We have
Ð DCB + Ð ABC = 80 + 100 = 180
Þ 70° + 90° + 55° + Ð S = 360°
Þ Both the angles are supplementary.
Þ 215° + Ð S = 360° Þ Ð S = 360° – 215° = 145° Þ DC P AB.
\ ABCD is convex quadrilateral. Thus, ABCD is a trapezium in which DC P AB.
 EBD_7034
74 Mathematics
16. (i) AB, BC
æ1 1 ö
(ii) 2 Þ Ð AOB = 180° – ç ÐA + ÐB ÷
è2 2 ø
(iii) 4
(iv) ÐA, ÐC or ÐB, ÐD é 1 1 ù
(v) 2 êë Ð1 = 2 ÐA and Ð2 = 2 ÐB úû
17. Since PQRS is a trapezium in which SP || RQ.
\ Ð P + Ð Q = 180° and Ð S + Ð R = 180° 1
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – ( ÐA + ÐB )
Þ Ð P + 130° = 180° and 90° Ð R = 180° 2
Þ Ð P = 180° – 130° = 50° and Ð R = 180° – 90° = 90° 1
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – é360° - ( ÐC + ÐD ) ûù
Long Answer Questions : 2ë

1. Since the diagonals of a trapezium divide each other [ \ Ð A + Ð B + Ð C + Ð D = 360°]

proportionally.
1
AO BO Þ Ð AOB = 180° – 180° + ( ÐC + ÐD )
\ = .... (iii) 2
OC OD
3x - 19 x - 3 1
Þ = Þ Ð AOB = ( ÐC + ÐD )
x-5 3 2
Þ 3 (3x – 19) = (x – 5) (x – 3) 4. We have,
D C Ð BOC + Ð BOA = 180° [Linear pair]
3 5 Þ 44° + Ð BOA = 180° Þ Ð BOA = 136°
x–
Since diagonals of a rectangle are equal and they bisect
9 O x–
–1 3 each other. Therefore, in DOAB, we have OA = OB Þ
3x Ð1=Ð2
A [ \ Angles opposite to equal sides are equal]
B
In DAOB, we have
Þ 9x – 57 = x2 – 8x + 15
Þ x2 – 17x + 72 = 0 D C
Þ (x – 8) (x – 9) = 0
Þ x – 8 = 0, or x – 9 = 0 Þ x = 8 or, x = 9 O
2. Since ABCD is a quadrilateral therefore 44°
ÐBAD + ÐABC + ÐC + ÐD = 360°
Let ÐOAB = x, ÐOBA = y 1 2
A B
\ a + b + 2 x + 2 y = 360° Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð BOA = 180°
360 - ( a + b ) Þ 2Ð 1 + 136° = 180° Þ 2Ð 1 = 44°
Þ x+ y =
2 Þ Ð 1 = 22°
Also, let Ð AOB = Z and use sum of angles of triangle is Since each angle of a rectangle is a right angle.
180°. \ Ð BAD = 90°
a ° + b°
Hence, ÐAOB = . Þ Ð 1 + Ð 3 = 90° Þ 22° + Ð 3 = 90°
2
3. In DAOB, we have Þ Ð 3 = 68°
Hence, Ð OAD = 68°.
D C
5. We know that the sum of the measures of the exterior angles
of any polygon is equal 360°
O
\ Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 + Ð 5 = 360°
1 2 and, Ð 6 + Ð 7 + Ð 8 + Ð 9 + Ð 10 = 360°
A B
Þ Ð 1+Ð 2+Ð 3+Ð 4+Ð5+ Ð6+ Ð7+ Ð8+ Ð9+
Ð AOB + Ð 1 + Ð 2 = 180° Ð 10 = 720° .... (i)
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – (Ð 1 + Ð 2) The sum of the angles of a triangles is 180°
Understanding Quadrilaterals 75

\ (Ð P + Ð 5 + Ð 10) + (Ð Q + Ð 1 + Ð 9) + Ð R + Ð 2 +
Ð 8) + (Ð S + Ð 3 + Ð 7) + (Ð T + Ð 4 + Ð 6) = 5 × 180°
= 900°
Þ (Ð P + Ð Q + Ð R + Ð S + Ð T) Text-Book Exercise :
+ (Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð 3 + Ð 4 + Ð 5 + Ð 6 + Ð 7 + Ð 8 1. (i) 2 (ii) 9
+ Ð 9 + Ð 10) = 900° (iii) 0
Þ (Ð P + Ð Q + Ð R + Ð S + Ð T) + 720° = 900° [Using (i)] 2. (a) (i), (ii), (v), (vi), (vii) (b) (i), (ii), (v), (vi), (vii)
Þ (Ð P + Ð Q + Ð R + Ð S + Ð T) = 180°. (c) (i), (ii) (d) (ii)
(e) (i)
6. Since OA and OB are the bisectors of ÐA and ÐB
respectively. 3. (i) 60° (ii) 140°
1 1 (iii) 140° (iv) 108°
\ Ð OAB = Ð A and Ð OBA = ÐB
2 2 4. Total measure of all exterior angles = 360°
In DAOB, we have
Measure of each exterior angle = 45°
Ð OAB + Ð AOB + Ð OBA = 180°
360
Therefore, the number of exterior angles = =8
1 1 45
Þ Ð A + Ð AOB + Ð B = 180°
2 2 The polygon has 8 sides.
1
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – (Ð A + Ð B) 360° 360°
2 5. (i) = 40° (ii) = 24°
9 15
1
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – (180°) 6. (i) Can be, but need not be.
2
(ii) No; (in a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal; but
Þ Ð AOB = 180° – 90° =90°
here, AD ¹ BC).
[ \ Ð A and Ð B are adjacent angles of (iii) No; (in a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal; but
parallelogram ABCD \ Ð A + Ð B = 180°] here, ÐA ¹ ÐC).
7. PQRS is a square. 7. 108° ; 72°;
\ PS = SR and Ð PSR = 90° 8. Each is a right angle.
In DPSR, we have 9. (i) x = 6; y = 9 (ii) x = 3; y = 13;
PS = SR 10. x = 110°; y = 40°; z = 30°
11. x = 50°
Þ Ð1=Ð2 [ \ Angles opp. to equal sides are equal]
12. Ð P = 50°; Ð S = 90°
But, Ð 1 + Ð 2 + Ð PSR = 180°
13. (i) Parallelogram; rhombus; square; rectangle.
\ 2Ð 1 + 90° = 180° [ \ Ð PSR = 90°]
(ii) Rhombus; square (iii) Square; rectangle
Þ 2Ð 1 = 90°
14. AD || BC; AB || DC. So, in parallelogram ABCD, the
Þ Ð 1 = 45°
8. Since diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other. mid-point of diagonal AC is O.
1 1 15. (i) x = 80°; y =100°; z = 80°
OR = RN and OT = TE (ii) x = 130°; y = 130°; z = 130°
2 2
Also, diagonals of a rectangle are equal. (iii) x = 90°; y = 60°; z = 60°
\ RN = TE (iv) x = 100°; y = 80°; z =80°
(v) y = 112°; x = 28°; z = 28°
1 1 16. Number of sides = 24
Þ RN = TE
2 2
17. (i) The equilateral triangle being a regular polygon of 3
Þ OR = OT sides has the least measure of an interior angle = 60°.
Þ 2x + 4 = 3x + 1 (ii) By (a), we can see that the greatest exterior angle is
120°.
Þ 3x – 2x = 4 – 1
18. (i) x + y + z = 360° (ii) x + y + z + w = 360°
Þ x = 3.
 EBD_7034
76 Mathematics

Exemplar Questions : Thus, in DAOD, we have

OA = OD [Prove above]
1. 12
Þ Ð ODA = Ð OAD [ Ð s opposite to equal sides]
2. Rhombus
But, Ð ODA + Ð OAD + Ð AOD = 180°
3. 30°, 60°, 120°
4. 120°, 60°, 15 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, 52 cm [By angle sum property in DAOD]
5. 70° Þ 2 Ð ODA + 68° = 180°
6. (i) Yes, opposite sides of a rectangle are equal. Þ 2 Ð ODA = 180° – 68°
(ii) Yes, My and RX are perpendicular to OE. Þ 2 Ð ODA = 112°
(iii) Yes, these are alternate interior angles. 112°
(iv) Yes, MYO @ DRXE Þ Ð ODA = = 56°
2
7. 120° 8. 100°
2. 135°
9. x = 10°, y = 20° 10. 74°
3. In DPBC, we have
11. l || m
p \ Ð P + Ð 4 + Ð C = 180°
C X D
m
1 1
Þ ÐP+ Ð B + Ð C = 180° ... (i)
P 2
Q In DQAD, we have
23
l Ð Q + Ð A + Ð 1 = 180°
A Y B
1
Ð DXY = Ð XYA [alt int. Ð S) Þ Ð Q + Ð A+ Ð D = 180° ... (ii)
2
ÐDXY ÐXYA Adding (i) and (ii), we get
= ( ¸2 )
2 2
1 1
Ð 1 = Ð 2 (XP and YQ are bisectors) Ð P+ Ð Q + Ð A+ Ð C + Ð B + Ð D = 180° + 180°
2 2
\ XP || QY (1)
Similarly XQ || PY (2) 1 1
Þ Ð P+ Ð Q + Ð A+ Ð C + Ð D + Ð D = 360°
From (1) and (2) 2 2
PXQY is a parallelogram But, in quadrilateral ABCD, we have
Ð DXY + Ð XYB = 180° Ð A + Ð B + Ð C + Ð D = 360°
ÐDXY ÐXYB 180° From (i) and (ii), we have
+ = ( Divide by 2 )
2 2 2 1
Ð 1 + Ð 3 = 90° Ð P+ Ð Q + Ð A+ Ð C + (Ð B + Ð D) = Ð A + Ð B
2
In DXYP +ÐC+ÐD
Ð 1 + Ð 3 + Ð P = 180°
1
90° + Ð P = 180° Þ Ð P+Q= (Ð B + Ð D)
2
Ð P = 90° …(3)
From (1), (2) and (3), PXQY is a rectangle. 1
12. 45° 13. 116° Þ Ð P+ Ð Q = (Ð ABC + Ð ADC)
2
14. 30 cm 15. 135°, 45°, 135°, 45°. 4. In trapezium, Ð2 = Ð3 = 90°
HOTS Questions : Ð 4 is acute angle, Ð1 is obtuse angle
D C
1. We have.
Ð BOC = 68° 1 2
Þ Ð AOD = 68° [Vertically opposite angles]
Since the diagonals of a rectangle are equal and they bisect 4 3
each other. A B
\ OA = OD Hence Ð 4 = 48° is the acute angle.
Understanding Quadrilaterals 77

5. Ð 1 + Ð 2 = 180° (Since p || q)
x – 5 + Ð 2 = 180° ... (1) 7. (b) D C
y
Ð2=Ð3 (Since l || m)
l

^
x
1 2 o
p ^ q
^ 40°

3 A B
^ m
x x = 90°
Ð2= +5 ... (2) (Q diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right
3
angles.)
put Ð 2 from (2) in (1), we get
x Now, in D ADC, AD = DC
x–5+ + 5 = 180° (sides of rhombus)
3
4x \ Ð DAC = Ð ACD = 40°
= 180° Þ 4x = 180° × 3 (Q equal sides have equal angles opposite to them.)
3
4x = 540° Þ x = 540 ¸ 4 Þ x = 135°. Now in D OCD,
y = 180° – (90° + 40°)
= 180° – 130° = 50°
\ x – y = 90°–50° = 40°
8. (b) In rhombus ABCD,
Single Option Correct :
Ð A + Ð B + Ð C + Ð D = 360°
1. (a) In a quadrilateral sum of all internal angles = 360°. Ð A Ð B Ð C Ð D 360°
Þ + + + =
ÐDAB = 180 - ÐDAE C F 2 2 2 2 2
D
ÐDAB = 180 – b y° a° p + q + s + t = 180 …(1)
ÐBCD = 180 - ÐBCF (\ diagonals of rhombus are angle bisectors)
b° x°
B Now Ðr = 90° …(2)
ÐBCD = 180 – a E A
\ (\ diagonals of rhombus bisect the diagonals at right
In quadrilateral ABCD
angles.)
ÐDAB + ÐABC + ÐBCD + ÐCDA = 360°
Adding (1) and (2), we get
180 - b + x + 180 - a + y = 360° p + q + r + s + t = 180° + 90°
x+ y = a+b \ p + q + r + s + t = 270°
Þ
9. (a) Ð BCD = 90° [angle of a square]
2. (a)
3. (b) ABCD is a parallelogram. Ð BCE = 60° [angle of an equilateral traingle]
\ AB || DC and AD cuts them \ Ð DCE = 90° + 60° = 150°
\ ÐA + ÐD = 180° D DCE is an isosceles triangle with DC = EC
D C
1 1 \ Ð CDE = Ð CED ( angles opposite of equal sides)
Þ ÐA + ÐD = 90° S
2 2 P Þ Ð EDC + Ð DEC + Ð DCE = 180°
R
2 Ð DEC = 180° - Ð DCE
Q
= 180° – 150°
A B 1
\ In DADP, ÐDAP + ÐADP = 90° Ð DEC = (30°) = 15°
2
\ Ð DPA = 90° 10. (a) ÐSTP = 180° – 85° =95°
So ÐSPQ = 90° (Vertically opp. angles) We have, sum of all interior angles of “n” sided polygon
Similarly ÐPQR = 90°, ÐQRS = 90° and RSP = 90° = (n – 2) × 180° = (5 – 2) × 180° = 3 × 180° = 540°
Þ x + 90° + 125° + 130° + 95° = 540°
\ PQRS is a quadrilateral each of whose angles is 90°
therefore PQRS is a rectangle. Þ x + 440° = 540°
4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a) Þ x = 540°– 440° = 100°
 EBD_7034
78 Mathematics
More Than One Option Correct : Measure of Ð B = (2y + 15)° = 2 × 45 + 15 = 105°

1. (a, b, c) 2. (a, b) 3. (a, b, c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d)

4. (a,c) If one or more of the interior angles of a polygon is
Assertion & Reason :
greater than 180°, it is called concave polygon.
1. (c) Assertion is correct and Reason is Incorrect.
5. (a, b, c, d) 6. (a, b, c, d)
A polygon bounded by seven line segments is called
7. (a, d) Rhombus and square are quadrilaterals that have a heptagon.
four sides of equal lengths. 2. (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct.
8. (d) 9. (b, d, c) Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
3. (a) Both Statements are correct and Reason is the correct
Passage Based Questions : explanation of Assertion .
4. (b) Assertion and Reason both are correct but Reason is
1. (b) Since the sum of all angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
So, 3x + 5x + 7x + 9x = 360° 5. (c) Adjacent angles are not equal in a parallelogram.
Þ 24x = 360° Þ x = 15
Multiple Matching Questions :
2. (d) The measure of all angles are
Ð 1 = 3x = 3 × 15 = 45° 1. (A) ® (p, r, s); (B) ® (t, r); (C) ® (p, q, r, s); (D) ® (q, r, s, t)
Ð 2 = 5x = 5 × 15 = 75°
Integer Type Questions :
Ð 3 = 7x = 7 × 15 = 105°
Ð 4 = 9x = 9 × 15 = 135° 1. (4) The ratio of two sides of a parallelogram is 4x and 3x.
Perimeter = 2 (length + breadth)
3. (b) The sum of the least and greater angle is
® 56 = 2(4x + 3x)
Ð 1 + Ð 4 = 45° + 135° = 180°
® 56 = 14x ® x = 4.
4. (c) Ð A = Ð C
Sides of parallelogram is 4 × 4 = 16 m and 4 × 3 = 12 m
[Opposite angles in a parallelogram are equal]
a + b 16 + 12
Þ (3x + 15°) = (2x + 35°) Now, value of = =4m
7 7
Þ 3x – 2x = 35 – 15 Þ x = 20
2. (5) Since opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
5. (a) Ð A + Ð B = 180°
\ Ð BCD = Ð DAB = 75°
[Sum of adjacent angles of a parallelogram are
In DBCD, we have
supplementary]
Ð DBC + Ð BCD + Ð CDB = 180°
Þ (3x + 15°) + (2y + 15°) = 180°
Þ 60° + 75° + Ð CDB = 180°
Þ 3x + 15 + 2y + 15 = 180°
Þ Ð CDB = 180° – (60° + 75°) = 45°
Þ 3x + 2y + 30 = 180°
Since Ð ADB and ÐCBD are alternate interior angles.
Þ 3x + 2y = 150° \ Ð ADB = Ð CBD = 60° = 12 × 5 Þ k = 5
Substituting the value of x = 20 in (i), we get [ \ Ð CBD = 60°]
Þ 3 × 20 + 2y = 150° 3. (5) x = 50°
Þ 60 + 2y = 150° Þ 2y = 150 – 60 Þ k= 5
Þ 2y = 90 Þ y = 45
6. (d) Measure of Ð A = (3x + 15)°
= 3 × 20 + 15 = 75°
 Chap
ter Practical Geometry
4

Familiarity with the step-by-step methods used for constructing geometric figures and knowing related definition of terms help
you understand the practical applications of geometric construction to problem solving. Simplified- or preferred methods of
geometric construction, as well as alternate methods, are valuable knowledge factors when used with drafting instruments to
create accurate drawings. Geometric construction applies equally to computer- generated drawings as it does to more traditional
instrumental drawings using triangles, compasses and protractors.
It is widely used by civil engineers, designers.
 EBD_7034
80 MATHEMATICS
CONSTRUCTION OF QUADRILATERALS
A quadrilateral has ten parts in all, four sides, four angles and two diagonals. It is not necessary to know all the parts to construct a
quadrilateral. If we know five parts out of ten, we will be able to construct a quadrilateral.
Following are the cases, we will consider for construction of quadrilaterals.
(a) When 4 sides and one diagonal are given
(b) When three sides and two diagonals are given.
(c) When four sides and one angle are given.
(d) When three sides and two included angles are given.
(e) When two adjacent sides and three angles are given.
(f) When other special properties are given.
When the Length of Four Sides and a Diagonal are Given

ILLUSTRATION : 1
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 6.5 cm, DA = 3 cm and BD = 6.5 m.
SOLUTION :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw CD = 6.5 cm.
(ii) With C as centre draw an arc with radius 4 cm and with D as centre draw an arc with radius 3 cm.
(iii) Again with D as centre and radius 6.5 cm, which cut the previously drawn arc from C at B.
(iv) With B as centre and radius equal to 4.5 cm draw arc to cut the previously drawn arc through D at A.
(v) Join AB, BC, AD and BD. ABCD is the required quadrilateral with given dimensions.
B 4.5 cm
A
6.5
4 cm cm
3 cm

6.5 cm D
C
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Construct a rhombus with side 5 cm and the diagonal as 6 cm.
SOLUTION :
S
S 5 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm
6 cm
P R P R
6 cm
5 cm 5 cm 5 cm
5 cm
Q
Q
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw the rough sketch of rhombus and mark the measurements.
(ii) Draw PR = 6 cm.
(iii) With P as centre and radius 5 cm, draw arcs on both sides of PR.
(iv) With R as centre radius 5 cm draw another arcs intersecting the previously drawn arcs at S and Q.
(v) Join PS, PQ, QR and PR.
PQRS is the required rhombus.
Practical Geometry 81

When Three Sides and Two Diagonals are Given

When four sides and a diagonal are given, we draw the diagonal as the base and then draw the triangle with the available data above
and below the diagonal to complate a quadrilateral. In this case we shall use the same method of constructing the triangle first to
complete the quadruilateral.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which BC = 4.5 cm, CA = 6 cm, AD = 5 cm. CD = 5.5 cm and BD = 6.5 cm. Write its steps
of construction also.
SOLUTION :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw CD = 5.5 cm.
(ii) With C as centre and radius 4.5 cm, draw an arc above CD.
(iii) With D as centre and radius 6.5 cm, draw an arc cutting the arc drawn in step (ii) at B.
(iv) With D as centre and radius 5 cm draw an arc above CD.
(v) With C as centre and radius 6 cm, draw an arc cutting the arc shown in step (iv) at A.
(vi) Join AB, BC and DA
Thus ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
B A
m

6.5
4.5 c

5 cm
cm
m
6c

C 5.5 cm D
When Four Sides and One Angle are Given

ILLUSTRATION : 4
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 5.5 cm, AD = 6 cm and Ð B = 90°.
SOLUTION :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw AB = 4.5 cm
(ii) Draw a ray BX making an angle 90° with AB, and mark BC = 4cm on BX.
(iii) By taking A as centre and radius 6 cm, draw an arc.
(iv) With C as centre and radius 5.5 draw an arc to cut the arc drawn in step (iii) at D.
(v) Join CD and DA.
(vi) ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
D
X
5.5 c
m
C

6 cm 4 cm

90°

A 4.5 cm B
 EBD_7034
82 MATHEMATICS
When Three Sides and Two Included Angles are Given

ILLUSTRATION : 5
Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, if BC = 7 cm. CD = 6.5 cm, DA = 4 cm, ÐC = 60° and ÐD = 75° .
SOLUTION :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw BC = 7 cm
(ii) Draw a ray CD such that ÐBCD = 60° and cut off CD = 6.5 cm
(iii) At D, construct an angle of 75° and cut off DA = 4 cm.
(iv) Join AB.
(v) ABCD is the required quadrilateral.

m
4c 75º

6 .5
A

cm

60º
B 7 cm C
When Two Adjacent Sides and Three Angles are Given

ILLUSTRATION : 6
Construct quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 5.5 cm, ÐA = 60°, ÐB = 90° and ÐC = 120°
SOLUTION :
Steps of construction :
(i) Draw BC = 5.5 cm
(ii) At B, construct an angle of 90° and mark BA = 5 cm.
(iii) At C, construct an angle such that ÐBCD = 120°.
(iv) At A, construct an angle 60° with a ray to intersect the ray given in step (iii) at point D.
(v) Join, AD and DC.
(vi) ABCD is the required quadrilateral.

60º
5 cm

D
90º
120º
B 5.5 cm C
Practical Geometry 83

SOME SPECIAL CASES

Construction of Special Types of Quadrilaterals
For the construction of the quadrilaterals like parallelogram, rhombus, trapezium, etc., we can use their special features, such as
(i) opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal,
(ii) opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal,
(iii) diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other,
(iv) diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right angles,
(v) a pair of opposite sides of a trapezium are parallel,
(vi) opposite sides of a rhombus are equal,
(vii) opposite angles of a rhombus are equal.
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Construct a trapezium ABCD in which AB || CD, AB = 8.2 cm, BC = 3.4 cm, CD = 3.4 cm and ÐB = 75°.
SOLUTION :
Y

Z D 3.4 cm C
3.4 cm
75°
A 8.2 cm B X
Steps for Construction :
uuur
(i) Draw AX and cut AB = 8.2 cm on it.
uuur
(ii) At B, draw a ray BY such that ÐABY = 75°.
uuur
(iii) With centre B and radius equal to 3.4 cm draw an arc cutting BY at C.
uuur
(iv) Through C draw CZ such that ÐBCZ = 180° – 75° = 105°.
uuur
(v) With centre C and radius equal to 3.4 cm, draw an arc cutting CZ at D. Join A and D.
Thus, ABCD is the required trapezium.
 EBD_7034
84 MATHEMATICS

1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4.4 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 6.4 cm, DA = 2.8 cm and BD = 6.6 cm.
Sol. Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw BD = 6.6 cm. C
6.4
(ii) With B as centre and radius BC = 4 cm, draw an arc. cm

m
4c
(iii) With D as centre and radius CD = 6.4 cm, draw an arc, to intersect the arc drawn
6.6 cm D
in step (ii) at C. B
4.4 c m
(iv) With B as centre and radius BA = 4.4 cm, draw an arc on the side of BD opposite m 2. 8c
to that of C. A
(v) With D as centre and radius AD = 2.8 cm, draw another arc to intersect the arc drawn in step (iv) at A.
(vi) Join BA, DA, BC and CD.
The quadrilateral ABCD so abtained is the required quadrilateral.
2. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5.5 cm, AD = 4.4 cm, CD = 6.5 cm, AC = 6.5 cm and BD = 7.1 cm.
Sol. Steps of Construction : D
(i) Draw AC = 6.5 cm.

cm
(ii) With A as centre and radius AD = 4.4 cm, draw an arc.

6. cm
5
7.1
4.4

cm
(iii) With C as centre and radius CD = 6.5 cm, draw an arc to intersect the arc drawn in step
(ii) at D. 6.5 cm
A
(iv) With A as centre and radius AB = 5.5 cm, draw an arc on the side of AC opposite to that C
5.5
of D. cm
(v) With D as centre and radius BD = 7.1 cm, draw another arc to intersect the arc drawn in step (iv) at B. B
(vi) Join AD, CD, AB and CB to obtain the required quadrilateral.
3. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given AB = 5.6 cm, BC = 4.1 cm, CD = 4.4 cm, AD = 3.3 cm and ÐA = 75°.
Sol. Steps of Construction :
X
(i) Draw AB = 5.6 cm. C
(ii) Construct ÐBAX = 75°. D 4.4 cm
(iii) With A as centre and radius AD = 3.3 cm, cut off AD = 3.3 cm alone AX.

4.1 cm
m

(iv) Join BD.

3.3 c

(v) With D as centre and radius DC = 4.4 cm, draw an arc. 75°
(vi) With B as centre and radius BC = 4.1 cm, drawn an arc to cut drawn in step (v) at C. A 5.6 cm B
Join BC, CD to obtain the required quadrilateral ABCD.
4. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.6 cm, BC = 5.5 cm, CD = 5 cm, ÐB = 125° and ÐC = 80°.
Sol. Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw BC = 5.5 cm. Y
(ii) At B construct ÐXBC = 125°. X D
(iii) At C construct ÐYCB = 80°, such that X and Y are on the same side of BC.
A
5 cm

(iv) With B as centre and radius AB = 3.6 cm, draw an arc to intersect BX at A.
3.6

(v) With C as centre and radius CD = 5 cm, draw an arc to intersect CY at D.

125° 80°
cm

(vi) Join AD.

B 5.5 cm C
The quadrilateral ABCD so obtained is the required quadrilateral.
Practical Geometry 85

5. Construct a rhombus with side 4.2 cm and one of its angles equal to 65°.

Sol. Clearly, the adjacent angle = (180° – 65°) = 115°. So, we may proceed according to the steps given below.
Steps of Construction :
X Y
(i) Draw BC = 4.2 cm. D
A
(ii) Make ÐCBX = 115° and ÐBCY = 65°.

4.2
4.2

cm
(iii) Cut off BA = 4.2 cm along BX and CD = 4.2 cm along CY.

cm
115° 65°
(iv) Join AD. B 4.2 cm C

Then, ABCD is the required rhombus.

6. Construct a kite ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, AD = 6 cm and AC = 5 cm.
Sol. We know that a kite has two pairs of equal adjacent sides. B
Steps of Construction : 4 cm 4 cm

(i) Draw AC = 5 cm. A C

5 cm
(ii) Cut off AB = CB = 4 cm at point B.
6 cm 6 cm
(iii) Similarly, cut off AD = CD = 6 cm at point D.

(iv) Join AB, CB, AD and CD. D

Then, ABCD is the required kite.

7. Construct a parallelogram ABCD where AB = 4.2 cm, AD = 3.5 cm and ÐA = 75°.

Sol. We first draw a rough sketch of the parallelogram ABCD
X
Steps of Construction : D 4.2 cm C
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 4.2 cm
3.5 cm 3.5 cm
(ii) At A draw an angle ÐBAX = 75°.
75°
(iii) From AX cut off AD = 3.5 cm A B
4.2 cm
(iv) With D as centre and radius (DC = AB) equal to 4.2 cm, draw an arc. Again with B as centre and radius (BC = 3.5 cm), draw
another arc intersecting the first arc at C.
(v) Join BC and DC.

Then, ABCD is the required parallelogram.

8. Construct a rectangle PQRS given that PQ = 5 cm and the diagonal PR = 6.5 cm. X
Sol. We first draw a rough sketch of the rectangle PQRS. S 5 cm R
Steps of Construction : cm
6.5
(i) Draw a line segment PQ = 5 cm. 5 cm 90°
P Q

(ii) At Q, draw QX ^ PQ. With P as centre and radius equal to 6.5 cm, draw an arc cutting QX at R. Join PR.
(iii) With R as centre and radius = 5 cm, draw an arc.
(iv) With P as centre and radius equal to QR draw another arc cutting the first arc at S. Join PS and RS.
Then, PQRS is the required rectangle.
 EBD_7034
86 MATHEMATICS
9. Construct a trapezium PQRS in which PQ || SR, PQ = 6.5 cm, QR = 4.5 cm, ÐP = 80° and ÐQ = 60°.
Sol. Steps of Construction :
X
(i) Draw a line segment PQ = 6.5 cm.
R
(ii) Make ÐPQX = 60°. Z S Y
(iii) Cut off QR = 4.5 cm on QX.
4.5 cm
(iv) Make ÐQRY = ÐPQX (Alternative interior angle)
(v) Draw a line YZ passing through R parallel to PQ. 80°
60°
P Q
(vi) At P draw an angle such that ÐQPS = 80° 6.5 cm

Thus, PQRS is the required trapezium.

Practical Geometry 87

Fill in the Blanks : (B) A quadrilateral in (q) trapezium

which each side measure
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an 6.2 cm and each angle
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). equal to 90° is a
(C) Given AB = 6 cm, BC = (r) Rectangle
1. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if its three 4.1 cm, CD = 3.3 cm,
sides and ________________ angle are given. ÐB = 75° and DC || AB,
2. _____________ measurements can determine a them ABCD is a
quadrilateral uniquely. (D) QR = 3.6 cm, diagonal (s) Parallelogram
3. Data about five parts of a quadrilateral in order to PR= 6 cm and each angle
be sufficient must also satisfy ____________ inequality equal to 90°, then PQRS is a
and ___________ of a triangle, wherever applicable.
4. If only one diagonal of a quadrillateral bisects the other,
Very Short Answer Questions :
then the quadrillateral is known as __________.
5. To construct a quadrilateral uniquely, it is necessary to DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
have the knowledge of a least ____ independent elements. 1. Construct a square each of whose side length is 5 cm.
6. A quadrilateral can be constructed uniquely if its _______ 2. Construct a square LMNO whose diagonal is 6 cm.
sides and one diagonal are given 3. The construction of which figure is shown in the diagram?
True / False : B

DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your

answer as true or false. A C
1. For constructing a unique parallelogram lengths of only
two sides should be given.
2. A quadrilateral can be drawn if only measures of four sides D
are given. 4. If AB = 7.3 cm, one angle is 60° and diagonal bisect each
3. A quadrilateral can have all four angles as obtuse. other at 90°, then which figure can be constructed?
4. A quadrilateral can be drawn when all the four angles and
one side is given. Short Answer Questions :
5. A quadrilateral can be drawn if three sides and two
diagonals are given. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
6. A parallelogram can be constructed uniquely if both
diagonals and the angle between them is given. 1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 3.8 cm,
7. A rhombus can be constructed uniquely if both diagonals BC = 5 cm, CD = 5 cm, DA = 5.5 cm and AC = 8 cm.
are given. 2. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 5 cm,
AC = 6 cm, AD = 8 cm and ÐABC = ÐACD = 90°.
Match the Columns :
3. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm,
BC = 3.4 cm, AD = 2.8 cm, diagonal AC = 4.6 cm and diagonal
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in
BD = 4.2 cm.
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D)
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in 4. In the diagram, KLMN is a constructed parallelogram.
column-II. N M P
1. Column-I Column-II
(Given Data) (Constructed figure)
(A) Given AB = 6.6 cm, (p) square
AC = 3.5 cm, the altitude
AL from A = 2.6 cm, K L
opposite sides are parallel
Find the value of ÐKLM.
and equal, then ABCD is a
 EBD_7034
88 MATHEMATICS
Long Answer Questions : 3. Construct a parallelogram ABCD, where AB = 4.5 cm,
BC = 3 cm and ÐB = 105° .
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
4. Construct a rectangle PQRS with PQ = 5.5 cm and
1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4 cm, QR = 3 cm.
Ð A = 75°, BC = 2.8 cm, CD = 3.3 cm and AD = 2.5 cm 5. Construct a rectangle PQRS with PQ = 6 cm and diagonal
2. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = 4.5 cm, PR = 6.6 cm.
BC = 3 cm, CD = 3.2 cm, AD = 2.5 cm and the diagonal
AC = 5 cm.

Text-Book Exercise : 3. Construct a rectangle whose side is 3 cm and a diagonal

equal to 5 cm.
1. Construct the Quadrilateral JUMP, where
4. Construct a quadrilateral NEWS in which NE = 7 cm, EW =
JU = 3.5 cm
6 cm, ÐN = 60°, ÐE = 110° and ÐS = 85°.
UM = 4 cm
5. Is it possible to construct a quadrilateral ROAM in which
MP = 5 cm RO = 4 cm, OA = 5 cm, ÐO = 120°, ÐR = 105° and ÐA =
PJ = 4.5 cm 135°? If not, why?
PU = 6.5 cm 6. Construct a trapezium ABCD where AB || CD, AD =
2. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, given that BC = 4.5 cm, BC = 3.2 cm, AB = 6.4 cm and CD = 9.6 cm. Measure ÐB
AD = 5.5 cm, CD = 5 cm the diagonal AC = 5.5 cm and and ÐA.
diagonal BD = 7 cm. 6.4 cm
A B
3. Construct the Parallelogram HEAR, where
HE = 5 cm
3.2 cm 3.2 cm 3.2 cm
EA = 6 cm
ÐR = 85°
60°
4. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, where AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 C
cm, CD = 6.5 cm and ÐB = 105° and ÐC = 80°. D 9.6 cm
5. Is it possible to construct a rhoumbus ABCD where [Hint : Difference of two parallel sides given an equilateral
AC = 6 cm and BD = 7 cm? Justify your answer. triangle.]
6. A rhombus whose diagonals are 5.2 cm and 6.4 cm long.
7. Construct a rhombus PAIR, given that PA = 6 cm and angle
7. A parallelogram OKAY where OK = 5.5 cm and KA = 4.2 cm.
ÐA = 110°.
Is it unique?
8. Construct the Quadrilateral DEAR, where 8. Is it possible to construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which
DE = 4 cm AB = 3 cm, BC = 4 cm, CD = 5.4 cm, DA = 5.9 and diagonal
AC = 8 cm? If not, why?
EA = 5 cm
AR = 4.5 cm HOTS Questions :
ÐE = 60°
ÐA = 90° 1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD given AB = 5.3 cm, AD =
2.9 cm, ÐA = 70°; ÐB = 95°, ÐC = 85°.
Exemplar Questions :
2. Construct a quadrilateral BDEF, where DE = 4.5 cm, EF =
1. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD in which AB = AD = 5 cm, 3.5 cm, FB = 6.5 cm, ÐF = 50° and ÐE = 100°.
BC = CD = 7 cm and BD = 6 cm. What type of quadrilateral
3. Construct , if possible, a quadrilateral ABCD given
is this? AB = 6 cm, BC = 3.7 cm, CD = 5.7 cm, AD = 5.5 and BD =
2. Construct a trapezium ABCD in which AB || DC,ÐA = 105°, 6.1 cm. Give reason for not being able to construct it,
AD = 3 cm, AB = 4 cm and CD = 8 cm. if you cannot.
Practical Geometry 89

Single Option Correct : More Than One Option Correct :

DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONLY ONE is correct. ONE or MORE may be correct.

1. To construct a parallelogram, the minimum number of 1. To construct a quadrilateral ABCD, which of the following
measurements required is : parts is necessary?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) Length of AB
(b) Length of BC
(c) 4 (d) 1
(c) Measure of ÐA, ÐB and ÐC
2. To construct a convex quadrilateral, which of the following
(d) Both (a) and (b)
cases is not correct?
2. Which of the given properties of a parallelogram are
(a) When the lengths of four sides and one diagonal are
necessary to construct it?
given. (a) Opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal should be
(b) When the lengths of three sides and the two diagonals given.
are given. (b) Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal should
(c) When the lengths of four sides and one angle are be given.
given. (c) diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other should
(d) When the lengths of two sides and two included be given.
angles are given. (d) both (a) and (b)
3. Which of the following is true for constructing a 3. Which of the following options is/ are true about a
quadrilateral? trapezium to construct it?
(a) 5 sides and 3 diagonals (a) one pair of opposite sides of a trapezium should be
(b) 3 sides only parallel and unequal should be given
(b) two non – parallel sides length should be given
(c) 3 angles and their 2 included sides
(c) two equal opposite angles should be given
(d) 2 diagonals only
(d) all of these
4. Given AB = 3 cm, BC = 5 cm, AC = 9 cm, AD = 6 cm, CD = 2
4. Given below are the steps of construction of a quadrilateral
cm. Which of the following is true about the construction
ABCD, where AB = 3.5 cm, BC = 6.5 cm, ÐA = 75°, ÐB = 105°
of a quadrilateral?
and ÐC = 120°. Which of the following is a correct step?
(a) It is possible to draw the quadrilateral.
(b) It is not possible to draw the quadrilateral since AD + (a) Step I : Draw AB = 3.5 cm.
DC < AC. (b) Step II : Draw ÐXAB = 75° at A and ÐABY = 105° at B.
(c) It is possible to draw the quadrilateral since AD + DC (c) Step III : With B as centre and radius BC = 6.5 cm, draw
< AC an arc to intersect BY at C.
(d) None of these (d) Step IV : At C draw ÐADC = 120° such that CZ meets
5. If AB = 5 cm, BC = 4 cm, ÐB = 90° and opposite sides are AX at D.
equal, then which of the following figure can be 5. Given AB = 3 cm, BC = 5 cm, AC = 9 cm, AD = 6 cm,
constructed? CD = 2 cm. Which of the following is false about the
(a) Square (b) Rectangle construction of a quadrilateral?
(c) trapezium (d) Rhombus (a) It is possible to draw the quadrilateral.
6. To construct a kite which of the following is necessary? (b) It is not possible to draw the quadrilateral since AD +
(a) Two adjacent unequal sides and included diagonal. DC < AC.
(b) Two adjacent equal sides and included diagonal. (c) It is possible to draw the quadrilateral since AD + DC
(c) Opposite sides length. < AC
(d) None of these. (d) None of these
 EBD_7034
90 MATHEMATICS
Passage Based Questions : 1. Assertion : A quadrilateral can be constructed if at least
any five independent elements are given.
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
Reason : Data about the five parts of a quadrilateral in
following questions.
order to be sufficient must also satisfy (i) the
PASSAGE triangle inequality and (ii) angle sum property
Given a quadrilateral ABCD in which BC = 5 cm, ÐBCD = 120°, of a triangle, wherever applicable.
CD = 4.8 cm and opposite sides are parallel and equal.
2. Assertion : In all cases of quadrilateral, it is convenient
1. What is the name of the quadrilateral which can be drawn
from the given data? and helpful to draw rough sktech of the
(a) square (b) Rhombus quadrilateral and indicate the data on it.
(c) Parallelogram (d) Rectangle Reason : This suggest the steps of construction.
2. If ÐBCD = 120°, then ÐBAD =
(a) 60° (b) 120° Integer Type Questions :
(c) 180° (d) none of these
3. If BC = 5 cm, then AD = DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
(a) 5 cm (b) 4.8 cm each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
(c) 6 cm (d) none of these to 9.
Assertion & Reason : 1. To construct a quadrilateral, if 3 angles are given then
how many included sides are required.
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the 2. To construct a quadrilateral, if 2 diagonals are given, then
question on the basis of following options. You have to select how many sides are required.
the one that best describes the two statements. 3. The number of measurements required to construct a
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is quadrilateral is ________.
the correct explanation of Assertion. 4. The minimum number of dimensions needed to construct a
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is rectangle is ________.
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
5. The minimum number of measurements needed to construct
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
a square is ________.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Practical Geometry 91

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

2. We know that the diagonals of the square bisect each other

at right angles and are equal.
O
Fill in the Blanks :
1. 2 included 2. 5

3 cm
3. triangle, angle sum property. 4. Kite
P
5. Five L N
3 cm 3 cm
True / False :

3 cm
1. False. 2. False. 3. False. 4. Flase.
5. True. 6. True. 7. True.
M
Match the Columns :
Steps of Construction :
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r)
(i) Draw a line segment LN = 6 cm
(A) Hence, one side, one diagonal and an altitude from,
(ii) Draw a line OM, its right bisector, meeting LN at P.
A is given. Also, opposite sides are parallel and equal.
(iii) Cut off PO and PM each equal to 3 cm.
So, a parallelogram can be constructed.
(iv) Join LM, MN NO and OL.
(B) Here each side measurement and each angle equal
Then, LMNO is the required square.
to 90° are given. So, in this cases a square can be
3. Since diagonals are bisecting each other at right angle, it
constructed. is a rhombus.
D C 4. Here, one side, one angle 60° and diagonal bisect each
other at 90° is given and we know that diagonals of a
rhombus bisect each other at right angle. So, a rhombus
can be drawn since one angle is 60°.
90°
A Short Answer Questions :
6.2 cm B
(C) Here, AB, BC, CD, ÐB and DC || AB are given and by 1. Steps of Construction :
using these values we can construct a trapezium. (i) Draw AB = 3.8 cm
(D) Here, side QR, diagonal PR and each angle equal to (ii) With A as centre and radius equal to 8 cm draw an arc.
90°. (iii) With B as centre and radius equal to 5 cm draw another
So, using these measurements we can construct a arc, cutting the previous arc at C.
rectangle. (iv) Join B to C.
Very Short Answer Questions : (v) With A as centre and radius eqaul to 5.5 cm, draw an
arc.
1. Steps of Construction : (vi) With C as centre and radius equal to 5 cm, draw another
D 5 cm arc, cutting the previous arc at D.
C D
5 cm
5 cm

C
5 cm

90°
5.5 cm

A 5 cm B
m

5 cm
8c

(i) Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm.

(ii) With A as centre, draw an angle of 90° at point A.
(iii) Cut off AD equal to 5 cm. With B as centre and radius
5 cm; draw an arc.
(iv) With D as centre and same radius cut off previously A 3.8 cm B
drawn arc at C. (vii) Join AD and CD.
(v) Join D to C and C to B. Then, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
 EBD_7034
92 MATHEMATICS
2. Steps of Construction : Long Answer Questions :
(i) Daw AB = 5 cm
(ii) Make ÐABX = 90° 2. C
3.2 c m
(iii) With A as centre and radius equal to 6 cm cut an arc on D
BX at C. Join AC.
m
Y D 2.5 cm 5c 3 cm

X A B
4.5 cm
90° C
Steps of construction:
8 cm

cm (i) Draw AB = 4.5 cm.

6
90° (ii) With B as centre draw an arc with radius 3 cm and
A 5 cm B with A as centre with radius 5 cm draw another arc
(iv) Again make ÐACY = 90°. cutting previously drawn arc at C.

(v) With A as centre and radius equal to 8 cm cut an arc on (iii) Join B to C.
CY at D. Join AD. (iv) With C as centre and radius 3.2 cm draw an arc and
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral. with A as centre and radius 2.5 cm draw another arc
3. Steps of Construction : cutting previously drawn are at D.
(i) Draw AB = 4 cm (v) Join A to D and C to D.
(ii) With A as centre and radius equal to 4.6 cm, draw an
(vi) ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
arc.
(iii) With B as centre and radius equal to 3.4 cm, draw X
5.
another arc, cutting the previous arc at C. 6 cm
S R

D C
cm
6.6
m

90°
2.8 c

3.4 cm
4 .2

P Q
cm

6 cm
cm
4.6

A 4 cm B Steps of construction:
(i) Draw PQ = 6 cm.
(iv) Join B to C.
(ii) At Q, draw a ray QX such that ÐPQX = 90°
(v) With A as centre and radius equal to 2.8 cm draw an
arc. (iii) With P as centre and radius 6.6 cm draw an arc, cutting
(vi) With B as centre and radius equal to 4.2 cm draw QX at R.
another arc cutting the previous arc at point D. (iv) With R as centre and radius 6 cm draw an arc.
(vii) Join C to D and A to D.
(v) With P as centre and radius equal to QR draw another
Thus, ABCD is the required quadrilateral.
arc, cutting previously drawn arc at S.
4. ÐKLP = 90º
LM is an angular bisector of Ð KLP (vi) Join PS and RS.
1 (vii) PQRS is the required rectangle.
\ ÐKLM = × 90º = 45º
2
Practical Geometry 93

5 cm

.
Text-Book Exercise : B D
6
2. D

cm

5c
5 .5

7 cm

. m . C
A C 2. ÐA + ÐD = 180°

.
5.5 cm
c m 105° + ÐD = 180°
4.5 ÐD = 75°

.
B
Steps of construction:
4.
.
Y
D X
X
A . D
75°
8 cm C Y
6.5

3 cm
cm
4 cm

105°
A 4 cm B

B .
105°
5 cm
80°
C
(i) Draw AB = 4 cm
uuur
(ii) Draw AX such that ÐBAX = 105°
6. Only two (diagonal) measurenments of the rhombus are
given. However, since it is a rhombus, we can find more (iii) Mark a point D on AX such that AD = 3 cm
uuur
help from its properties. (iv) Draw DY such that ÐADY = 75°
Rough figure (v) Mark a point C such that CD = 8 cm
D C
(vi) Join BC. ABCD is the required trapezium.
3c

3. Diagonals of a rectangle are equal.

m
m

7c
X
3c
m

A B
D C
7. So, first draw AC = 7 cm and then construct its perpendicular
bisector. Let them meet at 0. Cut off 3 cm lengths on either
m

side of the drawn bisector. you now get B and D. Join AB,
5c

BC, CD and AD.

It is not a unique parallelogram. There can be endless 90°
parallelogram with those dimensions. A B
3 cm
Exemplar Questions : AC = BD = 5 cm
Steps of construction:
1. (i) Draw a line segment BD = 6 cm. Taking B and D as
centres and 5 cm radius, draw arcs to intersect at the (i) Draw AB = 3 cm
point A. (ii) Draw a ray BX such that ÐABX = 90°
(ii) Taking B and D as centres and 7 cm radius, draw arcs (iii) Draw an arc such that AC = 5 cm
in the opposite side of A intersect at the point C. (iv) With B as centre m draw an arc of radius 5 cm. With C
(iii) Join AB, AD and BC, DC. as centre draw another arc of radius 3 cm which
intersect first arc at a point D.
ABCD is the required quadrilateral. It is a kite.
(v) Join CD and AD.
 EBD_7034
94 MATHEMATICS
4. S 8. No,
W In a D, sum of two sides always is greater than the third
105° side.
AB + BC > AC
6 cm HOTS Questions :

60° 110° 1. We know that the sum of the angles of a quadrlateral is

360°.
N 7 cm E
\ ÐA + ÐB + ÐC + ÐD = 360°
Fourth angle = 360° – (60° + 110° + 85°) Þ 70° + 95° + 85° + ÐD = 360°
= 360° – 255° Þ 250° + ÐD = 360°
= 105° Þ ÐD = 360° – 250° = 110°
5. No, Steps of Construction :
ÐO + ÐR + ÐA = 120° + 105° + 135° = 360° (i) Draw AB = 5.3 cm.
The sum of four angles of a quadrilateral must be 360°. (ii) At A draw ÐXAB = 70°.
(iii) With A as centre and radius 2.9 cm draw an arc to cut
A 6.4 cm B AX at D.
6.
(iv) At D draw ÐADY = 110°.
cm

3.2

(v) At B draw ÐZBA = 95° so that ZB intersects YD at C.

cm
3.2

cm
3.2

X Z
D 6.4 cm 3.2 cm C D
E C
Y
110°
D BEC is an equilateral triangle
ÐA = 120°, ÐB = 60°
95°
70°
7. X Y B
A
6 cm 5.3 cm
P R The quadrilateral ABCD so obtained is the required
6 cm quadrilateral.
6 cm

110° 70°
A I
6 cm Single Option Correct :
1. (b) To construct a parallelogram minimum 3 measurements
Since in a rhombus, all sides are equal so, PA = AI = IR = are required.
2. (d) Only four measurements are given, which are not
RP = 6 cm
sufficient to construct a convex quadrilateral.
Also, rhombus is a parallelogram 3. (c) 3 angles and their 2 included sides. There is only 4
so, adjacent angle, Ð I = 180° – 110° = 70° sides and 2 diagonals. So option (1) is not valid. Only
Steps of Construction : 3 sides are not sufficient to draw a quadrilateral. So,
option (2) is also invalid. Only 2 diagonals are not
(i) Draw AI = 6 cm
uuur uur sufficient to draw a quadrilateral. So, option (4) is also
(ii) Draw ray AX such that ÐIAX = 110° and draw IY not valid.
such that ÐAIY = 70°. 4. (b) Here, it is given that AD + DC < AC which does not
(iii) With A and I as centres and radius 6 cm draw arcs satisfy triangle inequality and hence quadrilateral
intersecting AX and IY at P and R respectively. cannot be drawn.
5. (b) Here, two adjacent sides, one right angle and opposite
(iv) Join PR.
sides are equal as given. So, a rectangle can be
Thus, PAIR is the required rhombus. constructed.
Practical Geometry 95

D | C satisfy triangle inequality and hence quadrilateral

cannot be drawn.

8.5 cm Passage Based Questions :

90° 1. (c) Here, BC = 5 cm, ÐBCD = 120°, CD = 4.8 cm and
A | B opposite sides are parallel and equal. By using these
11 cm value we can construct a parallelogram.
6. (a) two adjacent unequal sides and included diagonal
means, two unequal sides and diagonal from common 2. (b) Here, ÐBCD = 120°,
vertex. i.e., sides AB, AD and diagonal AC are given. \ ÐBAD = ÐBCD = 120°,
B (opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal)
3. (a) If BC = 5 cm then AD = BC = 5 cm
(Given as opposite sides are equal)
A C
Assertion & Reason :

1. (a) Assertion : correct, Reason : correct

Reason is correct explannation of Asserion since sides
D and angles of the quadrilateral must satisfy the triangle
inequality and angle sum property of a triangle.
More Than One Option Correct : 2. (a) Assrtion : correct, Reason : correct
1. (a, b, c) : We known that to construct a quadrilateral, Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion since
measure of atleast five parts is necessary. by using rough sketch we feel easy in writing steps of
In case of quadrilateral ABCD, if length of AB, length of BC construction.
and measure of ÐA, ÐB and ÐC is required. So, option (a),
(b) and (c) are correct. Integer Type Questions :
2. (a, b, d) : We know that a parallelogram can be constructed 1. (2) Since 3 angle + 2 included sides = 5 independent
if its opposite sides are given, opposite angles are given, elements which are required to construct a
length of its diagonals are given or at least one angle is quadrilateral.
given. 2. (3) Since, at least 5 independent elements are necessary
Here , option (a), (b) and (d) fulfilled the requirement. to construct a quadrilateral. Therefore three sides
3. (a, b) : A trapezium can be constructed if length of opposite are required.
unequal parallel sides are given and non – parallel sides are 3. (3) Minimum number of measurement required to
given. construct a unique quadrilateral is five.
So, options (a), (b) are correct. Option (c) is not correct, 4. (2) Two dimensions are sufficient to construct a
since opposite angles of a trapezium are not equal. rectangle.
4. (a, b, c) 5. (1) Only 1 measurement is sufficient to construct a
5. (a, b) Here, it is given that AD + DC < AC which does not square.
 EBD_7034
96 Mathematics

Chap
ter Data Handling
5

Data from current and past events is often a useful tool in business, economics, finance, social and medical sciences. Gathering
data is the first step in developing mathematical models that can be used to analyse a situation and predict future performance.
Graphical representations of data are commonly used in all spheres of life. Some of the commonly encountered graphs are
'production of wheat from 1971 to 2010,' 'Over-wise run-rate maintained by India in a 20-20 Cricket match,' etc.
Statistical models have become increasingly useful in manufacturing, agriculture, marketing, social sciences and in all types of
research.
Statistics has applications to almost every aspect of modern life. The digital age is creating a wealth of data that needs to be
summarized, visualized, and analyzed whether we want to know executives' earnings per year, movies' earnings at the box
office on a given weekend, or the sales within sectors of the home and leisure industry.
Life is full of uncertainty so to identify the clear trends or future prospects of a product, a system or any change we can't just
depend on the collected data or the statistical results. Here probability comes in which enables us to deal with uncertainty.
Data Handling 97

DATA
The information collected in the form of numerical figures is called data.

Ungrouped or Raw Data

The data which is collected for specific purpose and put as it is (without any arrangement) is called raw data. Each entry in raw data
is known as an observation.
For example : runs scored by batsmen in a T-20 cricket match are :
17, 20, 15, 42, 25, 17, 23, 18, 5, 15
By observation we can find the lowest and highest scores.

Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values of given data is called range. In the above case,
Highest Score = 42, Lowest score = 5
\ Range = Highest Score – Lowest score
Range = 42 – 5 = 37
Frequency : The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency. In the above example, frequency of 15 and
17 is two and for other scores the frequency is 1.

Discrete Frequency Distribution Table

Consider the marks obtained by 20 students in mathematics annual examination of class VIII (Marks are out of 100) :
60, 70, 59, 60, 50, 58, 62, 56, 59, 59, 58, 70, 58, 62, 50, 58, 58, 50, 62, 56
To make the data easily understandable we write it in the following table.

Marks obtained 50 56 58 59 60 62 70
No.of students
3 2 5 3 2 3 2
(frequency)

The above table is called on Discrete a Frequency Distribution Table.

Grouped Frequency Distribution Table

When our data is large e.g. we are given marks out of 100 of 60 students. To make the data more sensible, we condense the data into
groups like 50 – 55, 56 – 60, ......., 65 – 70.
These groupings are called Classes or Class-intervals. Size of class is called class - size or class width. In one case, class - size is 5.
In each of the class least number is called lower class limit and greatest number is called upper class limit e.g. in 50 – 55, lower class
limit is 50 and upper class limit is 55. The given data can now be arranged in tabular form as given in the adjoining table.

Marks Obtained No. of Students

(frequency)
50 – 55 3
56 – 60 12
61 – 65 3
66 – 70 2
Total 20

This table is called Grouped Frequency Distribution Table. From this, we can observe that more than 60% marks are obtained by
3 + 2 = 5 students out of 20 students.

Inclusive and Exclusive Grouped Frequency Distribution

Frequency distribution in which groups are of the form 1 – 9, 10 – 19, 20 – 29... in which the upper limit of one class interval does
not coincide with the lower limit of the next class interval is called inclusive grouped frequency distribution. In this type of distribution
 EBD_7034
98 Mathematics
both the lower limit and upper limit belongs to that class only e.g. for inclusive class 1 – 9 both 1 and 9 belongs to class 1 – 9.
Actually the inclusive class 1– 9 includes equal and greater than (1 – 0.5 = 0.5) but less than (9 + 0.5 = 9.5).
There is another type of frequency distribution like 10 – 20, 20 – 30, 30 – 40.... in which upper limit of one class interval is same as
the lower class limit of succeeding class interval. This is called exclusive grouped frequency distribution. In this type of grouped
frequency distribution the upper limit of class interval belongs to succeeding class.
An inclusive frequency distribution can be converted to exclusive frequency distribution in the following way :
(i) Find the difference between the upper limit of a class and the lower limit of its succeeding class.
(ii) Add half of this difference to each of the upper limits and subtract the same from each of the lower limits
Consider frequency distribution in the given table.
1 – 9, 10 – 19, 20 – 29...
Lower limit of 10 – 19 = 10
Upper limit of 1 – 9 = 9 Inclusive Class Exclusive Class
Difference = 10 – 9 = 1 Interval Interval
Half the difference = 1/2 = 0.5 1 – 9 0.5 – 9.5
10 – 19 9.5 – 19.5
\ New class interval for 1 – 9 is (1 – 0.5) – (9 + 0.5)
20 – 29 19.5 – 29.5
i.e. 0.5 – 9.5 similarly other intervals can be formed.

Class Marks
Class marks are the mid points of the class intervals. To find the class-mark of a class interval, we find the sum of upper limit and
lower limit of a class and divide it by 2.

Lower limit + Upper limit

\ Class Mark =
2
For a class interval 10 – 20,

10 + 20
Class mark = = 15
2

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF DATA

To make the data useful and attractive, we represent them by means of diagrams and graphs. The representation of quantitative
(numerical) data suitably through chart and diagram is known as graphical representation of data.

I. Pictograph
Pictorial representation of numerical data, using picture symbol, is known as pictograph of the data. Most business and industrial
concerns show their product by depicting pictures.
Steps involved of drawing a pictograph
(a) Allot a symbol for a unit
(b) The symbol used must be simple, clear and self explanatory
(c) The quantity that each symbol represent must be clearly indicated
(d) All symbols used in the problem should be of uniform size.
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Read the following numerical data about the total number of students scored more than 90% aggregate in annual examination
in classes I to V of a school with 120 students in each class having 4 sections and with 30 students in each section.

Class I II III IV V
No.of students scored
10 8 8 7 9
more than 90%aggregate
Data Handling 99

SOLUTION :
The pictograph of the above data is shown in following table, where one student is represented by one D.
I D D D D D D D D D D 10
II DDDDDDDD 8
III DDDDDDDD 8
IV DDDDDDD 7
V DDDDDDDDD 9

II. Bar Graph

Representation of numerical data through pictograph is both tedius and time-consuming. In some situations we may have to draw part
pictorial symbol which may not convey some given numbers correctly. Therefore instead of picture symbols we draw horizontal or
vertical bars (rectangles) to represent the given data. Such a representation is called bar graph.
Bar graphs are the simple most popular method of showing data related to one variable. Bars are drawn, of uniform width with equal
spaces in between them, on X-axis. On Y-axis height of bar (rectangle) is shown.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
The expenditure (in 10 lakhs of rupees) on health by ABC Pvt Ltd. During five years is given below:
Expenditure
Year
(in10 lakhof rupees)
2004 5
2005 15
2006 25
2007 35
2008 10
Construct a bar graph to represent the above data.
SOLUTION :
(a) On a graph paper, draw two perpendicular lines to represent X-axis (horizontal) and Y-axis vertical.
(b) Along horizontal axis we write and mark the information ‘Year’. Along vertical axis we write and mark Expenditure (in 10 lakhs of
rupees)
(c) Choose a suitable scale to show height of the bars along vertical axis. Y
Scale : On Y-axis,
1 cm = 50 lakhs 1 cm = 50 Lakh
Expenditure (in 10 lakhs of rupees)

40
(d) Calculate heights of various bars
35
Year 2004 = 1 cm
30
Year 2005 = 3 cm
25
Year 2006 = 5 cm
20
Year 2007 = 7 cm 15
Year 2008 = 2 cm 10
The required bar graph is shown below : 5
0 X
2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Years
Bar graph of the expenditure on health by ABC Pvt. Ltd.

NOTE : The breadth of rectangles in a bar graph are uniform.

 EBD_7034
100 Mathematics
III. Histograms
A histogram is very similar to bar graph. However, unlike a bargraph, there is no gap between the bars of a histogram. Histograms are
used for exclusive (or continuous) class intervals. In a histogram, height of bars are proportional to the frequencies represented.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Draw a histogram to represent the following data of the earnings of workers:

Monthly Earnings
(in hundred Rupees) No. of Workers
80 – 120 4
120 – 160 6
160 – 200 12
200 – 240 8
240 – 280 5

SOLUTION :
Scale : On X-axis,
14 1 cm = Rs. 4000
On Y-axis,
12
1 cm = 2 workers
10
Number of workers

8
6
4
2
0
80 120 160 200 240 280
Monthly earning
(in Hundred Rupees)
(a) On the horizontal axis, mark the class intervals with a uniform scale.

(b) On the vertical axis mark the frequencies, with a uniform scale.

(c) Construct rectangles with class intervals as bases and the corresponding frequencies as heights

In the illustration, the class sizes are same (40), so the rectangles will have the same width and the height of each rectangle will be
proportional to frequency (no. of workers).
Since the first class interval is started from 80 not from 0, hence we use a 'kink' or a break on the X-axis.

IV. Pie Chart or Circle Graph

A pie chart is a way of showing how something is shared or divided. It shows the relationship between a whole and its parts.

In pie charts, entire circle of appropriate radius represent total allocation. The circle is divided into sectors. The size of each sector is
proportional to the information it represents.

Frequency
Central angle = ´ 360o
Total Frequency

Following figure is the Pie chart which shows how 720 students usually come to school.
Data Handling 101

Bicycle
Bus
90°
120°
30°
Car
80° 40°
Bike
Walk

The whole group of 720 students is represented by a circle. The total angle at the centre of the circle is 360°.
Here, the angle of 120° at the centre corresponds to students who come to school by bus.
Since angle of 360° at the centre corresponds to whole group of 720° students.
720
\ 1° corresponds to = 2 students
360
720
\ 120° corresponds to ´ 120 = 240 students
360

720
Similarly, students coming by bike are ´ 40 = 80
360

720
Students walking to school are ´ 80 = 160 and so on.
360

NOTE : We use a pie chart when we want to display data as parts of a whole.

ILLUSTRATION : 4
The way Mr. Goel spends his allowance is given below. Draw the pie chart.
Item Percent
Hobby 10%
Lunch 20%
Recreation 45%
Savings 25%
Total 100%

SOLUTION :

Item % Fractional Part Central Angle

10 1 1
Hobby 10% = ´ 360° = 36°
100 10 10 Lunch
20 1 1
Lunch 20% = ´ 360° = 72° 72°
Habby
100 5 5 Recreation 36°
45 9 9 162°
Recreation 45% = ´ 360° = 162° 90°
100 20 20
Savings
25 1 1
Savings 25% = ´ 360° = 90°
100 4 4
 EBD_7034
102 Mathematics
1. Draw a circle of convenient radius.
2. Divide it into sectors of central angles 36°, 72°, 162° and 90°.
3. Write the items in the corresponding sectors.
The obtained figure is the required pie chart.

PROBABILITY
In our day to day life when we are not sure of happening of an event then we use the words probably, chance, possible etc. for example
(a) Probably India may win the cricket match against Australia this time.
(b) Probably it may rain today.
(c) Chances of suresh passing the examination are very low.
In all the above statements probably, chances, etc convey the sense of certainity about the occurrence of any particular event. It
appears that there cannot be any exact measurement for these uncertainties. But in Mathematics, we have methods for calculating the
degree of certainty of an event in numerical value under certain conditions.

Some Basic Terms

Random Experiments : An experiment whose outcome has to be among a set of events that are completely known but whose exact
outcome is unknown is called a random experiment, e.g. throwing of a dice, tossing of a coin. etc.
Sample Space : It is the set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment. e.g. when a coin is tossed. Sample space is (Head, Tail).
Sample space when a dice is thrown is { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Event : The set representing the desired outcome of a random experiment is called the event, e.g. getting head in a toss of coin is an
event.
Trial : Performing an experiment once is called a trial.
Equally Likely Events: The results of a random experiment are said to be equally likely if the different outcomes have the same or
equal chances of occurrence. For example, when a dice is thrown, each of the faces having 1,2,3,4,5 or 6 numbers are equally likely
to appear. Once the event : getting a head and the event : setting a tail are mutually exclusive events.
Favourable Outcome(s) : The outcome(s) which ensure the occurrence of an event are called favourable outcome(s) to that event.
For example, the favourable outcomes to the occurrence of an even number when a die is thrown are 2, 4 or 6.
Probability : If an event A can happen, then the probability of the happening of the event A,
Number of favourable outcomes
P (A) =
Total number of possibile outcomes
For example: On tossing a coin, there are two possibilities either head may come up or tail may come up. Therefore, total no. of
possible outcomes = 2.
The number of favourable outcomes for getting a head = 1
1
\ probability of getting a head P(H) =
2
1
Similarly, probability of getting a tail P(T) =
2
Data Handling 103

CONNECTING TOPIC
Cumulative Frequncy Table : The cumulative frequency corresponding to a class is the sum of all the frequencies upto and
including that class.
For example : consider marks obtained by 45 students of class VIII in an assessment is given below :

Marks 0 5 10 14 16 18 20
No.of students
1 4 8 9 12 6 5
Frequency

From the table we conclude that

1 student secured zero marks
4 students secured 5 marks
8 students secured 10 marks and so on.
Now, how many students secured 10 marks or less
To answer this question we have to add all the students who secured 10 or less marks i.e. (1 + 4 + 8) = 13 students.
13 is termed as cumulative frequency of markes 10. Similarly cumulative frequency of marks 16 is (1 + 4 + 8 + 9 + 12) = 34.
Types of cummulative frequency table : There are two types of cummulative frequency table :
(a) Less than type
(b) More than type
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Construct cummulative frequency distribution (less than type and more than type) from the following data

Marks
0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – 80 80 – 100
obtained
No. of students 2 7 11 18 12

SOLUTION :
(a) Less Than Type Cummulative Frequency Distribution Table.
No of Students
Marks Obtained (Cummulative Freq.)
Less than 20 2
Less than 40 2+7=9
Less than 60 2 + 7 + 11 = 20
Less than 80 2 + 7 + 11 + 18 = 38
Less than 100 2 + 7 + 11 + 18 + 12 = 50
Here the numbers 20, 40, 60 .... are all upper limits of given class intervals.
(b) More Than Type Cumulative Frequency Distribution table.

No of Students
Marks Obtained
(Cummulative Freq.)
More than or equal to 0 12 + 18 + 11 + 7 + 2 = 50
More than or equal to 20 12 + 18 + 11 + 7 = 48
More than or equal to 40 12 + 18 + 11 = 41
More than or equal to 60 12 + 18 = 30
More than or equal to 80 12 = 12
Here the numbers 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 are all lower limits of given class intervals.
 EBD_7034
104 Mathematics

1. The given data is the marks obtained by 25 students in a class test

74, 64, 70, 31, 41, 53, 61, 64, 70, 56, 28, 88, 53, 56, 31, 53, 64, 56, 32, 53, 56, 61, 53, 74, 33. Find
(i) the maximum marks obtained (ii) the minimum marks obtained
(iii) the range (iv) the mean marks
Sol. Arranging the given data in an ascending order, we get the marks as
28, 31, 31, 32, 33, 41, 53, 53, 53, 53, 53, 56, 56, 56, 56, 61, 61, 64, 64, 64, 70, 70, 74, 74, 88
Clearly,
(i) the maximum marks obtained is 88.
(ii) the minimum marks obtained is 28.
(iii) range = (88 – 28) = 60.

(iv) mean marks =

sum of observations
number of observations 25( )
= 1375 =55

2. A selection test was given to a group of 50 students. The test was completed by them in the following times (in minutes):
38, 40, 42, 41, 39, 27, 28, 26, 30, 42, 41, 43, 45, 46, 37, 37, 43, 44, 49, 36, 31, 32, 33, 35, 48, 43, 49, 36, 29, 31, 32, 34, 44, 43,
36, 37, 38, 40, 39, 41, 42, 45, 47, 48, 45, 39, 38, 37, 40, 29.
Prepare a grouped frequency table taking class intervals 25 – 30, 30 – 35 etc.

Class interval TallyMarks Frequency

25 - 30 5
30 - 35 7
35 - 40 14
Sol. 40 - 45 15
45 - 50 9
Sum 50

3. Form a discrete frequency distribution from the following scores:

15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 18, 16, 24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, 16, 24, 25, 20, 18, 28, 27, 25, 24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16,
15, 20, 27, 28, 29, 16.
Sol. Frequency distribution of scores.

Variate TallyMarks Frequency

15 4
16 6
18 6
20 6
24 5
25 5
27 3
28 3
29 1
30 1
Total 40
Data Handling 105

4. The data on the mode of transport used by 720 students are given below:
Mode of transport Bus Cycle Train Car Scooter
Number of students 120 180 240 80 100

Represent the above data by a pie chart.

Sol. Total number of students = 720
Central angle for a mode of transport
o
æ number of students using that mode ö
=ç ´ 360 ÷
è total number of students ø
Calculation of central angles

Mode of transport Number of students Central angle

(120 ´ 360) = 60
o
o
Bus 120
720

(180 ´ 360) = 90
o
o
Cycle 180
720

( 720 )
o
Train 240 240 ´ 360 = 120 o

(720 )
o
Car 80 80 ´ 360 = 40 o

(100 ´ 360) = 50
o
o
Scooter 100
720
5. The following histogram depicts the marks obtained by 45 students of a class:
Y
10
9
8
Number of studnets

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Marks
Look at the histogram and answer the following questions:
(i) What is the class size?
(ii) How many students obtained less than 10 marks?
(iii) How many students obtained 30 or more marks but less than 40?
(iv) What is the interval of highest marks and how many students are there in this interval?
(v) If passing marks are 30, what is the number of failures?
Sol. (i) The class intervals are 0 – 10, 10 – 20, 20 – 30, ... , 70 – 80. So class size = 10.
(ii) Number of students getting less than 10 marks = 3
(iii) Number of students getting 30 or more marks but less than 40 marks = 3.
(iv) Clearly, 70 – 80 is the interval of highest marks. The height of the corresponding bar in the histogram is 5 units. Thus, 5
students are there in the interval of highest marks.
(v) The failures are the students who obtained marks in the intervals 0 – 10, 10 – 20 and 20 – 30.
\ Number of failures = (3 + 6 + 10) = 19
6. Find the range of the data 143, 148, 135, 150, 128, 139, 149, 146, 151 and 153.
Sol. Maximum value of the given data = 153
Minimum value of the given data = 128
 EBD_7034
106 Mathematics
\ Range = Maximum value – minimum value
Range = 153 – 128
Range = 25
7. Study the pie-chart carefully to answer the following questions.
Percentage of students studying different specialisations in a management institute
Total number of students = 4500

Finance
11% HR
22%
IT
21%
Marrketing
16%
Banking
12%

Ratio of men to women in each specialisation

Specialisation Men Women
HR 2 3
Marketing 7 5
International Business 5 1
Banking 17 10
IT 1 2
Finance 5 4
(i) What is the total number of men studying in the institute?
(a) 1665 (b) 2421 (c) 2025 (d) 1954
(ii) The number of women studying Marketing is approximately what per cent of the total number of students in the
institute?
(a) 5 (b) 12 (c) 15 (d) 7
(iii) What is the total number of men studying Banking and International Business?
(a) 1125 (b) 297 (c) 1015 (d) 594
(iv) The number of women studying Finance is what per cent of the number of men studying the same?
(a) 80 (b) 65 (c) 95 (d) 70
Sol.
(i) (b) It is obvious from above.

Total number of
Specialisation Male Female
students
1 HR 990 396 594
2 Marketing 720 420 300
3 International Business 810 675 135
4 Banking 540 340 200
5 IT 945 315 630
6 Finance 495 275 220
4500 2421 2079

300
(ii) (d) The required per cent = ´ 100 = 6.6% = 7%
4500
(iii) (c) The required number of men = 675 + 340 = 1015
220
(iv) (a) The required per cent = ´ 100 = 80%
275
Data Handling 107

8. The distribution of weights (in kg) of 50 students in a class is as following :

Weight 35 – 38 38 – 41 41 – 44 44 – 47 47 – 50
No. of students 3 13 19 10 5
(a) Find the lower limit of the class 44 – 47.
(b) Find the upper limit of the class 38 – 41.
(c) Find the size of the class intervals.
(d) How many students weight less than 41 kg ?
(e) How many students weight less than 47 kg ?
(f) Find the mid value of the class intervals 41 – 44 and 47 – 50.
Sol. (a) The lower limit of the class 44 – 47 is 44 kg.
(b) The upper limit of the class 38 – 41 is 41 kg.
(c) The size of the class intervals is 3 kg. Since the difference of the lower and the upper limits is 3 everywhere.
(d) Cummulative Frequency table.

Class intervals f Cf
35 – 38 3 3
38 – 41 13 3+13=16
41 – 44 19 16+19=35
44 – 47 10 35+10=45
47 – 50 5 45+5=50
No. of students whose weigh less than 41 kg is 16.
(e) No. of students whose weigh less than 47 kg is 45.
41 + 44
(f) The mid value of 41 – 44 is = 42.5
2
47 + 50
The mid value of 47 – 50 is = 48.5
2
9. Represent the following frequency distribution by a histogram.

Class Intervals 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
Frequency (f) 6 12 18 8 4

Sol. Scaling the x-axis as 1 cm = 10 and the y-axis as 1 cm = 4.

The diagram as shown below is the required histogram.

20

16
Frequency (f)

12

0 X
10 20 30 40 50

Class interval
 EBD_7034
108 Mathematics
10. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1 to 25 is not a prime number when each of
the given number is equally likely to be selected. Also find the probability of not getting a prime number.
Sol. Prime number between 1 to 25 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}
Total number of prime numbers = 9
\ Number of favourable outcomes = 16
Total no. of outcomes = 25
Total number of favourable outcomes 16
\ probability = =
Total number of outcomes 25
11. Find the probability of getting a number less than 5 in a single throw of dice.
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 6
\ Number of favourable outcomes = 4 {1, 2, 3, 4}
4 2
\ Probability = =
6 3
12. A card is drawn at random from a well shuflled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card drawn is neither a
red card nor a queen.
Sol. Total number of outcomes = 52
There ar e 26 red car ds in cluding 2 red queens and two more queens ar e th ere. Thus we have
26 +2 = 28 cards
\ Total number of favourable outcomes = (52–28) = 24 cards.
24 6
\ Probability = =
52 13
13. A bag contains 5 black, 7 red and 3 white balls. A ball is drawn from the bag at random. Find the probability that the ball
drawn is
(i) red (ii) not black.
Sol. Number of black balls = 5 ; Number of red balls = 7; Number of white balls = 3
\ Total number of balls in the bag = 5 + 7 + 3 =15
\ Total number of outcomes = 15
(i) Total number of favourable outcomes = 7
Number of favourable outcomes 7
\ Probability = =
Total number of outcomes 15
(ii) Total number of favourable outcomes = 10
Number of favourable outcomes 10 2
Probability = = =
Total number of outcomes 15 3
Alternatively,
P (Not Black) = 1–P (Black)
5 1 2
P (Not Black) = 1 - = 1- =
15 3 3
14. A card is drawn from a well shuffled deck of playing cards. Find the probability of drawing
(a) A face card (b) A red face card.
Sol. Total no. of cards = 52.
\ total number of possible outcomes = 52
(a) Number of face cards (Jack, Queen, King and Ace) in a deck of cards = 4×4=16
\ no. of favourable outcomes = 16
Number of favourable outcomes 16 4
\ Probability = = =
Total number of outcomes 52 13
Data Handling 109

(b) \ Number of favourable outcomes = 4 + 4 = 8

Number of favourable outcomes 8 2

Probability = = =
Total number of outcomes 12 3

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

15. Prepare a Less Than Type frequency distribution table for the following data.
Class Interval 0-8 8-16 16-24 24-32 32-40 40-48
Frequency 8 12 20 16 8 10

Sol.
Less Than Cummulative Frequency
Less than 8 8
Less than 16 8 + 12 = 20
Less than 24 8 + 12 + 20 = 40
Less than 32 8 + 12 + 20 + 16 = 56
Less than 40 8 + 12 + 20 + 16 + 8 = 64
Less than 48 8 + 12 + 20 + 16 + 8 + 10 = 74

16. The frequency distribution of scores obtained by 230 candidates in a medical entrance test is as follows:

Scores 400- 450- 500- 550- 600- 650- 700- 750-

450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
No. of
20 35 40 32 24 27 18 34
Candidate
Prepare a more Than Type frequency distribution table.
Sol.
Scores No. of Candidates
 EBD_7034
110 Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks : Match the Columns :

DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in
1. Range of the data 32, 46, 80, 56, 78, 21 is .....
column-II.
2. Difference between upper limit and lower limit of a class is
called class ..... 1. Column-I Column-II
3. Sum of central angles in a pie chart is .....
1
4. Histogram is a bar graph with no ..... between the bars. (A) Sum of all central angles in (p)
6
5. Each outcome or a collection of outcomes in an experiment
(B) Chance of being Friday (q) 1
makes an __________.
6. An experiment whose outcomes cannot be predicted tomorrow, if today is Saturday
exactly in advance is called a __________ experiment. (C) Probability of getting 2 when (r) No
7. When a dice is rolled, the six possible outcomes are a die is thorwn
__________. (D) Probability of getting 9 when (s) 360o
8. The total number of outcomes when a coin is tossed is a die is thrown
__________.
(E) Probability that a number less (t) 0
9. Tally marks are used to find ....................
than 7 will apppear on the top if
10. An operation which can produce some well defined
outcomes is called an ........................ a die is thrown
2. Column-I Column-II
True / False : (A) Raw data can be presented (p) circle graph
through
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your (B) Histogram is a type of (q) class - interval
answer as true or false. (C) Data can also presented using (r) observation
1. In a pie chart a whole circle is divided into sectors. (D) A group into which the raw (s) grouped data
2. On throwing a dice once, the probability of occurence of a frequency data is candensed
1 is called as distribution
composite number is .
2
(E) Each numerical figure in (t) Bar diagram
3. In a throw of a dice, the probability of getting an even
number is the same as that of getting an odd number. a data is called an
4. In a pie chart two or more central angles can be equal.
5. In 65 throws of a dice, 5 is obtained 22 times. Now, in a Very Short Answer Questions :
22 .
random throw of a dice, the probability of getting 5 is DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
65
6. A dice has 6 faces. 1. Name the three types of graphs to represent the statistical
7. In a dice, the one face shows 4, then its opposite face data.
shows 2.
2. Give two example of a random experiment.
8. In toss of a coin, all possible outcomes are head and tail.
9. In a histogram, for each class a rectangle is constructed 3. Find the probability that a vowel selected at random in
with base as size of the class. English language is an “i”.
10. An experiment whose outcome is sure is called a certain
experiment.
Data Handling 111

4. In a study of number of accidents per day, the observations (iii) How many students put less than 4 hours doing home
for 30 days were obtained as follows: work?
4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4, 2, 6, 2, 1, 2, 2 (iv) Convert the number of students in each sector in terms
0, 5, 4, 6, 1, 3, 0, 5, 3, 6, 1, 5, 5, 2, 6. of percentage.
Prepare a frequency table. 7. A bag contains 5 red balls, 8 white balls, 4 green balls and
7 black balls. If one ball is drawn at random, find the
5. The marks obtained by Kunal in his annual examination are
probability that it is:
shown below: (i) black (ii) red (iii) not green
Social 8. The frequency distribution of weights (in kg) of 40 persons
Subject Hindi English Mathematics Science
studies of a locality is given below:
Marks Weights 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65
63 75 90 72 58
Obtained (in kg)
Draw a bar graph to represent the above data. Frequency 4 12 13 6 5
6. It is known that a box of 600 electric bulbs contains 12 (i) What is the upper limit of the fourth class interval?
defective bulbs. One bulb is taken out at random from this (ii) Find the class marks of all the classes.
box. What is the probability that it is a non-defective bulb? (iii) What is the class size of each class interval?
(iv) Which class interval has the highest frequency?
Short Answer Questions :
Long Answer Questions :
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences.
1. Define the equally likely events. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
2. What is the probability of an event?
1. How will you proceed to draw a Histogram?
3. Draw a pie–chart of the data given below.
2. The education level of the males in U.P. in 1984 is given below.
The time spent by a child during a day.
Sleep – 8 hours Education Graduate
Middle Secondary Intermediate
School – 6 hours level and above
Home work – 4 hours No. of males 91 58 35 33
Play – 4 hours Draw a bar graph for the above data.
Others – 2 hours 3. Study the bar graph and answer the following questions:
4. For the following frequency distribution, draw a histogram.
Class-interval Frequency
120
0-5 2
110
5 - 10 7
10 - 15 18 100
15 - 20 10 90
20 - 25 8 80
25 - 30 5 70
Number of families

5. What is the difference between Bar graph and Histogram? 60

6. In a survey, 240 parents of a middle school were asked
50
about the number of hours spent by their children on their
study (including homework) in a day. The data obtained is 40
represented by: 30
More than 4 hours 20
Less than 2 hours 36 students
144 students A 10
0
C 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B More than 2 hours Number of members per family
but less than 4 hours Bar graph of the number of families with different
60 students number of members per family in a locality
From this pie chart, (i) What information is given by the bar graph?
(i) Find the proportion of each sector (i.e., part: whole) (ii) How many number of families having 4 members?
(iii) How many members per family are there in the maximum
(ii) How many students spend more than 2 hours and
number of families?
less than 4 hours doing home work?
 EBD_7034
112 Mathematics
4. The number of cars sold of a company, in different months 6. Represent the following data by a pie–diagram
in a city are given below: Expenditure
Items
Months Jan April June Aug S ep Dec Family A Family B
No. of cars sold 200 500 250 300 400 450 Food 4000 6400
Clothing 2500 4800
Represent the above information by a pictograph. Rent 1500 3200
5. Represent the following data in tabular form:
Education 400 1000
Miscellaneous 1600 600
Dance Drama Total 10,000 16000
90° 90°
Debate 27° N.C.C
18° 54° 81°
ch Sc.Club
Spee
Total students = 80

3. Observe the histogram and answer the questions given

Text-Book Exercise : below.
1. The shoppers who come to a departmental store are marked
as: man (M), woman (W), boy (B) or girl (G). The following
list gives the shoppers who came during the first hour in
the morning:
WWWGBW WMGGMMWWWWG BMWBGG
MWWMMWW
WMWBWGMWWWWGWMMWWMWGW
MGWMMBGGW
Make a frequency distribution table using tally marks. Draw
a bar graph to illustrate it.
2. The number of hours for which students of a particular
class watched television during holidays is shown through
the given graph.
Answer the following.
(i) For how many hours did the maximum number of
students watch TV? (i) What information is being given by the histogram?
(ii) How many students watched TV for less than 4 hours?
(ii) Which group contains maximum girls?
(iii) How many students spent more than 5 hours in
watching TV? (iii) How many girls have a height of 145 cms and more?
(iv) If we divide the girls into the following three categories,
how many would there be in each?
150 cm and more — Group A
140 cm to less than 150 cm — Group B
Less than 140 cm — Group C
4. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite
season from the three seasons rainy, winter and summer.
(i) Which season got the most votes?
(ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
(iii) Draw a pie chart to show this information.
Data Handling 113

8. Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate slips (one

Season No. of votes
number on one slip), kept in a box and mixed well. One slip
is chosen from the box without looking into it. What is the
Summer 90 probability of .
(i) getting a number 6?
Rainy 120 (ii) getting a number less than 6?
(iii) getting a number greater than 6?
(iv) getting a 1-digit number?
Winter 150 9. A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The balls are
identical in all respects other than colour). A ball is drawn
from the bag without looking into the bag.
5. The adjoining pie chart gives the marks scored in an What is probability of getting a red ball? Is it more or less
examination by a student in Hindi, English, Mathematics, than getting a yellow ball?
Social Science and Science. If the total marks obtained by
the students were 540, answer the following questions.
(i) In which subject did the student score 105 marks?
Exemplar Questions :
(Hint: for 540 marks, the central angle = 360°. 1. For the development of basic infrastructure in a district, a
So, for 105 marks, what is the central angle?) project of ` 108 crore approved by Development Bank is as
(ii) How many more marks were obtained by the student follows:
in Mathematics than in Hindi?
(iii) Examine whether the sum of the marks obtained in Item Head Road Electricity Drinking Sewerage
Social Science and Mathematics is more than that in Water
Science and Hindi.
(Hint: Just study the central angles). Amount in 43.2 16.2 27.00 21.6
crore ( `)
Draw a pie chart for this data.
2. A survey was carried out to find the favourite beverage
preferred by a certain group of young people. The following
pie chart shows the findings of this survey.
From this pie chart answer the following:
(i) Which type of beverage is liked by the maximum
number of people.
6. Adjoining pie chart gives the expenditure (in percentage)
on various items and savings of a family during a month. (ii) If 45 people like tea, how many people were surveyed?
(i) On which item, the expenditure was maximum?
(ii) Expenditure on which item is equal to the total savings
of the family?
(iii) If the monthly savings of the family is ` 3000, what is
the monthly expenditure on clothes?

3. In a hypothetical sample of 20 people, the amount of money

(in thousands of rupees) with each was found to be as
follows:
114, 108, 100, 98, 101, 109, 117, 119, 126, 131, 136, 143, 156,
169, 182, 195, 207, 219, 235, 118.
Draw a histogram of the frequency distribution, taking one
of the class intervals as 50 –100.
4. The below histogram shows the number of literate females
7. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of in the age group of 10 to 40 years in a town.
getting (i) Write the class intervals assuming all the classes are
(i) (a) a prime number (b) not a prime number. of equal width.
(ii) (a) a number greater than 5 (ii) What is the class width?
(b) a number not greater than 5.
 EBD_7034
114 Mathematics
(iii) In which age group are literate females the least? 10. A coin is tossed 200 times and head appeared 120 times.
(iv) In which age group is the number of literate females The probability of getting a head in this experiment is
the highest? 11. What is the probability of choosing a vowel from the
alphabets?
12. In a school only, 3 out of 5 students can participate in a
competition.
What is the probability of the students who do not make it
to the competition?
13. The following pie chart represents the distribution of
proteins in parts of a human body. What is the ratio of
distribution of proteins in the muscles to that of proteins in
the bones?

5. Construct a frequency distribution table for the following

weights (in grams) of 35 mangoes, using the equal class
intervals, one of them is 40 – 45 (45 not included).
30, 40, 45, 32, 43, 50, 55, 62, 70, 70, 61, 62, 53, 52, 50, 42, 35, 37,
53, 55, 65, 70, 73, 74, 45, 46, 58, 59, 60, 62, 74, 34, 35, 70, 68. HOTS Questions :
(i) How many classes are there in the frequency
distribution table? 1. The pie chart shows the number of participants from four
(ii) Which weight group has the highest frequency? schools A, B, C and D taking part in a tennis tournament.
6. A dice is rolled once. What is the probability that the number Given that there are 12 participants from school D. Find the
on top will be number of participants from school C.
(i) Odd (ii) Greater than 5
(iii) A multiple of 3 (iv) Less than 1 B C
(v) A factor of 36 (vi) A factor of 6 2xo
7. Given below is a frequency distribution table. Read it and xo
A 60o
answer the questions that follow: D
Class Interval Frequency
2. In a survey of 500 ladies, it was found that 180 like coffee
10 - 20 5 while rest of the ladies dislike it. From these ladies, one is
20 - 30 10 chosen at random. What is the probability that the chosen
lady dislikes coffee?
30 - 40 4
3. Pooja spends different hours of a working day as follows:
40 - 50 15
Activity Number of hours
50 - 60 12 School 8
(i) What is the lower limit of the second class interval? Coaching 3
Play 2
(ii) What is the upper limit of the last class interval?
Sleep 8
(iii) What is the frequency of the third class? Other 3
(iv) Which interval has a frequency of 10? What is the difference in central angles for sleep and play
(v) Which interval has the lowest frequency? in the pie chart?
(vi) What is the class size? 4. The circle graph represents a total of 240 animals. The
8. A glass jar contains 6 red, 5 green, 4 blue and 5 yellow shaded area represents the number of monkeys. How many
marbles of same size. Hari takes out a marble from the jar at of the animals are monkeys?
random. What is the probability that the chosen marble is Monkeys
of red colour?
9. Numbers 1 to 5 are written on separate slips, i.e one number
on one slip and put in a box. Wahida pick a slip from the box 330o
without looking at it. What is the probability that the slip
bears an odd number?
Data Handling 115

Single Option correct : 7. The population of four towns A, B, C and D as on 2011 are
as follows:
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. Town Population
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY A 6863
ONE is correct.
B 519
1. What is the probability that a leap year selected at random C 12185
will contain 53 sundays? D 1755
1 2
(a) (b) What is the most appropriate diagram to present the above
2 7
5 6 data?
(c) (d) (a) Pie chart (b) Bar chart
7 7
(c) Histogram (d) Line graph
2. An unbiased dice is tossed, The probability of getting a 8. From the following frequency table, find out how many
multiple of 3 is students failed if the pass marks are 40.
2 1
(a) (b) Mark 0–19 20–39 40–49 50–59 60–89 90–100
3 3
1 1 Number of 8 6 15 13 18 7
(c) (d)
6 2 students
3. The probability of getting not more than 7 in rolling of a
(a) 29 (b) 7
dice is (c) 8 (d) 14
1 1 9. From the following table, the percentage of the families
(a) (b)
7 4 with less than 3 children is
1
(c) (d) 1
2 Number of children 0 1 2 3 4
4. The class size of an interval 10 – 20 is Number of families 5 8 15 8 4
(a) 10 (b) 5 (a) 70% (b) 60%
(c) 54% (d) 45%
(c) 20 (d) 15 10. The lower limit of 45 – 50 is
(a) 45 (b) 50
5. If represents 7 boxes of balls, what does (c) 5 (d) 47.5
11. The probability of drawing an ace from a deck of cards is
stand for?
1 15
(a) (b)
(a) 30 balls (b) 35 balls 4 12
4 1
(c) 35 boxes of balls (d) 70 boxes of balls (c) (d)
52 52
6. The heights in cm of 10 students in a class are 12. Today is Sunday. What is the chance that tomorrow will be
Monday?
134, 138, 142, 136, 129, 144, 137, 138, 142, 140
(a) No (b) Sure
The range of the above data is (c) Poor (d) Even
13. The adjoining pie chart shows the interests of the students
(a) 12 (b) 10
of a school in different subjects. How many students like
languages if there are 1800 students in the school?
(c) 15 (d) 20
 EBD_7034
116 Mathematics

PASSAGE-I
Maths The weights of new born babies (in kg) in a hospital on a particular

Languages
125o day are as follows : 2.3, 2.2, 2.1, 2.7, 2.6, 3.0, 2.5, 2.9, 2.8, 3.1, 2.5,

108 o
2.8, 2.7, 2.9, 2.4.
90o
1. The range is
37 S.Sc.
o

S.St. (a) 2.1 kg (b) 0.5 kg

(c) 1.0 kg (d) 1.5 kg
(a) 450 (b) 540
(c) 480 (d) 390 2. How many baby weights are below 2.5 kg?
(a) 4 (b) 3
More than One Option correct : (c) 2 (d) 1
3. How many babies weigh 2.8 kg?
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (a) 1 (b) 2
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d). Out of which ONE
OR MORE may be correct. (c) 3 (d) 4
PASSAGE - II
1. Which of the following experiments have equally likely
outcomes? Given below is the histogram showing weight (in kg) of the
students of VIII class in a school.
(a) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does
not start.
20
(b) A player attempts to shoot a basketball. She/he shoots 18
Number of students
or misses the shot. 16
(c) A trial is made to answer a true-false question. The 14
answer is right or wrong. 12
(d) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl. 10
2. In a test, the marks obtained by 15 students are 43, 73, 44, 8
93, 54, 64, 53, 24, 84, 40, 93, 33, 34, 74, 44. The probability 6
that a pupil chosen at random passed the test, if the passing 4
marks are 40 is 2
O 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
(a) 8/15 (b) 4/5
(c) 7/15 (d) 48/60 Weight in kg
3. An electronic machine chooses random numbers from 1 to Study the histogram and answer the following questions:
30. What is the probability that the number chosen is an 4. How many students have been observed?
even number? (a) 20 (b) 55
(a) 15/30 (b) 1/10 (c) 40 (d) 80
(c) 1/6 (d) 1/2 5. What is the class size?
(a) 15 (b) 10
4. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probability of (c) 5 (d) 55
getting a total of 11.
6. How many students weight less than 35 kg?
(a) 1/9 (b) 1/18
(a) 38 (b) 24
(c) 1/12 (d) 2/36
(c) 16 (d) 18
5. What is the probability that a card drawn at random from a
pack of playing cards is a king?
(a) 1/13 (b) 2/13 Assertion & Reason :
(c) 3/13 (d) 4/52
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
6. A bag contains 4 blue, 5 red and 7 green balls. If a ball is
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
drawn at random, what is the probability that it is blue?
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
(a) 4/16 (b) 1/4 the one that best describes the two statements.
(c) 1/256 (d) 1/64
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
Passage Based Questions : the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the not the correct explanation of Assertion.
questions given below each passage.
Data Handling 117

(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.

Integer Type Questions :
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion: The marks in maths of 7 students are as follows: DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
53, 61, 78, 68, 62, 8, 48. Here, range = 78 – 8 = 70. each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
Reason: Range is defined as the difference between the 1. A die is thrown 24 times. If number 4 come up 12 times, the
highest and lowest values of observations in a data.
2. Assertion: Weighing of an apple is an example of random probability of number ‘4’ is 1 . Then the value of k is
k
experiment. 2. The following data gives the number (in ten thousands) of
Reason: A random experiment is that in which outcomes electrified villages in India in some years
may differ each time when we perform an experiment. Year 1961 1971 1981 1982 1983 1984
3. Assertion: The probability of getting an odd number when Number of
1 electrified 15 16 19 24 29 37
a dice is thrown is .
2 villages (in
Reason: Probability of an event ten thousands)
Number of times the event occur in trials The unit digit of the range is.
=
total number of trials
3. The area cultivated under different crops in the year 1982 is
given as follows:
Multiple Matching Questions :
Other
Crop Rice Pulses Wheat Oil - Seeds Sugarcane Cotton
DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B, cereals
Area
C and D) given in Column-I and five statements (p, q, r, s, t) in
(in ten lakhs 38 23 23 40 17 4 8
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
hectares)
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
If range = r 2, then r equals __________.
1. Column-I Column-II
4. Getting a number less than 1 when a die is thrown.
1
(A) A bag contains 10 red and 8 white (p)
5
balls. One ball is drawn at random.
The probability that the ball
drawn is white is
21
(B) The probability that a number (q)
26
selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3,
...15 is a multiple of 4 is
5
(C) A bag contains 5 white and 7 blue (r)
12
balls. One ball is drawn at random.
The probability of getting a white
ball is
4
(D) If we put 21 consonants and 5 (s)
9
vowels in a bag the probability
10
of getting a constant is (t)
24
 EBD_7034
118 Mathematics

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

4. During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their

Long Answer Questions : weights were recorded as follows:
W eight (in k g ) Number of s tudents
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
Les s th an 38 0
1. Prepare “Less than” and “More than” frequency Les s th an 40 3
distribution table for the following data. Les s th an 42 5
Marks Obtained 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Les s th an 44 9
Les s th an 46 14
No. of Students
Les s th an 48 28
(Cumulative 4 8 12 6 6
Les s th an 50 32
frequency)
Les s th an 52 35
2. The marks obtained by 400 students in medical entrance
exam are given in the following table. Give a frequency table for this data.

Marks 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-800

No. of
30 45 60 52 54 67 45 47
Examiners
Prepare “Less than” and “more than” frequency distribution table.
3. The following tables gives production yield per hectare
wheat of 100 farms of a village.
Production yield (in kg/he) Number of farms
50-55 2
55-60 8
60-65 12
65-70 24
70-75 38
75-80 16
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution.
Data Handling 119

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

5.
Y
100 SCALE: 1 small div. = 1 mark
Fill in the Blanks : 90
80
1. 59 2. width 3. 360o

Marks obtained
70
4. gaps 5. event 6. Random
60
7. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 8. 2 9. frequency
50
10. experiment
40
True / False : 30
20
1. True 2. False 3. True 10
4. True 5. True 6. True
O
7. False 8. True 9. True Hindi English Mathe Science Social
10. True matics Studies
Subjects
Match the Column : 6. Out of 600 electric bulbs one bulb can be chosen in 600
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (t); (E) ® (q) ways.
2. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (t); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q); (E) ® (r) \ Total number of elementary events: 600
There are 588 (= 600 – 12) non-defective bulbs out of
Very Short Answer Questions : which one bulb can be chosen in 588 ways.
1. (i) Bar graphs (ii) Histogram \ Favourable number of elementary events = 588
Hence, P(Getting a non-defective bulb)
(iii) Frequency polygon
2. (i) Tossing a coin (ii) Rolling an unbiased dice = 588 = 49 = 0.98.
600 50
3. Total no. of vowels = 5
Short Answer Questions :
1
\ Required Prob = 1. Two or more events are said to be equally likely if one of
5
them cannot be expected in preference to the other.
4. Arranging the data in ascending order, we get 2. Let we have n equally likely, mutually exclusive and
0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3 exhaustive outcomes.
4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 Then, The probability of occuring an event E with m
Now, we represent the above data in the tabular form as favourable outcomes is given by
shown below: Number of favourable outcomes to E m
Frequency Table P (E) = =
Total number of possible outcome n

No. of accidents Tally Mark Frequency 3.

0 2
1 3 School
sleep 90º
2 6
120º
3 4
Others
4 4 30º
5 6 Home Play
work 60º
6 5
60º
Total 30
 EBD_7034
120 Mathematics
4. The required histogram is drawn below. 40 + 45 85
Y (ii) Class marks of 40 – 45 = = = 42.5
2 2
45 + 45 95
18 Class marks of 45 – 50 = = = 47.5
2 2
16
14 50 + 55 = 105
Class marks of 50 – 55 = = 52.5
12 2 2
10 55 + 60 = 115
Class marks of 55 – 60 =
Frequency

= 57.5
8 2 2
6 60 + 65 125
4 Class marks of 60 – 65 = = = 62.5
2 2
2 (iii) Class size = 5
X (iv) 50 – 55.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Class interval Long Answer Questions :
6. (i) Proportion of students spend more than 4 hours
1. To draw a histogram, we use the following steps:
= 36 = 3 (i) On the horizontal axis (X-axis), mark the class intervals
240 20
Proportion of students spend more than 2 hours but on a uniform scale.
(ii) On the Y-axis, mark the frequencies also on a uniform
60 = 1
less than 4 hours = scale.
240 4
(iii)Construct rectangles with class-intervals as bases and
Proportion of students spend less than 2 hours
the corresponding frequencies as heights.
= 144 = 3 3. (i) The bar graph represents the number of families with
240 5 different number of members per family in a locality.
(ii) Number of students = 60 (ii) 100
(iii) Number of students = 144 + 60 = 204 (iii) We observe that the height of the rectangle at 3 on the
horizontal axis is maximum and its top corresponds to
36
(iv) % of students in sector A = × 100 = 15% 120 on the vertical axis.
240
So, maximum number of families is 120 and members
% of students in sector B = 60 ´ 100 = 25% per family are 3.
240 4. Months No. of cars sold
% of students in sector C = 144 ´ 100 = 60% January
240
7. Total number of balls in the bag = 5 + 8 + 4 + 7 = 24 April
\ Total number of outcomes = 24
(i) There are 7 black balls in the bag.
\ Favourable number of outcomes = 7 June

7 August
Hence, P(Getting a black ball) = .
24
(ii) There are 5 red balls in the bag.
\ Favourable number of outcomes = 5 September
5
Hence, P(Getting a red ball) = .
24
December
(iii) There are 5 + 8 + 7 = 20 balls which are not green.
\ Favourable number of outcomes = 20
20 = 5 .
Hence, P(Not Getting a green ball) = ( ) = 50 cars
24 6
8. (i) Upper limit of 55 – 60 = 60
Data Handling 121

2. (i) 4 - 5 hours (ii) 34 (iii) 14

5. Item No. of S tudents 3. (i) The given histogram shows the height of girls of class
Drama 20 VII.
Dance 20 (ii) Maximum no. of girls have (140–145) cm height.
Debate 6 (iii) 4 + 2 + 1 =7
Speech 4 (iv) Group A ® 2 + 1 = 3
Sc. Club 12 Group B ® 7 + 4 = 11
N.C.C 18 Group C ® 42 + 3 = 6
Total 80 4. (i) Winter (ii) Winter - 150°, Rainy - 120°, Summer - 90°
6. Family A (iii)

Clothing Food
90° 144°

5. (i) Hindi
Rent (ii) 30 marks
54° Mi
s ce (iii) Yes
l
57 lane 6. (i) Expenditure is maximum on food.
.6º ous
(ii) Expenditure on Education of children is the same (i.e.,
Education 15%) as the savings of the family.
14.4° (iii) 15% represents ` 3000
Family B 3000
Therefore, 10% represents ` × 10
15
= ` 2000
7. Outcomes of an event of getting
(i) (a) 2, 3, 5 (b) 1, 4, 6
Clothing
108° (ii) (a) 6 (b) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Food
144° 1 1
8. (i) (ii)
10 2
Rent 2 9
(iii) (iv)
72° 5 10
9. There are in all (4 + 2) = 6 outcomes of the event. Getting a
M
red ball consists of 4 outcomes.
isc
el l
Education 13 . an eo Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball is 4 = 2 . In
22.5° 5º us 6 3
2 1
the same way the probability of getting a yellow ball 6 = 3 .
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball is more than
that of getting a yellow ball.
Exemplar Question :
Text Book Exercise :
1.
Shopper Tally marks Number

W 28

M 15

B 5
1.
G 12
2. (i) Cold drinks (ii) 300
Total 60
 EBD_7034
122 Mathematics
3. Total angle = A + B + C + D = 360o
12 Þ xo + 90o + 2xo + 60o = 360o
Þ 3xo + 150o = 360o
10 Þ 3x = 210o
8 Þ x = 70o
Frequency

ÐA = 70o and ÐC = 70o × 2 = 140o

6
Number of participants from school C
4 Total number of participants
= Central angle ´
2 360o

0 50 100 150 200 250 140o ´ 72 = 28

=
Class Intervals 360o
4. (i) 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40 2. Number of ladies who like coffee = 180
(ii) 5 (iii) 10-15 Total number of ladies = 500
(iv) 15-20 Required probability that chosen lady dislike coffee
5. = 1 - 180 = 1 - 9 = 25 - 9 = 16
Class interval Tally marks Frequency 500 25 25 25
30 – 35 ||| 3 Value of frequency
3. Central angle = ´ 360o
35 – 40 || | 3 Total frequency
40 – 45 ||| 3 Central angle for sleep
45 – 50 || | 3 = 8 ´ 360o
8 + 3+ 2 + 8 + 3
50 – 55 5
55 – 60 |||| 4 = 8 ´ 360o = 120o
24
60 – 65 5
2 ´ 360o = 30o
65 – 70 || 2 Central angle for play =
24
70 – 75 || 7 Difference between central angle for sleeps and play
Total 35 = 120o – 30o = 90o
(i) 9 (ii) (70–75) g o
4. Number of monkeys = 30 ´ 240 = 20
1 1 2 or 1 360
6. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 0
2 6 6 3
5 4 or 2
(v) (vi)
6 6 3
7. (i) 20 (ii) 60 (iii) 4 (iv) 20 – 30 Single Option Correct :
1. (b) In a leap year there are 366 days.
(v) 30 – 40 (vi) 10
366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days.
3 3 3 5 These remaining two days can be
8. 9. 10. 11. (a) Sunday, Monday
10 5 5 26
12. 0.4 13. 2 : 1 (b) Monday, Tuesday
(c) Tuesday, Wednesday
HOTS Questions : (d) Wednesday, Thursday
1. Number of participants in school D = 12 (e) Thursday, Friday
(f) Friday, Saturday
Frequency of variable (g) Saturday, Sunday
Central Angle = Total frequency × 360o
\ Total no. of cases (a to g) = 7
12 o No. of favourable cases (a, g) = 2
Þ 60o = Total Number of students ´ 360
2
\ Required probability =
o 7
Þ Total Number of students = 12 ´ 360 = 72
60o
Data Handling 123

2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) Number of students observed

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (a) = (4 + 8 + 16 + ... + 8) = 80
10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 5. (c) Class – size = upper limit – lower limit
= 20 – 15 = 5
More Than One Option Correct : 6. (a) Number of students, weighing less than 35 kg
1. (c, d) = 4 + 8 + 16 + 10 = 12 + 26 = 38
2. (b, d) Marks obtained by 15 students are 43, 73, 44, 93, 54, Assertion Reason :
64, 53, 24, 84, 40, 93, 33, 34, 74, 44. Required Probability
Number of favourable outcomes 1. (a) Assertion is true and reason is true and reason is the
= correct explanation of assertion.
Number of total possible outcomes
2. (d) Assertion is false, reason is true.
Number of possible outcomes = 15 3. (c) Assertion is true, Reason is false.
Number of favourable outcomes = 12 Resulting outcomes when a dice is rolled
12 = 4 = 6 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
Required probability =
15 5 Number of odd outcomes = (1, 3, 5)
3. (a, d) Number of favourable outcomes = 15(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 3 1
14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30) Probability of getting an odd number = =
2 2
Number of possible outcomes = 30
and Probability of an event
15 = 1
Required Probability = Number of favourable outcomes
30 2 =
Number of total possible outcomes
4. (b, d) Number of possible outcomes = 36 [(1, 1), ...., (6, 6)]
Number of favourable outcomes = 2 [(5, 6), (6, 5)] Multiple Matching Questions :
2 = 1
\ Required Probability = 1. (A) ® (s), (B) ® (p), (C) ® (r), (t), (D) ® (q)
36 18
5. (a) Number of total possible outcomes = 52
Integer Type Questions :
Number of favourable outcomes = 4
1. (2) a die is thrown 24 times
4 1 \ Number of possible outcomes = 24
\ Required Probability = =
52 13 Number 4 come up 12 times
6. (a, b) Number of total possible outcomes = (4 + 5 + 7) = 16 \ Number of favourable outcomes = 12
Number of favourable outcomes = 4
Required Probability = 12 = 1
4 =1 24 2
\ Required Probability = Denominator of Probability = 2
16 4
2. (2) Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation
Passage Based Questions : = 37 – 15 = 22
1. (c) Range = Highest observation – lowest observation = Unit digit of Range is 2.
3.1– 2.1 = 1 3. (6) Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation
= 40 – 4 = 36, r2 = 36
For answering (2) and (3), we prepare frequency table of
Þr =6
weight below 2.5 kg and weight 2.8 kg
4. (0) When a die is thrown, then number of possible
2. (a) Number of babies weighing below 2.5 kg
outcomes = 6 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
=1+1+1+1=4 Number of possible outcomes less than 1 are 0.
3. (b) Number of babies weighing 2.8 kg = 2
0
\ Required Probability =
4. (d) Class Interval Number of students 6

15 - 20 4 ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
20 - 25 8
25 - 30 16 1. No. of Students
Marks Obtained
30 - 35 10 (Cumulative frequency)
35 - 40 18 More than or equal to 50 36
40 - 45 10 More than or equal to 60 36 - 4 = 32
45 - 50 6 More than or equal to 70 32 - 8 = 24
50 - 55 8 More than or equal to 80 24 - 12 = 12
Total 80 More than or equal to 90 12 - 6 = 6
 EBD_7034
124 Mathematics

Marks Obtained No. of Students 3.

(Cumulative frequency)
Production Cumulative frequency
Less than 60 4
More than or equal to 50 100
Less than 70 12
More than or equal to 55 98 (100 - 2)
Less than 80 24
More than or equal to 60 90 (98 - 8)
Less than 90 30
More than or equal to 65 78 (90 - 12)
Less than 100 36
More than or equal to 70 54 (78 - 24)
2. “Less than” cummulative frequency table: More than or equal to 75 16 (54 - 38)
Marks Obtained No. of Examinees
4.
Less than 450 30
Weight (in kg) Number of students
Less than 500 75 (Frequency) fi
Less than 550 135 36-38 0= 0
38-40 3-0 = 3
Less than 600 187
40-42 5-3 = 2
Less than 650 241 42-44 9-5 = 4
Less than 700 308 44-46 14-9 = 5
Less than 750 353 46-48 28-14 = 14
48-50 32-28 = 4
Less than 800 400
50-52 35-32 = 3
“More than” cumulative frequency table:
Marks Obtained No. of Examinees
400 and more 400
450 and more 370
500 and more 325
550 and more 265
600 and more 213
650 and more 159
700 and more 92
750 and more 47
 Chap
ter Square and Square
6 Roots

To find square and square roots of different numbers is an algebraic process.

If a number is multiplied by itself, the number thus obtained is the square of the number.
And the number itself is the square root of the squared number.
This chapter has a direct practical use in
(i) Calculating the area of a square when length of its one side is given :
Area of the square = (side)2 = side × side
(ii) Calculating the length of a side of square whose area is given :
Length of a side = Square root of the area
 EBD_7034
126 Mathematics
SQUARE
Let p and q are natural numbers such that p = q 2 then we say ‘p’ is the square of number ‘q’, e.g., 9 = 3 2, so 9 is square of 3 and we call
9 as a perfect square number. Table below shows number and their squares from 1 to 10.
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Square 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
Properties of Square Numbers
By careful examination of table, we can write the following properties of the square numbers.
(1) No square number ends in 2,3,7 or 8 i.e. unit place digit in a square number can never be 2,3,7 or 8.
(2) A square number end with either 0,1,4,5,6 or 9. But it does not mean that all numbers that end with 0,1,4,5,6 or 9 are perfect square
numbers.
(3) If a number is even, then its square is also even. If a number is odd then its square is also odd.
(4) No. of zeroes at the end of a perfect square number is always even. In other words, we can say that numbers ending with odd
number of zeroes are never perfect squares.
(5) A perfect square leaves a remainder 0 or 1 when divided by 3 but all numbers which leave remainder 0 or 1 when divided by 3 need
not be a perfect square.
(6) If p is a square number (perfect square), then 2 p will never be a square number. 4 is a square number, 2 × 4 = 8 is not a square
number.
(7) For every natural number ‘n’ the sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers = n 2
e.g. 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52
NOTE : A square number is never negative.

METHODS OF FINDING SQUARES OF A NUMBER

(a) Column Method
This method of finding square of a two digit number is based on the identity (a + b) 2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
(i) For a given number ab (two digit number), where ‘b’ is units place digit and ‘a’ is tens place digit, we calculate a2, 2ab and
b2 and arrange them in 3 columns as shown below
Column I Column II Column III
a2 2ab b2
2
(ii) We underline the units place digit of b and add tens place digit (if present) to 2ab under column II.
(iii) Underline the units place digit of column II and add remaining digit (if present) to a2 under column I.
(iv) Underline the digits of column I.
(v) The underlined digits give the required square.
For Example : To calculate square of 46 with column method. Here a = 4, b = 6. We write a 2 = 16, 2ab = 48 and b2 = 36 under columns
I, II and III as follows:
Column I Column II Column III
16 48 36
(i) Underline 6 in column III and add 3 to 48 under column II as follows:
Column I Column II Column III
48
16 +3 36
51
(ii) Underline 1 in column II and add 5 to 16 under column I as follows:
Column I Column II Column III
16 48
+5 +3 36
21 51
(iii) Underline the number in column I as follows:
Column I Column II Column III
16 48
+5 +3 36
21 51
\ The required square is 2116.
Square and Square Roots 127

Square of 68 Square of 92

68 × 68 92 × 92
36 96 64 81 36 4
+ 10 + 6 + 3
46 102 84

\ 682 = 4624 \ 922 = 8464

(b) Diagonal Method
As the number of digits increases, we may use another method called Diagonal Method. The method is illustrated with following
examples:
Here we first form a square. We divide the square into sub-squares and draw some diagonals and write digits of the numbers to
be squared as shown below:

3 2 4
3 4 3
3
2
4
4

If the number to be squared is a two digit number, we divide our square into 4-sub squares, if number of digits in the given
number is 3, then we divide the square into 9 sub-squares.
After arranging the digits as shown before, multiply each digit on the top with each digit on the right and write the product in the
corresponding sub-square. If the product is a single digit number, write it below the diagonal and if the product is a two digit
number, write tens place digit above the diagonal and units place digit below the diagonal.
4
3

0 1 3
9
2

1 1
4
2 6

Now, starting from the lowest diagonal, sum the digits along the diagonal. Underline the units digit of the sum and carry over the
tens digit if any to the sum of the digits of the diagonal just above. The units digits so underlined together with all the digits in
the sum above the top most diagonal gives the square of the number given.

3 4
0
+1 0 1 3
1 9 2
1 1
2 6 4
1+9+1
= 11
2+1+2 6
=5

\ 342 = 1156
 EBD_7034
128 Mathematics
Example : Find value of (324)2 using diagonal method.

0 3 2 4
+1
1 0 3 0 1
9 6 2
0+9+0
0 0 0
9
+1 6 8 2 4
= 10 1 1 0
1+6+0+6+1 2 6 4 8
= 14
2+0+4+0+2 6
=8 8+1+8
+1
9 = 17

\ (324)2 = 104976
(c) Squaring a Number by Yavadunam Method
This method is used for numbers which are near to a base ( some power of 10 e.g 10, 100, 1000 etc.).
This method is based on one of the vedic mathematics formula “Yavadunam Tavdunikritya Vargamcha Yojayet” which means -
whatever the extent of deficiency of a number form base, lesson it to the same extent and set up the square of the deficiency.
Although this sutra tells about the deficiency, it can also be applied to the excess. This excess is to be added to the number
followed by setting up the square of the excess.
Example : If we need to find square of 98 and 104 using ‘Yavadunam method’, first we observe that both the numbers are near
100, so base in this case is 100. Now 98 is less than 100 by 2, so the deficiency in this case is 2. 104 is more than 100 by 4 so excess
in this case is 4.
Now the square can be calculated in two steps.
First step- The LHS of answer is number plus deviation. The deviation can be positive or negative depending on whether the
number is more or less than the base respectively.
Second step - The RHS of the answer being square of the deviation and contains the same number of digits as the number of
zeros in the base.
This can be done by putting sufficient number of zeroes if required to the left of RHS of the answer.
Example : (98)2 = LHS / RHS
Base = 100 (No of zeros = 2)
LHS = 98 – 2 = 96
RHS = (2)2 = 4 = 04 [digits to be equal to no. of zeros of base]
\ (98)2 = 9604
Example : (104)2 = (104 + 4) / (4)2
(104)2 = 10816
Example : (1002)2 = (1002 + 2) / (2)2 [Base = 1000]
= 1004 / 4 = 1004 / 004
= 1004004
Example : (9999)2 = (9999 – 1) / (1)2 [Base = 10000]
= 9998 / 1 = 9998 / 0001
(9999)2 = 99980001

SQUARE ROOTS
If p = q2 where p and q are integers, then we say that q is the square root of p. For example 9 = 3 2, therefore 3 is the square root of 9,
similarly 7 is the square root of 49 and 12 is the square root of 144. We can say that if p is a perfect square, then its square root is an
integer and if p is not a perfect square, then it does not have an integral square root.
Symbolically, square root of a positive number ‘n’ is written as n or 2 n or (n)1/ 2 . Therefore

16 = 4 or 2 16 = 4 or (16)1/ 2 = 4.
Square and Square Roots 129

METHODS OF FINDING SQUARE ROOTS

(a) Method of Successive Subtraction
We have seen that sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers is ‘n 2’ i.e.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ............... + (2n – 1) = n2
The above property can be used to find square root of a perfect square number.
Suppose we want to calculate square root of a number p. We start subtracting odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7........etc from p.
Now, if p is a perfect square number, then we will get zero after some steps of subtraction. At this stage, the number of times we
performed the subtraction process is the square root of given number p.

NOTE : The method of successive subtraction is suitable for small numbers only.

ILLUSTRATION : 1
Calculate square root of 64.
SOLUTION :
(a) 64 – 1 = 63 (b) 63 – 3 = 60 (c) 60 – 5 = 55
(d) 55 – 7 = 48 (e) 48 – 9 = 39 (f) 39 – 11 = 28
(g) 28 – 13 = 15 (h) 15 – 15 = 0
Total number of subtraction = 8
\ Square root of 64, i.e. 64 = 8 .
(b) Prime Factorization Method
Let ‘p’ be the number whose square root is to be find
Steps
(i) Write all the prime factors of ‘p’, and pair them such that primes in each pair are equal.
(ii) Choose one prime from each pair.
(iii) Multiply all primes selected in step (ii)
(iv) Product so obtained is the square root of ‘p’.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Find square root of 4096.

SOLUTION :
2 4096
2 2048
2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2
\ 4096 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2)
4096 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 64
This method of calculation of square root is efficient only if the given number has small prime factors.
(c) Division Method
The number of digits can be determined by placing bars on every pair of digits starting form units digit. If the number of digits
are odd, then the left most single digit will have a bar on it. The number of bars give the number of digits in the square root of the
number. For example: square root of 20 25 will have 2 digits whereas 2 72 25 has 3 digits.
 EBD_7034
130 Mathematics
Steps of Division Method:
(i) Place a bar over every pair of digits starting from the units digit.
(ii) Find the largest number whose square is less than or equal to the number under the left most bar.
(iii) Take this number as the divisor and number under left most bar as dividend. Divide them to get the remainder. You will see that
in this step the divisor and quotient are same.
(iv) Write down the number under next bar at the right side of the remainder. This is our new dividend.
(v) New divisor is obtained by adding the quotient in the divisor obtained in step (iii) and putting a suitable digit at the right of it.
The digit is chosen in such a way that its product with new divisor is equal or just less than new dividend.
Repeat steps (iv) and (v) till all bars have been considered. The final quotient is the square root of the given number.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Find square root of 106929.
SOLUTION :
Square root of 10 69 29 will have 3 digits. As 3 is the largest digit whose square is less than 10 (number under left most bar). Here
10 is our dividend and 3 is our divisor and quotient.
327
3 10 69 29
9
62 1 69
1 24
647 45 29
45 29
0
\ 106929 = 327
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Find square root of 11664.
108
SOLUTION :
1 1 16 64
1
20 16
0
208 16 64
16 64
0
\ 11664 = 108
SQUARE ROOT OF RATIONAL NUMBERS WHOSE NUMERATORS AND DENOMINATORS
ARE PERFECT SQUARES.
We will use the following rules to calculate square root:
p p
(i) = , where q ¹ 0
q q
(ii) If p and q are positive numbers, then
pq = p ´ q
ILLUSTRATION : 5
144
Find square root of .
625
SOLUTION :
144 144
=
625 625
144 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3
Square and Square Roots 131

= 22 ´ 22 ´ 32
= 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 = 12
625 = 5 ´ 5 ´ 5 ´ 5 = 5 ´ 5 = 25

144 12
\ =
625 25
ILLUSTRATION : 6
4
Find square root of 3 .
64
SOLUTION :
4 196
3 =
64 64

196 196 14 7
\ = = =
64 64 8 4

NOTE : All square numbers end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at unit’s place.

SQUARE ROOT OF PERFECT SQUARE DECIMAL NUMBER BY DIVISION METHOD

As we have seen that the square root of these kinds of numbers can be found by first converting them into rational number. However
by using division method we can find the square root directly. Follow the steps explained below:
(1) Place the bar on integral part (from left side of decimal) of the number in usual manner.
(2) Place bars on decimal part (from right side of decimal) on every pair of digits.
(3) Apply division method and find square root.
(4) Place the decimal point in the quotient as soon as the integral part is exhausted.
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Find square root of 52.8529.
SOLUTION :
7.27
7 52.85 29
49
142 3 85
2 84
1447 1 01 29
1 01 29
0

\ 52.8529 = 7.27

ILLUSTRATION : 8
Find square root of 0.000169.
SOLUTION :
0.013
1 0.00 01 69
1
23 0 69
69
0

\ 0.000169 = 0.013
 EBD_7034
132 Mathematics
SQUARE ROOT OF NUMBERS WHICH ARE NOT PERFECT SQUARES
Division method can also be applied for finding square root of numbers which are not perfect square numbers. Method is explained
with the following illustrative examples.
ILLUSTRATION : 9
Find square root of 3 upto 3 decimal places.
SOLUTION :
1.732
1 3.00 00 00
1
27 2 00 Here, we have added 3 pairs of zeros after decimal. One pair each for 1 digit after decimal point.
1 89
343 11 00
10 29
3462 71 00
69 24
1 76
\ 3 = 1.732 upto three decimal places.
ILLUSTRATION : 10
2
Find square root of 5 upto 3 decimal places.
15
SOLUTION :
2
5 = 5.133333 (approx.)
15
\ 2.265
2 5.13 33 33
4
42 1 13 2
84 \ 5 = 5.133333 = 2.265 (approx.) up to 3 decimal places.
446 29 33 15
26 76
4525 02 57 33
2 26 25
0 31 08
PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLETS
A Pythagorean triplet is a set of three natural numbers which form the sides of a right angled triangle.
For every natural number m > 1;
(2m, m2 – 1, m2 + 1) form a Pythagorean Triplet.
ILLUSTRATION : 11
Find the Pythagorean triplet whose one member is 6.
SOLUTION :
Put 2m= 6
Þ m= 3
also, m2 – 1 = (3)2 – 1 = 8
and m2 + 1 = (3)2 + 1 = 10
\ (6, 8, 10) is required Pythagorean triplet.
ILLUSTRATION : 12
Find the Pythagorean triplet whose smallest member is 3.
SOLUTION :
Put m2 – 1 = 3
Þ m2 = 3 + 1 = 4
Þ m= 2
also, 2m = 2(2) = 4
and m2 + 1 = (2)2 + 1 = 5
\ (3, 4, 5) is the required Pythagorean triplet.
Square and Square Roots 133

1. Without adding, find the sum,

(a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
(b) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23
Sol. We know that sum of first n odd natural numbers is n 2
\ (a) Given sum is the sum of first 10 odd natural numbers
\ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = (10)2 = 100.
(b) Given sum is the sum of the first 12 odd natural numbers.
\ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 = (12)2 = 144.
2. Write pythagorean triplet whose one number is
(a) 8 (b) 12
Sol. A triplet of three natural numbers p, q, r is called pythagorean triplet if p2 + q2 = r2 and is written as (p, q, r).
For any natural number ‘k’ > 1, (2k, k2 –1, k2 + 1) is a pythagorean triplet.
(a) Now if 2k = 8
then k = 4
k2 – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15
k2 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
\ Pythagorean triplet is (8.15, 17)
(b) 2k = 12 Þ k = 6
k2 – 1 = 36 – 1 = 35
k2 + 1 = 36 + 1 = 37
\ Pythagorean triplet is (6, 35, 37).
3. Find the smallest number by which 252 must be multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect square. Also find the square
root of the perfect square so obtained.
Sol. Writing 252 as product of its prime factors, we get
252 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
We find that prime factors 2 and 3 occur in pairs but prime factor 7 occurs alone.
Therefore 252 must be multiplied with 7 to get a perfect square number
\ New number = 252 × 7 = 1764
Now 1764 = (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × (7 × 7)
\ 1764 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 7 = 42.
4. Find the smallest number by which 15552 must be divided so that it becomes a perfect square. Also find the square root of new
perfect square number.
Sol. By writing 15552 as product of its prime factors we get
15552 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
= (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × (3 × 3) × 3
Here we find that prime factors 2 occur in pair but one of the prime factor 3 occurs alone.
\ If we divide 15552 by 3, we get a perfect square.

15552
\ New Number = = 5184
3
Now 5184 = (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × (3 × 3)
\ 5184 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 8 ´ 9 = 72
 EBD_7034
134 Mathematics
5. Find the smallest square number which is divisible by each of the number 4, 6 and 12.
Sol. We know that smallest number which is divisible by each of the number 4, 6, 12 is L C M (4, 6, 12)
Now L C M (4, 6, 12) is 12.
By resolving 12 into its prime factors we find 12 = (2 × 2) × 3, Since 3 occurs alone
\ To make 12 a perfect square we have to multiply it with 3.
\ Smallest square number divisible by 4, 6, 12 is 36.
9
6. The product of two numbers is 1575 and their quotient is . Find the numbers.
7
1575
Sol. Let one of the two numbers be K. As the product of numbers is 1575, the other number will be .
K
9
Quotient of numbers =
7
2
K 9 K 9
= Þ = 2 9 ´ 1575
\ 1575 7 1575 7 \ K = = 9 ´ 225
K 7
K2 = 3 × 3 × 15 × 15 = (3 × 3) × (3 × 3) × (5 × 5)
\ K = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45
1575
\ other number is = 35
45
\ The required numbers are 45 and 35.
7. Find the least number which must be subtracted from 18315 to make it a perfect square. Also find the square root of the
resulting number.
Sol. First we apply the long division method of finding square root on 18315.
135
1 1 83 15
1 Here we find that remainder in the last step is 90, it means 18315 is 90 more than the square of 135.
23 0 83 So we must subtract 90 from 18315 to make it a perfect square.
69
265 14 15 \ Perfect square number 18315 – 90 = 18225 and 18225 = 135
13 25
90
8. Find the least number of four digits which is a perfect square.
Sol. Least number of 4 digits is 1000, it is not perfect square.
First we apply long division method on 1000.
31
3 10 00
9
61 1 00 This clearly shows that (31)2 < 1000 and next square number is, (32)2 > 1000
61
39
So, smallest number of 4 - digits which is a perfect square is (1000 + 24) = 1024
9. 7396 students are sitting in an auditorium in such a manner that there are as many students in a row as there are rows in the
auditorium. How many rows are there in the auditorium?
Sol. Let number of students sitting in a row = ‘x’
\ Number of rows in auditorium = ‘x’
\ Number of students sitting in auditorium = x × x = x2
Now x2 = 7396
\ x = 7396
86
8 73 96
64 \ x = 7396 = 86
166 09 96 Number of rows in auditorium = 86.
9 96
0 00
Square and Square Roots 135

Fill in the Blanks : (D) 452 - 44 2 (s) 35

DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an

(E) 202 - 19 2 (t) 61

appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). 2. Column-I Column-II

A. If ( 75.24 + x ) = 8.71 (p) 324
1. Square numbers can only have.............. number of zeros at
the end. then the value of x is
2. The number of zeroes at the end of the square of a number B. If 0.04 ´ 0.4 ´ a (q) 64
is .............. the number of zeroes at the end of the number.
= 0.4 ´ 0.04 ´ b
3. The square root of a 4-digit or a 3 digit number is a .............. a
digit number. then the value ofis
b
4. Square of a .............. number between 0 and 1 is ..............
C. If 256 ¸ x = 2 then the (r) 0.016
than the number itself.
5. If ‘a’ is a square root of ‘b’ then ‘b’ is .............. of ‘a’. value of x is
6. A number whose square root is exact is called a .............. . x 54
7. The number of zeroes at the end of a perfect square is always D. If = then (s) .6241
169 39
.............. .
the value of x is
8. A perfect square leaves a remainder 0 or 1, by dividing with
.............. . Very Short Answer Questions :
True / False : DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.

DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 1. How do we find the square root of a fraction ?
answer as true or false. 2. Is 3 the square of any rational number ?

1. If 7 2 = 49 and 0.7 2 = 0.49 then 0.007 2 = 0.000049. 3. Evaluate : 10 + 36 .

2. The square of a proper fraction is always greater than itself. 4. Without adding find the sum :
3. The square root of a prime number can be obtained
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19
approximately but not exactly.
4. The square of an odd number is always odd. 5. Express 49 as the sum of 7 odd natural numbers.
5. A number ending in an odd number of zeros is never a 6. How many natural numbers lie between squares of 12
perfect square. and 13.
6. Square of a prime number is always prime. 7. An odd number when multiplied by itself gives 2401. Find
7. The sum of two square numbers is a square number. the number.
8. The difference of two square number is a square number. 2 2
mn n m a m + n
8. Find the square root of .
Match the Columns : ( m + n )( m + n )
2

9. If x and y are two positive numbers, then

DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two Put = or ¹ in the given boxes.
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in x ´ y xy
(i)
column-II.
1. Without actually finding the squares match the Column I x x x x
(ii) ,y¹0
with Column II. y y y
Column-I Column-II
(A) 182 - 17 2 (p) 101 (iii) x +xy+ y x +x + y y
(B) 312 - 30 2 (q) 89
(iv) x -xy- y x -x - y y
2
(C) 51 - 50 2 (r) 39
 EBD_7034
136 Mathematics
10. If (2 × 9) (2 × 9) is 324, then find the value of 324. 12. Find the square root of 54756 by long division method.
11. Find the value of 1002 – 992. 13. Given that 2 = 1.414 and 5 = 2.236, evaluate each of the
12. Find the square of the number 509 using the identity following:
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2.
36 625
13. Find the least square number exactly divisible by each of (i) (ii)
the number 6, 5, 10 and 20. 5 98

14. Evaluate: 1.96 . 14. Find the greatest number of five digits which is a perfect
square.
15. Find the value of 45 ´ 20 .
15. Find the smallest number that must be added to 1780 to
make it a perfect square.
Short Answer Questions :
Long Answer Questions :
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
1. Find the square root of 298116 by prime factorization.
2. Find the value of 1. Find the square root of each of the following by prime
factorization.
(i) 99 ´ 396 (ii) 147 ´ 243 (i) 586756 (ii) 3013696
3. Find the square root of 2. Find the square root of the following numbers by division
(i) 480249 (ii) 0.00008281 method.
If ( y - 4 ) = 16 then find the value of y..
2
4. (i) 12321 (ii) 96721 (iii) 10609
19 3. Find the value of
5. Find the square root of 6 .
25 (i) (ii)
146.8944 964.288809
6. Find the least square number which is exactly divisible by
8, 9 and 10. 4. The product of two numbers is 1575 and their quotient is
7. Find the square root of 2.9 upto two decimal places. 9
. Find the numbers.
8. Find the square of 42 without actual multiplication. 7
81b2 a4 1
9. Find the square root of . 5. The area of a square field is 101 square metres. Find
2 6
36 x y 400
10. If 1156 students in a school are to form a square pattern on the length of one side of the field.
the field for the mass drill function on the sports day, how
many students will form each side of the square? 6. Find the square root of 237.615 correct to three places of
decimal.
11. A PT teacher wants to arrange maximum possible number of
6000 students in a field such that the number of rows is 7. A general wishing to arrange his men, who were 335250 in
equal to the number of columns. Find the number of rows if number in the form of a square found that there were 9 men
71 were left out after the arrangement. left over. How many were there in each row?

2. Without adding, find the sum.

Text-Book Exercise :
(i) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9
1. Observe the following pattern and find the missing digits. (ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + I1 + 13 + 15 + 17 +19
112 = 121 (iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23
3. How many numbers lie between squares of the following
1012 = 10201 numbers?
10012 = 1002001 (i) 12 and 13 (ii) 25 and 26 (iii) 99 and 100
1000012 = 1 ......... 2 ......... 1 4. Find the square of the following numbers without actual
multiplication.
100000012 = ........................... (i) 39 (ii) 42
Square and Square Roots 137

5. Write a Pythagorean triplet whose smallest member is 8.

HOTS Questions :
6. Find the square root of 6400.
7. Is 2352 a perfect square? If not, find the smallest multiple of 1. If ( 6.453) 2 = 41.64 then find the value of ( 64.53) 2 .
2352 which is a perfect square. Find the square root of the 2. Two thirds of the area of a square is equal to 48 cm2. Another
new number.
1
8. Find the greatest 4-digit number which is a perfect square. square is the area of the original square. Find the area of
8
9. Find the least number that must be added to 1300 so as to the second square and the length of its side.
get a perfect square. Also find the square root of the perfect
3. Observe the following pattern and use it to complete the
square.
given statements.
10. Area of a square plot is 2304 m2. Find the side of the square
plot. 152 = 1 ´ 2 ( hundred ) + 52 = 225
11. In a right triangle ABC, Ð B = 90°.
252 = 2 ´ 3 ( hundred ) + 52 = 625
(a) If AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm, find AC
(b) If AC = 13 cm, BC = 5 cm, find AB 352 = 3 ´ 4 ( hundred ) + 52 = 1225
12. A gardener has 1000 plants. He wants to plant these in such
a way that the number of rows and the number of columns 452 = 4 ´ 5 ( hundred ) + 52 = 2025
remain same. Find the minimum number of plants he needs
more for this. (i) 552 = 5 ´ 6 ´ (_____) + 25 = _____
Exemplar Questions :
(ii) 652 = 6 ´ ____ ´ ( hundred ) + ______ = 4225
1. Using distributive law, find the square of 43.
2. A ladder 10m long rests against a vertical wall. If the foot (iii) 752 = ____ ´ _____ ´ ( hundred ) + 25 = 5625
of the ladder is 6m away from the wall and the ladder just
reaches the top of the wall, how high is the wall? 4. Find the square root of
(i) 75724804 (ii) 36663025
A
(iii) 4036081 (iv) 146894400
ladder
5. 5929 students are sitting in an auditorium in such a manner
10m that there are as many students in a row as there are rows
wall

in the auditorium. How many rows are there in the

auditorium?
6. The area of a square field is 60025 m2. A man cycles along
B C its boundary at 18 km/hr. In how much time will be return
6m
at the starting point ?
3. Find the length of a diagonal of a rectangle with
dimensions 20m by 15m. 7. Simplify:
4. The area of a rectangular field whose length is twice its
59.29 - 5.29 0.2304 + 0.1764
breadth is 2450 m2. Find the perimeter of the field. (i) (ii)
59.29 + 5.29 0.2304 - 0.1764
5. A decimal number is multiplied by itself. If the product is
51.84, find the number.
6. Find three numbers in the ratio 2:3:5, the sum of whose 125a6b4c 2 x2
8. If = x then find .
squares is 608. 5a 4 b 2 abc
7. The perimeters of two squares are 40 and 96 metres
2 2 2 2
respectively. 9. Find the square root of x m - n . x n + 2mn . x n
Find the perimeter of another square equal in area to the
sum of the first two squares. n
10. If 5n = 125 then find the value of 5 64 .
8. 13 and 31 is a strange pair of numbers such that their squares
169 and 961 are also mirror images of each other. Can you æn ö
2ç - 4÷
find two other such pairs? n è4 ø
11. If 2 = 1024, then find the value of 3 .
 EBD_7034
138 Mathematics

11. A four digit perfect square whose first two digits and last
Single Option Correct : two digits taken separately are also perfect squares, is:
(a) 6481 (b) 4925
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (c) 3625 (d) 1681
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY 12. The smallest natural number which when added to the
ONE is correct. difference of squares of 16 and 12 gives a perfect square, is
1. The smallest number by which 136 must be multiplied so (a) 9 (b) 8
(c) 5 (d) 3
( )
that it becomes a perfect square is
(a) 2 (b) 17 13. If 6 + 6 + 6 + ..... = P, then value of P is
(c) 34 (d) None of these (a) 6 (b) 4
2. The smallest number by which 3888 must be divided so that (c) 2 (d) 3
the resulting number is a perfect square is 14. You have a rectangular frame that is 40 cm by 60 cm. Can
(a) 2 (b) 6 you put a square picture that has an area of 800 cm2
(c) 3 (d) None of these. completely inside the frame?
3. Class ‘X -A’ of a school collected ` 1024 as contribution to (a) Yes (b) No
AP flood relief fund. If each student contributed as one (c) Can’t say (d) Data insufficient
student in the class. The number of students in the class 15. Pooja’s rectangular living room is 12 m by 5.5 m. She has a
are 3
(a) 24 (b) 32 square rug that covers the area of the floor. The side
7
(c) Can’t say (d) None of these. length of square rug is
4. The least square number exactly divisible by 4, 6, 10, 15 is (a) 28.3 m (b) 6.2 m
(a) 400 (b) 100 (c) 5.3 m (d) None of these
(c) 25 (d) 900
5. The least 6 digit number which is perfect square is More than One Option Correct :
(a) 100000 (b) 100144
(c) 100489 (d) 100225
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
6. The least number to be subtracted from 24136 to make it a
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONE
perfect square or MORE may be correct.
(a) 155 (b) 111
(c) 156 (d) None of these. 1. Which of the following triplets is/are Pythagorean?
7. What must be added to 24136 to make it a perfect square? (a) (8, 15, 17) (b) (18, 80, 82)
(a) 100 (b) 200 (c) (14, 48, 51) (d) (12, 35, 38)
(c) 111 (d) None of these. 2. Which of the following number is/are squares of even
8. Area of a square field is 22500 m2. A man cycles along its numbers ?
boundary at 15 km/ hr. The time will be taken by a man to (a) 121 (b) 256
return to starting point, is (c) 324 (d) 5476
(a) 2 min 24 sec. (b) 3 min 12 sec. 3. Which of the following is/are correct?
(c) 4 mins. (d) None of these. (a) The number of digits in a square number is even.
9. A gardener arranges plants in rows to form a square. He (b) The sum of two square numbers is a square number.
finds that in doing so 15 plants are left out. If the total (c) There is no square number between 50 and 60.
number of plants are 3984, the number of plants in each row (d) There are fourteen square number upto 200.
are,
4. Which of the following is/are incorrect?
(a) 62 (b) 63
(c) 64 (d) None of these. (a) The square of a prime number is prime.
1 (b) No square number is negative.
10. A number is multiplied by times itself and 18 is added to
3 (c) The product of two square numbers is a square number.
the result. If the final result is 2901, the number is
(a) 54 (b) 93 (d) The difference of two square numbers is a square
(c) 83 (d) 84 number.
Square and Square Roots 139

5. Which one is/are correct?

(a) The square root of 7744 by prime factorization is 88.
Assertion & Reason :
(b) 3600 is the smallest square number, divisible by each DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
one of the numbers 8, 9 and 10. followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question
(c) Possible unit digits of the square root of 657666025 on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that
is 5. best describes the two statements.
(d) The square root of 390625 has three digits.
6. Which of the following statements is/are incorrect? (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the
(a) (5.01)2 lies between 16 and 25. correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) 0.1 < (0.12)2 < 0.2 (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not
(c) 144 < (12.1)2 < 169 the correct explanation of Assertion.
(d) (26.1)2 lies between 400 and 900. (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
7. Which of the following is/are incorrect for 9 + 4 ? (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(a) 9+ 4 (b) 3 + 2 1. Assertion : 50 natural numbers lie between squares of 25
(c) (d) and 26.
13 3+ 2
8. Which of the following is/are correct for a 2 ´ b 2 ´ c 2 ? Reason : There are 2n non-perfect square numbers between
two consecutive square numbers n2 and (n + 1)2.
(a) a 2 ´ b2 ´ c 2 5
(b) a ´ b ´ c 2. Assertion : is always a rational.
4
a
(c) ( abc) 2 Reason : If a and b are perfect squares, then is always
b
(d) None of these. a rational number.
9. Given numbers are perfect squares. Which of them are the 3. Assertion : In a right triangle ABC, ÐB = 90°. If
squares of odd numbers? AB = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm then AC = 10 cm.
(a) 1681 (b) 2116 Reason : Pythagorus theorem says,
(c) 1089 (d) 1764 (Perpendicular)2 + (Base)2 = (Hypotenuse)2
4. Assertion : 1362 – 1352 = 136 + 135 = 271
Passage Based Questions : Reason : The diffference of square of two consecutive
natural numbers is equal to their difference.
DIRECTIONS : Study the given passage(s) and answer the 5. Assertion : (8, 15, 17) are Pythagorean triplets.
questions given below each passage. Reason : For any natural number m > 1, we have 2m2, m2 – 1,
PASSAGE - I m2 + 1 as pythagorean triplets.
The sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2. If a number is a
Integer Type Questions :
square number, it has to be the sum of consecutive odd numbers
starting from 1. This means that if a number is not equal to the DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
sum of successive odd natural numbers starting with 1, then it is each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
not a perfect square.
1. The sum 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 is 1. The smallest number by which 3888 must be divided so that
(a) 25 (b) 26 the resulting number is a perfect square is
(c) 24 (d) 27
2. 121 is the sum of n odd natural numbers. Where n is 2. The value of 388 + 127 + 289 is 5(K) then K = ?
(a) 10 (b) 11
(c) 9 (d) None of these 3. The value of 10 + 25 + 108 + 154 + 225 is:
PASSAGE - II 4. The perfect square number out of 2, 3, 4 and 5 is
The area of two square fields are respectively 256 and 625 square 27 x
metres. 5. If 1 + = 1 + , then x =_______
169 13
3. The side of two square fields respectively are
(a) 16, 25 (b) 25, 16 6. The value of (-1) . (-1) is:
(c) 17, 25 (d) 16, 5 7. How many pairs of natural numbers are there so that
4. The ratio of their sides are difference of their squares is 60?
(a) 17 : 25 (b) 25 : 16
(c) 16 : 25 (d) 16 : 5 32 + 48
5. If both the squares are made into a new square field, then 8. =?
8 + 12
the area will be 9. What will be the number of zeroes in the squares of the
(a) 811 m2 (b) 1681 m2
2 number 100?
(c) 891 m (d) 440 m2
 EBD_7034
140 Mathematics

SO L U T I O N S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

n2 m2 m+ n
m 2 .n 2 .a 2
8.
( m+ n)2
Fill in the Blanks : (m + n) 2
1. even 2. twice 3. two
4. decimal, less 5. square 9. (i) xy = xy
6. perfect square 7. even 8. three
x x
True/False : (ii) =
y y
1. True
2. False, the square of a proper fraction is always less than (iii) x+y ¹ x+ y
itself.
3. True 4. True. 5. True. (iv) x-y ¹ x- y
6. False. 10. 324 = 2 × 9 = 18
7. False, because 12 + 22 = 5, which is not a square number. 11. Here, m2 – n2 = (m + n) (m – n)
8. False, because 52 – 22 = 21, which is not a square number. So, 1002 – 992 = (100 + 99) (100 – 99) = 199
Match The Columns : 12. We have,
5092 = (500)2 + 2 × 500 × 9 + 92
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (t); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q); (E) ® (r) = 250000 + 9000 + 81 = 259081
2. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p) 13. The smallest number divisible by each one of the numbers
6, 5, 10 and 20 is their L.C.M
(A) 75.24 + x = 8.71 ´ 8.71 Þ x = .6241
2 6, 5, 10, 20
(B) 0.016a = 0.016 ´ b 5 3, 5, 5, 10
3, 1, 1, 2
a a
Þ = 0.016 Þ = 0.016
b b LCM. of 6, 5, 10 and 20 is 60.
60 = (2 × 2) × 3 × 5
256 Grouping the factors into pairs of equal factors, we see that
(C) = 2 Þ 16 = 2 x Þ x = 64
x three is no factor to form pairs with 3 and 5. Here the smallest
square number divisible by 6, 5, 10, 20 is 60 × 15 = 900.
x 54 54 54 14. Using the division method we may find the square root of
(D) = Þx= ´ ´ 169 = 324 the given number as shown below.
169 39 39 39
1.4
Very Short Answer Questions : 1 1.96
1. Square root of a fraction
–1 \ 1.96 = 1.4
square root of its numerator
= 24 96
square root of its denominator
2. No, 3 is not the square of any rational number. –96
So, it is not a perfect square.
0
3. 10 + 36 = 10 + 6 = 16 = 4
4. 102 = 100 15. We have
5. 49 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 45 ´ 20 = 45 ´ 20 = 3´ 3´5´ 2 ´ 2´ 5
6. 12 ´ 2 = 24 natural numbers.
7. Required number = 2401 = 49 = 3 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 5 ´ 5 = (3 × 2 × 5) = 30.
Square and Square Roots 141

Short Answer Questions : 6

36 36 6 5 6 5
13. (i) = = = ´ =
1. 298116 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 7 ´ 13 = 546 5 5 5 5 5 5
2. (i) 99 ´ 396 = 99 ´ 396 36 6 ´ 2.236 13.416
Þ = = = 2.6832
= 3 ´ 3 ´ 11 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 11 5 5 5

= 3 ´ 3 ´ 2 ´ 11 = 198 625 625 25 ´ 25 25

(ii) = = =
98 98 49 ´ 2 7´ 2
(ii) 147 ´ 243 = 189

3. (i) 480249 = 693 25 2 25 2 25 2

= ´ = =
7´ 2 2 7´2 14
(ii) 0.00008281 = 0.0091
4. 8 625 25 ´ 1.414 35.35
Þ = = = 2.525
98 14 14
19 169
5. 6 = 14. Greatest number of 5 digit = 99999
25 25
316
19 169 13 3
\ 6 = = or 2 3 9 99 99
25 25 5 5
–9
6. L.C.M. of 8, 9 and 10 is 360 which is not a perfect square.
61 99
To make it perfect square, it must be multiplied by 2 × 5 = 10.
7. 1.70 –61
)2 626 3899
8. 42 = ( 40 + 2
–3756
Use ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab
143
= (40)2 + 22 + 2(40)(2) = 1764
\ Required number = (99999 – 143) = 99856.
3ba 2
9.
2 xy 3 15. 42
4 17 80
10. The number of students on each side = 1156 = 34
–16
11. Number of students = 6000
82 180
Number of left out students = 71
Number of students which can be arranged in a perfect –164
square = 6000 – 71 = 5929 16
Because number of rows and columns are equal. So, number
\ Number to be added
of rows = 5929 = (43)2 – 1780 = 1849 = 69.
5929 = 7 × 7 × 11 × 11
Long Answer Questions :
\ 5929 = 7 ´ 7 ´ 11 ´ 11 = 7 × 11 = 77
1. (i) 766 (ii) 1736
Hence, number of rows = 77.
2. (i) 111 (ii) 311 (iii) 103
12. 234 3. (i) 12.12 (ii) 31.053
2 5 47 56 4. Let one of the two numbers be a
–4 The product of numbers is 1575.
43 147 1575
\ Other number =
–129 a
464 1856 9
It is given that the quotient of the two number in .
–1856 7
a 9
0 \ =
1575 7
\ 54756 = 234 a
 EBD_7034
142 Mathematics

9 ´ 1575 7. Let there were ‘a’ men in each row. Then,

a2 9
Þ = Þ a2 = Number of rows = a
1575 7 7 \ Total number of men in a rows = a × a = a2
Þ a2 = 2025 Þ a2 = (5 × 5) × (3 × 3)2 It is given that after arranging men in the form of a square, 9
Þ a = 5 × 32 = 45 men were left over.
1575 \ Total number of men = a2 + 9
Hence, the numbers are 45 and = 35. But the total number of men was 335250
45
Þ a2 = 335250 – 9 Þ a2 = 335241
5. Let the length on one side of the square field to x metres.
Then, Þ a = 335241 [By prime factorization]
Area of the field = x2 Þ a = 3 ´ 3 ´ 193 ´ 193
[Taking one factor from each pair]
1 40401 2
But, area of the field = 101 m2 = m Þ a = 3 × 193 Þ a = 579.
400 400 Hence, there were 579 men in each row.
40401
\ x2 =
400
40401 40401
Þ x= = Text-Book Exercise :
400 400
Square roots of 40401 and 400 separately, given below: 1. 10000200001, 100000020000001
2. (i) 25 (ii) 100 (iii) 144
201 20 3. (i) 24 (ii) 50 (iii) 198
2 4 04 01 2 4 00 4. (i) 392 = (30 + 9)2 = 30(30 + 9) + 9(30 + 9)
4 4 = 302 + 30 × 9 + 9 × 30 + 92
401 0401 40 000 = 900 + 270 + 270 + 81 = 1521
(ii) 42 = (40 + 2)2 = 40(40 + 2) + 2(40 + 2)
2
401 000
= 402 + 40 × 2 + 2 × 40 + 22
0 0
= 1600 + 80 + 80 + 4 = 1764
5. We can get Pythagorean triplets by using general form 2m,
Thus, 40401 = 201 and 400 = 20 m2 – 1, m2 + 1.
Let us first take m2 – 1 = 8
40401 201
\ x= = So, m2 = 8 + 1 = 9
400 20 which gives m = 3
201
Hence, the length of one side of the field is metres. Therefore, 2m = 6 and m2 + 1 = 10
20
6. We affix 5 zeros to the right of decimal part. The triplet is thus 6, 8, 10. But 8 is not the smallest member
237.615 = 237.61500000 of this.
So, let us try 2m = 8
15.4147
then m = 4
1 2 37.61 50 00 00 We get m2 – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15
1 and m2 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17
The triplet is 8, 15, 17 with 8 as the smallest member.
25 137
6. Write 6400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
125 Therefore 6400 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 = 80
304 1261 2 6400
1216 2 3200
3081 4550
2 1600
3081
2 800
30824 146900
2 400
123296
2 200
308287 2360400
2 100
2158009
2 50
2020391
5 25
\ 237.615 = 15.4147 upto four places of decimal
5
Þ 237.615 = 15.415 correct to three places of decimal.
Square and Square Roots 143

7. We have 2352 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 × 7 Therefore, side of the square plot = 2304 m

As the prime factor 3 has no pair, 2352 is not a perfect square.
If 3 gets a pair then the number will become perfect square. We find that, 2304 = 48
So, we multiply 2352 by 3 to get, Thus, the side of the square plot is 48 m.
2352 × 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 11. (a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm
2 2352 12. 24 plants
2 1176
Exemplar Questions :
2 588
2 294 1. 43 = 40 + 3
So 432 = (40 + 3)2 = (40 + 3) (40 + 3) = 40 (40 +3) + 3(40 + 3)
3 147
= 40 × 40 + 40 × 3 + 3 × 40 + 3 × 3
7 49 = 1600 + 240 + 9
7 = 1849
So, 432 = 1849
Now each prime factor is in a pair. Therefore, 2352 × 3 = 7056
is a perfect square. 2. Let AC be the ladder.
Thus the required smallest multiple of 2352 is 7056 which is Therefore, AC = 10m
a perfect square. Let BC be the distance between the foot of the ladder and
And, 7056 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7 = 84 the wall.
Therefore, BC = 6m
8. Greatest number of 4-digits = 9999. We find 9999 by long DABC forms a right angled triangle, right angled at B.
division method. The remainder is 198. This shows 992 is By Pythagoras theorem,
less than 9999 by 198. AC2 = AB2 + BC2
99 102 = AB2 + 62
or AB2 = 102 – 62 = 100 – 36 = 64
9 9999
or AB = 64 = 8m
-81
Hence, the wall is 8m high.
189 1899
3. Using Pythagoras theorem, we have
-1701 Length of diagonal of the rectangle
198
= (l 2 + b 2 ) units = (202 + 152 ) m
Therefore, the required perfect square is 9999 – 198 = 9801.
And, = 400 + 225 m = 625 m = 25 m
9801 = 99
D C
9. We find 1300 by long division method. The remainder is 4.
This shows that 362 < 1300.
36
?
3 1300 15
-9
66 400
-396 A 20 B
4 Hence, the length of diagonal is 25 m.
4. Let the breadth of the field be x metres. Then length of the
Next perfect square number is 372 = 1369. field is 2x metres.
Hence, the number to be added is 372 – 1300
Therefore, area of the rectangular field = length × breadth
= 1369 – 1300 = 69.
= (2x)(x) = (2x2) m2
10. Area of square plot = 2304 m2
Given that area is 2450 m2.
48 Therefore, 2x2 = 2450
4 2304 2450
-16 x2 =
2
88 704 x = 1225 or x = 35 m
704 Hence, breadth = 35m and length 35 × 2 = 70 m
Perimeter of the field = 2 (l + b)
0
= 2 (70 + 35) m = 2 × 105 m = 210 m
 EBD_7034
144 Mathematics
5. 7.2 6. 8, 12, 20
7. 104 8. 12, 21, 102, 201

HOTS Questions :
Single Option Correct :
1. (64.53)2 = 4164
2. Let area of original square = a2 1. (c) Resolve 136 into prime factors and make group of two
2 2 of each prime factor
\ a = 48 Þ a 2 = 72 2 136
3 136 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 17 2 68
Area of second square = b2 136 = (2 ´ 2) ´ 2 ´ 17 2 34
17 17
1 2 We find that 2 and 17 doesn’t appear in
Thus, a = b 2 Þ b2 = 9 cm 2 1
8 group of two. So, 136 has to be multiplied
3. (i) hundred, 3025 (ii) 7, 25 with 34 to make it a perfect square.
(iii) 7, 8 \ 136 ´ 2 ´ 17 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (17 ´ 17)
4. (i) 8702 (ii) 6055
(iii) 2009 (iv) 12120 Þ 4624 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (17 ´ 17)
5. Hint : Rows = 5929 = 77 Þ Required square4226root = 2 ´ 2 ´ 17 = 68
2. (c) Resolving 3888 into its prime factors, we 2 3888
6. 3 min 16 sec.
find that 2 1944
7. (i) 0.54
48 42 3888 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 2 972
2 486
(ii) 2 23 04 2 17 64 3888 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ 3 3 243
16 16 Here we find that prime factor 3 is 3 81
appearing alone. 3 27
88 704 82 164 3 9
-704 -164 So, if we divide 3888 by 3, we will get a 3 3
perfect square number 1
0 0
3888
\ 2304 = 48 and 1764 = 42 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3)
3
48 42
0.2304 = and 0.1764 = \ 1296 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3)
100 100
\ Given expression = 15 \ 1296 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 36
3. (b) Let no. of students in the class = x
125a6b4c 2
8. Consider =x \ Contribution of each student = ` x
5a 4b2 \ x ´ x = 1024
Þ 2 2 2
25a b c =x Þ x 2 = 1024
Þ 2 2 2
5abc = x Þ x = 25a b c
Þ x 2 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2)
x2 25a 2b2c
\ = = 25abc
abc abc Þ x = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 32
2 2 2 2 \ no. of students in the class = 32
9. Consider x m - n . x n + 2 mn .x n
2 2 2 2
4. (d) Least number which is divisible by 4, 6, 10, 15 is
= x m - n + n + 2mn + n LCM (4, 6, 10, 15)
2 4, 6, 10, 15
2 2 ( )2 LCM (4, 6, 10, 15) = 2 × 3 × 5 × 2
= x m + 2 mn + n = x m + n 3 2, 3, 5, 15
( m + n )2 LCM (4, 6, 10, 15) = 60 5 2, 1, 5, 5
60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 2 2, 1, 1, 1
So, required square root = x 2
Here we find that 3 and 5 occurs 1, 1, 1, 1
10. Given 5n = 125 alone. So, if we multiply 60 by
n 3 × 5 = 15, we get a perfect square no.
Þ 5 2 = 5 ´ 5 ´ 5 = 53 \ 60 × 15 = 900
Þ n=6 900 is the least square no. which is divisible by 4, 6,
n 10, 15.
\ 5 64 = 52 ( Q 6th root of 64 = 2)
5. (c) Least six digit number is 100000, which is not a perfect
= 25 square because it has odd number of zeroes.
11. n = 20
First let us extract the square number hidden in it.
Required Ans is 9.
Square and Square Roots 145

316
3 10 00 00 13. (d) Given P = 6 + 6 + 6 + ............ ....(1)
9
61 100 P 2 = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 + ..........
61
626 3900 P2 = 6 + P from (1)
3756
154 Þ P2 - P - 6 = 0
\ We find that 100000 > (316)2 by 154
Next square number (317)2 > 100000
Þ P 2 - 3P + 2 P - 6 = 0
\ (316)2 < 100000 < (317)2 Þ P ( P - 3) + 2 ( P - 3) = 0
\ If we add (317)2 –100000 = 489 to 100000 Þ ( P - 3) ( P + 2) = 0
We get least six digit perfect sq. no.
Þ P = 3 or P = -2
\ Least four digit perfect square no. is 100489.
From (1) it is clear that P cannot be negative
6. (b) Let us extract the square root from 24136.
\ P=3
155
14. (a) 15. (d)
1 2 41 36
1
More Than One Option Corrrect :
25 141
125 1. (a, b)
305 1636
1525 (
Pythagorean triplet is given as 2m, m2 - 1, m2 + 1 . )
111 2. (b, c, d) 3. (c, d)
\ 24136, is 111 more than (155)2. So if we 4. (a, d)
Subtract 111 from 24136, we will get a perfect sq. number. 5. (a, b, c, d)
7. (b) (a) 7744 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 11 = 88
8. (a) Let the side of square field = ‘a’ m
(b) The smallest number divisible by each one of the
\ Area of square field = a2 sq. m numbers 8, 9, 10 is their L.C.M..
a2 = 22500 m2 Their L.C.M. = 360
Þ a = 150 m
But to make 360 a perfect square, we must multiply it
Speed of cycling = 15 km / hr by 10.
15 ´ 1000 25 (c) True
= = m/s.
60 ´ 60 6 (d) 36 06 25
Now, total distance to be covered along the boundary
= 4 × 150 = 600 m Since, we have 3 bars over pair of digits.
25 \ 390625 has 3 digits.
Q m is covered in 1 sec.
6 6. (b, c, d) 7. (a, b, d)
600 8. (a, b, c)
\ 600 m is covered in ´ 6 = 144 sec
25 9. (a, c)
= 2 min 24 sec.
1681 and 1089 are the squares of odd numbers.
9. (b) Gardener arranges (3984 – 15) = 3969 plants in different
rows to form a square. Passage Based Questions :
Let no. of plants in each row be ‘x’
\ x × x = 3969 1. (a) 52 = 25 2. (b) 11
x2 = 3969 Þ x = 63 3. (a) Area of 1 square field = 256 m2
st

10. (b) Let the required number be ‘x’ Area of 2nd square field = 625 m2
Now, as per question. Side of 1st and 2nd square field are 16 m and 25 m
16 25
1
x ´ x + 18 = 2901 1256 2 625
3
2 –1 –4
x
Þ = 2901 - 18 = 2883 Þ x 2 = 8649 26 156 45 225
3 –156 –225
x 2 = ( 3 ´ 3) ´ ( 31 ´ 31) 0 0
Þ x = 3 ´ 31 = 93 4. (c) Ratio of their sides = 16 : 25
11. (d) 12. (a)
 EBD_7034
146 Mathematics
5. (b) Side of the new square field 3888
= 16 + 25 = 41 m = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3)
3
Area of new square field = (41)2 = 1681 m2
\ 1296 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3)
Assertion & Reason : \ 1296 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 36
1. (a) Between 252
and 262
there are 2 × 25 = 50 natural
numbers. 2. (4) 388 + 127 + 289
2. (a) Assertion is true. Because 25 and 16 are perfect
squares. = 388 + 127 + 17 [Q 289 = 17]
Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
3. (a) Assertion = 388 + 144 [Q 144 = 12]
( AC )2
= 6 +8 2 2
= 36 + 64 = 100 = 388 + 12 = 400
AC = 10 20
A
= 20 [Q 400 = 20] K=
5
=4

3. (4) 10 + 25 + 108 + 154 + 225

6
= 10 + 25 + 108 + 154 + 15

8 = 10 + 25 + 108 + 169
B C
4. (c) For every natural number n,
(n + 1)2 = n2 = (n + 1) + n = 10 + 25 + 108 + 13 = 10 + 25 + 121
i.e., the difference of squares of two consecutive
natural numbers is equal to their sum. = 10 + 25 + 11 = 10 + 36 = 10 + 6 = 16 = 4
So, 1362 – 1352 = 136 + 135 = 271. 4. (4) 4 = 2 × 2 = 22.
5. (a) For any natural number m > 1,
27 196 14 1 1
(2m, m2 – 1, m2 + 1) is a pythagorean triplet. 5. (1) 1+ = = = 1 = 1+
Let m = 4 169 169 13 13 13
Þ 2m = 8, m2 – 1 = 15, m2 + 1 = 17. \ x=1
6. (1) We define -a as the quantity which is being
Integer Type Questions : multiplied by itself (or) squared become equal to ‘–a’.
1. (3) Resolving 3888 into its prime factors, we find that
( )
2
So -a ´ -a = -a = -a
3888 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3
3888 = (2 ´ 2) ´ (2 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ (3 ´ 3) ´ 3 \ -1 × -1 = –1
7. (3) Let numbers be x and y then x2 – y2 = 60
2 3888 (x – y) (x + y) = 60
5 × 12 = 60
2 1944 2 × 30 = 60
2 972 4 × 15 = 60
1 × 60 = 60
2 486 3 × 20 = 60
3 243 6 × 10 = 60
Here, pairs “2 and 30” and “6 and 10” satisfying the
3 81
given condition.
3 27
32 + 48 16 ´ 2 + 16 ´ 3
3
8. (2) =
9 8 + 12 4´ 2 + 4´3
3 3
4 2+4 3
=
4( 2+ 3 ) =2
1 2 2+2 3 2( 2+ 3)
Here we find that prime factor 3 is appearing alone. 9. (2) Number of zeroes at the end of the number 100 = 2
So, if we divide 3888 by 3, we will get a perfect square \ Number of zeroes at the end of the square of the
number number 100 = 2 × 2 = 4
 Chap
ter Cube and Cube Roots
7

If a number multiply twice by itself the number thus obtained is the cube of the number.
And the number itself is the cube root of the cubed number.
This chapter has a direct practical use in
(i) Calculating the cubes of non-zero numbers
(ii) Finding the relation between unit digit of a number and its cube.
(iii) Calculating the cube roots using different methods.
 EBD_7034
148 Mathematics

CUBES
If ‘n’ is a non-zero number, then n × n × n, written as n3 is called cube of n or n cubed.
For example, 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 is cube of 3 or 3 cubed.
A number ‘n’ is a perfect cube number if there is an integer ‘m’ such that n = m × m × m.
For example, 64 is a perfect cube number as 4 is an integer such that 4 × 4 × 4 = 64.
Test of Perfect Cube
“In a prime factorization of perfect cube, every prime number occurs three times or a multiple of three times.
For Example :
(i) 64 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 26 (ii) 729 = 9 × 9 × 9 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 36
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Examine (i) 243 (ii) 26136 are perfect cubes.
SOLUTION :
(i) 243 = (3 × 3 × 3) × 3 × 3
Here occurrence of 3 is not in multiple of ‘3’, so 243 is not a perfect cube number.
(ii) 21636 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 × 3) × 11× 11
In 21636, prime number 11 does not occur in group of three, so 21636 is not a perfect cube number.
Properties of Cubes of Numbers
1. If a number is negative, then its cube is also negative.
Example : (i) (–2 )3 = (–2 ) × (–2 ) × (–2 ) = –8 (ii) (–5 )3 = (–5 ) × (–5 ) × (–5 ) = –125
This shows that negative numbers can also be perfect cubes.
2. Cube of an even number is also even.
Example : (i) (2)3 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 (ii) (6)3 = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216.
3. Cube of an odd number is also odd.
Example : (i) (3)3 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 (ii) (7)3 = 7 × 7 × 7 = 343.
Relation Between Unit Digit of a Number and its Perfect Cube
Observe the adjoining table-I.
It can be observed from the table that if the unit digit of a number is 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, then unit digit of cube is also 1, 4, 5, 6, 9. If the unit digit
of number is 2 or 8, then the unit digit in cube is 8 or 2 respectively.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Table - I x 3 1 8 27 64 125 216 343 512 729

3 & 7 form similar pair as 2 and 8.

Example :
(i) Unit place digit of cube of 41 is 1 because unit place digit of 41 is 1 .
(ii) Unit place digit of cube of 76 is 6 because unit place digit of 76 is 6 .
(iii) Unit place digit of cube of 92 is 8 because unit place digit of 92 is 2.
CUBE OF TWO DIGIT POSITIVE NUMBER (SHORT-CUT METHOD)
Let ab is a two digit number. To find cube of ab using short-cut method, we use the identity (a + b)3 = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3 and form
4 columns a 3 / 3a 2 b / 3ab 2 / b 3 . This method is same as finding square by column method. We retain the unit digit after adding
numbers in each column and add the remaining digit to the next column.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Find value of (25)3.
SOLUTION :
Take a = 2, b = 5
a3 3a2b 3ab2 b3
8 3×4×5 3×2×25 125
8 60 150 125
8 60 150
+7 16 + 12 \ (25)3 = 15625
15 76 162
15 6 2 5
Cube and Cube Roots 149

CUBE ROOTS
If x is a perfect cube such that x = y 3, then y is called cube root of ‘x’. For example 8 = 2 3, so 2 is cube root of 8, 6 is cube root of 216.
It is written as 6 = 3 216 .
The symbol 3 is used to represent cube root.
Cube Root by Successive Subtraction
If we subtract 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91 ............ from a given number, till we get zero, then the number of subtractions will give the cube root of
the given number. The numbers 1, 7, 19, 37 ........... are obtained by putting m = 1, 2, 3, 4.......... in
[1 + m × (m –1) × 3]
Example : 64 – 1 = 63, 63 – 7 = 56, 56 – 19 = 37, 37 – 37 = 0.
Here number of subtractions till we get zero is 4. Therefore 3
64 = 4
Cube Root by Prime Factorization
We know that in a perfect cube primes, occurs in multiples of three. We can find cube root by following steps.
(a) Find prime factors of given number.
(b) Group the factors in triples such that all three factors in each triple are the same.
(c) If any prime factor is left ungrouped, then the given number is not a perfect cube.
(d) If no factor is left ungrouped, choose one factor from each group and take the product. The product is the cube root of given
number.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Find cube root of 32768.
SOLUTION :
32768 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2)
\ 3 32768 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 32

2 32768
2 16384
2 8192
2 4096
2 2048
2 1024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1

Relation Between Unit Digit of a Perfect Cube and Unit Digit of its Cube Root
Table-2 shows the relationship between the unit digit of a perfect cube and unit digit of its cube root.
Table - 2
Unit digit of a perfect cube no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Unit digit of cube root 1 8 7 4 5 6 3 2 9 0

Using Table -1 (given before) and Table-2 we can calculate cube roots upto 2- digits very easily, however by suitably extending
Table -1, we can calculate cube root upto any number of digits.
 EBD_7034
150 Mathematics
Steps :
(1) Put a slash before the last three digits of given perfect cube number. 103823 can represent as 103 / 823, 1331 can represent as
1 / 331.
(2) The number on right side of slash will give us the unit place digit of cube root and that on left hand side will give rest of the digits
of cube root.
(3) The unit place digit of cube root can be found by looking at unit place digit of right side of given number and comparing it
with table-2 . For example, cube root of 287496 will have 6 at units place in its cube root because the number itself has 6 in
its place.
(4) To find the left hand part of the answer, we take the number which lies to the left of the slash. Now we need to find two
perfect cubes between which the left hand part lies. For example in 287496, left part 287 lies between 216 (cube of 6) and 343
(cube of 7).
(5) Now, out of the numbers 6 and 7 obtained above, we take the smaller number and put it on the left of unit digit obtained in
step - (3). Thus root of 287496, which is a perfect cube, is 66.
Thus, by simple observation, we will be able to find cube root of given perfect cube number.
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Find cube root of 1157625.
SOLUTION :
(a) Represent 1157625 as 1157 / 625.
(b) Number ends with 5, so the cube root ends with 5 (Table-2)
(c) Left part 1157 lies between 1000 ( cube of 10) and 1331 (cube of 11).
(d) Smaller number is 10. So, cube root of 1157625 is 105.
Cube Root of Negative Numbers
Cube root of a product of two perfect cubes is the product of cube roots of perfect cubes.
3 p´q = 3p ´3q
3 3
64 ´ 125 = 64 ´ 3 125
By using the above result, we can find cube root of negative integers.
3
We have, - n = 3 -1 ´ 3 n

\ 3 -n = - 3 n é 3 -1 = -1 because ( -1)3 = -1ù

ë û

ILLUSTRATION : 5
Find cube root of
(i) –64 (ii) –1331
SOLUTION :
3
(i) -64 = - 3 64 = -4 (ii) 3
-1331 = - 3 1331 = -11 .

Cube Root of Rational Numbers

p 3p 3 p
If p and q, where q ¹ 0 , are perfect cubes, then 3 = 3 3 3
q 3 q . Here p and q are integers and q ¹ 0. Therefore 3 q
is a rational
number.

125 3 125 5 -729 3

729 9
Example: (i) 3 = = (ii) 3 =- =-
64 3 3
64 4 1331 1331 11
Cube and Cube Roots 151

1. Find the smallest number that must be subtracted from

(a) 132 (b) 348 so as to make them perfect cube.
Sol. (a) By successive subtraction method we have
132 –1 = 131 ; 131 –7 = 124 ; 124 – 19 = 105;
105 –37 = 68 ; 68 – 61 = 7
Now we cannot subtract 91 from 7 as 7 < 91 so if we subtract 7 from 132, we get a perfect cube number.

\132 - 7 = 125 = (5)3 .

(b) By successive subtraction method, we have
348 –1 = 347 ; 347 –7 = 340 ; 340 – 19 = 321;
321 –37 = 284 ; 284 – 61= 223 ; 223 – 91= 132;
132 – 127 = 5
Now we cannot subtract 169 from 5 as 5 < 169. So if we subtract 5 from 348, we get a perfect cube number.
\ 348 – 5 = 343 = (7)3.
2. Find cube root of
(a) 250047 and (b) – 13824 by prime factorization method.
Sol. In a perfect cube, prime factors occurs in triplets.

(a) 250047 = (3× 3× 3) × (3× 3× 3) × (7× 7× 7) (b) 3

-13824 = - 3 13824

\ 3 250047 = 3 ´ 3 ´ 7 13824 = (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2) × (3× 3× 3)

3
250047 = 63 \ 3 13824 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 = 24

\ - 3 13824 = -24

3 250047 2 13824
3 83349 2 6912
3 27783 2 3456
3 9261 2 1728
3 3087 2 864
3 1029 2 432
7 343 2 216
7 49 2 108
7 7 2 54
1 3 27
3 9
3 3
1
 EBD_7034
152 Mathematics
3. Divide the number 13122 by the smallest number so that the quotient is a perfect cube. Also find the cube root of the quotient.
Sol. Resolving 13122 into its prime factors, we get
13122 = 2 × (3× 3× 3) × (3× 3× 3) × 3 × 3
In a perfect cube, each prime factors occurs thrice.
So the smallest number by which 13122 must be divided to make it a perfect cube is 2 × 3 × 3 = 18

13122
\ New number = = 729
18

Now 3
729 = 3 ( 3 ´ 3 ´ 3) ´ ( 3 ´ 3 ´ 3) = 3 × 3 = 9.

4. Three numbers are in the ratio 1: 2: 3. The sum of their cubes is 98784. Find the numbers.
Sol. Let the ratio of numbers = x
\ Numbers are x, 2x, 3x.

Now x 3 + (2x)3 + (3x)3 = 98784

Þ 36x 3 = 98784

98784
Þ x3 = = 2744
36

Þ x = 3 14 ´ 14 ´ 14 =14

\ Numbers are 14, 28 and 42.

5. Find the value of 3 0.000027 .

æ 27 ö
1/ 3 (27)1/ 3 (3 ´ 3 ´ 3)1/ 3 3
Sol. 3
0.000027 = (0.000027)1/ 3 = ç ÷ = = = = 0.03.
1/ 3 1/ 3
è 1000000 ø (1000000) (100 ´100 ´100) 100

6. The volume of a cubical box is 32.768 cubic metres. Find the length of a side of the box.
Sol. Let the side of cubical box be ‘a’ metre . The volume of cubical box is a 3 cubic metre.

32768
\ a 3 = 32.768 Þ a = 3 32.768 Þ a = 3
1000

32768 = (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2) × (2× 2× 2)

\ 3 32768 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 32

\ 3 1000 = 3 10 ´ 10 ´ 10 = 10

32768 3 32768 32
\ a=3 = 3 = = 3.2
1000 1000 10

\ side of cubical box = 3.2 m.

Cube and Cube Roots 153

1. Column-I Column-II
Fill in the Blanks :
(Numbers) (Digit in the unit
place for the cube)
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). A. 121 (p) 3
B. 25 (q) 8
1. Numbers obtained when a number is multiplied by itself C. 67 (r) 2
three times are known as .............. .
D. 68 (s) 1
2. The smallest number by which 81 should be divided to make
E. 52 (t) 5
it a perfect cube is .............. .
2. Column-I Column-II
3. If a number ends in two 9’s then its cube ends in ..............
number of 9’s. A. 3 (p) 120
125 ´ 27 = 3 ´ .............
4. The cube of a number is that number raised to power .............. 3 8 ´ .......... = 8
B. (q) 20
5. Cube of even numbers are always .............. .
6. Cubes of odd numbers are always .............. . C. 3 1728 = 4 ´ ............ (r) 64
7. The cube root of x is denoted by .............. .
D. 3 ............ = 3 4 ´ 3 5 ´ 3 6 (s) 11
8. Cubes of negative integers are always .............. .
3
True / False : E. 480 = 3 3 ´ 2 ´ 3 .......... (t) 3

DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 729 9

F. 3 = (u) 5
answer as true or false. 1331 ............

1. When a number is multiplied by itself, the product is said to Very Short Answer Questions :
be cube of that number.
2. The cube root of 125 is 25. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
3. If x is a non-zero number, then x ´ x ´ x is written as x3 .
4. Square root is the inverse operation of cube root. 1. Find 3 101 + 3 13824 .
5. If in the prime factorization of any number each factor 2
appears three times, then the number is a perfect cube. 2. If a = 2b and b = 4c then find the value of 3 a .
16bc
6. The symbol 3 denotes cube root and denotes square 3. The value of (1.5)3 is _________.
root. 4. The cube root of 1.331 is _________.
7. Cube of a natural number which is a multiple of 3 is also a 5. If 36a4 = a6, then a3 is equal to ______.
multiple of 27.
8. Cube root of a negative number can be positive. 3
3
6. -3 = _______
8
9. No cube can end with exactly two zeros.
3
é 1ù
10. For an integer a, a3 is always greater than a2. ê 2 2 2ú
7. Find the value of ê(5 + 12 ) ú .
ê ú
Match the Columns : ë û

3
0.027 0.09
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two 8. Find the value of - -1
0.008 0.04
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in 93
9. If y = 3 2 , then find the value of y..
column II. 125
 EBD_7034
154 Mathematics

10. Given that 3 x = -6, find the value of x. 8. If the product of two numbers is 21 and their difference is 4,
then find the ratio of the sum of their cubes to the difference
11. Calculate the exact value of 3 8 ´ 10 6 . of their cubes.
12. 9 + 3 -125 = ____ . 9. Find the cube root of – 13824.
13. The value of (27 × 2744)1/3 is ____. 10. In a five digit number 1b 6a3, ‘a’ is the greatest single digit
14. 3 (156 + x) = 12, then find the value of x. perfect cube and twice of it exceeds ‘b’ by 7. Then find the
sum of the number and its cube root.
15. 3
0.125 + 3 = ________ 11. What is the value of expression 2(33 – 6) + 2?

Short Answer Questions : 3

a 6 ´ b3 ´ c21
12. =?
c9 ´ a12
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
1. Prove that if a number is doubled, then its cube is eight Long Answer Questions :
times the cube of the given number.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
2. Given that y = -8. Find the value of 3 y . 1. Find the smallest number which when multiplied with 137592
3. Evaluate : will make the product a perfect cube. Further find the cube
3 6 3 root of the product.
(i) 125 a - 125a 6
2. Show that –17576 is a perfect cube. Also, find the number
(ii) 3
700 ´ 2 ´ 49 ´ 5 whose cube is –17576. 2
4. Consider the following pattern. æ 1 ö 2
çç ÷÷
( )
23 – 13 = 1 + 2 × 1 × 3 3. The value of (4096)è 3 ø is _____.
33 – 23 = 1 + 3 × 2 × 3
43 – 33 = 1 + 4 × 3 × 3 –216
4. Show that is the cube of a rational number. Also,
Using the above pattern find the value of 73 – 63 42875
5. Find the value of 3 find that rational number.
288 ´ 3 432 ´ 3 648.
5. Divide the number 26244 by the smallest number so that the
12
3 quotient is a perfect cube. Also, find the cube root of the
6. If 4 = x, then the value of x is ______.
125 quotient.
7. The three numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 4. The sum of their 6. The volume of a cubical box is 32.768 cubic metres. Find the
cubes is 33957. Find the numbers. length of a side of the box.

Text-Book Exercise : Exemplar Questions :

1. Is 68600 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number by 1. Is 9720 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number by
which 68600 must be multiplied to get a perfect cube. which it should be divided to get a perfect cube.
2. Find the smallest number by which each of the following 2. Find the length of each side of a cube if its volume is
numbers must be multiplied to obtain a perfect cube. 512 cm3.
(i) 256 (ii) 675 (iii) 100
3. Three numbers are in the ratio 2:3:4. The sum of their
3. Find the smallest number by which each of the following
cubes is 0.334125. Find the numbers.
numbers must be divided to obtain a perfect cube.
(i) 81 (ii) 135 (iii) 704 4. Evaluate: 3
27 + 3 0.008 + 3 0.064
4. Parikshit makes a cuboid of plasticine of sides 5 cm, 2 cm,

{ }
5 cm. How many such cuboids will he need to form a cube? 3
é 2 1ù
ëê6 + ( 8 ) 2 ûú
5. 2 =?
5. Find the cube root of 13824 by prime factorisation method.
6. Find the cube root of 17576 through estimation.
Cube and Cube Roots 155

HOTS Questions : 1 æ 1ö
2
3
6. Find the value of 2 × ç1 ÷ + 1 ¸ 3 3 .
3 4 è 3ø 8
15625 ´ 216
1. Evaluate: 3
3375 7. What number will come in place of question mark?
2. Evaluate : 3 216 ´ (–343).
( )
½
+ ( 9) = ( ?) + 8 - 340
½ 3
8´ 8
3. Find the volume of cube whose surface area is 150 m2.
4. For a big icecream of volume 2744 cm3, Mukti wants to make
a box. What should be the edge of box so that the block can
8. Find the value of
( 2.3)3 - 0.027
be put into it?
5. Consider the following pattern:
( 2.3) 2 + 0.69 + 0.09
23 – 1 3 = 1 + 2 × 1 × 3
33 – 2 3 = 1 + 3 × 2 × 3 9. 3
0.000064 equals _____.
43 – 33 = 1 + 4 × 3 × 3.
Find the value of 123 – 113, using the above

7. The volumes of two cubes are in the ratio 343 : 1331, the
Single Option Correct : ratio of their edges, is
(a) 7:10 (b) 7 : 11
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (c) 7 : 12 (d) None of these.
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY 8. The cube of a number is 8 times the cube of another number.
ONE is correct. If the sum of the cubes of numbers is 243, the difference of
the numbers is,
1. The smallest number which when multiplied with 7200 will
(a) 3 (b) 4
make the product a perfect cube, is (c) 6 (d) None of these
(a) 10 (b) 20 9. The square of a natural number when subtracted from its
(c) 30 (d) None of these. cube results in 48. The number is
2. The smallest number by which 16384 must be divided so (a) 6 (b) 5
that quotient is a perfect cube, is (c) 4 (d) 8
3
(a) 2 (b) 4 16 æ 1 ö
10. ´ ç –1 ÷ = ............... .
(c) 12 (d) None of these. 9 è 2ø
3. If the sum of cubes of digits of a number is equal to the 8 8
number itself, the number is called ‘Armstrong Number’. (a) –12 (b) – 6 (c) – (d)
3 9
then the Armstrong Number is
(a) 367 (b) 470 More Than One Option Correct :
(c) 153 (d) None of these.
4. The perfect cube nearest to 2750 is DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
(a) 2749 (b) 2747 Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d), out of which ONE
or MORE may be correct.
(c) 2744 (d) 2754
5. Value of 392 ´ 448 is
3 3 1. Which of the following numbers are the cube of a negative
whole number ?
(a) 50 (b) 52
(a) – 64 (b) – 2197
(c) 54 (d) 56 (c) – 1056 (d) – 3888
6. A 8 × 6 × 4 cm3 metallic cuboid is melted. The minimum 2. Which of the following is/are correct statement(s) ?
volume of molten metal which should be added to mould it (a) 8640 is not a perfect cube.
into a cube whose edge is ‘x’ where ‘x’ is an integer, is (b) If a divides b, then a3 divides b3.
(a) 20 cm3 (b) 21 cm3 (c) If a and b are integers such that a2 > b2, then a3 > b3.
(c) 23 cm3 (d) 24 cm3 (d) None of these
 EBD_7034
156 Mathematics
3. Which of the following statements are correct? PASSAGE - II
(a) m ´ m ´ m = 3m We have for any positive integer x, –x is a negative integer such
1 that
(b) x3 = n Þ x = n 3
( - x ) 3 = ( - x ) ´ ( - x ) ´ ( - x ) = - x3
(c) 3a + 3b = 3a+b 3 3 3
\ - x3 = - x Þ - x3 = - x3

(d) 3a ¸ 3b = 3a¸b Thus, the cube root of a negative perfect cube is negative of the
cube root of its absolute value. In other words, to find the cube
4. Which of the following numbers are perfect /complete cube? root of a negative perfect cube, we find the cube root of its absolute
(a) 64 (b) 216 value and multiply it by –1.
(c) 343 (d) 256 4. Find the cube root of –226981 and –175616.
5. Which of the following numbers are cubes of rational (a) –51, – 46 (b) – 61, –56
numbers?
(c) – 59, – 96 (d) None of these
27 125
(a) (b) 5. Cube root of -125 ´ -3375 is
64 128
(c) 0.001331 (d) 0.04 (a) 57 (b) 75
6. 1/3
(–216 × 1728) = ............... . (c) 15 (d) 51
(a) –6 × –12 (b) –72 -3375
6. Cube root of is
(c) –6 × 12 (d) –27 -2744
14 -14
7. The value of 3 –125 ´ (–1000) is ............... . (a) (b)
15 15
(a) (5 × 10)1/3 (b) (53 × 103)1/3
15 15
(c) (5 × 10)3 (d) ((5 × 10)3)1/3 (c) (d) -
14 14
10
8. Find the value of 3 2 + (2 2 – 32 ). Assertion & Reason :
27
–1
–15 æ –15 ö
(a) (b) çè ÷ø DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
4 4
–1
–4
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question
æ 1ö
(c) çè ÷ø (d) on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that
15 15
best describes the two statements.
Passage Based Questions : (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not
following questions.
the correct explanation of Assertion.
PASSAGE-I (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
m
Let a = be a rational number (m, n are non-zero integers such (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
n
that n ¹ ± 1) other than an integer, then the cube of a is defined 1. Assertion : Cube root of 64000 is 40 and 64000 is a perfect
3 3 cube.
as a 3 = a ´ a ´ a or æç ö÷ = ´ ´ =
m m m m m
è nø n n n n3 Reason : No cube can end with exactly two zeros.
-216 2. Assertion : 143 = 2744, 243 = 13822
1. Show that is the cube of a rational number..
42875 Reason : The digits of number end with 4, then cubes of the
2. Show that 0.001728 is the cube of a rational number. number ends with same digit 4.
3. Which of the following numbers are cubes of rational
3
numbers? 3 æ 1ö
3. Assertion : 3
–4 =
3 çè ÷ø .
27 125 4
(a) (b)
64 128 Reason : For any positive integer x, –x is a negative integer
(c) 0.001331 (d) 0.04 such that –x 3 = –x.
3
Cube and Cube Roots 157

4. Assertion : We know that

Integer Type Questions :
9 ÷ 3 = 3 and 93 ÷ 33 = 27
8 ¸ 2 = 4 and 83 ¸ 23 = 64 DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
Reason : If a divides b, then a3 divides b3. to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from
0 to 9.
Multiple Matching Questions :
1. The product 864 × n is a perfect cube. What is the smallest
DIRECTIONS : Following question has five statements (A, B, possible value of ‘n’?
C, D and E) given in Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s 2. If 72k is a perfect cube, then find the value of k:
and t) in Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have a 6 ´ b3 ´ c 21 bc k
correct matching with one or more statement(s) given in 3. If 3 = , then k = ______.
c 9 ´ a12 a k /2
Column II.
4. 0.125 + 3 0.729 = n × 0.7. Find n.
3
1. Column -I Column -II
A. The smallest number which (p) an even number 5. The cube of a number ending in 3, ends in ______.
must be subtracted from 1730 6. The cube root of the number 10648 is k 121. Find k.
to make if a perfect cube, is
z
B. If x y = 28 then x + y + z (q) 7
is equal to, (x, y and z are
positive integers)
C. If a = 2b, b = 4c then (r) 2

a4
3 =
32b2 c 2
D. If single digit natural numbers (s) 17
satisfying x 2 + y 2 = 145,
then the value of x + y is
E. If a and b are whole numbers. (t) Smallest prime
such that number.
b a = 512, b > a, 1 < a < 4
then a b = ?
 EBD_7034
158 Mathematics

SO L U T I O N S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

3 3 -27 3 -33 -3
6. 3 -3= = =
8 8 23 2
3
Fill in the Blanks : 7. éë(52 + 122 )1/ 2 ùû

1. cube numbers = [(25 + 144)½]3

2. 3 = [(169)½]3 = (13)3 = 2197
3. two
4. 3, cubes of a = a × a × a = a3. So it raised to power 3. 0.027 0.09
8. 3 - -1
5. even, Example: 23 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8. 0.008 0.04
6. odd, Example: 33 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27.
0.3 0.3
7. 3
x = – - 1 = –1
0.2 0.2
8. negative, Example: 3 (–1) = 3 –1 ´ –1 ´ –1 = –1.
93 343 7
9. y=32 =3 =
True/False : 125 125 5

10. 3
1. False. x = -6
2. False, the cube root of 125 is 5. x = (–6)3 = (–6) × (–6) × (–6) = –216
3. True. 3
11. 8 ´ 106
4. False, square root is the inverse operation of square.
5. True. = 3
2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 10 ´10 ´10 ´ 10 ´10 ´10
6. True. = 2 × 10 × 10 = 200.
7. True: Let the number be 3 m.
Cube of 3m = (3 m)3 = 3m × 3m × 3m = 27m3 12. 9 + 3 -125 = 9 - 5 = 4
\ cube is multiple of 27. 13. (27 × 2744)1/3 = 3 × 14 = 42
8. False : Cube root of a negative number is always negative. 14. 3
156 + x = 12
9. True Þ 156 + x = 1728
10. False: For negative integers, a3 is less than a2 Þ x = 1728 – 156 = 1572
For example (–2)3 = –8
15. 3
0.125 + 3 = 0.5 + 3 = 3.5
(–2)2 = 4 and (–2)3 < (–2)2.
Short Answer Questions :
Match The Columns :
1. Let the given number be ‘a’.
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (t); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r); (E) ® (q)
Let b be the double of ‘a’
2. (A) ® (u); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (t); (D) ® (p); (E) ® (q); (F) ® (s) i.e. b = 2a
Very Short Answer Questions : Consider, b3 = b ´ b ´ b
= 8 ´ a ´ a ´ a = 8a 3
1. 3
101 + 24 = 3 125 = 5
Þ b3 = 8 ´ (cube of a)
3 a
2 ( 2b )2 2. 3
-8 = ( -2)
2. =3 =1
16bc 16bc
3. (1.5)3 = 3.375
3. (i) 125 3 a 6 - 3 125a 6
= 125a2 – 5a2 = 120a2
4. 3
1.331 = 3 (1.1)3 = 1.1
5. 36a4 = a6 (ii) 3
700 ´ 2 ´ 49 ´ 5
On taking square root of both sides, we get = 3
7´ 2´ 2´ 2´5´5´7 ´7´5
6a2 = a3 = 7 × 2 × 5 = 70
Cube and Cube Roots 159

4. 73 – 63 = 1 + 7 × 6 × 3 = 1 + 126 = 127 = 4 (16 + 63)

5. By resolving 288, 432 and 648 into prime factors = 4 × 79
= 316
2 288 2 432 2 648 x – y = 4 Þ x2 + y2 – 2xy = 16
2 144 2 216 2 324 Þ (x + y)2 – 2xy – 2xy = 16
Þ x + y = 16 + 4 × 21
2 72 2 108 2 162
x + y = 10
2 36 2 54 3 81 \ x3 + y3 = (x + y) [x2 + y2 – xy]
2 18 3 27 3 27 = 10 (58 – 21) = 10 × 37 = 370
3 9 3 9 3 9
x3 + y 3
3 3 3 Ratio = = 370 : 316 = 185 : 158
x3 - y 3
3
= 288 ´ 3 432 ´ 3 648 9. 3
-13824
= 3 5 2
2 ´3 ´ 2 ´3 ´ 2 ´3 4 3 3 4
= – 3 2´ 2 ´ 2´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2´ 3´ 3´3
= 24 × 33 = 16 × 27 = 432
= -(2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3) = –24
3
12 512 512 10. Since ‘a’ is the greatest single digit perfect cube therefore
6. 34 =3 = 3
125 125 125 a = 8 according to the question,
2 512 2a - b = 7 Þ b=9
2 256 Thus, required sum = 19683 + 27 = 19710
2 128 11. 2(33 – 6) + 2 = 2(27 – 6) + 2
2 64 = 2(21) + 2 = 42 + 2 = 44
2 32
12. 3
a 6 ´ b 3 ´ c 21
2 16
c 9 ´ a12
2 8 é ù
am m -n
2 4 = 3
a 6 -12 ´ b3 ´ c 21-9 ê Using n = a ú
ë a û
2
b 3c12 bc 4
Þ 3
512 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 8 = 3 a -6 ´ b3 ´ c12 = 3 =
a6 a2
5 125
5 25 Long Answer Questions :
5
1. 137592 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 7 ´ 7 ´ 13
Þ 3
125 = 5 We find that 7 occurs twice and 13 occurs once only.
3
512 8 3 So, Required smallest number = 7 ´ 13 ´ 13 = 1183
\ 3
= =1
125 5 5 Also, required product = 162771336
7. Let the numbers be 2x, 3x and 4x. Hence, 3 162771336 = 2 ´ 3 ´ 7 ´ 13 = 546
\ )3
( 2 x + ( 3x + ( 4 x )3 )3 = 33957
2. 2 17576
Þ 8 x3 + 27 x3 + 64 x3 = 33957
2 8788
Þ 99 x3 = 33957 2 4394
33957
Þ x3 = 13 2197
99 13 169
Þ x3 = 343 Þ x = 7 3 13
\ Numbers are 2 ´ 7, 3 ´ 7, 4 ´ 7 1
i.e. 14, 21, 28
8. x – y = 4, xy = 21 3
-17576 = - 3 17576
x3 – y3 = (x – y) [x2 + y2 + xy – 2xy + 2xy]
= (x – y) [(x – y)2 + 3xy] = - 3 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 13 ´ 13 ´ 13 = (– 26)
 EBD_7034
160 Mathematics

3 )( 2 )
2 6. Let the length of a side of the box be x metres. Then, its
3. ( 4096 )(1/ 1
´2 volume is x3 cubic metres. But, the volume is given as 32.768
(2) 2 (1/ 3) 2 cubic metres.
(1/ 3)
= ( 4096 ) = ( 4096 ) = (4096)1/3
\ x3 = 32.768
2 4096 3
32768 32768
2 2048 Þ x= 3
32.768 = 3 = 3
1000 1000
2 1024
Now, resolving 32768 and 1000 in prime factors, we have
2 512
24
32768 = 1 ´24
2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32
2 256
2 128 ´24
24 2 ´32 ´ 51´24
5 ´35
and, 1000 = 1 4
2 64
\ 3 ´24
24
32768 = 1 2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 = 32 and
2 32
2 16 3
1000 = 2 × 5 = 10
2 8 3
32768 32
2 4
Hence, x = 3 = = 3.2 metres
1000 10
2
Þ 3
4056 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 = 16
4. Resolving 216 and 42875 into prime factors, we get
216 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 and 42875 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7 Text-Book Exercise :
2 216 5 42875 1. We have, 68600 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7. In this
factorisation, we find that there is no triplet of 5.
2 108 5 8575
So, 68600 is not a perfect cube. To make it a perfect cube we
2 54 5 1715 multiply it by 5.
Thus, 68600 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7
3 27 7 343
= 343000, which is a perfect cube of 70.
3 9 7 49
2. (i) 256 = 21´24
4 2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 × 2 × 2
3 3 7 7
\ The smallest number by which 256 must be multiplied
1 1 to obtain a perfect cube = 2.
Clearly, 216 and 42875 can be grouped into triples of equal (ii) 675 = 5 × 5 × 31
4´24
3 ´33
factors. \ The smallest number by which 675 must be multiplied
\ 216 = (2 × 3)3 and 42875 = (5 × 7)3 to obtain a perfect cube = 5.
Þ 216 = 63 and 42875 = 353 (iii) 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
3 \ The smallest number by which 100 must be multiplied
–216 (–6)3 æ (–6) ö
Now, = 3 = çè ÷ø to obtain a perfect cube = 2 × 5 = 10
42875 35 35
3. (i) 81 = 31
4´24
3 ´33 × 3
–216 –6
Thus, is the cube of a rational number . \ The smallest number by which 81 must be divided to
42875 35
obtain a perfect cube = 3
5. On resolving 26244 into prime factors, we get
(ii) 135 = 5 × 31
4´24
3 ´33
26244 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
Grouping the factors in triples of equal factors, we get \ The smallest number by which 135 must be divided to
obtain a perfect cube = 5.
26244 = 2 × 2 × (3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3) × 3 × 3
Therefore, the smallest number by which the given number (iii) 704 = 2
14´24
2 ´32 ´ 21
4´24
2 ´32 × 11
must be divided in order that the quotient is a perfect cube \ The smallest number by which 704 must be divided to
is 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 36 obtain a perfect cube = 11.
26244 4. Volume of a cuboid = 5 × 2 × 5 cm3.
Also, the quotient = = 729
36 Since there is only one 2 and only two 5 in the prime
\ 729 = (3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3) factorisation, so, we need 2 × 2 × 5, i.e, 20 to make a perfect
and cube. Therefore, we need 20 such cuboids to make a cube.
3
729 = 3 × 3 = 9
Cube and Cube Roots 161

5. 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
2. We have: 3 216 ´ (–343)
= 23 × 23 × 23 × 33 .
Therefore, 3 13824 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 = 3
216 ´ 3 -343 = 3 216 ´ - 3 343
6. The given number is 17576. = – 3 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 ´ 3 (7) ´ (7) ´ (7)
Step 1 Form groups of three starting from the rightmost
= – [6 × (7)] = – 42.
digit of 17576.
3. Let the length of each edge of the given cube x metres.
17 576. In this case one group i.e., 576 has three digits whereas
Then,
17 has only two digits.
Surface area = 150 m2
Step 2 Take 576. 150
The digit 6 is at its one’s place. Þ 6x2 = 150 Þ x2 = = 25 m2
6
We take the one’s place of the required cube root as 6. Þ x = 25 = 5 ´ 5 = 5 m
Step 3 Take the other group, i.e., 17.
\ Volume of the cube = x3 m3
Cube of 2 is 8 and cube of 3 is 27. 17 lies between 8 and 27.
= 53 m 3
The smaller number among 2 and 3 is 2.
= (5 × 5 × 5) m3
The one’s place of 2 is 2 itself. Take 2 as ten’s place of the
= 125 m3 2 2744
cube root of 17576. 3
4. Volume of box = 2744 cm
Thus, 3
17576 = 26 (Check it!) 2 1372
Let edge of box = x cm
\ x3 = 2744 2 686
Exemplar Questions :
Þ x= 3
2744 7 343
1. We have, 9720 = 2 14´24
2 ´32 ´ 31
4´24
3 ´33 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 5 Þ x = 3 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 7 ´ 7 ´ 7 = 2 × 7 = 14 7 49
9720 is not a perfect cube \ Edge of box is 14 cm. 7 7
Thus, the smallest number by which it should be divided to
5. 123 – 113 = 1 + 12 × 11 × 3 = 1 + 396 = 397. 1
get a perfect cube = 3 × 3 × 5 = 45
2
2. Volume of cube = 512 cm3 1 æ 1ö 3
6. 2 ´ ç1 ÷ + 1 ¸ 3 3
or (side)3 = 512 4 è 3ø 8
Þ side = 3 512 2 2
9 æ 4ö 27 3 æ 4ö æ 3ö
Þ side = 8 cm = ´ ç ÷ + 1¸ 3 = ´ ç ÷ + 1¸ ç ÷
4 è 3ø 8 2 è 3ø è 2ø
3. Let he numbers be 2x, 3x and 4x. 3 16 3 8 2
\ (2x)3 + (3x)3 + (4x)3 = 0.334125 = ´ + 1¸ = + 1 ´
2 9 2 3 3
Þ 8x3 + 27x3 + 64x3 = 0.334125
8 2 8 + 2 10 1
Þ 99x3 = 0.334125 = + = = =3
3 3 3 3 3
0.334125 7. Let the number be x
Þ x3 = = 0.003375
99
( 8 ´ 8)½ + (9)½ = (x)3 + 8 - 340
Þ x = 0.15
Þ (8)½ + (32)½ = (x)3 + (8)½ – 340
\ Required numbers are 2(0.15), 3(0.15) and 4(0.15).
Þ 3 + 340 = (x)3
i.e. 0.3, 0.45 and 0.6.
Þ x3 = 343
4. 3
27 + 3 0.008 + 3 0.064 = 3 + 0.2 + 0.4 = 3.6 Þ x= 7
3
8. Given expression
ìï é 2 1 ùü
ï
í ê6 + ( 8 ) 2 ú ý = {36 + 8}3 = (44)3 = 85184
2
5. ( 2.3)3 - ( 0.3)3 a 3 - b3
îï ëê ûú þï is in the form of
( 2.3)2 + ( 2.3)( 0.3) + ( 0.3) 2 a 2 + ab + b 2

( a - b ) ( a 2 + ab + b2 )
HOTS Questions :
3 3
3
15625 ´ 3 216 Now, a - b = = a-b
1. We have: a 2 + ab + b 2
3
3375
\ a – b = 2.3 – 0.3 = 2
3
25 ´ 25 ´ 25 ´ 3 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 64
= 3 9.
3
0.000064 = 3
15 ´ 15 ´ 15 1000000
25 ´ 6 8 2
= = 10 = 3 = = 0.2
15 1000 10
 EBD_7034
162 Mathematics
9. (c) Let the natural number be ‘x’.
\ x3 – x2 = 48
Þ x2(x – 1) = 48
Single Option Correct : Þ 42(4 – 1) = 48
1. (c) Expressing 7200 as its prime factors \ x=4
7200 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 3
16 æ -3 ö 16 -3 -3 -3
7200 = (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × (5 × 5) 10. (b) ´ç ÷ = ´ ´ ´
9 è 2 ø 9 2 2 2
We find that prime factors 2, 3 & 5 appear in groups of
= 2 × (–3) = (–6)
two, so to make the given no. perfect cube, we must
multiply it with 2 × 3 × 5 = 30
More Than One Option Corrrect :
\ 7200 × 30 =
1. (a, b)
(2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 ×3) × (2 × 2 × 2) × (5 × 5 × 5)
- 64 = - 4 ´ - 4 ´ - 4
is a perfect cube.
2. (b) We have, 16384 = 214 -2197 = - 13 ´ -13 ´ -13
\ To make 16384 perfect cube, we must divide it with 2. (a, b)
2 × 2 = 4. 3. (b, d)
4. (a, b, c)
3. (c) According to definition of Armstrong no.
64 = 4 ´ 4 ´ 4
13 + 53 + 33 = 1 + 125 + 27
216 = 6 ´ 6 ´ 6
=126 + 27 = 153
343 = 7 ´ 7 ´ 7
\ 153 is Armstrong no.
3 3
4. (c) 2744, which is a cube of 14. 27 æ 3 ö 1331 æ 11 ö
5. (a, c): =ç ÷ , =ç ÷
3 392 ´ 3 448 = 3 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 7 ´ 7 64 è 4 ø 1000000 è 10 ø
5. (d)
2
4 æ 2 ö 125 53
×3 2´2´2´2´2´2´7 =ç ÷ , =
100 è 10 ø 128 27
= 3 ( 2 ´ 2 ´ 2) ´ ( 2 ´ 2 ´ 2) ´ ( 2 ´ 2 ´ 2) ´ ( 7 ´ 7 ´ 7 )
27
= 2´ 2´ 2´7 éëQ 3 p ´ 3 q = 3 pq ùû \ Only and 0.001331 are cubes of rational numbers.
64
= 56 6. (b, c): (–216 × 1728)1/3 = 3
–216 ´ 3 1728
6. (d) Volume cuboid = 8 × 6 × 4 = 192 cm3 = –6 × 12 = –72
\ Nearest perfect cube to 192 = 216 3
7. (b, d): 3 (–125) ´ (–1000) = –125 ´ 3 –1000
Thus, 24 cm3 should be added to 192 cm3 to mould it
into a cube whose edge is 6 cm where 6 is an integer. = (–5) × (–10) = 50

V1 343 ( S1 )3 =
343 8. (b,d): 3 2
10
¸ (22 – 32 ) = 3
64
¸ (22 – 32 )
7. (b) = Þ 27 27
V2 1331 ( S 2 )3 1331

S1 3
343 7 4 4 4 æ –1ö 4
=3 = = ¸ (4 – 9) = ¸ (–5) = ´ çè ÷ø = –
Þ 3 3 3 5 15
S2 1331 11
Þ Ratio of their edges = 7 : 11 Passage Based Questions :
8. (a) Let the two numbers are x & y, x > y PASSAGE -I
\ x3 = 8y3 ...(1)
-216 ( -6 ) ´ ( -6 ) ´ ( -6)
and x3 + y3 = 243 ...(2) 1. =
42875 35 ´ 35 ´ 35
Þ 8y3 + y3 = 243 From (1)
3
Þ 9y3 = 243 æ -6 ö
=ç ÷
Þ y3 = 27 Þ y = 3 è 35 ø
x = 6 From (1) 1728 æ 12 ö
3
2. 0.001728 = =ç ÷
\ Difference (x – y) = 6 – 3 = 3 1000000 è 10 ø
Cube and Cube Roots 163

3
27 æ 3 ö
=ç ÷ a4 ( 8c ) 4
3. (a,c) So, 3 =3
64 è 4 ø 2 = 38 =2
32b 2c 2 32 ( 4c ) c 2
3
1331 æ 11ö D. x = 8, y = 9
and 0.001331 = =ç ÷
1000000 è 10 ø 2 2
x 2 + y 2 = ( 8) + ( 9) = 64 + 81 = 145
PASSAGE-II
So, x + y = 17
4. (b) 3 -226981 = -61 and 3 -175616 = - 56
E. Let b = 8
5. (b) 3
-125 ´ -3375 \ 83 = 512
So, a = 3, b = 8
= 3
( -5)3 ´ ( -15)3
ab = 38 =2
= (–5) × (–15) = 75

-3375 3 3375 15 15 Integer Type Questions :

6. (c) 3 = = =
-2744 3 2744 14 14
1. (2) 864 × n is a perfect cube.
Assertion & Reason : 864 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
Þn=2
1. (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct.
2. (3) 72 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. If k = 3 then
2. (d) 143 = 2744, 243 = 13824 72 k = 72 × 3 = 216 = 63 is a perfect cube.
\ Assertion is incorrect but reason is correct.
3
a 6 ´ b3 ´ c 21
3. (d) 3
(–4)3 = 3
–4 ´ –4 ´ –4 3. (4) We have
c 9 ´ a12
3
æ 1ö 1
= –4 ¹ 3
çè ÷ø = 3
b3 ´ c12
4 4 = 3
a 6–12
´b ´c3 21–9 =
a6
\ Assertion is incorrect.
3
– x 3 = –x is always true for all integers. (b3 )1/3 (c12 )1/3 bc 4 bc 4
= 6 1/3 = =
\ Reason is correct. (a ) a2 a 4/2
4. (a) a divides b Hence k = 4.
Þ b = ak, for some k, b3 = a3k3 4. (2)

\ a3 divides b3. 125 3 729 5´5´5 9´9´9

3 + = 3 +3
1000 1000 10 ´ 10 ´ 10 10 ´ 10 ´ 10
Multiple Matching Questions :
5 9 14
1. ( A) ® (p); (B) ® (q); (C) ® (r, t); (D) ® (s); (E) ® (r, t) = + = = 1.4 = 2 × 0.7
10 10 10
A. Since 1728 is the perfect cube nearest to 1730. Hence n = 2.
\ Required no. = 1730 – 1728 = 2 5. (7) If unit’s place digit of number is 3, then unit’s place
B. Since x, y and z are positive integers. digit of its cube is 7.
z
Hence, x y = 28 6. (2) On resolving 10648 into prime factors, we get
z 3 10648 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11 × 11 × 11
Þ x y = 22 Þ x+ y + z = 2+ 2+ 3 = 7
C. Since a = 2b, b = 4c 3
10648 = 2 × 11 = 22 = 2 × 11 = 2 ´ 121
Þ a = 2 ( 4c ) , b = 4c Þ a = 8c, b = 4c Þ k=2
 EBD_7034
164 Mathematics

ter
Chap
Comparing Quantities
8
INTRODUCTION

A shopkeeper sells 100 copies of a book in a month at its maximum retail price (MRP). He offered a discount of 20% on the MRP
of the book in the next month and was able to sell 150 copies of the same book. Thus by offering a discount he has been able
to fetch more sales, which would definitely make a difference to his profit/loss. Most people take out a loan for a big purchase,
such as a car, a major appliance, or a house. Loan payments must be accurately determined, and it may take some work to find
the "best deal." It is important for both businesspersons and consumers to understand commercial mathematics in order to
make sound financial decisions. In this chapter we would deal with ratios, percentages, interests, profits / losses, discounts,
sales tax, VAT, etc.
Comparing Quantities 165

RATIO
a
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantities) by division. The ratio of a to b is written as a : b or .
b
A ratio is a number, so to find the ratio of two quantities they must be expressed in the same units.
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Find the
(i) ratio of ` 20 to ` 80 (ii) ratio of 3 km to 600 m
SOLUTION :
(i) 20 : 80 or 1 : 4 (ii) 3000m : 600m or 5 : 1
Simplest Form of a Ratio
The ratio of two or more quantities is said to be in simplest form, if the HCF of the quantities is 1.
If the HCF of the quantities is not 1, then each quantity of the ratio is divided by the HCF to get the ratio in simplest form.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Express 81 : 36 in simplest form.
SOLUTION :
HCF of 81 & 36 is 9. So we divide 81 & 36 by 9
81 36
\ 81 : 36 = : =9:4
9 9
\ Simplest form of 81: 36 is 9 : 4

NOTE: We should always express the ratio in the lowest or standard form.

PERCENTAGE
The word percent means per hundred or for every hundred. The symbol % is used for the term percent. Thus 20 percent written as 20%
20
and it means 20 out of 100. This can also be written as .
100
Thus percent is a fraction whose denominator is 100 and numerator of this fraction is called rate percent.
20 a
\ = 20% ; = a%
100 100

Conversion of Percent into Fraction

To convert a percent into fraction, divide it by 100 and remove the % sign.
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Convert 15% into fraction.
SOLUTION :
15 3
15% = =
100 20
Conversion of Fraction into Percent
To convert any fraction to percent, multiply it by 100 and put the % sign.
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Convert 2 into percent.
5
SOLUTION :
æ2 ö
ç 5 ´100 ÷ % = 40%
è ø
 EBD_7034
166 Mathematics
Conversion of Percent into Ratio
First change the percent into fraction by dividing it by 100 and remove the % sign, finally reduce the obtained fraction into its simplest
form.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Convert 35%, 0.65% and 4.5% into ratio.
SOLUTION :
35 7
35% = = = 7 : 20
100 20

0.65 65 13
0.65% = = = = 13 : 2000
100 10000 2000

4.5 45 9
4.5% = = = = 9 : 200
100 1000 200

Conversion of Ratio into Percent

x æx ö
x:y= = ç ´ 100 ÷ %
y èy ø

ILLUSTRATION : 6
Convert 3 : 4 to percent.
SOLUTION :
3 æ3 ö
3: 4 = = ç ´ 100 ÷ % = 75%
4 è4 ø

Conversion of Percent into Decimal

To convert the percent to decimal, first change it to fraction by dividing it by 100 and remove the % sign, finally put the decimal point
accordingly.
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Convert 18% to decimal.
SOLUTION :
18
18% = = 0.18
100

Conversion of Decimal to Percent

First change the decimal into fraction and then multiply by 100 and put the % sign
ILLUSTRATION : 8
Convert 1.5 and 0.25 to percent.
SOLUTION :
15 æ 15 ö
1.5 = = ç ´ 100 ÷ % = 150%
10 è 10 ø

25 æ 25 ö
0.25 = =ç ´100 ÷ % = 25%
100 è 100 ø

Percentage of a Number
To find percentage of a given number, multiply the given number by required percentage.
Comparing Quantities 167

ILLUSTRATION : 9
Find 20% of 400.
SOLUTION :
Let the required value is x
\ x = 20% of 400
20
x= ´ 400 = 80
100
\ 20% of 400 is 80.

Original Number From its Percent

ILLUSTRATION : 10
Find the number whose 20% is 60.
SOLUTION :
Let the required number be ‘x’.
Now, 20% of x is 60
Þ 20% of x = 60
20
Þ ´ x = 60
100
60 ´ 100
Þ x= = 300
20
\ The required number is 300.

Percentage of One Quantity of Another

x
If x% of a is b, then ´a =b
100
100b
Þx=
a
ILLUSTRATION : 11
What percent of 120 is 30?
SOLUTION :
Let x % of 120 = 30
x
\ ´ 120 = 30
100
30 ´ 100
Þ x= = 25
120
\ 25% of 120 is 30.

Finding the Increase or Decrease Percent

(i) If there is an increase in any number or quantity from A to B, then
percentage increase
æ increase in number (or quantity) ö
=ç ´ 100÷ %
è original number (or quantity) ø
(ii) If there is a decrease in any number or quantity from A to B, then
percentage decrease
æ decrease in number (or quantity) ö
=ç ´ 100÷ %
è original number (or quantity) ø
 EBD_7034
168 Mathematics
ILLUSTRATION : 12
The price of a scooter which was Rs. 34000 last year increased by 20% this year. What is the price now?
SOLUTION :
Let original price be ` 100
Increase in price = ` 20.
\ Increased price = ` 100 + ` 20 = ` 120
If original price is ` 100, then increased price = ` 120
If original price is ` 34000, increased price
120
=` ´ 34000 = ` 40800.
100

PROFIT AND LOSS

Business transactions have become common feature of daily life. When we purchase and sale some items, we either make profit or loss.
Profit and loss are part of every business transactions. Let us first investigate them.
Cost Price : The Price at which a person buys an item is the Cost Price (C.P.) of that item. In other words, amount paid or expenses
in purchasing or producing an item is called its cost price (C.P.).
Selling Price : The Price at which a person sells an item is the selling price(S.P.) of item. In other words, amount received when an
item sold is called selling price (S.P.) of that item to the seller.
Overheads : All the expenses that a buyer paid on transportation or repair of purchased item are called overheads. All over heads are
added to basic Cost Price (C.P.) of that item.
Profit : When a person sells an item at a price which is more than its cost price we say that person has made a profit or gain. The
difference (S.P – C.P) is called profit or gain.
Thus Profit or Gain = S.P – C.P, if S.P > C.P.
Loss : When a person sells an item at a price which is less than its cost price, we say that the person has suffered loss. The difference
(C.P – S.P) is called loss.
Thus Loss = C.P – S.P, if S.P < C.P.
Basic Formulae :
Case-I : If S.P > C.P, then there is a profit.
\ Profit = S.P – C.P
S.P = C.P + Profit
S.P - C.P Profit ´100
Profit % = ´ 100 =
C.P C.P
Case-II : If SP < CP, then there is a loss.
\ Loss = CP – SP
SP = CP – Loss
CP - SP Loss ´100
Loss % = ´ 100 =
CP C.P.
ILLUSTRATION : 13
Rishi bought a wrist watch for ` 2200 and sold it for ` 1980. Find his loss and loss percent.
SOLUTION :
We have,
C.P. of watch = ` 2200
S.P. of watch = ` 1980
Since S.P. < C.P. So, there is loss given by
Loss = C.P. – S.P.
= ` 2200 – ` 1980 = ` 220
æ Loss ö æ 220 ö
Now, Loss % = çè ´ 100÷ % = ç ´ 100÷ % = 10%
C.P. ø è 2200 ø
Hence, Loss = ` 220 and Loss % = 10%
Discount
Sometimes to increase the sales or dispose off the old stock, dealer or seller offers his goods at reduced prices. This reduction in price
offered by dealer/seller is called discount.
Comparing Quantities 169

Marked Price (M.P.) : The printed price or the tagged price of an article is called its marked price (M.P.). It is also called list price.
Discount is always calculated on M.P. of the article.
Now,
Selling Price (S.P.) = M.P. – Discount
\ Discount = M.P. – S.P..
Discount
% Discount = ´ 100
M.P.
MP – SP
% Discount = ´ 100
M.P.
æ 100 - Discount % ö
Or S.P. = M.P. çè ÷ø
100

ILLUSTRATION : 14
At a clearance sale, all goods are on sale at 45% discount. If I buy a skirt marked Rs 600, how much would I need to pay?
SOLUTION :
We have,
M.P. = ` 600, Discount = 45%
æ 45 ö
\ Discount = 45% of ` 600 = ç ` ´ 600 ÷ = ` 270
è 100 ø
\ S.P. = M.P. – Discount
Þ S.P. = ` 600 – ` 270 = ` 330
Thus, the amount I need to pay is ` 330.

Sales Tax
Government lays some charges upon persons or organizations to provide various facilities (such as roads, transport etc. to general
public). These charges are called taxes. Some taxes are excise duty, luxury tax, sales tax etc.
Sales tax is charged from persons or organisations involved in the business of selling, purchasing of various items. It is charged as
certain percentage of selling price.
Rate of sales tax
Sales Tax = ´ S .P.
100
Total billing amount = selling price (SP) + Sales Tax.
ILLUSTRATION : 15
The cost of a table is ` 800. The Sales tax charged is 4%. Find the bill amount.
SOLUTION :
Selling Price (SP) of table = ` 800.
Sales Tax = 4% of SP
4
= ´ 800 = ` 32
100
\ Billing amount = ` (800 + 32) = ` 832

Value Added Tax (VAT)

The government spend a lot of money to provide various types of facilities for the public. To meet these expenditures, the government
imposes different types of taxes. Value added tax (VAT) is one of these. VAT is calculated on selling price. Thus if discount is given,
VAT is calculated on discounted S.P.
ILLUSTRATION : 16
Suresh purchased a T.V. set for ` 15000 including VAT of 10%. Find the cost of TV set before VAT was added.
SOLUTION :
Let the cost of TV set without VAT = ` x.
Now, x + VAT =15000
 EBD_7034
170 Mathematics

10
Þ x+ x´ = 15000
100
11x
Þ = 15000
10
15000 ´ 10
Þ x= = 13636.3636
11
\ Cost of TV set before VAT is ` 13636.36

SIMPLE INTEREST
If any agency (an indivisual, a firm or a bank etc.) borrow some money from any other agency, then the first agency is called the
borrower and the second agency is called the lender. The borrowed money is called the principal.
If the borrower has to pay some additional money together with the borrowed money for the benefit of using borrowed money for a
certain time period called loan period, then this additional money is called the interest and the principal together with the interest is
called the amount (i.e. Amount = Principal + Interest)
When we deposite money in a bank, we earn interest, Interest is calculated according to an agreement which specifies the rate of
interest, Generally the rate of interest is taken as “per cent per annum” which means “per ` 100 per year”, for example, a rate of 10%
per annum means ` 10 on ` 100 for 1 year.
Simple Interest (S.I.) : If the principal remains the same for whole loan period, then the interest is called the simple interest.
PRT
S.I. =
100
Where P = Principal, R = Rate of interest in percent per annum, T = Loan period (or whole time period) (in years)
ILLUSTRATION : 17
At what rate percent by simple interest, will a sum of money double itself in 5 years 4 months ?
SOLUTION :
Let P = ` x
Amount A = ` 2x
\ S.I. = A – P = ` 2x – ` x = ` x
4 1 16
T = 5 years 4 months = 5 years = 5 years = years
12 3 3
Let R be the rate percent per annum.
S.I. ´ 100 x ´ 100 300
Using R = , We get R = = = 18.75.
P ´T 16 16
x´
3
Hence required rate = 18.75% p.a.

COMPOUND INTEREST (C.I.)

If the borrower and the lender agree to fix up a certain interval of time (a year, a half year or a quarter of a year etc.) called conversion
period, so that the amount (= principal + interest) at the end of an conversion period becomes the principal for the next conversion
period, then the total interest over all the loan period calculated in this way is called the compound interest.

NOTE: The main difference between the simple interest and the compound interest is that the principal in the case of simple interest
remains constant throughout the loan period where as in the case of compound interest, the principal changes periodically (i.e. after
each conversion period) throughout the loan period.

(i) Computation of Compound Interest when interest is Compounded annually :

n
æ r ö
A = P ç1 +
è 100 ÷ø
Comparing Quantities 171

éæ r ö
n ù
\ C.I. = A – P = P ê çè1 + ÷ø - 1ú , where A is the amount, P is the principal, r is the rate of interest in percent per
êë 100 úû
conversion period and n is the number of conversion periods in the whole loan period.
ILLUSTRATION : 18
Roohi deposited ` 7,000 with a finance company for 3 years at an interest of 15% per annum compounded annually. What is
the compound interest and the amount that Roohi gets after 3 years ?
SOLUTION :
Principal, P = ` 7,000, n = 3 years, r = 15% per annum
n 3 3
æ r ö æ 15 ö æ 115 ö
A = P ç1 + ÷ = 7, 000 ç 1 + ÷ = 7, 000 ç
è 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ÷ø

115 115 115

= 7,000 × ´ ´ = 10,646.125 = ` 10,646.13 = ` 10,646 (approx.)
100 100 100
Compound interest = A – P = 10,646 – 7,000 = ` 3,646
(ii) Computation of compound interest when interest is compounded k times every year :
r
.
If r be the rate of interest in percent per year, then the rate of interest in percent per conversion period is
k
If n be the number of years in the whole loan period (or whole time period), then the number of conversion period is nk.
nk
æ r ö
\ A = P ç1 +
è 100k ÷ø

é nk ù
and C.I. = P ê æç1 +
r ö
÷ - 1ú
êë è 100k ø úû
(a) In case of interest compounded half-yearly, k = 2
2n
æ r ö
\ A = P ç1 +
è 200 ÷ø

éæ r ö
2n ù
and C.I. = P êç1 + ÷ - 1ú
è 200 ø
ëê úû
(b) In case of interest compounded quarterly, k = 4
4n
æ r ö
\ A = P ç1 +
è 400 ÷ø

éæ r ö
4n ù
and C.I. = P êç1 + ÷ - 1ú
êë è 400 ø úû
(c) In case of interest compounded monthly, k = 12
12 n
æ r ö
\ A = P ç1 +
è 1200 ÷ø

éæ r ö
12 n ù
and C.I. = P ê ç1 + ÷ - 1ú
è 1200 ø
ëê úû
 EBD_7034
172 Mathematics
ILLUSTRATION : 19
Find the compound interest on ` 1000 at the rate of 10% per annum for 18 months when interest is compounded half-yearly.
SOLUTION :

18 3
Here, P = ` 1000, R = 10% per annum and, n = years = years
12 2

2n
æ R ö
\ Amount after 18 months = P ç 1 +
è 200 ÷ø

3 3
2´
æ 10 ö 2 æ 1 ö
= ` 1000 × ç1 + ÷ = ` 1000 × ç 1 + ÷
è 200 ø è 20 ø

3
æ 21 ö 21 21 21
= ` 1000 × ç ÷ = ` 1000 ´ ´ ´
è 20 ø 20 20 20

= ` 1157.63
Hence, Compound interest = Amount – Principal
= ` 1157.63 – ` 1000 = ` 157.63
(iii) Computation of Compound Interest when Interest is Compounded annually but rate of interest in percent being different for
different years :

æ R ö æ R2 ö æ Rn ö
A = P ç1 + 1 ÷ çè1 + ÷ø ¼ çè 1 + ÷,
è 100 ø 100 100 ø
where R1, R2, …, Rn are rate of interest in percent per year for different years.
ILLUSTRATION : 20
Ram Singh bought a refrigerator for ` 4000 on credit. The rate of interest for the first year is 5% and of the second year is
15%. How much will it cost him if he pays the amount after two years?
SOLUTION :
Here, P = ` 4000, R1 = 5% per annum and R2 = 15% per annum.

æ R ö æ R2 ö
\ Amount after 2 years = P ç1 + 1 ÷ çè1 + ÷
è 100 ø 100 ø

æ 5 öæ 15 ö
= ` 4000 ´ ç1 + ÷ ç1 + ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø

æ 1 öæ 3 ö
= ` 4000 ´ ç1 + ÷ ç1 + ÷
è 20 øè 20 ø

21 23
= ` 4000 ´ ´ = ` 4830
20 20

Thus, the refrigerator will cost ` 4830 to Ram Singh.

(iv) If P be the value of an article (or population of a town or country etc.) at a certain time and R % per annum is the rate of
depreciation, then the value A at the end of n years is given by,
n
æ R ö
A = P ç1 -
è 100 ÷ø
Comparing Quantities 173

ILLUSTRATION : 21
The population of a town 2 years ago was 62500. Due to migration to cities, it decreases every year at the rate of 4% per annum.
Find its present population.
SOLUTION :
We have,
Population two years ago = 62500
Rate of decrease of population = 4% per annum.
2
æ 4 ö
\ Present population = 62500 × ç 1 - ÷
è 100 ø
2 2
æ 1 ö æ 24 ö
= 62500 × ç 1 - ÷ = 62500 × ç ÷
è 25 ø è 25 ø
24 24
= 62500 × ´ = 57600.
25 25
Hence, present population = 57600.
(v) If P be the population of a country (or value of an article etc.) at a certain time, which increases at the rate R1% per year for first
n1 years and decreases at the rate of R 2 % per year for next n 2 years, then the population at the end of
(n1 + n2) years is given by
n n
æ R1 ö 1 æ R ö 2
A = P ç1 + . 1– 2
è 100 ÷ø çè 100 ÷ø
This formula can be extended for more than 2 different periods and rates.
ILLUSTRATION : 22
10000 workers were employed to construct a river bridge in four years. At the end of first year, 10% workers were retrenched.
At the end of the second year, 5% of the workers at that time were retrenched. However to complete the project in time, the
number of workers was increased by 10% at the end of the third year. How many workers were working during the fourth
year?
SOLUTION :
We have,
Initial number of workers = 10000
Reduction of workers at the end of first year = 10%
Reduction of workers at the end of second year = 5%
Increase of workers at the end of third year = 10%
\ Number of workers working during the fourth year
æ 10 öæ 5 öæ 10 ö
= 10000 ç1 - ÷ç1 - ÷ç 1 + ÷
è 100 øè 100 øè 100 ø
9 19 11
= 10000 ´ ´ ´ = 9405.
10 20 10
Hence, the number of workers working during the fourth year was 9405.
 EBD_7034
174 Mathematics

1. Divide ` 3000 among A, B, C in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5.

æ 2 ö 2
Sol: A’s share = ç ÷ ´ 3000 = ´ 3000 = ` 600
è 2+3+5ø 10

æ 3 ö 3
B’s share = ç ÷ ´ 3000 = ´ 3000 = ` 900
è 2 + 3+ 5ø 10

æ 5 ö 5
C’s share = ç ÷ ´ 3000 = ´ 3000 = ` 1500
è 2+3+5ø 10
2. If a : b = 2 : 3, find (3a + 4b) : ( 4a – b).
a 2
Sol: Since =
b 3

æ aö
3ç ÷ + 4
3a + 4b è bø
=
\ 4a - b æ aö [dividing by ‘b’]
4 ç ÷ -1
è bø

2
3 ´ + 4 2 + 4 18
= 3 = =
2 5 5
4 ´ -1
3 3
3. A bag contains coins of ` 5, ` 2 and ` 1 in the ratio 3 : 7 : 4, amounting to ` 1980. Find the number of coins of each type.
Sol: Ratio of coins = 3 : 7 : 4
\ number of coins of ` 5, `2 and ` 1 are 3x, 7x and 4x.
Now, 5 × (3x) + 2 × (7x) + 1× (4x) = 1980
Þ 33x = 1980
1980
\ x= = 60 Þ x = 60
33
\ No of coins of ` 5 = 60 × 3 = 180
No of coins of ` 2 = 60 × 7 = 420
No of coins of ` 1= 60 × 4 = 240
4. A mixture contains alcohol and water in the ratio 3 : 2. If 4 litres of water is added to the mixture, the ratio becomes 3 : 4. Find
the quantity of water in the given mixture.
Sol: Since ratio of alcohol and water be 3 : 2.
\ Quantity of alcohol and water are 3x and 2x respectively
3x 3
Now =
2x + 4 4
Þ 12 x = 6 x + 12 Þ 6 x = 12 Þ x = 2
\ Quantity of water in given mixture = 2 × 2 = 4 liters.
Comparing Quantities 175

5. What must be subtracted from each term of the ratio 3 : 7, so that the ratio becomes 2 : 5 ?
Sol: Let the required number to be subtracted is ‘x’.
3- x 2
\ =
7-x 5
1
Þ 15 - 5 x = 14 - 2 x Þ 3x = 1 Þ x =
3
1
\ The required number to be subtracted is .
3

a b c
6. If = = , then prove that a + b + c = 0
x- y y-z z- x

a b c
Sol: Let = = =K
x- y y-z z-x

\ a = K ( x - y ), b = K ( y - z ), c = K ( z - x )
Now a + b + c = K ( x - y ) + K ( y - z ) + K ( z - x)

= K ( x - y + y - z + z - x)
a+b+c = K ´0 = 0

Þ a+b+c = 0
7. The sum of the present ages of A, B and C is 90 years. Six years ago, their ages were in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3. What is the present
age of B.
Sol: 6 years ago the sum of ages of A, B, C = 90 - 6 ´ 3 = 72 years.
\ x + 2x + 3x = 72
Þ 6x = 72
Þ x = 12
6 years ago age of ‘B’ = 2 × 12 = 24 years
B’s present age = 24 + 6 = 30 years.

x y z 2ax + 5by + 7cz ö

8. If = = , then prove that each ratio is equal to æç
a b c è 2a 2 + 5b 2 + 7c 2 ÷ø

x y z
Sol: Let = = =K
a b c
Þ x = aK , y = bK , z = cK

æ 2ax + 5by + 7cz ö 2a ´ aK + 5b ´ bK + 7c ´ cK æ 2a 2 + 5b2 + 7c 2 ö

Now çè 2 2÷
= = Kç 2
è 2a + 5b2 + 7c 2 ÷ø
=K
2a + 5b + 7c ø
2 2 2
2a + 5b + 7c 2

9. Two numbers are in the ratio 9 : 14. If the larger number is 55 more than the smaller number, find the numbers.
Sol: Since the ratio of given numbers = 9 : 14.
\ We can suppose the number be 9x and 14x
According to question 14x = 9x + 55
Þ 5x = 55
Þ x = 11
\ Numbers are 9 ´ 11,14 ´11 = 99, 154
 EBD_7034
176 Mathematics
10. 25% of a number is 20. What is 40% of that number ?
Sol: Let 20 is 25% of x

25
\ ´ x = 20
100
Þ x = 80

40
Now 40% of 80 = ´ 80
100
40% of 80 = 32
11. P1% of number N1 is equal to P2% of number N2. Find what percent of N1 is N2 ?

N2
Sol: We are required to find N ´ 100%
1

P1 P
Given ´ N1 = 2 ´ N 2
100 100

N 2 P1
Þ =
N1 P2

N2 P
\ ´ 100% = 1 ´ 100%
N1 P2

12. The side of a square increases by A%, then find by what percent does its area increases ?
Sol: Let the side of square be ‘x’ units
\ Area of square = x . x = x2 units.

æ Ax ö æ A ö
After increase, side of square is ç x + units = x ç1 +
è 100 ÷ø
÷ units
è 100 ø

2
2 æ A ö
New area of square = x ç1 + units
è 100 ÷ø

2
2 æ A ö
Now, increase in area = x ç 1 + - x2
è 100 ÷ø

é
2 æ Aö
2 ù
= x êçè1 + 100 ÷ø - 1ú
êë úû

2 é A æ A öù
= x ê100 çè 2 + 100 ÷ø ú [using p2 –q2 = (p + q) (p – q)]
ë û

é A æ A öù
x2 ê çè 2 + ÷ø ú
% increase in area = ë 100 100 û ´ 100%
x2

æ A2 ö
% increase in area = ç 2 A + %
è 100 ÷ø
Comparing Quantities 177

13. When N is reduced by 4, it becomes 80% of itself. What is the value of N ?

Sol: N – 4 = 80% of N
80 N
Þ N–4=
100

4 4 N
Þ N–4= N Þ N - N = 4 Þ = 4 Þ N = 20
5 5 5
14. If 10% of an electricity bill is deducted, ` 45 is still to be paid. How much was the bill ?
Sol: Let the bill amount was ` ‘x’
\ x – 10% of x = 45

x
Þ x – 10 ´ = 45
100

9x
Þ = 45
10

Þ x = ` 50
15. If 120 is 20% of a number, then what will be 120% of that number ?
Sol: Let the number be ‘x’
\ 20% of x = 120
x
Þ 20 ´ = 120
100
Þ x = 600
600
Now 120% of 600 = 120 ´ = 720.
100
16. When 75% of a number is added to 75 the result is the same number. Find the number.
Sol: Let the required number be x
Now 75% of x + 75 = x
75 x 3
Þ + 75 = x Þ x - x = 75
100 4
x
Þ = 75 Þ x = 300 .
4
17. If two numbers are respectively 30% and 40% more than a third number, what percent is the first to the second ?
Sol: Let third number be 100.
\ First and second numbers are 130 and 140
130 650 6
Now % of first to second = ´ 100% = = 92 %
140 7 7
18. Naresh secured 50% marks in Hindi, 60% in English and 70% in Maths as well as Science. What were his total marks, if
the maximum marks obtainable in each of these 4 subjects was 50 ?
Sol: Total marks = 50% of 50 + 60% of 50 + 70% of 50 + 70% of 50
50 60 70 70
= 50 ´ + ´ 50 + ´ 50 + ´ 50
100 100 100 100
= 25 + 30 + 35 + 35
Total marks = 125
 EBD_7034
178 Mathematics
19. The salary of a person was reduced by 20% . By what percent should his reduced salary be raised so as to bring it at par with
his original salary ?
Sol: Let the original salary = ` ‘x’
20 4
\ New salary (20% reduced) = x - x= x
100 5
Let, y % increase in salary bring the reduced salary at par with original salary
4 4 y
x+ x´ =x
5 5 100
4 æ y ö
Þ x ç1 + ÷ =x
5 è 100 ø
y 5
Þ 1+ =
100 4
y 5 1
Þ = -1 =
100 4 4
Þ y = 25
\ 25% increase in reduced salary bring the salary at par with original salary.
20. 300 gm of sugar solution has 40% sugar in it. How much sugar should be added to make it 50% in the solution ?

40
Sol: Quantity of sugar = 300 ´ = 120 gm
100
Let ‘x’ gm sugar is added to make it 50% in the solution
120 + x 50
Now =
300 + x 100
Þ 240 + 2x = 300 + x
Þ 2x – x = 60
Þ x = 60 gm.
21. If 60% of people of a certain village are illiterate, 28% of literate population are women. If the number of literal men be 4320,
then find the total population of the village.
Sol: Let the total population of the village be ‘x’.
Population of illiterate persons = 60% of x
40 2
Population of literate persons = 40% of x = x= x
100 5
2
Now, population of literate women = 28% of x
5
2
and population of literate men = 72% of x
5
72 2
4320 = ´ x
100 5
15000 = x
22. Imran’s salary was decreased by 20% and subsequently increased by 20% . How much percent does he lose?
Sol: Let Imran’s original salary = `100
20
After 20% decrease, his salary = 100 - ´100 = ` 80
100
20
After 20% increase salary = 80 + 80 ´ = 96
100
\ Total decrease = 4%.
Comparing Quantities 179

23. Mr. Sahu buys a TV Set for ` 4500 . For how much should he sell so that there is a gain of 8%.
Sol: Given CP = ` 4500, gain % = 8%
Let Selling Price (S.P.) be ` ‘ x ’
As gain % is given, So SP > CP.
Now SP = CP + Profit (Gain)
\ SP = 4500 + 8% of CP
x = 4500 + 8% of 4500
8
\ x = 4500 + ´ 4500
100
Þ x = 4500 + 360 = ` 4860
\ S.P of TV Set = ` 4860

24. By selling a washing machine for ` 7200, Rajesh loses 10%. Find the Cost Price of the washing machine.
Sol: Let cost price of washing machine be ` ‘x’
Given,
SP = ` 7200, Loss % = 10%
As % loss given, so CP > SP
Þ SP = CP – Loss
Þ 7200 = x –10% of x

10
Þ x– x = 7200
100
9x
Þ = 7200
10

7200 ´ 10
Þ x= = 8000
9
\ Cost price of washing machine = ` 8000

25. By selling a radio for ` 1536, Ajay lost 20% . What percent shall he gain or loss by selling it for ` 2000 ?
Sol: Let cost price (CP) of radio = ` x .
Given that if selling price (SP) is ` 1536, loss % = 20%
SP = CP – loss
20 5x – x 4x
1536 = x – ´x= =
100 5 5
1536 ´ 5
x= = 384 ´ 5 = 1920
4
\ Cost Price = ` 1920.
By Selling radio for ` 2000, Profit made by Ajay = ` 2000 – 1920 = ` 80
Profit 80
\ Profit % = ´ 100 = ´ 100%
CP 1920

25 1
Profit % = = 4 %.
6 6

26. Two books were sold at ` 850 each. On one a gain of 15% is made and on the other, a loss of 15%. How much loss % or
gain % is made in the whole transaction?
Sol: Total cost of selling two books = ` 850 + ` 850 = ` 1700
Let cost price of book with 15% gain = ` x1
 EBD_7034
180 Mathematics
Let cost price of book with 15% loss = ` x2
\ SP = CP + Profit [for book with 15% Profit]

15 20 x1 + 3 x1
Þ 850 = x1 + ´ x1 =
100 20

23x1 850 ´ 20
850 = Þ x1 = ....(1)
20 23
For book with 15% loss.
SP = CP – loss

15 20 x2 - 3x2 17 x2
850 = x2 – x2 = =
100 20 20

850 ´ 20
Þ x2 = ....(2)
17

850 ´ 20 850 ´ 20 850 ´ 20 ´ ( 23 + 17 ) 850 ´ 20 ´ 40

Total cost price of two books = x1 + x2 = + = =
23 17 23 ´ 17 23 ´ 17
Total cost price = ` 1739.13
\ CP > SP for whole transaction.

1739.13 – 1700
\ % Loss = Loss ´ 100 = ´ 100
CP 1739.13
% Loss = 2.25%

27. A dealer prices an article at 20% more than the cost price and allows a discount of 10% on it. Find the gain percent.
Sol: Let the cost price of an article = `‘x’
Marked Price (M.P.) = CP + 20% of CP.

20 6x
M.P. = x + ´x=
100 5
Discount % = 10%
S.P. = MP – 10% of MP

6 x 10 6 x 30 x 3x 27 x
S.P. = – ´ = – =
5 100 5 25 25 25

27 x - x
SP – CP 2x
gain % = CP ´ 100 = 25 x ´ 100% = ´ 100%
25 x
gain % = 8 %

28. A garment dealer allows his customers 10% discount on marked price of the goods and still makes a profit of 25%. Find the
cost price of a shirt if it is marked at ` 1250.
Sol: Marked Price (MP) = ` 1250, Discount = 10% , Profit = 25%
Let Cost Price (C.P.) = `‘ x ’
Selling Price (S.P.) = M.P. – Discount
SP = 1250 – 10 % of 1250
SP = 1250 – 125 = ` 1125
Comparing Quantities 181

SP – CP
Now, % Profit = ´ 100
CP

æ 1125 – x ö
25 = ç ÷ ´ 100
è x ø
Þ x = 1125 ´ 4 - 4 x
Þ 5 x = 1125 ´ 4

1125 ´ 4
Þ x= = 225 ´ 4 = ` 900
5
\ x = ` 900
C.P. = ` 900
29. Lussy deposited ` 7500 in a bank which pays him 12% interest per annum compounded quarterly. What is the amount which
she receives after 9 months?
9 3
Sol: Here, P = ` 7500, R = 12% per annum and n = 9 months = year = year..
12 4
4n 3
4´
æ R ö æ 12 ö 4
\ Amount after 9 months = P ç 1 + = ` 7500 × ç1 +
è 400 ÷ø è 400 ø
÷

3
æ 3 ö
= ` 7500 × ç 1 + ÷
è 100 ø
103 103 103
= ` 7500 × ´ ´
100 100 100
= ` 8195.45
 EBD_7034
182 Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks : 1. Column-I Column-II

(A) 1 cm to 2 m (p) 1 : 1000
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an (B) 1 min to 1 h (q) 24 : 1
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (C) 1 m to 1 km (r) 1 : 365
1. A ratio is a comparison by division of two quantities with (D) 1 day to 1 h (s) 1 : 200
the ________ unit. (E) 1 day to 1 year (t) 1 : 60
2. Ratio has ________ units as it is a number. 2. Column-I Column-II
1
3. The word percent means ________. (A) The number whose 6 % (p) 8560
4
4. ________ % of 50 is 19. is 2 is
5. _________ is calculated on the sale value by applying the (B) Marked price of a book (q) 650
rate of tax as applicable. is ` 30. It is sold at a
6. _____ is the price at which the article is purchased discount of 15%. The
discount allowed on
7. _____ price is the price at which the article is sold.
the book in ` is
8. _____ = selling price – cost price
(C) Rohan purchased a house (r) 32
9. _____ = cost price – selling price for ` 6500 and sold it on
10. Real cost = cost price + _________? the same day for ` 7150.
His gain in ` is
True / False :
(D) A shopkeeper purchased (s) 4.50
goods worth ` 8000. He
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your
sold them at a profit of 7%.
answer as true or false.
His selling price in ` is
1. The word cent means century i.e. hundred.
Very Short Answer Questions:
2. To convert a fraction or a decimal or a ratio into a percentage,
divide by 100.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
3. 15 % of 300 is 54.
1. Replace each box with > , < or = to make each statement
4. The sum of the amount and the money borrowed is called true.
the simple interest.
(i) 60% of 120 60% of 12
5. The deduction made on the marked price is called discount.
6. The profit percent is the profit that would be obtained for a (ii) 25% of 150 35% of 120
S.P. of ` 100. 2. What is the value of x% of (y% of x)?
7. A ratio with its second term 100 is also called a percent. 3. A number when increased by 3% becomes 20.6. Then what
is the number?
8. A student buys a pen for ` 90 and sells it for ` 100, the
4. Find 90% of a number whose 500% is 200.
100
gain percent is %. 1
9 5. Increase 48 by 12 %.
2
Match the Columns : 6. If 486 is 54%, what percent is 639?
7. Given ratios are all equivalent to 4:3 for each, tell by which
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in numbers both terms were multiplied.
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, (i) 12 : 9 (ii) 8 : 6
D,...)in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s...)
in column-II. (iii) 16 : 12 (iv) 24 : 18
Comparing Quantities 183

8. The ratio in each part are equivalent, find the missing term. 11. The ratio of the length of the human body to the length
of the head is about 8:1. What is the length of the head
(i) 4:5= : 25 (ii) 2 : 3 = 12 : (iii) 15 : 25 = :5 of a person who is 168 cm tall?

Short Answer Questions : 1

12. A property decreases in value every year at the rate of 6
4
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
percent on its value at the beginning of that year. If its
1. A new car costs ` 360000. Its price depreciates at the rate of value at the end of 3 years be ` 21093.75, what was it worth
10% a year during the first two years and at the rate of 20% at the beginning of these three years ?
a year thereafter. What will be the price of the car after 3
years ? 13. A winning candidate got 520000 votes which represented
2. The bacteria in a culture grows by 10% in the first hour, 52% of the electorate. His only opponent secured 25% votes
decreases by 10% in the second hour and again increases of the electorate. Find the total number of the electorate
by 10% in the third hour. If the original count of the bacteria and the number of persons who did not cast their votes.
in a sample is 10000, find the bacteria count at the end of 3 14. A men spends 15% of his income on rent, 44% on food and
hours. 10% on entertainment. He saves 10% and spends the rest
3. Divide ` 8000 into two parts so that the SI on the first part on education. If his savings per month is ` 2500, find his
for 5 years at 12% per annum is equal to SI on the second income. Also find how much he spends on each.
part for 2 years at 18% per annum?
15. The price of a T.V. set inclusive sales tax of 9% is `13407.
4. Ritu visits a departmental store and purchase the following
Find its marked price. If the sales tax is increased to 13%,
articles:
how much more does the customer pay for the TV?

Item VAT 16. In what time will ` 64000 amount to ` 68921 at 5% per
(i) 1 rain coat for ` 300 10% annum, interest being compounded half-yearly?
(ii) 1 pair of shoes for ` 460 9%
Long Answer Questions :
(iii) Food articles for ` 450 5%
(iv) Clothes for ` 800 1% DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.

1. Find the compound interest on ` 15,625 for 9 months at

Calculate the total amount of the bill.
16% per annum, compounded quarterly.
5. In an examination, a student obtained 365 marks in total. If
2. Devendra borrowed ` 16000 at 17.5% per annum simple
he obtained 73% marks then find the maximum marks.
interest. He lent it to Inder at the same rate, the same day
6. If 7% of 500 is subtracted from 8% of a number, then the but compounded annually. What does he gain at the end
result is 5. Find the number. of 2 years?
7. The price of a box of soap powder increased form ` 2.50 to 3. Determine the rate per cent per annum if ` 25,000 amounts
` 2.65. Find the percentage increase in the price. to 26,010 in 6 months, interest being compounded quarterly.
8. If 33% of a number is more than 23% of 40 by 0.7, then find 4. The population of a town 2,50,000 three years ago. If it had
the number. increased by 3% , 4% and 6% in the last three years, find the
9. The selling price, with VAT, on a cooking range is ` 19610. present population of the town.
What is the original price of the cooking range? The VAT is 5. If the simple interest on a certain sum of money for 3 yrs at
6%. 5% is ` 150, find the corresponding CI.
10. Express using a percent. 6. 24000 blood donors were registered with a charitable
hospital. The number of donors increased at the rate of 5%
(i) On average, 10 out of every 100 people are left handed.
every six month. Find the time period at the end of which
(ii) Jasmine got 86 out of 100 in her math test. the total number of blood donors becomes 27783.
(iii) 35 of the world’s 100 highest mountains are in Pakistan.
 EBD_7034
184 Mathematics

Text-Book Exercise : 2. Vishakha offers a discount of 20% on all the items at her
shop and still makes a profit of 12%. What is the cost price
1. Find the ratio of the following. of an article marked at ` 280?
(i) Speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the speed of scooter 3. In a factory, women are 35% of all the workers, the rest of
30 km per hour. the workers being men. The number of men exceeds that of
(ii) 5 m to 10 km women by 252. Find the total number of workers in the
(iii) 50 paise to ` 5 factory.
2. Convert the following ratios to percentages. 4. Three bags contain 64.2 kg of sugar. The second bag
(i) 3 : 4 (ii) 2 : 3 contains 4/5 of the contents of the first and the third
3. A football team won 10 matches out of the total number of contains 45½% of what there is in the second bag. How
matches they played. If their win percentage was 40, then much sugar is there in each bag?
how many matches did they play in all? 5. In 2007 – 08, the number of students appeared for Class X
4. If 60% people in a city like cricket, 30% like football and the examination was 1,05,332 and in 2008–09, the number was
remaining like other games, then what per cent of the people 1,16,054. If 88,151 students pass the examination in 2007–
like other games? If the total number of people are 50 lakh, 08 and 103804 students in 2008–09. What is the increase or
find the exact number who like each type of game. decrease in pass % in Class X result?
5. A shopkeeper purchased 200 bulbs for ` 10 each. However 6. A lady bought an air-conditioner for Rs 15,200 and spent
5 bulbs were fused and had to be thrown away. The Rs 300 and Rs 500 on its transportation and repair
remaining were sold at ` 12 each. Find the gain or loss %. respectively. At what price should she sell it to make a gain
6. Meenu bought two fans for ` 1200 each. She sold one at a of 15%?
loss of 5% and the other at a profit of 10%. Find the selling 7. In the year 2001, the number of malaria patients admitted in
price of each. Also find out the total profit or loss. the hospitals of a state was 4,375. Every year this number
7. The cost of a pair of roller skates at a shop was ` 450. The decreases by 8%. Find the number of patients in 2003.
sales tax charged was 5%. Find the bill amount.
8. Waheeda bought an air cooler for ` 3300 including a tax of HOTS Questions :
10%. Find the price of the air cooler before VAT was added.
9. The cost of an article was ` 15,500. ` 450 were spent on its 1. Two friends Tanmay and Naman invested a total of ` 60000
repairs. If it is sold for a profit of 15%, find the selling price together at compound interest at 12.5% per annum in such
of the article. a way that Tanmay gets the same amount after two years
10. A VCR and TV were bought for ` 8,000 each. The what Naman gets after five years. Find the Tanmay’s
shopkeeper made a loss of 4% on the VCR and a profit of investement which is more than that of Naman
8% on the TV. Find the gain or loss percent on the whole 2. A man bought two T.V sets for ` 42500. He sold one at a
transaction. loss of 10% and other at a profit of 10%. If the selling price
11. I purchased a hair-dryer for ` 5,400 including 8% VAT. Find of each T.V set is same, determine the C.P of each set.
the price before VAT was added.
3. A number is increased by 9% and the same number is then
12. A TV was bought at a price of ` 21,000. After one year the
decreased by 9%. The difference between these two new
value of the TV was depreciated by 5% (Depreciation means
numbers is 36. What is the number?
reduction of value due to use and age of the item). Find the
value of the TV after one year. 4. A man borrowed ` 24000 from two money lenders. For one
loan he paid 15% annum and for the other 18% per annum.
Exemplar Questions : At the end of one year, he paid simple interest of ` 4050.
How much did he borrow at each rate?
1. Find the compound interest on Rs 48,000 for one year at
8% per annum when compounded half yearly.
Comparing Quantities 185

Single Option Correct : 9. Two shopkeepers A and B sells machines at the same list
price. The first (A) allows two successive discounts of
30% and 16% and the second (B) 20% and 26%. Which
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
discount series is more advantageous to the customer?
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(a) Discount offered by ‘A’
ONLY ONE is correct.
(b) Discount offered by ‘B’
1. The ratio of three numbers is 3 : 4 : 5 and sum of their (c) Both are equal
squares is 1250. The sum of the numbers is (d) Can’t be determined.
(a) 30 (b) 50
10. A shopkeeper sold sarees at ` 266 each after giving 5%
(c) 60 (d) 90
discount on labelled price. Had he not given the discount,
2. An amount of `735 was divided between A, B and C. If
he would have earned a profit of 12% on the cost price.
each of them had received `25 less, their shares would
The cost price of each saree was
have been in the ratio of 1 : 3 : 2. The money received by ‘C’
was (a) ` 200 (b) ` 225
(a) ` 195 (b) ` 220 (c) ` 250 (d) ` 240
(c) ` 225 (d) ` 245 11. Hemant purchased 120 rims of paper at ` 80 per rim. He
3. A man loses 12.5% of his money and after spending 70% of spent ` 280 on transportation, paid octroi at the rate of
the remainder, has ` 210 left. At first the man had 40 paise per rim and paid ` 72 to the coolie. If he wants to
(a) ` 720 (b) ` 600 have a gain of 8%, the selling price per rim must be
(c) ` 800 (d) ` 880 (a) ` 85 (b) ` 88
4. A cycle shop allows a discount of 25% on the marked (c) ` 90 (d) ` 95
price and earns a profit of 20% on the cost price. Its 12. The population of a village increases @ 5% p.a.. If present
marked price on which shop earns ` 40 is population is 8000, after how many years the population
(a) ` 300 (b) ` 320 will be 9261?
(c) ` 280 (d) ` 340 (a) 2 years (b) 3 years
5. A Salesman bought 500 m of electric wire at 75 paise per 1
(c) 3 years (d) 4 years
meter. The sold 60% of it at a profit of 8%. At what gain 2
percent should he sell the remainder so as to gain 12% on 13. Population of a town increases at a certain rate per cent per
the whole transaction. annum. Present population of the town is 3600 and in 5
(a) ` 8% (b) ` 11% years’ time it becomes 4800. How much will it be in 10 years
(c) ` 15% (d) ` 18% time?
6. A person sells two watches for ` 500 each. On one he (a) 5000 (b) 6000
losts 10% and on the other he gained 10%. His gain or (c) 6400 (d) 7000
loss % is 1
14. In what time will ` 72 become ` 81 at 6 % p.a. SI?
(a) 1.5% gain (b) 1.5% loss 4
1 1
(c) 1% loss (d) 1% gain (a) 1 year (b) 2 years
2 2
7. A sells a bicycle to B at a profit of 20%. B sells it to C at a (c) 2 years (d) None of these
profit of 25%. If C pays ` 225 to it, the cost price of the 15. Compound in terest on ` 25000 at 20% p.a. for
bicycle for A is 1
2 years, if interest is compounded annually, is
(a) ` 115 (b) ` 130 2
(c) ` 150 (d) ` 140 (a) ` 39600 (b) ` 14600
8. A shopkeeper allows a discount of 10% on the marked (c) ` 37500 (d) ` 12500
price of an item but charges a sales tax of 8% on discounted 16. A man invested `16000 at compound interest for 3 years,
price. If a customer pays ` 680.40 as the price of the item interest compounded annually. If he got `18522 at the end
including sales tax. The marked price of the item is of 3 years, then the rate of interest is
(a) ` 650 (b) ` 680 (a) 4% (b) 5%
(c) ` 700 (d) ` 725 (c) 6% (d) 7%
 EBD_7034
186 Mathematics
17. The difference between CI and SI on ` 8000 for 3 yrs at Passage Based Questions :
2.5% p.a. is
(a) ` 15.125 (b) ` 10.125
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
(c) ` 18.125 (d) ` 19.125 following questions.
18. The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 10% after
every year. Its purchase price if at the end of two years its PASSAGE - I
value is ` 11340 was If V0 is the value of an article at certain time which increases at
(a) 12000 (b) 14000 the rate of R1 for first n1 years and decreases at the rate of R2 for
(c) 13400 (d) None of these next n2 years, then the value of the article V at the end of
19. Compound interest on ` 10000 for 3 years if rate of interest (n1 + n2) years is given by
is 5%, 10% and 20% for first, second and third years n n
respectively, is æ R ö 1æ R ö 2
(a) ` 3310 (b) ` 3500 V = V0 ç 1 + 1 ÷ ç1 - 2 ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø
(c) ` 3860 (d) ` 3980
1. The production of an article of a company in 2002 was
More Than One Option Correct : 10000. Due to increase in demand, the company increased
its production by 20% in the next 2 years. After 2 years due
to decrease in the demand, the company decreased its
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
production by 10% in the next year, then the production
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
after 3 years is
ONE or MORE may be correct.
(a) 12950 (b) 12000
1. The selling price of 12 articles is equal to the cost price of (c) 12900 (d) 12960
15 articles. The gain per cent is 2. Population of Chhapra district was 200000 on the last day
2 12 of the year 2005. During next year is increased by 5% but
(a) 6 % (b) 22 % due to an epidemic it decreased by 2% in the following
3 4
(c) 25% (d) 80% year, then the population at the end of the year 2007 is
2. A discount series of 10%, 20% and 40% is equal to a signal (a) 205000 (b) 205800
discount of (approx.) (c) 206000 (d) 205700
(a) 50% (b) 56.8% 3. Sandeep started a factory with an inital investment of
(c) 57% (d) 70.28% ` 500000. In the next year, he incurred a loss of 20%.
3. An umbrella marked at ` 80 is sold for ` 68. The rate of However, during the second year, he earned a profit of 10%
discount is and in the third year he earned a profit of 15%, then his net
12 profit for the entire period of three years is
(a) 15% (b) 12 % (a) ` 5000 (b) ` 6000
4
11 (c) ` 50000 (d) ` 60000
(c) 17 % (d) 20%
17 PASSAGE - II
4. The simple interest on a certain sum for 3 years at 14% per The number of listeners to a radio station in 1995 was 350000. In
annum is ` 235.20. The sum is 1996, there were 392000 listeners. Each year, the radio station
100 ´ 235.20 100 ´ 235.20 invites its listeners to vote for their favourite pieces of music. In
(a) ` (b) ` 1995, 18% of the listeners voted. In 1997, the number of listeners
3 ´ 12 3 ´ 14
(c) ` 560 (d) ` 720 was 460000 and 91000 of these voted. The number who voted in
5. A sum amounts to ` 1352 in 2 years at 4% compound 1997 was 40% more than in 1996.
interest. The sum is 4. Find the percentage increase in the number of listeners
(a) ` 1250 (b) ` 25 × 50 from 1995 to 1996.
(c) ` 1260 (d) ` 63 × 20 (a) 10% (b) 12%
(c) 8% (d) 14%
1
6. The compound interest on ` 2800 for 1 years at 10% per 5. Calculate the number who voted in 1995.
2 (a) 63000 (b) 62000
annum, is
(c) 65000 (d) 61000
(a) ` 441.35 (b) ` (3234 – 2800)
(c) ` 434 (d) ` (3200 – 3000) 6. Find the percentage of listeners who voted in 1997.
7. Simple interest on a sum at 4% per annum for 2 years is (a) 17% (b) 20%
` 80. The compound interest on the same, sum for the same (c) 19% (d) 18%
period is 7. Calculate the number who voted in 1996.
(a) ` 81.60 (b) ` 160 (a) 62000 (b) 63000
(c) ` 120/2 (d) ` 163.2/2 (c) 65000 (d) 61000
Comparing Quantities 187

PASSAGE - III 5. Assertion : The discount percent when M.P. = ` 900 and
Increase = Increase % of original value and Decrease = Decrease % S.P. = ` 873 is 3%
of original value. Reason : Discount % is calculated using the formula
8. The salary of a bank clerk was increased by 7%. If his present
salary is ` 8025, his salary before increment is Discount
(a) ` 7500 (b) ` 8500 Discount % = ´ 100
SP
(c) ` 7000 (d) ` 8000
9. The value of a machine depreciates every year by 5%. If the Multiple Matching Question :
present value is ` 40,000, the value after a year would be
(a) ` 380 (b) ` 30,000 DIRECTIONS : Following question has three statements (A, B
(c) ` 3800 (d) ` 38,000 and C) given in Column I and six statements (p, q, r, s, t and u) in
10. The population of a town increases by 10% annually. If the Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
present population is 60,000, the population after a year is
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
(a) 6600 (b) 66,000
(c) 660 (d) 60,000 1. Column-I Column-II
11. The value of a machine depreciates 10% every year. If its
present value is ` 38700, the value a year ago is (A) Percentage is (p) a fraction whose denominator
(a) ` 4300 (b) ` 430 is 100.
(c) ` 43000 (d) ` 40300
Principal ×rate×time
Assertion & Reason : (B) Selling price is (q)
100

DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion

æ One quantity ö
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question (C) Simple interest is (r) ç Other quantity ´100 ÷ %
on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that è ø
best describes the two statements.
æ Profit ö
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the (s) çè1+ ÷ ´ C.P.
100 ø
correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not (t) C.P. – Loss
the correct explanation of Assertion. (u) Amount–Principal
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. Integer Type Questions :
1. In a test on percent applications Priyanka answered 28 of
the 35 questions correctly. DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
Assertion : She answered 80% of the questions correctly. each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
Reason : She answered 20% of the questions correctly. 1. The population of a city reduced from 25000 to 24500. What
2. Assertion : An article is sold at ` 1425 at a loss of 5%. It’s is the percentage of reduction of population?
C.P is ` 1500. 2. A sum of money invested at compound interest amounts to
`800 in 3 year and to `840 in 4 years. What is the rate of
Reason : If the shopkeeper has to make a 10% profit in
interest per annum?
question given in statement 1 then the S.P should be
` 6150. 3. 72 % of 25 students are good at Mathematics. How many
are not good at it?
0.5 4. If 50% of (x – y) = 30% of (x + y), then x = ky. Find k.
3. Assertion : 0.5% of a is 3 Þ = 3a
100 5. Shobha’s Mathematics Test had 75 problems i.e., 10
arithmetic, 30 algebra and 35 geometry problems. Although
P she answered 70% of the arithmetic, 40% of the algebra and
Reason : p% of x = ´ x, where x = number and p = required
100 60% of the geometry problems correctly, she did not pass
percent. the test because in algebra she got less than 60% of the
4. Assertion : Rekha bought a saree for ` 1240 and sold it for problems. How many more questions she would have
` 1147. Her loss is ` 93. needed to answer correctly to score a 60% passing grade?
Reason : If the selling price of an article is less than the list 6. In what time will ` 1000 amount to ` 1331 at 10% per annum
price, then the difference between the cost price and the compounded annually?
selling price is called profit.
 EBD_7034
188 Mathematics

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

Discount
Þ 15 = ´ 100
30
Fill in the Blanks :
45
Þ Discount = = ` 4.50
1. Same 2. no. 10
3. per hundred. 4. 38%
(C) C.P. of the house = ` 6500
5. VAT 6. Cost price
7. Selling 8. Profit S.P. of the house = ` 7150
9. Loss 10. overhead charges Gain = S.P. – C.P. = 7150 – 6500 = ` 650
True / False : (D) Cost price of the goods = ` 8000
1. True Profit % = 7
2. False, multiply by 100 and put the sign%.
S.P. = ?
15
3. False, 15% of 300 = 300 ´ = 3× 15 = 45
100 æ 100 + profit % ö
S.P. = çè ÷ø ´ C.P.
4. False; the difference between the amount and the money 100
borrowed is called the compound interest for that period.
5. True æ 100 + 7 ö
= çè ÷ ´ 8000
Profit 100 ø
6. False; profit % = ´ 100
C.P.
7. True 107
= × 8000 = 107 × 80 = ` 8560
8. True; C.P. = ` 90; S.P. = ` 100 100
Profit = S.P. – C.P. = 100 – 90 = ` 10
Very Short Answer Questions :
Profit 10 100
Profit % = ´ 100 = ´ 100 = %
C.P. 90 9 1. (i) 60% of 120 > 60% of 12
(ii) 25% of 150 < 35% of 120.
Match the Columns :
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (t); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q); (E) ® (r) x ´ y xy
2. y % of x = =
2. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p) 100 100

(A) Let the number be a

xy x x2y
x% of (y% of x) = ´ =
1 100 100 10000
6 % of a is 2
4 3. 20

25 25 1 4. Required number = 36.

Þ % ×a=2 Þ ´ ×a=2
4 4 100 5. 54

Þ a = 2 × 4 × 4 = 32 6. 71%

(B) M.P. = ` 30, Discount % = 15%, Discount = ? 7. (i) 3 (ii) 2

(iii) 4 (iv) 6
Discount
Discount % = ´ 100 8. (i) 20 (ii) 18 (iii) 3
M.P.
Comparing Quantities 189

Short Answer Questions : 8. Let the required number be x

1. We have, According to the question,

Cost of the car = ` 360000 33x 23
Rate of depreciation in first two years = 10% per annum. = ´ 40 + 0.7
100 100
Rate of depreciation in the third year = 20%
\ Price of the car after 3 years on solving, we get x = 30.

ì æ 10 ö æ 10 ö æ 20 ö ü æ 6 ö
= ` í360000 ´ ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 - ÷ý 9. x ç1 + ÷ = 19610
î è 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø þ è 100 ø
Þ x = 18500
ì æ 1ö æ 1 ö æ 1 öü
= ` í360000 ´ ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 - ÷ ý Original price = ` 18500
î è 10 ø è 10 ø è 5 ø þ
10. (i) On average, 10 % people are left handed.
ì 9 9 4ü
= ` í360000 ´ ´ ´ ý == Rs
` 233280
233280 (ii) Jasmine got 86 % in her math test.
î 10 10 5 þ
(iii) 35 % of the world’s highest mountains are in Pakistan.
Hence, the price of the car after 3 years = ` 233280.
2. We have, Length of human body 8
P = Original count of bacteria = 10000 11. =
Length of head 1
\ Bacteria count after 3 hours
168
æ 10 ö æ 10 ö æ 10 ö Þ Length of head = = 21 cm
= 10000 × ç 1 + ÷ ´ ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 + ÷ 8
è 100 ø è 100 ø è 100 ø
3 3
æ 6.25 ö 3 æ 15 ö 84375
12. P ç1 - = 21093 Þ P ´ ç ÷ =
= 10000 ×
11 9 11
´ ´ è 100 ÷ø 4 è 16 ø 4
10 10 10
= 10 × 11 × 9 × 11 = 10890. 84375 16 ´ 16 ´ 16
P= ´ = ` 25600
3. Let the first part be x. 4 15 ´ 15 ´ 15
Second part = 8000 – x 13. Total no. of electorate = x
We have 52 % of x = 520000 Þ x = 1000000
the total no. of votes secured by two candidates
x ´ 5 ´ 12 ( 8000 - x ) ´ 2 ´ 18 = 77% of 1000000
=
100 100 The number of persons who didn’t cast vote = 23% of
5x = 24000 – 3x 1000000 = 230000
8x = 24000 14. Total income = ` 25000
x = 3000 Entertainment = ` 2500
\ First part = ` 3000. Rent = ` 3750
Second part = ` 5000. Food = ` 11000
4. C.P = 300, VAT = 10% Education = ` 5250
Amount paid = 300 + 30 15. Marked price = x
Similarly we can find the paid amount of other articles. 9x
Hence, total amount of the bill = 2111.90. Sales tax =
100
5. Maximum marks = x 109x
Price of TV =
73% of x = 365 100

Thus, maximum marks = 500. 109x

= 13407 Þ x = 12300
100
8x 500 ´ 7 Customer will pay when sales tax is 13%
6. - = 5 Þ x = 500
100 100
113
´12300 = 13899
100
æ 265 - 250 ö ´ 100
7. è 250 ø = 6% \ Customer has to pay ` (13899 – 13407) more i.e. ` 492
 EBD_7034
190 Mathematics
16. Here, Principal P = ` 64000, Amount A = ` 68921, = ` 3290.
rate R = 5% per annum. \ Compound interest for two years = ` 2800 + ` 3290
Since the interest is compounded half-yearly. = ` 6090.
2n Gain of Devendra = C.I. – S.I. = ` 6090 – ` 5600
æ R ö
\ A = P ç1 +
è 200 ÷ø
, where n is the number of years. = ` 490.
3. Here, n = 2 [Q 6 months = 2 quarters]
2n
æ 5 ö n
Þ 68921 = 64000 ç1 + æ r ö
è 200 ÷ø Now, A = P ç1 +
è 100 ÷ø
, where r is the rate per cent per
2n
68921 æ 41ö quarter.
Þ =ç ÷
64000 è 40 ø 2
æ r ö
\ 26010 = 25000 ç1 +
3
æ 41 ö æ 41ö
2n è 100 ÷ø
Þ ç ÷ = çè ÷ø Þ 2n = 3 .
è 40 ø 40
2 2
æ r ö 26010 2601 æ 51 ö
3 1 or çè1 + ÷ø = = =ç ÷
Þn= years = 1 years 100 25000 2500 è 50 ø
2 2
Long Answer Questions : æ r ö 51
or çè1 + ÷ =
100 ø 50
1. Here, Principal (P) = ` 15625
Rate (r) = 16% p.a. = 4% per quarter r 51 51 - 50 1
Time (n) = 9 months = 3 quarters or = -1 = =
n 100 50 50 50
æ r ö
Now, Amount, (A) = P ç1 +
è 100 ÷ø 1
or r= ´ 100 = 2%
3 50
æ 4 ö
= ` 15625 ç 1 + ÷ Hence, the required rate is 8% p.a.
è 100 ø
3
4. Population after (t1 + t2 + t3 +.....) years
æ 1 ö
= ` 15625 ç 1 + ÷ t t t
è 25 ø æ R1 ö 1 æ R2 ö 2 æ R3 ö 3
= ç1 + × 1 + × 1 +
çè 100 ÷ø ...
3
è 100 ÷ø çè 100 ÷ø
æ 26 ö
= ` 15625 ç ÷ If p = population three years ago,
è 25 ø
then population after three years becomes present population
26 26 26 Let x be the present populations
= ` 15625 × ´ ´
25 25 25
æ 3 ö æ 4 ö æ 6 ö
= ` 26 × 26 × 26 = ` 17576 Þ x = 2, 50, 000 ç 1 + 100 ÷ ç 1 + 100 ÷ ç 1 + 100 ÷
è ø è ø è ø
Since, Compound Interest = Amount – Principal
= ` 17576 – ` 15625 103 104 106
= ` 1,951 Þ x = 2, 50, 000 × × × = 2, 83,868
100 100 100
2. P = ` 16,000, R = 17.5% p.a., T = 2 years Hence, the present population of the town is 2, 83,868.
P´ R ´T 16, 000 ´17.5 ´ 2 5. Whenever the relationship between CI and SI is asked for 3
S.I. = =` = ` 5600. yrs of time, we use the formula:
100 100
When compounded annually : P = 16000, R = 17.5% rt
S.I = × C.I
16000 ´ 17.5 ´ 1 éæ r ö
t ù
100 ê ç 1 + - 1ú
Interest at the end of first year = è 100 ÷ø
100 ëê úû
= ` 2800.
\ Principal for the second year = ` 16000 + ` 2800 5´3
150 = × C.I
= ` 18800. éæ r ö
3 ù
100 êç1 + ÷ - 1ú
18800 ´ 17.5 ´ 1 êëè 100 ø úû
Interest at the end of second year =
100
Comparing Quantities 191

6. Overall CP of each fan = ` 1200. One is sold at a loss of 5%.

é 9261 - 8000 ù
150 ´ 100 ê úû
This means if CP is ` 100, SP is ` 95.
ë 8000
\ C.I = 95
5´3 Therefore, when CP is Rs. 1200, then SP = ` × 1200
100
150 ´ 100 ´1261 1261 = ` 1140
= = = ` 157.62
5 ´ 3 ´ 8000 8 Also second fan is sold at a profit of 10%.
6. We have, It means, if CP is ` 100, SP is ` 110.
P = Initial number of donors = 24000, A = Final number of
110
donors = 27783 R = Rate of increase = 5% every six month = Therefore, when CP is ` 1200, then SP = ` × 1200
100
10% p.a.
Let the total time be n years. Then, = ` 1320
2n
Total CP = ` 1200 + ` 1200 = ` 2400
æ R ö Total SP = ` 1140 + ` 1320 = ` 2460
A = P ç1 +
è 200 ÷ø Since total SP > total CP,
2n \ profit = ` (2460 – 2400) = ` 60
æ 10 ö
Þ 27783 = 24000 ç1 +
è 200 ÷ø 7. On ` 100, the tax paid was ` 5.
5
æ 21 ö
2n On ` 450, the tax paid would be = ` × 450
Þ 27783 = 24000 ç ÷ 100
è 20 ø = ` 22.50
2n 3 2n Bill amount = Cost of item + Sales tax = ` 450 + ` 22.50
27783 æ 21 ö æ 21 ö æ 21 ö
Þ =ç ÷ Þ ç ÷ =ç ÷ Þ 2n = ` 472.50
24000 è 20 ø è 20 ø è 20 ø 8. If the price without VAT is ` 100 then price including VAT is
3 ` 110.
= 3Þn =
2 Now, when price including VAT is ` 110, original price is
` 100.
Hence when price including tax is ` 3300, the original price
100
=` ´ 3300 = `3000
110
Text-Book Exercise :
9. ` 18,342.50
1. (i) 1 : 2 10. Gain of 2%
(ii) 1 : 2000
11. Q When price including VAT is ` 108, original price = `100
(iii) 1 : 10 \ When price including VAT is ` 5,400,
2. (i) 75%
100
2 original price = ` ´ 5, 400
(ii) 66 % 108
3
= ` 5,000
3. 40% of total no. of matches = 10 Hence, the price before VAT was added is = ` 5,000.
10 ´ 100 12. Principal = ` 21,000
Þ Total no. of matches = = 25 matches
40 Reduction = 5% of ` 21000 per year
4. Percentage of people like other games =[100 – (60 + 30)] 21000 ´ 5 ´ 1
= 10 %, cricket ® 60% of 50 lakh = 30 lakh; =` = ` 1050
100
football ® 30% of 50 lakh = 15 lakh; Value at the end of 1 year = = ` 21000 – = ` 1050 = = ` 19,950
other games ® 10% of 50 lakh = 5 lakh
Alternate method: We may directly get this as follows:
5. Cost price of 200 bulbs = ` 200 × 10 = ` 2000
5 bulbs were fused. Hence, number of bulbs left = 200 – 5 æ 5 ö
Value at the end of 1 year = ` 21000 çè1 - ÷
= 195 100 ø
The SP of 195 bulbs = ` 195 × 12 = ` 2340
\ Profit = ` 2340 – ` 2000 = ` 340 19
= ` 21000 × = ` 19,950
20
340
and Profit % = ´ 100 = 17%.
2000
 EBD_7034
192 Mathematics

Exemplar Questions : 512 P

Þ = 60000 – P
729
2n
æ R ö 512 P
1. A = P çç1 + ÷
÷ or + P = 60000
è 200 ø 729

2 60000 ´ 729
æ 8 ö Þ P= = ` 35246
= 48, 000 çç1 + ÷÷ 1241
è 200 ø Hence Naman’s investment = ` 24754
Difference = 35246 – 24754 = ` 10492
26 26
= 48, 000 ´ ´ = ` 51, 916.80 2. C.P of first T.V = x
25 25 C.P of second T. V = 42500 – x
\ Compound Interest = A – P x
= ` (519,16.80 – 48,000) Loss on first T.V =
10
= ` 3,916.80
9x
2. Discount = 20% of `280 S.P of first T.V =
10
20 42500 – x
= ´ 280 = ` 56 Gain on 2nd T.V =
100 10
S.P of second T.V = C.P + Gain
So selling price = `(280 – 56) = `224
Let the cost price be ` 100 11
= (42500 – x) ×
10
Profit = 12% of `100
Given, S.P of each T.V is same.
= `12
9x 11
So selling price = `(100 + 12) = `112 \ = (42500 – x ) ´
10 10
If the selling price is `112, cost price = `100 Þ x = 23375.
If the selling price is ` 224, cost price CP of first TV = `23375
CP of second TV = `18625
æ 100 ö 3. Let required number = x
= `ç ´ 224 ÷ = `200
è 112 ø According to the question,
3. 840 æ 9x ö æ 9x ö
çè x + ÷ø – çè x – ÷ = 36
4. 29.67 kg, 23.73 kg, 10.79 kg or 10.8 kg (approx.) 100 100 ø
5. Increase 5.76 Þ x = 200
4. Let sum borrowed at 15% = x
6. ` 18,400
Sum borrowed at 18% = 24000 – x
7. 3703
x ´ 15 ´ 1 (24000 - x ) ´ 18 ´ 1
\ + = 4050
HOTS Questions : 100 100
Þ x = ` 9000
1. Let Tanmay’s investment = P \ Money borrowed at 18% = `15000
Then, Naman’s investment = 60000 – P
2
æ 12.5 ö
After 2 years Tanmay got A = P ç 1 +
è 100 ÷ø
After 5 years Naman got A1 Single Option Correct :
5
æ 12.5 ö
= ( 60000 - P) ç1 + 1. (c) (3x)2 + (4x)2 + (5x)2 = 1250
è 100 ÷ø Þ x2 + 25 Þ x = 5
2 5 \ 3x + 4x + 5x = 12x = 60
æ 12.5 ö æ 12.5 ö
÷ = ( 60000 - P) çè1 + 100 ÷ø
\ P ç1 + 2. (b)
è 100 ø 3. (c) Let the man at first had ` x
Money lost by man = 12.5% of x
9 9 9
or P = ( 60000 - P ) ´ ´ ´ 25 1
´ ´x=
x
8 8 8 =
2 100 8
Comparing Quantities 193

x 7x æ 1 ö
\ Remaining money = x - = 1000×
8 8 ç 99 ´ 100÷ % = 1%
% Loss = ç ÷
7x 20
ç 5000 ´ ÷
Money spent = 70% of è 99 ø
8
70 7x 49 7. (c) Let CP for A = ` x
= ´ = x \ CP for B = ` 1.2x
100 8 80
and CP for C = ` 1.5x
7 x 49 21 \
Money left with man = - x= x 1.5 x = 225
8 80 80
According to question 225
Þ x= = ` 150
1.5
21
Money left = x = 210 \ CP for A = ` 150
80
8. (c)
210 ´ 80 9. (a) Discount offered by shopkeeper A is more
Þx= = 800
21 advantageous to the customer.
\ At first man had ` 800. 10. (c)
4. (b) Let marked price = ` x 11. (c) Cost price to Hemant = (120 × 80 + 280 + 0.4 × 120 + 72)
25 = ` 10,000
\ selling price (S.P) = x – x Selling price = cost price + 8% gain
100
3 8
SP = ` x = 10000 + ´10000
4 100
Let cost price (CP ) = ` y = ` 10800 [for 120 Rims]
Profit = 20%
10800
20 \ Selling cost / Rim = = ` 90.
\ y = 40 120
100 12. (b) Let population become 9261 in ‘x’ years.
Þ y = 200
Time
\ selling price (SP) = 200 + 40 = ` 240 Amount æ Rate ö
= ç1 + ÷
3 240 ´ 4 Principal è 100 ø
\ x = 240 Þ x = =`320
4 3
9261 æ 21ö x
5. (d) \ =
6. (c) Let cost of two watches are ` x and ` y respectively 8000 çè 20 ÷ø
\ total cost price = ` (x + y) 3 x
æ 21 ö æ 21ö
10 11 \ç ÷ =ç ÷
Selling price with 10% profit = x + x= x è 20 ø è 20 ø
100 10 \ Time = 3 years
11 5000 13. (c) Let rate of increase in population = r% p.a.
\ x = 500 Þ x = 5
10 11 æ r ö
Then 4800 = 3600 ç1 +
10 9y è 100 ÷ø
Selling price with 10% loss = y – y= 5
100 10 æ r ö 4800 4
\ ç1 + = =
9y 5000 è 100 ÷ø 3600 3
= 500 Þ y =
10 9 Population in the next 5 years will become

5000 5000 4
\ total cost price x + y = + 4800 × = 6400.
11 9 3

5000 ´ 20 æ TR ö
A = P ç1 +
=`
99
> 1000 14. (c) è 100 ÷ø
\ x + y > 1000 [total selling price] æ 25 ö
So there is a loss T´
ç 4÷
81 = 72 ç1 +
5000 × 20 1 100 ÷
\ Loss = –1000 = ` 1000 × ç ÷
è ø
99 99
 EBD_7034
194 Mathematics

16 + T 81 \ Single discount = (100 – 43.20) = 56.8% or 57%

=
16 72 æ 12 ö
16 + T = 18 3. (a,b) Discount = çè ´ 100÷ø % = 15%
80
T = 2 years.
2 1 æ 100 ´ 235.20 ö
æ 20 ö æ 10 ö 4. (b,c) Sum = ` çè ÷ = ` 560.
15. (b) Amount = 25000 × ç 1 + ÷ ´ ç1 + ÷ 3 ´ 14 ø
è 100 ø è 100 ø
5. (a,b) Let the sum be P. Then,
2
æ 6 ö 11
= 25000 × ç ÷ ´ = 39600 æ 4 ö
2
26 26
è 5 ø 10 1352 = P ç1 + Þ 1352 = P × ´
\ Compound interest = 39600 – 25000 = 14600.
è 100 ÷ø 25 25

18522 9261 æ 21 ö æ 1 ö
3 3 1352 ´ 25 ´ 25
16. (b) (1 + r)3 = = = ç ÷ = ç1 + ÷ Þ P= = 1250
16000 8000 è 20 ø è 20 ø 26 ´ 26
\ Principal = ` 1250.
1
\ Rate of interest = = 5% é 5 öù
20 æ 10 ö æ
(b,c) Amount = ` ê 2800 çè1 + ÷ø çè1 + ÷
100 ø úû
6.
ë 100
3
é R ù æ P´ R ´3 ö
17. (a) CI - SI = P ê1 + ú -p-ç ÷
ë 100 û è 100 ø é 11 21 ù
= ` ê 2800 ´ ´ ú = ` 3234
ë 10 20 û
PR 2 (R + 300)
= \ C.I. = ` (3234 – 2800) = ` 434
(100)3
æ 100 ´ 80 ö
8000 ´ 2.5 ´ 2.5(300 + 2.5) 7. (a,d) Principal = ` çè ÷ = ` 1000
=
4´2 ø
100 ´ 100 ´ 100
8 ´ 25 ´ 25 ´ 3025 121 é ìï æ 4 ö
2 üï ù
= = = ` 15.125 \ ê
C.I. = ` í 1000 ´ çè 1 + ÷ø - 1000ý ú = ` 81.60
100 ´ 100 ´ 100 8 êë îï 100 þï úû
18. (b) Let the purchase price be P.
P(1– 10/100)2 = 11340 Þ P (9/10)2 = 11340
Passage Based Questions :
P = ` 14000.
19. (c) Amount after 3 years 1. (d) Production of the article after 3 years
100 + R1 100 + R2 100 + R3 2
= Principal × ´ ´ æ 20 ö æ 10 ö
100 100 100 = 10000 ç1 + ÷ ç1 - ÷
è 100 ø è 100 ø
21 11 6
= ` 10000 × ´ ´ = ` 13860
20 10 5 36 9
\ Compound interest = ` 13860 – ` 10000 = ` 3860 = 10000 ´ ´ = 12960
25 10
More Than One Option Correct : 2. (b) Population of Chhapra district

1. (b,c) Let C.P. of each article = ` 1. æ 5 öæ 2 ö

= 200000 ç 1 + ÷ ç1 - ÷
Then, C.P. of 12 articles = ` 12. è 100 øè 100 ø
S.P. of 12 articles = C.P. of 15 articles = ` 15.
21 49
æ 3 ö = 200000 ´ ´ = 205800
\ Gain = çè ´ 100÷ø % = 25% 20 50
12
2. (b,c) Let original price = ` 100. 3. (b) Amount after three years
Price after first discount = ` 90. æ 20 ö æ 10 ö æ 15 ö
Price after second discount = 500000 ç1 - ÷ ´ ç1 + ÷ ç1 + ÷
è 100 ø è 100 øè 100 ø
æ 80 ö
= ` çè ´ 90÷ = ` 72 4 11 23
100 ø = 500000 ´ ´ ´ = 506000
Price after third discount 5 10 20
Net profit = ` (506000 – 500000)
æ 60 ö
= ` çè ´ 72÷ = ` 43.20 = ` 6000
100 ø
Comparing Quantities 195

Reason is false.
æ 392000 - 350000 ö
4. (b) çè ÷ø ´ 100 = 12% 3. (d) Assertion : False, Reason : True
350000
18 Since 0.5% of a = 3
5. (a) 350, 000 ´ = 63000
100 0.5 p
Þ ´a =3 (since = p% of x = ´x)
91000 100 100
6. (b) ´ 100 = 19.78% = 20%
460000
4. (c) Assertion : True, Reason : False
100
7. (c) 91000 ´ = 65,000 Cost price of a saree = ` 1240
140
8. (a) Let the original salary = ` x Selling price of a saree = ` 1147
Present salary = ` 8025 So, there is loss since C.P. > S.P.
Increase in salary = 7% of original salary
= 7% of ` x Loss = C.P. – S.P. = 1240 – 1147 = ` 93
According to the question, 5. (c) Assertion : True, Reason : False
7 æ M.P. - S.P.ö
x+ × x = 8025
100 Since, Discount % = çè ÷ × 100
M.P. ø
107 8025 ´ 100
Þ x = 8025 Þ x = = ` 7500 æ 900 - 873 ö
100 107
= çè ÷ × 100
9. (d) Present value of the machine = ` 40,000. 900 ø
Decrease in value = 5% of ` 40000
5 æ 27 ö
´ 40000 = ` 2000. = çè ´ 100÷ = 3%
= 900 ø
100
Thus, value of machine after a year
= ` 40000 – ` 2000 = ` 38000 Multiple Matching Questions :
10. (b) Original (present) population = 60,000
Increase in population = 10% of original 1. (A) ® (p,r); (B) ® (s, t); (C) ® (q, u)

10 Integer Type Questions :

= ´ 60000 = 6000
100
1. (2) Decrease in population = 25000 – 24500 = 500
Thus, population after a year = 60,000 + 6000 = 66000.
11. (c) Let the value year ago = x 500
percentage decrease = ´ 100 = 2%
25000
10
x– x = ` 38700 2. (5) Let the Principal = ` x
100
n
90 æ R ö
Now, A = P ç1 +
Þ
100
x = ` 38700
è 100 ÷ø
3
38700 ´ 100 æ R ö
Þ x= = ` 43000 Þ 800 = x ç1 +
è 100 ÷ø
...(i)
90
4
Assertion & Reason : æ R ö
and 840 = x ç1 + ...(ii)
è 100 ÷ø
1. (c) Required percent of the questions, She answered Dividing (i) and (ii), we get
28
= ´ 100 only correctly. Assertion is correct. 840 æ R ö
35 = çè1 + ÷
800 100 ø
2. (c) Assertion :
SP = ` 1425, loss = 5% 21 R 100
SP × 100 1425 ´ 100 Þ -1 = Þ = R Þ R = 5%
C.P = = = 1500 20 100 20
100 – loss 95 3. (7) We have, number of students who are good at
Reason :
1500 ´ 110 72
Profit = 10%, S.P = = 1650 Mathematics = 72% of 25 = × 25 = 18
100 100
 EBD_7034
196 Mathematics
\ Number of students who are not good at Mathematics
= 25 – 18 = 7. ìï æ 11 ö üï
n

4. (4) 50% of (x – y) = 30% of (x + y) = ` í1000 ´ çè 10 ÷ø ý

ïî ïþ
50 30
Þ ( x - y) = ( x + y) æ 11ö
n
100 100
\ 1000 × ç ÷ = 1331 [Q amount = ` 1331 (given)]
Þ 5(x – y) = 3(x + y) Û 2x = 8y Û x = 4y. è 10 ø
Þ k= 4
n 3
5. (5) Number of questions attempted correctly æ 11ö 1331 11 ´ 11 ´ 11 æ 11ö
Þ çè ÷ø = = =ç ÷
= (70% of 10 + 40% of 30 + 60% of 35) 10 1000 10 ´ 10 ´ 10 è 10 ø
= (7 + 12 + 21) = 40.
n 3
Question to be answered correctly for 60% grade æ 11ö æ 11ö
= 60% of 75 = 45. Þ çè ÷ø = çè ÷ø
10 10
\ Required number of questions = (45 – 40) = 5.
Þ n = 3,
6. (3) Let the required time be n years.
Hence, the required time is 3 years.
Then, amount
ìï æ 10 ö üï
n

=` í 1000 ´ çè 1 + ÷ ý
îï 100 ø þï
 Chap
ter Algebraic Expressions
9 And Identities

Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning the study of the rules of operations and relations. Elementary algebra is the
most basic form of algebra. It is taught to students who are presumed to have no knowledge of mathematics beyond the basic
principles of arithmetic. In arithmetic, only numbers and their arithmetical operations (such as +, –, ×, ÷) occur. In algebra,
numbers are often denoted by symbols (such as a, x, or y). This is useful because:
• It allows the general formulation of arithmetical laws
• It allows the formulation of functional relationships. For example : "If you sell x tickets, then your profit will be
`(3x – 10) , or f (x) = 3x – 10, where f is the function, and x is the number to which the function is applied.
 EBD_7034
198 Mathematics
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Algebra can be considered as generalisation of arithmetic, where we use letters in place of numbers, which allows to write rules and
form in general way.
Variable : A quantity that does not have a fixed numerical value is called a variable. It is represented by the letters like x, y, … .
Constant : A symbol which has a fixed numerical value is called a constant.
Algebraic expressions : When variables and constants are combined with the help of mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, we get an algebraic expression. For example, 3x + 7, 15y – 23 are algebraic expression.
Terms: Look at the expression (3x + 7). This is formed by first forming 3x as product of 3 and x and then adding 7 to the product.
Such parts of an expression which are formed first and then added are called terms.
Consider (9y2 – 8x), here we can say that 9y2 and – 8x are two terms of given expressions.
Factors of a term : Now we know that an expression consist of terms. (9y2–8x) has two terms 9y2 and (–8x). The term 9y2 is a product
of 9, y and y. Here we say that 9, y and y are factors of term 9y2. A term is represented as product of its factors.
For term (–8x), –8 and x are factors.
Coefficients of a term : We know that any term of an expression can be expressed as product of its factors. These factors are numeric
or variables. The numerical factor is called numerical coefficient or coefficient of the term.
In 9y2, 9 is the coefficient of the term. It is also called coefficient of y2. In – 10y2z2, –10 is the coefficient of y2z2 .
If the coefficient of any term is + 1, we omit it.
1y2 can be written as y2, 1xy is written as xy coefficient (–1) is indicated by minus (–) sign, (–1)y2 is written as –y2, (–1) y2z2 as
– y2 – z2 etc.
For example: In the following expressions identify the terms, factors and coefficients.
(4x + 3y), 3xy2 –4x, 3p2q + 7pq –8pq2

Expression Terms Factors Coefficients

4x + 3y 4x 4, x 4
3y 3, y 3
3xy2 – 4x 3xy2 3, x , y, y 3
– 4x – 4,x –4
3p2q+7pq 3p2q 3p,p,q 3
–8pq2 7pq 7,p,q 7
– 8pq2 – 8,p,q,q –8

Like and Unlike Terms: In any algebraic expression, terms which have same variable(s) factor(s) are called like terms. Terms which
have different variable(s) factors are called unlike terms. Take example of expression 3y2 + 2x –2y2 +5, in this expression, factors of
3y2 are 3, y and y, factors of –2y2 are –2, y and y. Thus their variables factors are same so 3y2 and –2y2 are like terms whereas 3y2 and
2x are unlike terms because their variable factors are different, similarly 2x and 5 are also unlike terms.
Types of Algebraic Expressions:
(i) An algebraic expression that has only one term is called a monomial. For example, x, 4x2y, –3p2q2 etc.
(ii) An algebraic expression that contains two unlike terms is called a binomial. For example, x + y, 3x + 4y, x–10, – y –5. etc.
(iii) An algebraic expression that contains three unlike terms is called a trinomial. For example, a + b + 5, x2 –y2 + 6, x2y + xy2+xy etc.
2y + 10 – y is not a trinomial as 2y and –y are like terms.

ADDITION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

To add two algebraic expressions, we collect different groups of like terms and find the sum of like terms in each group.
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Add; 7x2 – 4x + 5, – 3x2 + 2x – 1 and 5x2 –x + 9 .
SOLUTION :
( 7x2 – 4x + 5) + (– 3x2 + 2x – 1) + (5x2 –x + 9)
= 7x2 – 4x + 5 – 3x2 + 2x – 1 + 5x2 –x + 9
= 7x2 – 3x2 + 5x2 – 4x + 2x – x + 5 – 1 + 9
= (7 – 3 + 5) x2 + (– 4 + 2 – 1) x + ( 5 – 1 + 9)
= 9x2 – 3x + 13
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 199

SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

In order to subtract an algebraic expression from another, we change the signs (from – to + or + to –) of all the terms of the expression
which is to be subtracted and then the two expressions are added.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Subtract (2x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 5) from (4x3 + x2 + x + 6)
SOLUTION :
(4x3 + x2 + x + 6) – (2x3 – 4x2 + 3x + 5)
= 4x3 + x2 + x + 6 – 2x3 + 4x2 – 3x – 5
= 2x3 + 5x2 – 2x + 1

MULTIPLICATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

In the multiplication of algebraic expressions, we shall be using the following rules:
(1) The product of two factors with like signs is positive and the product of two factors with unlike signs is negative.
(i) (+) × (+) = +
(ii) (–) × (–) = +
(iii) (+) × (–) = –
(iv) (–) × (+) = –
(2) If x is any variable and a, b are positive integers, then
xa × xb = x a + b
For example : x4 × x3 = x 4+3 = x7
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO OR MORE MONOMIALS
While multiplying two or more monomials, we have the following two rules:
(1) Multiply the coefficients of given monomials to find the coefficient of the product of monomials.
(2) Multiply the variable parts in the given monomials to find the variable part of the product of monomials.
ILLUSTRATION : 3

-8 2 3 -3 2
Multiply : (i) 3x2y2z by 4xy2z2 (ii) x yz by xy z
5 4
SOLUTION :
(i) 3x2y2z × 4xy2z2 = ( 3 ×4) × (x2 × x) × (y2 × y2) × (z × z2) = 12x3y4z3
2
-8 2 3 -3 2 æ -8 -3 ö 6
(ii) x yz × xy z = ç ´ ÷ × (x2 × x) × (y × y2) × (z3 × z) = x 3 y3 z 4
5 4 è 5 4 ø 5

ILLUSTRATION : 4
Find the product of 4s2t, 3s3t3, 2st4 and (–2)
SOLUTION :
(4s2t) × (3s3t3) × (2st4) × (–2)
= (4 × 3 × 2 × (–2)) × (s2 × s3 × s × t × t3 × t4)
= – 48s6t8
MULTIPLICATION OF A MONOMIAL BY A BINOMIAL
To multiply a binomial by a monomial, we shall use the following properties:
(i) P × (Q + R) = ( P × Q) + (P × R)
(ii) P × ( Q – R) = ( P × Q) – ( P × R)
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200 Mathematics
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Multiply xz by ( x2 + y2)
SOLUTION :
xz × (x2 + y2) = (xz × x2) + ( xz × y2) = x3z + xzy2
ILLUSTRATION : 6
-3a 2b æ 2a ö
Multiply by çè - b÷ø
5 3
SOLUTION :
æ - 3a 2 b 2a ö æ -3a 2 b ö -2a 3 b æ -3a 2 b2 ö -2a 3 b 3a 2 b 2 3a 2 b2 2a 3 b
çç ´ ÷÷ – ç ´b÷ = -ç ÷÷ = + = -
è 5 3 ø çè 5 ÷
ø 5 ç 5
è ø 5 5 5 5
MULTIPLICATION OF A MONOMIAL BY A TRINOMIAL
To multiply a monomial by a trinomial, we use the following property:
P × (Q + R + S) = (P × Q) + ( P × R) + ( P × S)
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Multiply 2z (z – x – y)
SOLUTION :
2z (z – x – y) = (2z × z) – ( 2z × x) – (2z × y) = 2z2 – 2xz – 2zy
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO BINOMIALS
In order to multiply two binomials, we will use the distributive property of multiplication.
Consider ( a + b) ( c + d).
Step 1 : Apply distributive property and we get; a(c + d) + b(c +d)
Step 2 : Multiply further to get : ac + ad + bc + bd.
ILLUSTRATION : 8
Multiply (2x + 3y) and (4x – 5y)
SOLUTION :
(2x + 3y) (4x – 5y) = 2x (4x – 5y) + 3y (4x – 5y) = 8x2 – 10xy + 12xy – 15y2 = 8x2 + 2xy – 15y2
ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES
Consider the equality ( x + 2 )( x + 3) = x 2 + 5 x + 6
Let us evaluate both sides of this equality for some value of variable x say x = 4
\ For x = 4
LHS Þ ( x + 2)( x + 3) = ( 4 + 2 )( 4 + 3) = 6 ´ 7 = 42
RHS Þ ( 4) + 5 ´ 4 + 6 = 16 + 20 + 6 = 42
2

So for x = 4
LHS = RHS
Let us calculate LHS & RHS for x = – 3
LHS Þ ( -3+ 2 ) ( -3+ 3) = 0

RHS Þ ( -3) 2 + 5 ( -3) + 6 = 9 - 15 + 6 = 0

\ for x = – 3, LHS = RHS
If we take any value of variable x, we find that LHS = RHS
Such an equality which is true for every value of variable present in it is called an identity thus ( x +2)( x +3)= x 2 +5 x +6 is an
identity.
Identities differ from equations in the following manners. An equation is a statement of equality of two algebraic expression
involving one or more variable.An equation is true for certain values of the variable.
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 201

For example:
4 x + 3 = x - 3 ................(1)
Þ 3x = – 6 Þ x = – 2
Thus eqn (1) is true only for x=-2, no other value of x satistfy eqn (1).
Standard Identities:
(i) ( a +b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 ab + b 2
2 2 2
(ii) ( a -b ) = a - 2ab + b

(
2 2
)
(iii) a -b =( a+b)( a-b)

(iv) ( x + a ) ( x +b ) = x 2 + ( a +b ) x + ab
ILLUSTRATION : 9
Simplify the following:
(i) (2a + b)2 (ii) (3x – 4y)2
SOLUTION :
(i) (2a + b)2 = (2a)2 + (b)2 + 2(2a)(b)
= 4a2 +b2 + 4ab
(ii) (3x – 4y)2 = (3x)2 + (4y)2 – 2(3x)(4y)
= 9x2 + 16y2 – 24xy

CONNECTING TOPIC
Some More Identities
We have dealt with identities involving squares. Now we will see how to handle identities involving cubes.
(i) ( a + b + c ) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(ii) ( a + b) 3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab ( a + b )
(iii) ( a - b) 3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab ( a - b )
ILLUSTRATION : 10
Simplify the following:
(i) (2a – 5b)3 (ii) (3x + 4y – z)2 (iii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (–13)3
SOLUTION :
(i) (2a – 5b)3
Here, (a – b)3 = a3– b3 – 3ab(a – b)
\ (2a – 5b)3 = (2a)3 – (5b)3 – 3(2a)(5b)(2a – 5b)
= 8a3 – 125b3 – 30ab (2a – 5b)
= 8a3 – 125b3 – 60a2b + 150ab2
(ii) (3a + 4y – z)2
Here, (a + b + c)2 = a2 +b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(3x + 4y – z)2 = (3x)2 + (4y)2 + (–z)2 + 2(3x)(4y) + 2(4y)(–z) + 2(–z)(3x)
= 9x2 + 16y2 + z2 + 24xy – 8yz – 6xz
(iii) (28)3 + (–15)3 + (–13)3
Let a = 28, b = -15, c = -13
Here we see that a + b +c = 28 + (– 15) + (– 13) = 0
3 3 3
\ a + b + c = 3abc
\ ( 28)3 + ( -15)3 + ( -13)3 = 3 ( 28) ( -15) ( -13)
( 28)3 + ( -15) 3 + ( -13) 3 = 16380
 EBD_7034
202 Mathematics

æ x yö æ x y ö
1. Evaluate : ç + ÷ç + ÷
è 2 3ø è 2 3 ø
2 2 2
æ x y öæ x y ö æ x y ö æ xö æ x ö æ yö æ yö
Sol. ç + ÷ç + ÷ = ç + ÷ = ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 2 3 øè 2 3 ø è 2 3 ø è2ø è 2 ø è3ø è3ø
æ x yö æ x yö x 2 2
xy y
Þ çè + ÷ø çè + ÷ø = + +
2 3 2 3 4 3 9

( )
2
2. Evaluate : 2x2 - 5y2

( 2 x2 - 5 y 2 )
2 2 2
Sol. = æç 2 x2 ö÷ - 2 æç 2 x 2 ö÷ æç 5 y 2 ö÷ + æç 5 y 2 ö÷
è ø è øè ø è ø

( )
2
2 2 4 2 2 4
2x - 5y = 4 x - 20 x y + 25 y

3. Evaluate: ( 1 - 6x) ( 1 + 6x) + ( 2 + x) ( 2 - x)

Sol. (1 - 6 x )(1 + 6 x ) + ( 2 + x )( 2 - x ) = {12 -(6 x)2} + ( 22 - x2 ) = 1 - 36 x 2 + 4 - x 2

(1 - 6 x)(1 + 6 x) + (2 + x)(2 - x) = 5 - 37 x 2
4. Evaluate: (a) (204)2 (b) (148)2
Sol. (a) (204)2 = (200 + 4) = 2002 + 2 × 200 × 4 + 42
2

= (204)2 = 41616
2 2
(b) (148)2 = (148)2 = (150 – 2)2 = (150)2 – 2 × 150 × (148) = (150-2)2 = (150) - 2 ´ 150 ´ 2 + 22
= 22500 – 600 + 4
(148)2 = 21904
5. If x + y = 9 and xy = 16, find (i) x2 + y2 (ii) (x – y)2
Sol. (i) (x + y) = 9

Þ ( x + y ) = 9 = 81 [By squaring both sides]

2 2

2 2
Þ x + 2 xy + y = 81
2 2
Þ x + y + 2 ´ 16 = 81
2 2
Þ x + y = 81 - 32
2 2
Þ x + y = 49
(ii) ( x - y ) 2 = x 2 - 2 xy + y 2
2 2
= x + y - 2 xy = 49 - 2 ´ 16
= 49 - 32
( x- y )2 = 17
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 203

If æç x -
1ö æ 1ö 2
6.
è ÷ø = 9,find çè x + x ÷ø .
x

1
Sol. Given x - =9
x
2
æ 1ö
ç x - ÷ = 81 [By squaring both sides]
è xø

2 1 1
x - 2.x. + = 81
x x2

2 1
Þx + - 2 = 81
2
x

2 1
x + 2 = 8 3 ........................... (1)
x
2 2 1
æ 1ö 2 1 1
= x + 2 +2
Now, ç x + ÷ = x + 2. x . +
2
è xø x x x
= 83 + 2 [from (1)]
2
æ 1ö
ç x + ÷ = 85
è xø

7. Evaluate the following products without direct multiplication. (a) 103 × 107 (b) 104 × 96

Sol. (a) 103×107 = (100 + 3) (100 + 7) = (100) 2 + (3 + 7) ´ 100 + 3 ´ 7 éusing (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + abù

ë û
= 10000 + 1000 + 21= 11021
(b) 104 × 96 = (100 + 4) (100 – 4)
= 1002 – 42 [using (x + a) ( x – a) = x2 – a2]
= 10000 – 16 = 9984
8. Simplify:
(i) (2x–3) (x3 – 2x2 + 5x – 7) (ii) (3x – 2) (2x – 3) + (5x – 3) (x + 1)
Sol. (i) (2x – 3) (x3 – 2x2 + 5x – 7)
= 2x(x3 – 2x2 + 5x – 7) –3(x3 – 2x2 + 5x – 7)
= 2x4 – 4x3 + 10x2 – 14x – 3x3 + 6x2 – 15x + 21
= 2x4 – 4x3 – 3x3 + 10x2 + 6x2 – 14x – 15x + 21
= 2x4 – 7x3 + 16x2 – 29x + 21
(ii) (3x – 2) (2x – 3) + (5x – 3) (x + 1)
= [3x (2x – 3) – 2(2x – 3)] + [ 5x(x +1) – 3 (x +1)]
= (6x2 – 9x – 4x + 6) + (5x2 +5x – 3x – 3)
= 6x2 – 13x + 6 + 5x2 +2x – 3
= 11x2 – 11x + 3
 EBD_7034
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SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

9. Expand : (2x – y + z) 2

Sol. ( 2 x - y + z ) = ( 2 x ) + ( - y ) + ( z ) +2 ( 2 x) ( - y ) + 2( - y )( z ) + 2 ( 2 x ) ( z )
2 2 2 2

é
ëê
using ( a + b + c )2 = a 2 + b 2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca ùûú

\ ( 2 x - y + z ) = 4 x + y + z - 4 xy - 2 yz + 4 zx
2 2 2 2

10. Evaluate: 1033

Sol. (103)3 = (100 + 3)3

Here, a = 100, b = 3

Using (a + b)3 = a3 + 3ab (a + b) + b3

= (100)3 + 3 × 100 × 3 (100 + 3) + (3)3 = 1000000 + 900 × 103 + 27

= 1092727

11. (x – 2y)3 + (2y – 3z)3 + (3z – x)3 is

Sol. Let x – 2y = a, 2y – 3z = b and 3z – x = c

\ a + b + c = x – 2y + 2y – 3z + 3z – x = 0

Þ a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

Hence (x – 2y)3 + (2y – 3z)3 + (3z – x)3

= 3(x – 2y) (2y – 3z) (3z – x)

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

Algebraic Expressions and Identities 205

Fill in the Blanks : -3 3 3

(C) (–1.5 a2b) (0.3 ab2) (r) a b
2
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an (–0.5 abc)
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s).
æ -3 3 2 ö æ -14 2 ö
1. _____ are a combination of terms connected by the (D) çè p q ÷ ç pq ÷ (s) – 0.23 p5q4
7 ø è 9 ø
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication or
division. æ -2 ö
çè pq÷
2. The numerical factor of the term is called _____. 3 ø
3. In expression 2x2 + 4x, the coefficient of x2 is ___ and 2. Column-I Column-II
coefficient of x is ______. (Expression) (Solution)
4. 5x + 4y is an expression having _____ term. (A) (2x2 + 3y2) (–2x2 – 3y2) (p) –4x4 – 12x2y2 – 9y4
5. An algebraic expression is called a _____ if there is only (B) (x3 + 5) (x – 5) + 5 (q) 6x2 + 3x – 2xy + 9y – 6y2
one term in it. (C) 6x2 + (x + 3y) (3 – 2y) (r) 2x2 + 9xy +9y2 + 2x +4y
6. Trinomial is an algebraic expression with ____ terms. (D) (x +3y) (2x +3y) + (x +5y) (s) x4 – 5x3 + 5x – 20
7. (– 5 ab2c) × (3a3 bc2d) = _______. + (x – y)
8. Each term in an algebraic expression is a product of one or
more numbers, numerical. These numbers are called the
Very Short Answer Questions:
____ of that term.
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
True / False :
-3 4 5 8 -16 2 3
1. Find the product of x y z and xy z .
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 4 9
answer as true or false. 2. Multiply
(i) ( a2b2 – 2ab + 4) by (a + 2)
1. In the term 5ab, 5, a and b are the factors of this term.
2. (3y2 + 3xyz) – (2x2 – 3y2 + 4z2 – xyz) is – 2x2 + y2 – z2 + xyz. (ii) (x2 + y2 + z2) by (x + y + z)
3. A constant term contains only variables. 3. Find the volume of the rectangular boxes with following
4. Only like terms can be added or subtracted. length, breadth and height:
5. The terms of the expression having no literal factors is Length Breadth Height
called a constant term. (i) 2ax 3by 5cz
6. 3xy, 2xy, 9yx, 6xy are examples of like terms. (ii) m n2 2
n p p2m
7. An expression which contains two terms is called binomial. (iii) 2q 4q 2
8q3
6 3 4 2 8 3 4
8. The product of - xy and - x y is + x y 4. Multiply : {2m + (–n)} by { –3m + (–5)}
7 3 7
Match the Columns : 5.
2
If x +
1
2 = 53, find the value of x -
1
x x
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in æ 1ö æ 5ö
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) 6. çè p + ÷ø çè p - ÷ø = ..............................
3 3
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in 7. The sum of two binomials is 5x2 – 6x. If one of the binomial
column-II.
is 3x2 – 2x. What is the other binomial?
1. Column -I Column -II 8. What is the value of 3(x2 – 4x) when x = 5?
æ 2 2 ö æ -9 2 ö -4 5 5 9. Simplify each of the following expressions:
(A) ç a b ÷ ç ab ÷ (p) p q
è3 øè 4 ø 9 (i) 12x2 – 12x(x – 1) + x(7 + 3x)
(B) (–pq) (–2.3 p2q2) (q) 0.225 a4b4c (ii) pq(p – q) – 6p(p + q) + 2pq (2p – 2q)
(–0.1 p2q) 10. The value of 16.12 – 8.92 is _________ .
 EBD_7034
206 Mathematics
Short Answer Questions : Long Answer Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.

1. Subtract 3 2 1 2 5
1. If a = x - y + xy - 1 and
(i) a + b + c from a2 + b2 + c2 2 4 3
2 2 1 2 -1 2 5 2 5
(ii) a b - ab 2 + ab - 1from - a 2 b + 2. b= x + y - xy + then calculate a + b and a – b.
3 9 5 2 3 3
2. Add :
(i) a2 + b2 – 3c2, æ -5 3 2 ö æ 2 ö
2. Find the value of çè x y ÷ø ´ çè xy 2 ÷ .
3b2 + c2, 2 -25 ø

2 2 4 2 3. Simplify and state the degree of the polynomial.

c - b and a 2 + b2 + c 2
3 5 (a) 6 m (2mn – n2) – 3 (m2n – 19 mn2) + 6n (– 5mn – 7 m2)
(ii) 3ax – 4ax2 + 1, 5 + 9ax2 – 4ax. (b) 4x (5x2 – 2xy + y2) – 9x (2x2 + 6y2 – xy)
3. Determine the literal part in the product of the monomials + 3x (x2 – 5xy – y2)
187 3 2 7 -2691 7 39251 2 3 (c) 5s (3s2 – 7s + 2) + 2s (5s2 + s – 6) + 9s (2s2 + 6 s – 4)
x y z , x y and xy z
395 1297 3931 4. Evaluate 19.8 × 20.2
4. Evaluate : 5. The expression
(i) (–3.5 a2b) × (2ab2) + (–7ab) × (–a2b2)
bx(a 2 x 2 + 2a 2 y2 + b 2 y 2 ) + ay(a 2 x 2 + 2b2 x 2 + b2 y2
æ -1 ö
(ii) (5ab) × (–2ab2) × (–2a) + (2a2b2) × ç a÷ ´ ( -4b ) (ax + by) 2
è 2 ø
5. The sides of a rectangle are given by x2 + 3y2 and x3 – y2. 6. By how much is the sum of (a – 5) (a – 2) and (a2 + 6a +7) is
Find its perimeter. greater than –a2 – 2a + 1?
6. The sides of a triangle are given by : 1
7. x2 + = 25, find the values of each of the following :
3x2 – y2, 4x2 – 7xy + 4y2, – 3x2 + 7xy + 8y2. Find its perimeter. x2
7. Answer the following questions :–
1 1
(i) How much smaller is 2x3 – 2x + 5 than 7 + 5x2 + 3x ? (i) x + (ii) x -
x x
(ii) How much larger is 8x2 – 9y2 than 3x2 – 2y2?
8. Find the value of x, if
(iii) What should be taken away from 3x2 + 4x + 1 to get
2x2 – 4x + 35 ? (i) 6x = 232 – 172 (ii) 4x = 982 – 882
8. Subtract 2x2 – 4y2 + 3xy – 5 from the sum of – 2y2 + 5x2 + 9 9. Show that:
and 7 xy – 3x2 + 11. (i) (3x +7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2
9. If a = 2p – 5q + 7, b = – 3p + 2q – 1 and c = p – q – 3 then find. (ii) (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2
(i) b – a – c (ii) a – b + c
2
In terms of p and q æ 4 ö 3 2 2 16 9
(iii) ç m - n ÷ + 2mn = m + n
10. Identify terms, factors and coefficients for each of the è3 4 ø 9 16
following expressions. (iv) (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 48pq2
x y (v) (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) ( b + c) + (c – a) (c + a) = 0
(i) 8x2y – 5zy - +1
(ii)
3 2 10. Using identities, evaluate:
(iii) 0.5x2 – 3y2 (iv) z2 – z + 1
(i) 712 (ii) 992
11. Which of the following are monomials bionmials, or
(iii) 9982 (iv) 5.22
Trinomials?
(v) 78 × 82 (vi) 8.92
(i) 3 (ii) x + y
(vii) 1.05 × 9.5
(iii) x3 + y2 + 3 (iv) x2 + y2 + z2 + 10 11. Using (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + a b, find
12. Simplify the following using identities
(i) 103 × 104 (ii) 5.1 × 5.2
582 - 422 (iii) 103 × 98 (iv) 9.7 × 9.8
(i) (ii) 1.73 × 1.73 – 0.27 × 0.27
16
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 207

Text Book Exercise 11. Using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b), find

1. Add: 7xy + 5yz – 3zx, 4yz + 9zx – 4y , –3xz + 5x – 2xy. (i) 512 – 492 (ii) (1.02)2 – (0.98)2
(iii) 1532 – 1472 (iv) 12.12 – 7.92
2. Subtract 5x2 – 4y2 + 6y – 3 from 7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 5x – 3y.
12. Using (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab, find
3. Find the volume for given dimensions :
(i) 103 × 104 (ii) 5.1 × 5.2
length breadth height
(iii) 103 × 98 (iv) 9.7 × 9.8
(i) 2ax 3by 5cz
Exemplar Questions
(ii) m2 n n2 p p 2m
1. Simplify : –pqr (p2 + q2 + r2)
(iii) 2q 4q2 8q3
2. Simplify : (px + qy) (ax – by)
4. Simplify the expressions and evaluate them as directed: 3. Evaluate using suitable identities : 497 × 505
(i) x (x – 3) + 2 for x = 1, 4. Evaluate using suitable identities : 2.07 × 1.93
(ii) 3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 for y = –2 5. Find the value of x, if 10000x = (9982)2 – (18)2
5. Add:
2 1 1
(i) 5m (3 – m) and 6m2 – 13m 6. By using suitable identity, evaluate x + 2 , if x + = 5.
x x
(ii) 4y (3y2 + 5y – 7) and 2 (y3 – 4y2 + 5)
7. Simplify : (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab) – (a + b) (a2 + b2 – ab)
6. Subtract 3pq (p – q) from 2pq (p + q).
8. Simplify : (i) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2)
7. Simplify (a + b) (2a – 3b + c) – (2a – 3b) c.
(ii) (a2 + b2)2
8. (i) (a + b) (c – d) + (a – b) (c + d) + 2 (ac + bd)
9. If x – y = 13 and xy = 28, then find x2 + y2.
(ii) (x + y)(2x + y) + (x + 2y)(x – y)
10. If m – n = 16 and m2 + n2 = 400, then find mn.
(iii) (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
11. What should be added to 4c (– a + b + c) to obtain
(iv) (1.5x – 4y)(1.5x + 4y + 3) – 4.5x + 12y 3a (a + b + c) – 2b (a – b + c)?
(v) (a + b + c)(a + b – c) 12. Find the value of a, if
9. Simplify: 8a = 352 – 272
HOTS Questions :
2 2 2
(i) (a – b )
(ii) (7m – 8n)2 + (7m + 8n)2 1. How much should 3xy – 4a2 + 5b2 + 2 be increased to get
2
(iii) (2.5p – 1.5q) – (1.5p – 2.5q) 2
–5 + 4a2 + 2b2 – 7xy?
(iv) (ab + bc)2 – 2ab2c 2. find the value of (5a6) × (–10ab2) ×(–2.1a2b3) for a = 1 and
10. Show that: 1
b= .
(i) 2
(3x + 7) – 84x = (3x – 7) 2 2
(ii) (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2 3. Simplify : (i) 15a2 – 6a(a – 2) + a(3 +7a)
(ii) x2(1 – 3y2) + x (xy2 – 2x) – 3y (y – 4x2y)
2
æ4 3 ö 16 2 9 2 4. Simplify : (3x – 2) (x – 1) (3x +5)
(iii) ç m - n ÷ + 2mn = m + n
è3 4 ø 9 16
5. Simplify :
2
(iv) (4pq + 3q) – (4pq – 3q) = 48pq 2 2
2a2 + 2b2 +2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + c – a)2
(v) (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) (b + c) + (c – a) (c + a) = 0
 EBD_7034
208 Mathematics

Single Option Correct : æ 5 ö æ 15 25 ö

8. The value of the product ç 3 + ÷ ç 9 - + 2 ÷ at x = 1 is
è xøè x x ø
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
(a) 150 (b) 148
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONLY ONE is correct. (c) 152 (d) None of these
9. The value of (0.9)2 – (0.6)2 is
1. The expanded form of (x + y)2 is a _______.
(a) 0.54 (b) – 0.54
(a) monomial (b) binomial
(c) – 0.45 (d) 0.45
(c) trinomial (d) cubic
10. The value of (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 is:
2. The product of (x2 + 3x + 5) and (x2 – 1) is
(a) 2a + 2b (b) 2a – 2b
(a) x 4 + 3 x3 - 4 x 2 - 3 x - 5 (c) 2a2 + 2b2 (d) 2a2 – 2b2
(b) x 4 + 3 x3 + 4 x 2 - 3 x - 5 11. The value of (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 is:
(a) 4ab (b) –4ab
(c) x 4 + 3 x3 + 4 x 2 + 3 x - 5
(c) 2a2 + 2b2 (d) 2a2 – 2b2
(d) None of these
12. Subtract 4p2 – 2q + 7r3 – 3 from 3q + 7p2 – 2r3 + 4.

( )
2 (a) p2 + 2q + 5r3 + 1 (b) 11p2 + q + 5r3 + 1
3. Evaluate : 2 x 2 - 5 y 2
(c) –3p2 – 5q + 9r3 – 7 (d) 3p2 + 5q – 9r 3 + 7
13. Find the product of 3a2– 4ax +x2 by 5x2 – 2ax
(a) 4 x 2 + 20 xy + 25 y
(a) 14a3x + 23a2x2 – 22ax3 + 5x4
2 2 2 4
(b) 4 x + 20 x y + 25 y (b) 14a2x + 23a3x2 – 22ax3 + 5x4
(c) 16a3x + 25a2x2 – 22x3 + 5x4
(c) 4 x 4 - 20 x 2 y 2 + 25 y 4
(d) –6a3x + 23a2x2 – 22ax3 + 5x4
(d) (4 x 4 - 25 y 4 )(4 x 4 + 25 y 4 ) 14. The sum of two binomials is 5x2 – 6x. If one of the binomial
is 3x2 – 2x. What is the other binomial?
4. Subtract : 3a – 3b + c from 4a + 5b –3c
(a) 2x2 – 4x (b) 2x2 – 8x
(a) 2a + 3b + c (b) a + 2b + 3c
(c) 8x2 – 4x (d) 8x2 – 8x
(c) a + 8b – 4c (d) –5x2 + 5x + 5
15. The cost of a notebook is ` 3a2 – 4ab + 6b2. How much
5. Find the product of 5m2n, –3mnp and –5n2p. does 5a2b2 notebooks cost?
(a) 75m3n3p2 (b) 75m3n4p2 (a) ` 15a4b2 – 20a3b3 + 30a2b4
(c) 75mn3p3 (d) 75m3np2 (b) ` 15a4b2 + 20a3b3 + 30a2b4
6. Simplify 3x2y2 (5x2 – 4xy + 6y2) (c) ` 15a4b2 – 20a3b3 – 30a2b4
(a) 15x4y2 – 12x3y3 + 18y4 x2 (d) ` 15a4b2 + 20a3b3 – 30a2b4
(b) 15x2y2 – 12x3y3 + 18y2 x2 16. Simplify : (0.8m + 1.1n) (0.8m – 1.1n)
(c) 15x2y3 – 12x2y2 + 6y2y2 (a) 0.64m2 + 1.12n2 (b) 0.64m2 + 1.21n2
(d) 15xy3 – 12x3y3 + 18x2y4 (c) 0.64m2 – 1.21n2 (d) 0.64m2 – 11.2n2
7. What must be subtracted form 3a2 – 6ab –3b2 – 1 to get 17. By how much is the sum of (a – 5) (a – 2) and
4a2 – 7ab –4b2 +1 ? a2 + 6a + 7 is greater than – a2 – 2a + 1?
(a) –a2 + ab + b2 – 2 (b) a2 + ab + b2 + 2 (a) a2 – a + 16 (b) a2 – a – 16
(c) a2 – ab – b2 + 2 (d) a2 – ab – 4b2 – 2 (c) 3a2 + a + 16 (d) 2a2 + a + 16
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 209

More than One Option Correct : 2. Which is the constant term?

-11 -5
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (a) (b)
3 6
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONE or MORE may be correct. (c) – 9 (d) 6
–5 2 2
3. What is the coefficient of xy2 in the term x y ?
1. Which of the following expressions are binomials and 6
trinomials? -5 5
3 2 (a) (b)
6 6
(a) ,5x (b) x + , x2 + 2x – 5
x2 x
-5 5
7 x 9 (c) x (d) x
(c) x2 + 2x – 5, 9x3 + 5x (d) – , 3x2 – 4x + 5 6 6
5 8
2. Which of the following terms are like terms? PASSAGE - II
(a) 8ab, – 9ab2 (b) 3x2y, – 4yx2
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
7 5
(c) 8xy2, –11x3y (d) xy , – xy
4 3 4. The value of x if 25x = 5362 – 1362 is
3. Which of the following terms are unlike terms?
(a) 10752 (b) 10572
3 2 3 3
(a) a bx, ab 2 x, abx 2 (c) 10257 (d) 10725
4 4 4
(b) –9xy, 5 5. (10000)2 – (9999)2 is
(c) –9x2, – 10x2, 5x2 (a) 1999 (b) 19999
(d) None of these
(c) 199999 (d) 999
25 2 3
4. In the term a bc , which of the following is/are correct? 6. (4000)2 + (9000)2 – (3999)2 – (8999)2 equals
3
2 25 3 (a) 9989 (b) 24997
(a) Coefficient of a = bc
3
(c) 43998 (d) 25998
25
(b) Numerical coefficient =
3 Assertion & Reason :
3 25 2
(c) Coefficient of c = a b
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
3
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
2 3 25
(d) Coefficient of a bc = question on the basis of following options. You have to select
3 the one that best describes the two statements.
5. The value of 232 – 222 is
(a) 45 (b) 55 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
(c) 23 × 22 (d) (23 + 22) (23 – 22) the correct explanation of Assertion.
6. The value of ( 60 – 4) (60 – 6) is (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
(a) 3204 (b) 3024 not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) 3600 + 600 – 24 (d) 3600 – 600 +24 (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
Passage Based Questions : (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion : In the expression
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the 3x2 + 7y2 – 2xy + 4x2 + 8xy + 9y2, 3x2, 4x2 are like terms,
–2xy, 8xy are like terms and 7y2, 9y2 are like terms.
following questions.
Reason : When the terms have same literal factors they are
PASSAGE - I called unlike terms.
2. Assertion : In an algebraic expression 3x – 5, 3 and –5 are
–11 5
– 9 x 2 y + 6 y 2 x3 – x 2 y 2 + 15 x 2 y 2 is an algebraic expression. called constants.
3 6
1. Write the like terms given in the expression Reason : Constants does not have a fixed value.
3. Assertion : 99 × 101 = (100 – 1)(100 + 1) = 9999.
5 5 2 2 Reason : (a – b)(a + b) = a2 – b2
(a) –9x2y, - x 2 y2 2 2
(b) - x y , 15x y
6 6 4. Assertion : –8abc + 4bac is a binomial.
5 2 -2 Reason : If an expression contains two terms it is called a
(c) 6y 2 x 3 , 9x 2 y (d) 6y2x3, – x y binomial.
6
 EBD_7034
210 Mathematics

Multiple Matching Question : Integer Type Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Following question has three statements (A, B DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
and C ) given in Column-I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II. 1. Find the value of (25a2 + 16b2 + 9 + 40ab – 24b – 30 a)
at a = –1 and b = 2.
1. Column-I Column-II
2. The value of 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy at x = 1 and y = – 1 is _____.
a 2b
(A) Monomials (p) 6ab – 1 3
5 3. 3x - x + x - 4x = ________.
2 2
(B) Binomials (q) a2 + 2ab + b2 4. The units digit of 34 × 36 is ________.
(C) Trinomials (r) p2q3 y 5. The value of the product (4a2 + 3b)(4a2 + 3b) at a = 1,
(s) 3xy + 4x2y b = 2 is k. The value of k ÷100 is ________.

3 (997 + 496)2 - (997 - 496) 2

(t) xy 6. Find the value of
4 997 ´ 496

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-4) : This section contains multiple choice 3. Value of (25)3 + (-10)3 + (-15)3 is
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
of which ONLY ONE is correct. (a) 11250 (b) –11250
(c) 12150 (d) –12150
1. If a + b + c = 15 and a2 + b2 + c2 = 77, then the value of
ab + bc + ca is 4. Value of
(a) 32 (b) 28 (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca) is
(c) 74 (d) 70 (a) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (b) a3 + b3
1 3 1
2. If x - = 7, then the value of x - 3 is (c) a3 – b3 (d) a4 – b4
x x
(a) 333 (b) 243
(c) 364 (d) None
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 211

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

(ii) (x2 + y2 + z2) × (x + y + z)

= x3 + y3 + z3 + x2y +x2z + xy2 + y2z + xz2 + yz2
Fill in the Blanks : 3. Volume = l × b × h
1. Algebraic expressions. 2. coefficient. (i) l = 2ax, b = 3by, h = 5cz
3. 2, 4 4. two V = 2ax × 3by × 5cz = 30 abcxyz
5. monomial 6. three (ii) l = m2n, b = n2p, h = p2m
7. – 15 a4 b3 c3 d. 8. factors.
V = m2n × n2p × p2m
True / False : V = m3n3p3
1. True (iii) l = 2q, b = 4q2, h = 8q3
2. False, –2x2 + 6y2 – 4z2 + 4xyz.
V = l × b × h = 2q × 4q2 × 8q3 = 64q6.
3. False, A constant term contains only a number.
4. True 4. (2m + (–n)) × (–3m + (–5))
5. True, 2 is a constant as it has no variable. = 2m (–3m – 5) – n (–3m – 5)
6. True, it has same literal factors. = –6m2 – 10m + 3mn + 5n
7. True 2
æ 1ö 2 1
6 æ 4 ö 8
5. ç x - ÷ = x + 2 –2 = 53 – 2 = 51
8. True, - xy3 ´ ç - x 2 y÷ = x 3 y4 è x ø x
7 è 3 ø 7
1
Match the Columns : Þ x - = 51
x
1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p)
æ 1ö æ 5ö 2 5p p 5
2. (A) ® (p); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r) 6. çè p + ÷ø çè p - ÷ø = p - + -
3 3 3 3 9
(A) (2x2 + 3y2)(–2x2 – 3y2)
4p 5
= – (2x2 + 3y2) (2x2 + 3y2) = p2 - -
3 9
= – (2x2 + 3y2)2 7. Let the other binomial be b(x)
= – [(2x2)2 + (3y2)2 + 2(2x2)(3y2)] 3x2 – 2x + b(x) = 5x2 – 6x
= – [4x4 + 9y4 + 12x2y2] Þ b(x) = 5x2 – 6x – 3x2 + 2x
= – 4x4 – 12x2y2 – 9y4 = 2x2 – 4x
(B) (x3 + 5)(x – 5) + 5 8. 3(x2 – 4x) = 3x2 – 12x = 3(5)2 – 12(5)
= x3(x – 5) + 5(x – 5) + 5 = 75 – 60 = 15
= x4 – 5x3 + 5x – 25 + 5 9 (i) 12x2 – 12x(x – 1) + x(7 +3x)
= x4 – 5x3 + 5x – 20 = 12x2 – 12x2 + 12x + 7x + 3x2
(C) 6x2 + (x + 3y)(3 – 2y) = 19x + 3x2
= 6x2 + x(3 – 2y) + 3y(3 – 2y) (ii) pq(p – q) – 6p(p +q) + 2pq(2p – 2q)
= 6x2 + 3x – 2xy + 9y – 6y2 = p2q – pq2 – 6p2 – 6pq + 4p2q – 4pq2
(D) (x + 3y)(2x + 3y) + (x + 5y) + (x – y) = 5p2q – 5pq2 – 6p2 – 6pq
= x(2x + 3y) + 3y(2x + 3y) + x + 5y + x – y 10. (16.1)2 – (8.9)2 = [16.1 + 8.9][16.1 – 8.9]
= 2x2 + 3xy + 6yx + 9y2 + 2x + 4y [Using the identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
= 2x2 + 9xy + 9y2 + 2x + 4y = 25 × 7.2 = 180
Very Short Answer Questions :
Short Answer Questions :
æ 3 4 5 8 ö æ -16 2 3 ö 4 5 7 11
1. çè - x y z ÷ø ´ çè xy z ÷ = x y z
ø 3
1. (i) a2 + b2 + c2 – a – b – c
4 9
2. 2 2
(i) (a b – 2ab + 4) × (a + 2) 1 2 5 2 2
(ii) ab - a b - ab + 3
= a3b2 – 2a2b + 4a + 2a2b2 – 4ab + 8 9 3 5
 EBD_7034
212 Mathematics

æ 2 2 4 2ö a-b =
3 2 1 2 5 1 5
x - y + xy - 1 + x 2 - y 2 + xy -
5
2. (i) (a2 + b2 – 3c2) + (3b2 + c2) + çè c - b ÷ø 2 4 3 2 3 3
3 5
+ (a2 + b2 + c2) 2 23 2 8 8
= 2x - y + xy -
2 21 2 1 2 12 3 3
= 2a + b - c
5 3 1 4 4
(ii) (3ax – 4ax2 + 1) + (5 + 9ax2 – 4ax) 2. Product = x y
5
= 5ax2 – ax + 6
11 5 10 3. (a) 21 mn2 – 33m2n, degree = 3
3. x y z .
(b) 5x3 – 14x2y – 53xy2, degree = 3
4. (i) –7a3b3 + 7a3b3 = 0
(c) 43s3 + 21s2 – 38s , degree = 3
(ii) 20a3b3 + 4a3b3 = 24a3b3
4. 399.96
5. Perimeter = 2[(x2 + 3y2) + (x3 – y2)]
= 2x3 + 2x2 + 4y2 5. bx(a 2 x 2 + 2a 2 y2 + b 2 y2 ) + ay(a 2 x 2 + 2b2 x 2 + b2 y2 )
6. Perimeter = (3x2 – y2) + (4x2 – 7xy + 4y2) + (–3x2 + 7xy + 8y2) (ax + by)2
= 4x2 + 11y2
7. (i) 7 + 5x2 + 3x – (2x3 – 2x + 5) = –2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + 2
a 2 x 2 (ay + bx) + 2abxy(ay + bx) + b 2 y 2 (bx + ay)
(ii) (8x2 – 9y2) – (3x2 – 2y2) = 5x2 – 7y2 =
(iii) (3x2 + 4x + 1) – (2x2 – 4x + 35) = x2 + 8x – 34 (ax + by)2
8. 2y2 + 25 + 4 xy.
9. (i) – 6p + 8q – 5 (ii) 6 p – 8q + 5. (ay + bx)(a 2 x 2 + 2abxy + b 2 y 2 )
=
(ax + by)2
10. Expression Terms Factors Coefficients
(i) 8x2y – 5zy 8x2y 8, x, y 8 (ay + bx)(ax + by)2
– 5zy –5,z,y 3 = = ay +bx
(ax + by)2
x y x 1 1
(ii) - +1 ,x 6. Sum of (a – 5) (a – 2) and (a2 + 6a +7) is
3 z 3 3 3 (a2 – 2a – 5a + 10) + (a2 + 6a +7)
y 1 1 (a2 – 7a + 10) + a2 + 6a + 7
- - ,y - 2a2 – a + 17
z 2 2
Required number
1 1 1
= 2a2 – a + 17 + a2 + 2a – 1
(iii) 0.5x2 – 3y2 0.5x2 0.5, x 0.5 = 3a2 + a + 16
– 3y2 –3, y –3
1
7. (i) x2 + = 25
(iv) z2 – z + 1 z2 1, z 1 x2
–z –1, z –1
2
1 1 1 æ 1ö 2 1
ç x + ÷ = x + 2 + 2 = 25 + 2 = 27
11. (i) Monomial (ii) Binomial è xø x
(iii) Trinomial (iv) Polynomial
1
2 2 Þ x+ = 27 = 3 3
58 -42 (58 -42)(58 + 42) x
12. (i) =
16 16 1
(ii) x2 + = 25 (given)
16 ´ 100 x2
= = 100
16 2
(ii) 1.73 × 1.73 – 0.27 × 0.27 æ 1ö 2 1
çè x - ÷ø = x + 2 - 2 = 25 - 2 = 23
= (1.73)2 – (0.27)2 x x
= (1.73 + 0.27)(1.73 – 0.27)
1
= 2 × 1.46= 2.92 Þ x– = 23
x
Long Answer Questions : 8. (i) 6x = 232 – 172
3 1 5 -1 2 5 2 5 [Using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a +b)]
1. a + b = x 2 - y 2 + xy - 1 + x + y - xy + 6x = (23 – 17) (23 +17)
2 4 3 2 3 3
6x = 6 × 40 = 240 Þ x = 40
2 17 2 2 2
= x + y + xy + (ii) 4x = 982 – 882 = (98 – 88) (98 +88)
12 3 3
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 213

Þ 4x = (10) × 186 (v) (a – b) (a +b) + (b – c) (b +c) + (c – a) (c + a) = 0

L.H.S. = (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) ( b + c)
10 ´186
Þx= = 465 + (c – a) (c + a)
4 = a2 – b2 + b2 – c2 + c2 – a2
9. (i) (3x +7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2 Using identity III
L.H.S. = (3x + 7)2 – 84x = (a2 – a2) + ( b2 – b2) + (c2 – c2)
= {(3x)2 + 2(3x)(7) + (7)2} – 84x Combining the like terms
= (9x2 + 42x + 49) – 84x = 0 = R.H.S.
= 9x2 + (42x – 84x) + 49 10. (i) 712
Combining the like terms 712 = (70 + 1)2
= 9x2 – 42x + 49 ...(1) = (70)2 + 2(70)(1) + (1)2
R.H.S. = (3x – 7)2 = 4900 + 140 + 1= 5041
= (3x)2 – 2(3x) (7) + (7)2 (ii) 992
= 9x2 – 42x + 49 ...(2) 992 = (100 – 1)2
From equations (1) and (2), = (100)2 – 2(100)(1) + (1)2
(3x –7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2 = 10000 – 200 + 1= 9801
(ii) (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p +5q)2 (iii) 9982
L.H.S. = (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq 9982 = (1000 – 2)2
= {(9p)2 – 2(9p)(5q) + (5q)2} + 180pq = (1000)2 – 2(1000)(2) + (2)2
= (81p2 – 90pq + 25q2) + 180pq = 1000000 – 4000 + 4= 996004
= 81p2 +(180pq – 90pq) + 25q2 (iv) 5.22
Combining the like terms 5.22 = (5 + 0.2)2
= 81p2 + 90pq + 25q2 ...(1) = (5)2 + 2(5)(0.2) + (0.2)2
R.H.S. = (9p +5q)2 = 25 + 2 + 0.04 = 27.04
= (9p)2 + 2(9p) (5q) + (5q)2 (vi) 78 × 82
= 81p2 + 90pq + 25q2 ...(2) 78 × 82 = (80 – 2) × (80 + 2)
From equations (1) and (2), = (80)2 – (2)2
(9p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p +5q)2 = 6400 – 4 = 6396
æ 4 ö 3
2
16 9 (vii) 8.92
2 2
(iii) ç m - n ÷ + 2mn = m + n 8.92 = (9 – 0.1)2
è 3 4 ø 9 16
= (9)2 – 2(9)(0.1) + (0.1)2
æ4 3 ö
2 = 81 –1.8 + 0.01 = 79.21
L.H.S. = ç m - n ÷ + 2mn (viii) 1.05 × 9.5
è3 4 ø
1
2 2 1.05 × 9.5 = ´ 10.5 ´ 9.5
æ4 ö æ4 öæ3 ö æ3 ö 10
= ç m÷ - 2 ç m÷ ç n ÷ + ç n÷ + 2mn
è3 ø è3 øè4 ø è4 ø 1
= (10 + 0.5) ´ (10 - 0.5)
10
16 2 9
= m - 2mn + n 2 + 2mn 1
9 16 = ´ {(10)2 - (0.5) 2
10
16 2 9 1
= m + (2mn - 2mn) + n 2 = ´ (100 - 0.25)
9 16 10
Combining the like terms 1
= ´ 99.75 = 9.975
16 9 10
= m 2 + n 2 = R.H.S
9 16 11. (i) 103 × 104
(iv) (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 = 48pq2 103 × 104 = (100 + 3) × (100 +4)
= (100)2 + (3+4)(100) + (3) (4)
L.H.S. = (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2
= 10000 + 700 + 12 = 10712
= {(4pq)2 + 2(4pq)(3q) + (3q)2} (ii) 5.1 × 5.2
– {(4pq)2 – 2(4pq) (3q) + (3q)2} 5.1 × 5.2 = (5 + 0.1) × (5 + 0.2)
= 16p q + 24pq +9q2 – (16p2q2 – 24pq2 – 9q2)
2 2 2 = (5)2 + (0.1+ 0.2)(5) + (0.1) (0.2)
= 25 + 1.5 + 0.02
= 16p2q2 + 24pq2 + 9q2 – 16p2q2 + 24pq2 – 9q2
= 26.52
= (16p2q2 – 16p2q2) + (24pq2 + 24pq2) + (9q2 – 9q2) (iii) 103 × 98
Combining the like terms 103 × 98 = (100 + 3) × (100 – 2)
2
= 48pq = R.H.S. = (100 + 3) × {(100 + (–2)}
 EBD_7034
214 Mathematics
2
= (100) + {3 + (–2)} (100) + (3) (–2) Adding the two expressions,
= 10000 + 100 – 6 = 10094 12y3 + 20y2 28y
(iv) 9.7 × 9.8 + 2y3 8y2 + 10
9.7 × 9.8 = (10 – 0.3) (10 – 0.2)
= (10)2 – (0.3 + 0.2) (10) + (0.3) (0.2) 14y3 + 12y2 28y + 10
= 100 – 5 + 0.06 = 95.06 6. We have 3pq (p – q) = 3p2q – 3pq2 and
2pq (p + q) = 2p2q + 2pq2

2p2q + 2pq 2
3p2q 3pq 2
Text-Book Exercise :
1. Writing the three expressions in separate rows, with like Subtracting, +
terms one below the other, we have p q + 5pq 2
2

7xy + 5yz –3zx

7. We have
+ 4yz + 9zx – 4y (a + b) (2a – 3b + c) = a (2a – 3b + c) + b (2a – 3b + c)
+ –2xy – 3zx + 5x (Note xz is same as zx) = 2a2 – 3ab + ac + 2ab – 3b2 + bc
5xy + 9yz + 3zx + 5x – 4y = 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac
Thus, the sum of the expressions is 5xy + 9yz + 3zx + 5x – 4y. (Note, –3ab and 2ab are like terms)
and (2a – 3b) c = 2ac – 3bc
2. 7x2 – 4xy + 8y2 + 5x– 3y Therefore,
(a + b) (2a – 3b + c) – (2a – 3b) c = 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac
5x 2 – 4y2 + 6y – 3
– (2ac – 3bc)
(–) (+) (–) (+) = 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + bc + ac – 2ac + 3bc
2x2 – 4xy + 12y2 + 5x – 9y + 3 = 2a2 – ab – 3b2 + (bc + 3bc) + (ac – 2ac)
= 2a2 – 3b2 – ab + 4bc – ac
3. Volume = length × breadth × height 8. (i) 4ac (ii) 3x2 + 4xy – y2 (iii) x3 + y3
Hence, for (i) volume = (2ax) × (3by) × (5cz) (iv) 2.25x2 – 16y2 (v) a2 + b2 – c2 + 2ab
= 2 × 3 × 5 × (ax) × (by) × (cz) = 30abcxyz 9. (i) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4 (ii) 98m2 + 128n2
for (ii) volume = m2n × n2p × p2m (iii) 4p2 – 4q2 (vi) a2b2 + b2c2
= (m2 × m) × (n × n2) × (p × p2) = m3n3p3 2
10. (i) L.H.S. = (3x + 7) – 84x
for (iii) volume = 2q × 4q2 × 8q3 = {(3x)2 + 2(3x)(7)+(7)2} – 84x
= 2 × 4 × 8 × q × q2 × q3 = 64q6 = (9x2 + 42x + 49) – 84x
4. (i) x (x – 3) + 2 = x2 – 3x + 2 = 9x2 + (42x – 84x) + 49
For x = 1, x2 – 3x + 2 = (1)2 – 3 (1) + 2 Combining the like terms
=1–3+2=3–3 =0 2
= 9x – 42x + 49 …(1)
(ii) 3y (2y – 7) – 3 (y – 4) – 63 = 6y2 – 21y – 3y + 12 – 63 R.H.S. = (3x – 7)2
= 6y2 – 24y – 51 = (3x)2 – 2(3x)(7) + (7)2
For y = –2, 6y2 – 24y – 51 = 6 (–2)2 – 24(–2) – 51 = 9x2 – 42x + 49 …(2)
= 6 × 4 + 24 × 2 – 51 From equation (1) and (2),
= 24 + 48 – 51 = 72 – 51 = 21 (3x + 7)2 – 84x = (3x – 7)2
5. (i) First expression = 5m (3 – m) = (5m × 3) – (5m × m) (ii) L.H.S. = (9p – 5q)2 + 180pq
= 15m – 5m2 = {(9p)2 – 2(9p)(5q) + (5q)2} + 180pq
Now adding the second expression to it,15m – 5m2 = (81p2 – 90pq + 25q2) + 180 pq
+ 6m2 – 13m = m2 + 2m = 81p2 + (180 pq – 90pq) + 25q2
(ii) The first expression = 4y (3y + 5y – 7) = (4y × 3y2)
2
Combining the like terms
+ (4y × 5y) + (4y × (–7)) 2
= 81p + 90pq + 25q 2
= 12y3 + 20y2 – 28y R.H.S. = (9p + 5q)2
The second expression = 2 (y3 – 4y2 + 5) = 2y3 + 2 = (9p)2 + 2(9p)(5q) + (5q)2
× (– 4y2) + 2 × 5 = 81p2 + 90pq + 25q2 …(2)
= 2y3 – 8y2 + 10
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 215

From eqns. (1) and (2), L.H.S = (10000) × x

(9 p – 5q)2 + 180pq = (9p + 5q)2 Comparing L.H.S and R.H.S, we get
2 10000x = 10000 × 9964
æ4 3 ö
(iii) L.H.S. = ç m - n÷ + 2mn 10000 ´ 9964
è3 4 ø
or x= = 9964
2 2 10000
æ4 ö æ4 öæ3 ö æ3 ö
= ç m÷ - 2 ç m÷ ç m÷ + ç m÷ + 2mn 1
è3 ø è3 øè4 ø è4 ø 6. Given that x + = 1
x
16 2 9 2
= m - 2mn + n 2 + 2mn æ 1ö
9 16 So, ç x + ÷ = 25
è xø
2 2
16 2 9 æ 1ö 1 æ1ö
= m + ( 2mn - 2mn ) + n 2 2
Now, ç x + ÷ = x + 2 ´ x ´ + ç ÷ [Using Identity
9 16 è xø x èxø
Combining the like terms 1
(a + b)2 = a2 +2ab + b2, with a = x and b = ]
16 2 9 2 x
= m + n = R.H.S.
9 16 æ 1 ö 1
= x 2 + 2 + ç 2 ÷ Þ x2 + 2 = 25 – 2 = 23
(iv) L.H.S. = (4pq + 3q)2 – (4pq – 3q)2 èx ø x
= {(4pq)2 + 2(4pq) (3q) + (3q)2} 7. –2b3 [Using identify a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + b2 + ab)]
–{(4pq)2 – 2(4pq) (3q) + (3q)2} 8. (i) x4 – y4 (ii) a4 + 2a2b2 +b4
= (16p2q2 + 24pq2 + 9q2) – (16p2q2 – 24pq2 + 9q2) 9. 225
= (16p2q2 + 24pq2 + 9q2) – 16p2q2 + 24pq2 – 9q2 10. 72
= (16p2q2 – 16p2q2) + (24pq2 + 24pq2) + (9q2 – 9q2) 11. 3a2 +ab 7ac +2b2 – 6bc – 4c2
Combining the like terms 12. 62
2
= 48 pq = R.H.S.
HOTS Questions :
(v) L.H.S. = (a – b) (a + b) + (b – c) (b + c) + (c – a) (c + a)
= a2 – b2 + b2 – c2 + c2 – a2 Using identity III
1. 4a2 + 2b2 – 7xy – 5
= (a2 – a2) + (b2 – b2) + (c2 – c2)
Combining the like terms –4a2 + 5b2 + 3xy + 2
+ – – –
= 0 = R.H.S. 2 2
8a – 3b – 10xy – 7
11. (i) 200 (ii) 0.08 (iii) 1800 (iv) 84
12. (i) 10712 (ii) 26.52 (iii) 10094 (iv) 95.06 2. We have,
(5a6) × ( –10ab2) × (–2.1a2b3)
Exemplar Questions : = (5 × – 10 × – 2.1 ) × (a6 × a × a2 × b2 × b3)
æ 21 ö
1. –pqr (p2 + q2 + r2) = ç 5 ´ -10 ´ - ÷ ´ (a 6 ´ a ´ a 2 ´ b2 ´ b3 )
è 10 ø
= – (pqr) × p2 – (pqr) × q2 – (pqr) × r2 = 105a6 + 1 + 2 b2 + 3 = 105a9b5
= – p3qr – pq3r – pqr3
1
2. (px + qy) (ax – by) Putting a = 1 and b = , we have
2
= px (ax – by) + qy (ax – by) 5
= apx2 – pbxy + aqxy – qby2 æ1ö 1 105
105a 9 b5 = 1045 ´ (1)9 ´ ç ÷ = 105 ´1´ =
3. 497 × 505 = (500 – 3) (500 + 5) è2ø 32 32
3. (i) We have,
= 5002 + (–3 + 5) × 500 + (–3) (5)
15a2 – 6a(a – 2) + a(3 +7a)
[using] (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab] = 15a2 – 6a2 + 12a + 3a + 7a2
= 250000 + 1000 – 15 = 250985 = 15a2 – 6a2 + 7a2 + 12a + 3
4. 2.07 × 1.93 = (2 + 0.07) (2 – 0.07) = 16a2 + 15a
= 22 – (0.07)2 = 3.9951 (ii) We have,
5. R.H.S = (9982)2 – (18)2 x2(1 – 3y2) + x(xy2 – 2x) – 3y(y – 4x2y)
= x2 × 1 – 3y2 × x2 + x × xy2 – x × 2x – 3y × y + 3y × 4x2y
= (9982 + 18) (9982 – 18)
= x2 – 3x2y2 + x2y2 – 2x2 – 3y2 + 12x2y2
[Since (a2 – b2) = (a + b)(a – b)]
= (x2 – 2x2) + ( –3x2y2 + x2y2 + 12x2y2) – 3y2
= (10000) × (9964) = –x2 + 10x2y2 – 3y2
 EBD_7034
216 Mathematics
4. We have, 9. (d) (0.9)2 – (0.6)2 = (0.9 + 0.6) (0.9 – 0.6)
(3x – 2) (x – 1) (3x + 5) = (1.5) (0.3)
= {(3x – 2)(x – 1)} × (3x + 5) = 0.45
= { 3x(x – 1) – 2(x – 1)} × (3x + 5) 10. (a) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2
= (3x2 – 3x – 2x + 2) × (3x +5)
= (3x2 – 5x + 2) × (3x +5) = a2 + b2 + 2ab + a2 + b2 – 2ab
= 3x2 × (3x +5) – 5x (3x + 5) + 2 × (3x +5) = 2a2 + 2b2.
= (9x3 + 15x2) + (–15x2 – 25x) + (6x + 10) 11. (a) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2
= 9x3 + 15x2 – 15x2 – 25x + 6x +10 = a2 + b2 + 2ab – (a2 + b2 – 2ab)
= 9x3 – 19x +10
2 2 2 2
5. We have, = a + b + 2ab – a – b + 2ab
LHS = 2a2 + 2b2 +2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = 4ab.
= (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2) + (c2 – 2ca + a2)
[ Re-arranging the terms] 12. (d) 3q + 7p2 – 2r3 + 4 – [4p2 – 2q + 7r3 – 3]
= (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 3q + 7p2 – 2r3 + 4 – 4p2 +2q – 7r3 + 3
= R.H.S. = 3p2 – 9r3 + 5q + 7
Hence, 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = (a – b)2
13. (d) (3a2 – 4ax + x2) × (5x2 – 2ax)
+ ( b – c)2 + (c – a)2
= (3a2 – 4ax + x2) × 5x2 – (3a2 – 4ax + x2) × 2ax
= 15a2x2 – 20ax3 + 5x4 – 6a3x + 8a2x2 – 2ax3
= 23a2x2 – 22ax3 + 5x4 – 6a3x
14. (a) Other binomial = 5x2 – 6x – (3x2 – 2x)
Single Option Correct :
= 5x2 – 6x – 3x2 + 2x
1. (c) (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 = 2x2 _ 4x
\ Expanded from of (x + y)2 is a trinomial
15. (a) Cost of a notebook
2. (b) (x2 + 3x + 5) × (x2 – 1)
= (x 2 × x 2 ) + (3x × x 2 )+ (5 × x 2 ) = ` 3a2 – 4ab + 6b2
+ [x2 × (– 1)] + [ 3x × (– 1)]+ [5 (– 1)] Cost of 5a2b2 notebooks
= x + 3x3 + 5x2 – x2 – 3x – 5
4 = ` [3a2 – 4ab + 6b2) (5a2 b2)]
= x4 + 3x3 + 4x2 – 3x – 5 = ` (15a4 b2 – 20 a3 b3 + 30 a2 b4)

(2 x 2 - 5 y 2 )
16. (c) (0.8m + 1.1n)(0.8 m – 1.1n)
= (2 x 2 ) - 2 (2 x2 ) (5 y 2 ) + (5 y 2 )
2 2 2
3. (c)
= (0.8m)2 – (1.1n)2
(2 x 2 - 5 y 2 )
2
= 4 x 4 - 20 x 2 y 2 + 25 y 4 = 0.64m2 – 1.21n2
[Using identity a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
4. (c) 4a + 5b - 3c
± 3a m 3b ± c 17. (c) Sum of (a – 5) ( a – 2) + (a2 + 6a + 7)
___________
a + 8b - 4c = a2 – 2a –5a + 10 + a2 + 6a + 7
= 2a2 – 7a + 6a + 10 + 7
5. (b) 5m2n × (–3mnp) × (–5n2p) = 75m3n4p2. = 2a2 – a + 17
6. (a) 3x2y2 (5x2 – 4xy + 6y2)
\2a2 – a + 17 – (– a2 – 2a + 1)
= 15x4y2 – 12x3y3 + 18y4x2
= 2a2 – a + 17 + a2 + 2a – 1
7. (a) 3a 2 - 6ab - 3b 2 - 1 = 3a2 + a + 16
± 4a 2 m 7ab m 4b 2 ± 1
_________________ More Than One Option Correct :
- a 2 + ab + b 2 - 2
_________________
1. (c, d)
æ 5 ö æ 15 25 ö 3 2. (b, d)
3 æ5ö
8. (c) çè 3 + ÷ø ç 9 - + 2 ÷ = 3 + ç ÷ 3. (a, b)
x è x x ø è xø 4. (a, b, c, d)
125 5. (a,d) : 232 – 222 = (23 +22) (23 – 22) = 45
= 27 + 3 [Using identity (a2 – b2) = (a + b) (a – b)]
x
At x = 1, 6. (b, d) ( 60 – 4) (60 – 6)
= [ 60 + (–4)][60 + (–6)]
125 125 [Using identity : (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab]
27 + = 27 + = 27 + 125 = 152. 2
3
x 13 = (60) + (–4 – 6) × 60 + (–4) × (– 6)
= 3600 – 600 + 24 = 3024
Algebraic Expressions and Identities 217

Passage Based Questions : = (30)2 + ( 6 +4) × 30 + 24

= 900 +300 + 24 = 1224.
1. (b) Yes, it is a polynomial in x and y 5. (1) (4a2 + 3b)(4a2 + 3b) = (4a2 +3b)2
degree = 5. = 16a4 + 9b2 + 24a2b
–11 When a = 1, b = 2
2. (a) Constant term =
3 16(1)4 + 9(2)2 + 24 × (1)2 × 2
–5
3. (c) x 16 +36 + 48 = 100.
6
k ÷ 100 = 100 ÷ 100 = 1
4. (a) 25x = (536 – 136) (536 + 136) = (400) (672)
(997 + 496) 2 - (997 - 496) 2
6. (4)
Þ 25x = 268800 Þ x = 10752 997 ´ 496

5. (b) (10000)2 – (9999)2 (997)2 + (496)2 + 2 ´ 997 ´ 496 - (997)2

(10000 + 9999) (10000 – 9999) = 19999 -(496)2 + 2 ´ 997 ´ 496

=
997 ´ 496
6. (d) (4000)2 – (3999)2 + (9000)2 – (8999)2
4 ´ 997 ´ 496
= =4
= (4000 + 3999) (4000 – 3999) +(9000 – 8999) (9000 + 8999) 997 ´ 496

= 7999 + 17999 = 25998 ADVANCED EXERCISE

BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

Assertion & Reason : 1. (c) a + b + c = 15

Þ (a + b + c)2 = 152
1. (c) Assertion is true but Reason is false. When the terms
Þ a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 225
have same literal factors they are called like terms.
Þ 77 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 225 Þ ab + bc + ca = 74
2. (c) Constant terms are terms of the expression having no
literal factor. It has fixed numerical value. 1
2. (c) Given x – =7
3. (a) 99 × 101 = (100 – 1) (100 + 1) = (100)2 – 12 x
= 10000 – 1 = 9999 Cubing both the sides
[Using identity : a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)] æ 1ö
3
3
4. (d) –8abc + 4bac = – 8abc + 4abc = – 4abc is a monomial. çx- ÷ = 7
è xø
Multiple Matching Questions : 3
1æ 1ö æ1ö
Þ x3 – 3. x. ç x – ÷ – ç ÷ = 343
1. (A) ® (r, t); (B) ® (p, s); (C) ® (q) xè xø èxø

Integer Type Questions : æ 1ö

3
Þ x3 – 3 ( 7) – ç ÷ = 343
1. (0) Using the identity è xø
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2 + 2ab + 2bc +2ca
25a2 + 16b2 + 9 + 40ab – 24b – 30a 1
Þ x3 – = 343 + 21
= (5a)2 + (4b)2 + (–3)2 + 2 × 5a × 4b + 2 × 4b x3
× ( –3) + 2 × 5a × (–3)
1
= (5a + 4b – 3) 2 Þ x3 – = 364
x3
\ Required value = (5 × (–1) + 4 × 2 – 3)2
= (–5 + 8 – 3)2 = (–8 + 8)2 = 0 3. (a) If a + b + c = 0, then
2. (1) 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
At x = 1 and y = – 1 (25)3 + (–10)3 + (–15)3
25(1)2 + 16 (–1)2 + 40(1) (–1)
= 3(25) (–10) (–15)
= 25 + 16 – 40 = 1.
= 11250
1 3 2x
3. (0) 3x – x + x – 4x = –x + = –x + x = 0 4. (a) (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
2 2 2
4. (4) 36 × 34 = (30 +6) ( 30 +4) = a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
[Using (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + ( a + b)x + ab
 EBD_7034
218 Mathematics

Chap
ter Visualising
10 Solid-Shapes

INTRODUCTION

In our daily use we encounter lot of things of different shapes and sizes.

For example : Mobile phones, Dice, Pipes, Balls, Gas Cylinder, Pencil, Pen, Shoeboxes, Marbles, Oranges, Ice-cream cones,
Traffic cones, Funnels etc.
Can you identify the various kinds of shapes from the above list and sort them out. This chapter will enable you to see how the
dimensions of rectangular prisms, cylinders, and other solid shapes can be drastically different.
Solid things aren't what they look like from a distance. If you see a cylindrical pipe standing vertically from a distance, it looks
like a rectangle to you but when you approach the pipe, you find it to be cylindrical. In the present chapter, we will study about
different solid shapes and how they look when viewed from different angles.
Visualising Solid-Shapes 219

SOLIDS
Anything that occupies space and has three dimensions viz, length, breadth and height ( or depth) is called a solid or a three-
dimensional figure.
Wherever you are, whether in your sweet home, your classroom, in a train or in an aeroplane, you come across various solid figures
such as books, pencils, houses, bricks, refrigerators, footballs, cricket bats, tables etc.
Parts of a Solid
Faces, Edges and Vertices are the different parts of solids. Lets have a look at the following solids to understand them more.

Vertex (8) Pyramid Vertex (5) Vertex (4)

(i) (ii) (iii)
Face (6) with square Tetrahedron
base Face (5) Face (4)

Edge (12)
Edge (8) Edge (6)
Cuboid

(a) Face is each flat surface of the solid.

(b) Vertex is the point (corner) where three faces of a solid meet.
(c) Edge is the line segment that is intersection of two faces.
Now based on the above definitions, we will find out how many vertices, edges and faces each of the solids have.

VARIOUS TYPES OF SOLID

I. Some Common Types of Solids:
Flat Curved
face face

Curved edge
Curved
face

Flat face
Solid Cube Cuboid Sphere Cylinder Cone
Vertices 8 8 0 0 1
Edges 12 12 0 2 Curved edges 2 Curved edges
Faces 6 flat 6 flat 1 Curved face 3(2 flat, 1 curved) 2(1flat, 1 curved)

II. Polyhedrons
A polyhedron is a geometric solid with faces and straight edges. A polyhedron may be classified according to the number of its
faces, as shown below.

4 faces 6 faces 8 faces 10 faces

Tetrahedron Hexahedron Octahedron Decahedron
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NON-POLYHEDRON
Non-polyhedra are the solids that have curved surfaces, or a mix of both flat and curved surfaces. These solids are not made of
polygons.
Example: Spheres, Cylinders and Cones.

Sphere Cylinder Cone

CONVEX POLYHEDRON
The diagonal of a polyhedron is an imaginary line that connects the vertices through the body of the solid figure. A polyhedron is
classified as convex if all the diagonals lie entirely inside the polyhedron.

These are convex polyhedrons These are not convex or concave polyhedrons

PRISMS AND PYRAMIDS

Two important members of polyhedron family are prisms and pyramids. So, let us know about these two polyhedrons.
I. Prisms
A prism is a solid formed by joining two congruent plane shapes together with straight line. The two congruent shapes called the
bases, are parallel and determine the name of the prism.
For example : A rectangular prism is formed by joining two identical rectangles together with straight lines.

Solids Rectangular Square Triangular Pentagonal Hexagonal

Prism (cuboid) Prism (cube) Prism Prism Prism
Vertices 8 8 6 10 12
Edges 12 12 9 15 18
Faces 6 6 5 7 8
(All rectangles) (All squares) 2 triangles 2 Pentagons 2 hexagon
3 rectangles 5 rectangles 6 rectangles
Visualising Solid-Shapes 221

II. Pyramids
A pyramid is any three-dimensional solid where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge at one point. It has one base
(usually a polygon). A pyramid is named according to the shape of its base.
For example : A Pyramid with pentagonal base is a pentagonal pyramid.

Solids

Triangular Rectangle Pentagonal Hexagonal

Pyramid Pyramid Pyramid Pyramid
Vertices 4 5 6 7
Edges 6 8 10 12
Faces 4 5 6 7
(All Triangles) 4 Triangles 5 Triangles 6 Triangles
1 Rectangle 1 Pentagon 1 Hexagon

PLATONIC SOLIDS
These solids are also known as regular polyhedrons. In a regular polyhedron, the same number of polygons meet at each vertex. Only
five regular polyhedrons exist: the tetrahedron (four triangular faces), the cube (six square faces), the octahedron (8 triangular faces),
the dodecahedron (12 pentagonal faces), and the icosahedron (20 triangular faces).
Tetrahedron Cube
• 3 triangles meet at each vertex • 3 squares meet at each vertex
• 4 Faces • 6 Faces
• 4 Vertices • 8 Vertices
• 6 Edges • 12 Edges

Octahedron Dodecahedron
• 4 triangles meet at each vertex • 3 pentagons meet at each vertex
• 8 Faces • 12 Faces
• 6 Vertices • 20 Vertices
• 12 Edges • 30 Edges

Icosahedron
• 5 triangles meet at each vertex
• 20 Faces
• 12 Vertices
• 30 Edges

EULER’S RULE
As you have already studied, the closed space figures have faces, vertices and edges. There is some relationship among the number
of faces, vertices and edges.
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222 Mathematics
Number of faces + Number of vertices = Number of edges + 2
or F + V = E + 2
or F + V – E = 2
This simple relationship among the number of vertices (v), the number of faces (f) and the number of edges (E) is known as
Euler’s formula. This rule was discovered by Leonhard Euler, a famous mathematician.
The following table verifies the Euler’s Formula for the different solids.

Name of Solid Faces Vertices Edges F + V – E= 2

Cube 6 8 12 6 + 8 – 12 = 2
Pentagonl Prism 7 10 15 7 + 10 – 15 = 2
Terahedron 4 4 6 4+4–6=2
Hexagonal Pyramid 7 7 12 7 + 7 – 12 = 2
Triangular Prism 5 6 9 5+6–9=2
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Find the number of vertices in a polyhedron with 10 faces and 20 edges.
SOLUTION :
Here, F = 10, E = 20 and V = ?
Using Eulers formula: E = V + F – 2
Þ 20 = V + 10 – 2 Þ V = 20 – 8
Þ V = 12
Thus the given solid will have 12 vertices.

DIFFERENT VIEWS OF A SOLID

3-dimensional objects can look different from different positions. Thus they can be drawn from different perspectives.
For example, the following objects when viewed from different positions look like:
(1) Top view (2) Side view (3) Front view
We shall understand it by a few examples :
Front view Side view Top view
Top

1. Side 1.
Front

2. 2.

Front view Side View Top view

We can also get different views of figures made by joining cubes. For example,
Top

Front
Side
Solid Side view Front view Top view
made of three cubes
Visualising Solid-Shapes 223

Top

Side
Front
Solid Top view Front view Side view
made of four cubes

NETS OF SOLIDS
A net of a solid is the outline of its faces joined together from which a model of the solid can be made.
Nets of some of the solid figures are shown below.

Cuboid Triangular prism Cylinder Cone Rectangular pyramid Tetrahedron Hexagonal prism
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224 Mathematics

1. Using Euler’s formula, find the unknown

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Faces 8 y 20 6
Vertices x 5 14 w
Edges 12 9 z 12

Sol. From Euler’s formula,

F+ V= E + 2
(i) Here, F = 8, V = x, E = 12 (ii) Here, F = y, V = 5, E = 9
\ 8 + x = 12 + 2 \ y+ 5= 9 + 2
Þ x = 14 – 8 = 6 Þ y = 11 – 5 = 6
(iii) Here, F = 20, V = 14, E = z (iv) Here, E = 6, V = w, E = 12
\ 20 + 14 = z + 2 \ 6 + w = 12 + 2
Þ z = 32 Þ w = 14 – 6 = 8
2. Draw rough sketches of the
(i) front - view
(ii) side - view and
(iii) top - view for the given figure
Front
Sol. As per given figure
(i) Front - view (ii) side - view (iii) Top - view

3. Draw rough sketches of the top, side and front view of the following figure.
Top

Side

Front
Sol.

Top - view

Side - view Front - view

Visualising Solid-Shapes 225

Fill in the Blanks : True / False :

DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). answer as true or false.

1. Solids are shown on paper by their ______representations. 1. The length of a prism is the portion of the axis that lies
between the perpendicular ends.
2. If all corners of a polygon are joined to a point not lying in
2. All faces other than the bases of a prism are known as its
its plane, we get a ______.
lateral faces.
3. The side faces of a pyramid form its______. 3. The lines of perpendiculars of the lateral faces of a prism
4. The end on which a prism may be supposed to stand is are called the lateral edges of the prism.
called______ of the prism. 4. A prism is called a regular prism if ends are regular polygons.
5. A prism is called a right prism if its lateral edges are parallel
5. The perpendicular distance between the ends of a prism is to its ends.
called the ______ of the prism. 6. The cuboid can cast a shadow in the shape of a square.
6. The straight line joining the centres of the ends of a prism 7. A triangular pyramid have 4 faces, 4 vertices and 6 edges.
is called the ______ of the prism. 8. A square pyramid has square base and triangles on the
four lateral sides.
7. A pyramid is called a quadrilateral pyramid if its base
9. All the nets of a cube has 5 square polygon.
is______.

Match the Columns :

DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D, …)
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s, ....) in column-II.
1. Column -I Column -II
Figure of prisms (with given edges) Nets with area of faces

(A) (p)

(B) (q)

(C) (r)

(D) (s)

(E) (t)
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Very Short Answer Questions : Short Answer Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
1. Verify the Euler’s formula for a Octahedron. 1. Define the below given terms which are related to pyramid.
2. How many equal triangular faces does a regular pentagonal (i) Vertex (ii) Height
pyramid have? (iii) Axis (iv) Lateral edges
(v) Lateral faces
3. Name the solids that have :
2. Draw nets for each of the following polyhedron
(i) 4 faces (ii) 1 curved surface
(iii) 6 faces (iv) 5 faces and 5 vertices
(v) 5 triangular faces
(vi) 6 rectangular faces and 2 hexagonal faces. (i) (ii)
4. Name the different plane shapes needed to draw the net of: a cuboid
(i) a cube (ii) a triangular prism a tetrahedron
(iii) a triangular pyramid (iv) a cylinder

5. Name the solid that would be formed by each net.

(iii) (iv)

(i) (ii) (iii)

a quadrilateral pyramid octahedron
3. Verify the Euler formula for the given figure.
6. Define the “net of the polyhedron”.
7. Is it possible to have more than one net for a polyhedron?
8. Draw the correct picture of the given net.
(i) (ii)

4. Draw the top view, front view and side view of the given
figure.

9. Name the solid having no flat faces and no vertices.

10. Give the base-design for the given solid.

5. Using Euler’s formula, find the unknown.

Faces x 10 40 12 8
Vertices 12 y 24 w 16
Front Edges 24 18 z 24 v
11. Draw the top, side and front views of the following figure.
6. Draw the net pattern for the given solid.
Top

Side
Front
Visualising Solid-Shapes 227

7. Draw the top view of the dice.

Long Answer Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.

1. Draw the front-view, side-view and top-view of the following

arrangement of cubes.

8. Draw the front view of the given figure.

9. Draw the top view of the figure made up of cubes joined

together 2. Draw rough sketches of nets for the following solids.

Top

Side

(i) A cube
Front

10. Find the number of vertices in a polyhedron which has

30 edges and 12 faces.

11. Using Euler’s formula, find the unknown:

Faces 4 25
Vertices ? 12 (ii) A triangular prism
Edges 7 ?
12. Name the polyhedron that has following net pattern.

(iii) A hexagonal prism

13. The below given net is made up of two equilateral triangles

and three rectangles.

8cm (iv) A pentagonal pyramid

6cm
6cm 6cm
(i) Name the solid it represents.
(ii) How many faces, edges and vertices does this solid
have?
 EBD_7034
228 Mathematics

Text-Book Exercise :
1. For each given below solid, identify the top view, front view and side view.

(i)

(a) (b) (c)

(ii)

(a) (b) (c)

(iii)

(a) (b) (c)

(iv)

(a) (b) (c)

2. Draw the front view, side view and top view of the given objects.
(i) A military tent (ii) A table
Visualising Solid-Shapes 229

(iii) A nut (iv) A dice

3. Can a polyhedron have for its faces

(i) 3 triangles? (ii) 4 triangles? (iii) a square and four triangles?
4. Which are prisms among the following?

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

A nail Unsharpened pencil A table weight A box

5. ( i) How are prisms and cylinders alike? (ii) How are pyramids and cones alike?
6. Is a square prism same as a cube? Explain.
7. Verify Euler’s formula for these solids.

(i) (ii)

8. Using Euler’s formula find the unknown.

Faces ? 5 20
Vertices 6 ? 12
Edges 12 9 ?
9. Can a polyhedron have 10 faces, 20 edges and 15 vertices?

Exemplar Questions :
1. Name the following polyhedrons and verify the Euler’s 4. For each of the following solids, identify the front, side
formula for each of them. and top views and write it in the space provided.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii) (b)

(i)
2. In a solid if F = V = 5, then find the number of edges in the
shape.
3. Complete the table given below: (c)
S.No. Solid Number Number Number F+ V
of faces of vertices of edges =E+2
(F) (V) (E)
(i) Cuboid (a)
(ii) Square (ii)
Pyramid (b)
(iii) Cube
(iv) Heptagonal (c)
Prism
 EBD_7034
230 Mathematics
5. Identify the nets given below and mention the name of the HOTS Questions :
corresponding solid.
1. Name a geometric solid that is not polyhedra. Explain why
not?
2. How are a pyramid and a cone alike ? How are they
(i) (ii) different?
3. Can a polyhedron have 12 faces, 22 edges and 17 vertices?
4. Can a polyhedron have 14. faces, 20 edges and 8 vertices ?
5. Verify Euler’s formula for the given figures.

(iii) (iv)

(i) (ii)
(v) (vi)

Single Option Correct :

DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.

Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONLY ONE is correct.
1. Which of these nets matches that of a cube? (a) (b)

(c) (d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

5. In which of the following solids has the least number of
2. Which of these nets matches that of a cuboid?
vertices
(a) Cone (b) Cylinder
(c) Cube (d) Pyramid
6. Which of the following is a solid ?
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) Triangle (b) Cone
3. Which of these nets matches that of a cylinder? (c) Rhombus (d) Circle
7. How many faces a cube has?
(a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 5 (d) 4
8. Which of the following is/are true about triangular Pyramid?
(a) It has 4 faces (b) It has 7 edges
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) It has 5 vertices (d) None of these
4. Which of the following picture is the correct for the given
net ?
Visualising Solid-Shapes 231

9. How many equal triangular faces does a regular pentagonal

pyramid have?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) (b)
(c) 6 (d) 3
10. A polyhedron has 11 faces and 18 vertices. Find the number
of edges.
(a) 15 (b) 27
(c) 33 (d) 21 (c) (d)
11. How many faces does the solid in the given figure have?

More Than One Option Correct :

(a) 5 (b) 7 DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.

(c) 8 (d) 9 Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONE or MORE may be correct.
12. A solid has forty faces and sixty edges. Find the number
of vertices of the solid. 1. Which of the following(s) represents the Euler’s formula?
(a) 20 (b) 22
(a) F + V – E = 2
(c) 24 (d) 26
(b) F + V = 2 + E
13. Which of the given geometric solids has the maximum
(c) F + V – 2 = E
number of vertices?
(d) E + F = V
(a) Cone (b) Cylinder
(c) Cuboid (d) Pyramid 2. Given below are 4 nets. Which of them is the correct net of
an equilateral triangular pyramid?
14. If F = n and E = n + 1, then using Eulers formula, the value
of V, is:
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
15. The adjacent figure shows 3 different views of a three-
dimensional figure made from cubes. Which could be a (a) (b) (c) (d)
drawing of the figure? Assertion & Reason :

DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion

followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
the one that best describes the two statements.
Top view front view side view
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) (b) (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
(c) (d) 1. Assertion : A cube, a cuboid, a pyramid, a prism and a
tetrahedron are convex polyhedrons.
16. Which of the following solids can be formed from the net in Reason : For any polyhedron, F + V = 2 + E
the given figure?
2. Assertion : A right prism is called a right triangular prism if
its ends are triangles.
Reason : A triangular prism is called a right triangular prism
if its lateral edges are perpendicular to its ends.
3. Assertion: The following net be a net for a perfect die.
 EBD_7034
232 Mathematics
2. If F = 4 and V = 3, then find the value of E (Use Euler’s
1 2 formula)
3. A square pyramid is shown in the figure. Total number of
3 4 edges, vertices and lateral faces are denoted by E, V and F.
Find F + V – E.
5 6

Reason: The total number of dots on the opposite faces of

a perfect die is equal to seven.
Integer Type Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to 4. How many number of edges are there in a triangular prism?
each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9. 5. How many number of vertices are there in a pentagonal
pyramid?
1. Count the number of cubes in the given shapes. 6. In the Euler’s formula V + F = E + 2, if V = 5, F = 4, then find
the value of E?
7. How many number of triangular faces are there in a
Octahedron?
Visualising Solid-Shapes 233

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

7. Yes
8.

Fill in the Blanks :

1. Two dimensional. 2. Pyramid
3. lateral surface 4. base
5. height 6. Axis 9. A sphere (Ball)
7. quadrilateral 10. Base – Design of the given solid is
True / False :
3 3
1. False, It should lies between the parallel ends.
2. True 2 2
3. False, the lines of intersection of the lateral faces of a prism 1 1
are called lateral edges.
4. True
5. False, A prism is a right prism if its lateral edges are ^ to 11.
its ends (bases).
6. False, A cuboid always casts a rectangular shadow. Top view Front view Side view
7. True, Triangular pyramid has 4 faces, 4 vertices and 6 edges.
8. True, pyramids are named after their bases and the other Short Answer Questions :
faces are triangular. 1. (i) Vertex = The common vertex of the triangular faces of
9. Flase, Since a cube has 6 square faces. a pyramid is called the vertex of the pyramid.
\ Net must contains 6 square polygons. (ii) Height = The height of a pyramid is the length of the
Match the Columns : perpendicular from the vertex to the base.
1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q); (E) ® (t) (iii) Axis = The axis of a pyramid is the straight line joining
the vertex to the central point of the base.
Very Short Answer Questions : (iv) Lateral edges : The edges through the vertex of a
1. Euler’s Formula : pyramid are known as its lateral edges.
Number of faces + number of vertices = Number of edges (v) Lateral faces : The side faces of a pyramid are known
+2 as its lateral faces.
L.H.S = 8 + 6 = 14
R.H.S = 12 + 2 = 14 2. (i) (ii)
\ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Hence Euler’s Formula is verified.
2. 5 faces
3. (i) Triangular Pyramid
(ii) Sphere
(iii) Cuboid (iii) (iv)
(iv) Square Based Pyramid
(v) Pentagonal Pyramid
(vi) Hexagonal Prism
4. (i) Square
(ii) Rectangle, Triangle 3. Euler Formula :
(iii) Triangle (i) Number of faces + Number of Vertices
(iv) Circle, rectangle = Number of edges + 2
5. (i) Triangular Pyramid L.H.S = 9 + 14 = 23
(ii) Square Based Pyramid R.H.S = 21 + 2 = 23
(iii) Hexagonal Pyramid \ L.H.S = R.H.S
6. A pattern that folds to form a polyhedron is called the net
Hence Euler Formula is verified.
of the polyhedron.
 EBD_7034
234 Mathematics
Euler Formula : V = 2 + 18
(ii) Number of faces + Number of Vertices V = 20
= Number of edges + 2 11. By using Euler’s formula, we have
L.H.S = 4 + 4 = 8 Þ F+ V= E + 2
R.H.S = 6 + 2 = 8 Þ 4+V=7+2
\ L.H.S = R.H.S Þ V= 9–4=5
Hence Euler Formula is verified. Hence, the required number of vertices is 5.
Also, E + 2 = F + V
4. Top view : Þ E + 2 = 25 + 12 Þ E = 37 – 2 = 35
Hence, the required number of edges is 35.
12. Hexagonal pyramid
Front view : 13. (i) Triangular Prism
(ii) No.of faces = 5
No. of edges = 9
Side view: No. of vertices = 6
Long Answer Questions :
5. Euler’s Formula :
Number of faces + Number of Vertices 1.
= Number of edges + 2
or
F +V = E + 2 Front-view Side-view (Right)
(a) x + 12 = 24 + 2 Þ x = 26 – 12 = 14
(b) 10 + y = 18 + 2 Þ y = 10
(c) 40 + 24 = z + 2 Þ z = 62
(d) 12 + w = 24 + 2 Þ w = 14
(e) 8 + 16 = V + 2 Þ V = 22 Top-view

6.
2.

(i) Net of a cube (ii) Net of a triangular prism

7.

8.
(iii) Net of a hexagonal (iv) Net of a pentagonal
prism pyramid
9.
Top view
10. For any polyhedron, Text-Book Exercise :
F+V–E=2
1. (i) (a) Side; (b) Front; (c) Top
Here, F = 12, V = ?, E = 30
(ii) (a) Top; (b) Side; (c) Front
Using above formula,
(iii) (a) Side; (b) Front; (c) Top
12 + V – 30 = 2
(iv) (a) Front; (b) Top; (c) Side
V – 18 = 2
Visualising Solid-Shapes 235

9. Here, F = 10; E = 20; V = 15

So, F + V = 10 + 15 = 25
E + 2 = 20 + 2 = 22
2. (i) Q F+V¹E +2
\ Such a polyhedron is not possible.
Front view Side view Top view
Exemplar Questions :

(ii) 1. S.No. Polyhedron F V F+V E F+V –E

(i) Tetrahedron 4 4 8 6 2
(ii) Cuboid 6 8 14 12 2
Front view Side view Top view (iii) Pentagonal 7 10 17 15 2
prism
2. (8)
3. (i) 6, 8, 12, 14, 14
(iii)
(ii) 5, 5, 8, 10, 10
Front view Side view Top view (iii) 6, 8, 12, 14, 14
(iv) 9, 14, 21, 23, 23
(iv) 4. (i) (a) Front View
(b) Side View
(c) Top view
Front view Side view Top view
(ii) (a) side view
3. (i) No; (ii) Yes; (iii) Yes (b) Top view
4. Only (ii) and (iv) (c) Front view
5. (i) A prism becomes a cylinder as the number of sides 5. (i) Cube
of its base becomes larger and larger. (ii) Cuboid
(ii) A pyramid becomes a cone as the number of sides (iii) Cylinder
of its base becomes larger and larger. (iv) Cone
6. No. It can be a cuboid also (v) Square Pyramid
7. (i) F = 7; V = 10; E = 15 (vi) Triangular Prism
F + V = 7 + 10 = 17 HOTS Questions :
E + 2 = 15 + 2 = 17 1. A sphere has only one surface (which is curved). Hence
So, F + V = E + 2 sphere is not a polyhedra.
Hence, Euler’s formula verified. 2. A pyramid and a cone are alike in the sense that
(ii) F = 9; V = 9; E = 16 (i) Base of both pyramid and cone are plane surface.
F + V = 9 + 9 = 18
(ii) Lateral surface of both pyramid and cone converge at
E + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18 a point.
So, F + V = E + 2
A pyramid and a cone are different in the sense that
Hence, Euler’s formula is verified.
(i) Base of the pyramid is always a polygon but base of
8. (i) F + V = E + 2
the cone is always a circle.
Þ F + 6 = 12 + 2
(ii) Lateral surfaces of a pyramid are always triangular but
Þ F + 6 = 14
lateral surface of the cone is always curved.
Þ F = 14 – 6 = 8
3. Euler’s Formula for polyhedron :
(ii) F + V = E + 2
(No. of faces) + (No. of vertices) = (No. of edges) + 2
Þ 5+V=9+2
L.H.S = 12 + 17 = 29
Þ 5 + V = 11
Þ V = 11 – 5 = 6 R.H.S. = 22 + 2 = 24
(iii) F + V = E + 2 \ L.H.S ¹ R.H.S.
Þ 20 + 12 = E + 2 Thus Euler’s formula for given number of faces, edges
Þ 32 = E + 2 and vertices is not satisfied.
Þ E = 32 – 2 Therefore there can not be polyhedra of the given
Þ E = 30 number of faces, edges and vertices.
 EBD_7034
236 Mathematics
4. Euler’s Formula for polyhedron : 40 + V – 60 = 2
(No. of faces) + (No. of Vertices) = (No. of edges) + 2 –20 + V = 2
L.H.S. = 14 + 8 = 22 V = 2 + 20
R.H.S. = 20 + 2 = 22 V = 22.
\ L.H.S. = R.H.S. 13. (c) Cuboid
Thus Euler’s Formula for given number of faces, edges It has 8 vertices
and vertices is satisfied. Therefore there can be polyhe-
Incorrect options
dra of the given number of faces, edges and vertices.
(1) Cone
5. Euler’s Formula for Polyhedron :
(i) L.H.S. = 7 + 10 = 17 It has only 1 (one) vertex.
R.H.S = 15 + 2 = 17 (2) Cylinder
\ L.H.S. = R.H.S. It has zero vertices.
Hence Euler’s Formula is verified. (4) Pyramid
(ii) L.H.S = 6 + 6 = 12 Here, no. of vertices depends on the shape of its
R.H.S. = 10 + 2 = 12 base.
\ L.H.S = R.H.S 14. (a) F = n
Hence Euler’s Formula is verified. E=n+1
Using Eulers Formula,
F+ V–E =2
V=E +2–F=n+1 +2–n =3
Single Option Correct :
15. (d)
1. (b) 2. (a)
3. (a) 4. (d)
5. (b) Cylinder has 0 vertex
6. (b) 7. (a)
8. (a) Since, triangular Pyramid has triangular base.

Faces = 4 16. (a)

Edges = 6
Vertices = 4 More than One Option Correct :
1. (a, b, c)
Triangular Pyramid 2. (a, c )
9. (b) 5 faces Assertion & Reason :
10. (b) Faces = 11 1. (c) Assertion is correct
Vertices = 18
Reason : F + V – E = 2
Using Eulers Formula,
Where F = number of faces
F+ V–E =2
V = number of vertices
E= F+V –2
E = number of edges
= 11 + 18 – 2
= 29 – 2 = 27 Hence, Reason is incorrect.
11. (d) 9 faces. 2. (a) Both Assertion & Reason are correct.
(4 triangular face, 4 square faces and 1 square base) 3. (d) Assertion : incorrect; Reason : correct
12. (b) For any polyhedron, In a perfect die the sum of dots on opposite faces is
F+V–E=2 seven.
Given, The total numbers of dots on the opposite faces is
F = 40 not equal to seven i.e., 6 + 3 = 9 ¹ 7
E = 60 4+1=5¹7
V=? Hence, the given net is not a net of a perfect die.
Visualising Solid-Shapes 237

Integer Type Questions :

1. (8) cubes 5. (6) vertices
2. (5) Q F = 4 and V = 3
We have Euler formula as:
F+V=E +2
Þ4+ 3= E+2
ÞE=5
3. (2) A square pyramid has 5 faces, 8 edges and 5 vertices.
So, 5 + 5 – 8 = 2 Pentagonal pyramid
no of vertices = 6
Edge
6. (7) Eulers formula is given by
4. (9)
V+ F= E + 2
Triangular prism
No. of edges = 9 Þ5+4=E+2 Þ 9=E +2 Þ E=9– 2=7
7. (8) No of triangular faces = 8
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238 Mathematics

Chap
ter Mensuration
11

In the broadest sense, mensuration is all about the process of measurement. Mensuration is based on the use of algebraic
equations and geometric calculations to provide measurement data regarding the width, depth and volume of a given object or
group of objects.
For example :You want to develop a house with 3 bedrooms, 1 hall and 1 kitchen on your plot of area equivalent to 1800 sqft. How
would you decide on the sizes of the rooms, kitchens etc.?
You need to buy a water tank, to be kept on the roof of your house, in order to suffice your daily water requirements. What shape
or volume you would like to go for?
The answers to all the above questions can be found out with the help of mensuration. In the present chapter, we will be
studying all this and much more.
Mensuration 239

In our previous classes we have learnt how to find the area of a rectangle, a square, a triangle or a parallelogram. In this chapter, we shall
learn to find the areas of some other simple. Closed figures such as rhombus, trapezium, quadrilateral etc.
1. Area of rectangle with sides l cm and b cm is given by A = l × b cm2
2. Area of a square of side x cm is given by
A = x × x = x2 cm2
3. Area of a triangle of base b and altitude h cm is

1
A= × b × h cm2
2
4. Area of a parallelogram of base b cm and height h cm is
A = b × h cm2
5. Area of circle = pr2 cm2 where ‘r’ is the radius of circle.

AREA OF TRAPEZIUM
Trapezium is a quadrilateral which has only one pair of opposite sides as parallel. The parallel sides (PQ and RS in the figure) are called
the bases of the trapezium and the perpendicular distance between them is called the height of the trapezium. Each diagonal divides
the trapezium into two triangles.
In the given figure,

b
S Base R

height h units
(h units)

P Base Q
a

1
Area of DPQS = × base × height
2

1 1
= × PQ × h = × a × h
2 2

1
Area of DQRS = × base × height
2

1 1
= × RS × h = × b × h
2 2
\ Area of trapezium PQRS = area of DPQS + area of DQRS

æ1 ö æ1 ö
= ç ´a´h÷ +ç ´b´h÷
è2 ø è2 ø

1
= ´ h ´ (a + b)
2

1
Thus, the area of a trapezium = ´ ( sum of the parallel sides ) ´ altitude
2
 EBD_7034
240 Mathematics
ILLUSTRATION : 1
The parallel sides of a trapezium are 18 m and 8 m respectively and the distance between them is 10 m. What is the area of the
trapezium?
SOLUTION :

8m C
D

10 m

A B
18 m

1
Since, area of a trapezium = ´ ( sum of the parallel sides ) ´ altitude
2
Here, the parallel sides are 18 m and 8 m. Altitude is 10 m.
1 2
\ Area of trapezium ABCD = ´ (18 + 8) ´ 10m
2
1
= ´ 26 ´10m 2
2
= 13 × 10 m2 = 130 m2
Hence, area of the trapezium is 130 m 2.AREA OF TRAPEZIUM
AREA OF A GENERAL QUADRILATERAL
A general quadrilateral ABCD can be split into the triangles by drawing one of its diagonals.
Area of quadrilateral ABCD = (Area of DABC) + ( Area of DADC)
æ1 ö æ1 ö
= ç AC ´ h1 ÷ + ç AC ´ h 2 ÷
è2 ø è2 ø

1
= AC ´ ( h1 + h 2 )
2

1
= d ( h1 + h 2 ) where d is length of the diagonal AC.
2

B C

h1
h2

A D

ILLUSTRATION : 2
The parallel sides of an isosceles trapezium are 22 cm and 10 cm and the length of the non – parallel side is 10 cm. Find the
area of the trapezium.
Mensuration 241

SOLUTION :
Let ABCD be a trapezium with
D 10 cm C

10 cm

cm
h 10 cm

10
F
A E 12 cm B
10 cm

22 cm
AB = 22 cm, CD = 10 cm
AD = BC = 10 cm
Draw CE || AD and CF ^ EB
AB = AE + EB
Þ 22 = 10 + EB
Þ EB = 12 cm
Since CE || AD and AB || CD, AECD is a parallelogram
\ CE = 10 cm
DCEB is an isosceles triangle as CE = BC = 10 cm
1
Þ CF bisects EB i.e. EF = FB = EB
2
Þ FB = 6 cm .
In right DCFB,
BC2 = CF2 + FB2 (Pythagoras theorem)
Þ (10)2 = h2 + (6)2
Þ h2 = 100 – 36
Þ h2 = 64
Þ h = 8 cm.
1
Area of trapezium ABCD = ( b1 + b2 ) ´ h
2
1
= ( 22 + 10 ) ´ 8 = 1 ´ 32 ´ 8
2 2
= 128 cm2.
AREA OF RHOMBUS
A rhombus is quadrilateral with all sides equal and the diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right angles.
Again to find the area of a rhombus we shall split it into triangles by drawing the diagonals.

R O
P

Consider a rhombus PQRS, join its diagonals PR and SQ. Let them intersect at a point O.
Since the diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles, ÐSOP = 90°
 EBD_7034
242 Mathematics
Area of rhombus (PQRS) = Area (DSRP) + Area (DPQR)
æ1 ö æ1 ö
= ç ´ PR ´ SO ÷ + ç ´ PR ´ OQ ÷
è2 ø è2 ø
1
= ´ PR ´ ( SO + OQ )
2
1
= ´ PR ´ SQ
2
1
Area of rhombus = ´ ( d1 ´ d 2 ) where d1 and d 2 are the diagonals.
2
ILLUSTRATION : 3
The area of rhombus is 28 cm2. If one of its diagonals is 7 cm, find the other.
SOLUTION :
1
We know area of rhombus = ´ d1 ´ d 2
2
1 28 ´ 2
Þ 28 = ´ 7 ´ d2 Þ d 2 =
2 7
Þ d2 = 8 cm
Thus, the other diagonals is 8 cm.
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Find the area of rhombus whose diagonals d1 and d2 are 4 cm & 6 cm respectively.
SOLUTION :
1
Area of rhombus = ´ ( d1 ´ d 2 )
2

1
= ´ ( 4 ´ 6)
2
Þ Area = 12 cm2.
AREA OF POLYGON
We have already studied what a polygon is, it is a closed figure bounded by three or more straight lines. A polygon with 5 sides is
called a pentagon and that with 6 sides is called a hexagon.
We know how to find area of a triangle. We also know how to find area of quadrilateral by spliting it into triangles. Similar methods
can be used to find the area of a polygon. Consider following two cases.
(A) By drawing two diagonals PR and PS, the pentagon PQRST is divided into three triangles.
Area of pentagon PQRST =Area of DPQR + Area of DPRS + Area of DPST.
T
S

P R

Q
Mensuration 243

(B) By drawing diagonal PR and two perpendiculars TU and SV on this diagonal, Pentagon PQRST is divided into four parts.
This method is known as field.
T S

R
P V
U

Q
Area of pentagon PQRST = Area of DPTU + Area of trapezium (TUVS) + Area of DSVR + Area of D PQR.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Find of area of the polygon given below :
A 4 cm
cm B

6 cm
10 cm
6.4

5 cm
cm
E 2c
10
m
4.3 C
cm
cm
6.8
D
SOLUTION :
The given polygon is divided into three triangle, namely, DADE, DADB, DBDC.
Area of polygon ABCDE = area of DADE + area of DADB + area of DBDC
1 1 1
= ´ 2.5 ´10 + ´ 6 ´ 4 + ´10 ´ 2
2 2 2
= 12.5 + 12 + 10
= 34.5 cm2.
SOLID SHAPES
Solid : A solid is a figure which has three dimensions namely length, breadth (or width) and height (or thickness). The plane surfaces
that bind it are called faces and the lines where faces meet are called edges.
The area of the plane surface that bind the solid is called its surface area.
The amount of space any solid figure occupy in three dimensional space is called its volume.
SURFACE AREA OF CUBOID, CUBE, CYLINDER
The total surface area of solid is the sum of the areas of its faces.
Cuboid
Surface Area of a Cuboid
The net of a cuboid is shown below :
The total surface area of a cuboid = area I + area II + area III + area IV + area V + area VI
l
b II b l b

h h I III IV V h

b l b b
l
l
= h ×l+b× l+ b× h+ l ×h+b×h+l×b
So, total surface area = 2 (h × l + b × h + b × l) = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
 EBD_7034
244 Mathematics
where h, l and b are the height, length and width of the cuboid respectively.
Lateral Surface Area of a Cuboid
The side walls (the faces excluding the top and bottom is the lateral surface of the cuboid,
\ Lateral surface area = 2 (h × l + b × h) = 2h (l + b)
Cube l
In this case, its length breadth and height are the same.
l l l
So, surface area of cube = 2 (side × side + side × side + side × side)
= 2 [ 3 (side)2] =6a2, where a is the side of the cube. l
Lateral surface area of cube = 2 (a + a) × a = 4a 2. l
l l
Cylinder l l

Let us consider a right circular cylinder of radius r and height h.

Cut it along a line on the surface parallel to axis (OO' ) of the cylinder and flatten this .r
O'
surface on a plane surface.
h
We will obtain a rectangle, whose length is equal to the
circumference of the base of the right circular cylinder and breadth is equal to the height of the cylinder. O.
Area of curved surface = Area of rectangle
= Circumference of base × height D C
= 2pr × h = 2prh.
h
Total surface area = Curved surface area + 2 × Area of one circular end
= 2prh + 2pr2 = 2pr (r + h) A B
2pr
ILLUSTRATION : 6
A company package its milk powder in cylindrical containers whsoe base has a diameter of 16.8 cm and height 20.5 cm. Company
places a label around the curved surface of the container. If the label is placed 1.5 cm from the top and the bottom, what is the surface
area of the label?
SOLUTION :
16.8
Clearly, surface area of the label is equal to the curved surface area of a cylinder of base radius r = cm = 8.4 cm
2
and height h = (20.5 – 1.5 – 1.5) cm = 17.5 cm.
22
\ Surface area of the label = 2 prh = 2 ´ ´ 8.4 ´17.5 cm 2
7
= 2 × 22 × 1.2 × 17.5 cm2 = 924 cm2.

1.5 cm

20.5 cm

1.5 cm
16.8 cm

VOLUME
All three dimensional figures occupy some space. The measure of the space occupied by a solid is termed as volume.
Volume of a Cuboid
Volume of a cuboid = Area of the base × height
= l×b× h h

b
l
Mensuration 245

Volume of a Cube
A cube is a special type of cuboid where length, breadth and height are equal.
In a cube, l = b = h
Thus volume of cube = l × l × l
Þ Volume of a cube = l3.

b=l

h=l

Volume of a Cylinder
A cylinder is similar to a cuboid as both have got a top and a base which are congruent and parallel to each other. Also, their lateral
surafce is perpendicular to the base.
Thus, calculating the volume of cyclinder is identical to that of a cuboid.
We know, volume of a cuboid = area of base × height = l × b × h = lbh
Therefore, volume of cylinder = area of base × height
= area of circular cross section × height
= pr2 × h
Þ volume of cylinder = pr2h
ILLUSTRATION : 7
A rectangular sheet of paper 44 cm × 18 cm is rolled along its length and a cylinder is formed. Find the volume of the cylinder.
(Use p = 22/7)
SOLUTION :
When the rectangular sheet is rolled along its length, we find that the length of the sheet forms the circumference of its base and
breadth of the sheet becomes the height of the cylinder.
Let r cm be the radius of the base and h cm be the height. Then, h = 18 cm.
Now, circumference of the base = Length of the sheet
Þ Circumference = 44 cm 44 cm
Þ 2pr = 44

18 cm
18 cm

18 cm

22
Þ 2´ ´ r = 44
7
Þ r = 7 cm 44 cm
\ Volume of the cylinder = pr2h cm3
22 2
= ´ ( 7 ) ´ 18 cm3 = 2772 cm3
7
ILLUSTRATION : 8
How many 3 metre cubes can be cut from a cuboid measuring 18 m × 12 m × 9 m?
SOLUTION :
We have,
Edge of the each cube = 3 m
\ Volume of each cube = (edge)3 = (33) m3 = 27 m3
Volume of the cuboid = (18 × 12 × 9) m3 = 1944 m3
Volume of the cuboid 1944
\ Number of cubs = = = 72
Volume of each cube 27
 EBD_7034
246 Mathematics

CONNECTING TOPIC
AREA RELATED TO A CIRCLE
Circle
A circle is a path in a plane travelled by a point which moves in such a way that its distance from a fixed point is always constant.
The fixed point is called centre of circle and fixed distance is called radius of the circle.
Circumference or perimeter of circle of radius ‘r’, is

ce
c = 2pr = p d (2r = d, d = diameter)

Circumferen

eter
Radius

m
πd2 (π d )2 c2 [ c = circumference]

Dia
Area of circle of radius ‘r’ = p r 2 = = = Q
4 4π 4π
Centre
2
c
= ´r
2.2π r
2
c 1
Area of circle = ´r= ´c´r
2c 2
Semi-Circle Shaded
Portion
A semicircle is a figure enclosed by a diameter and part of circumference of the circle cut (Semicircle)
off by it.
2
Area of semicircle of radius ‘r’ = π r Diameter
2
Circumference of semicircle of radius ‘r’ = π r + 2 r = r ( π + 2)

Sector of Circle
Sector is the portion of a circle enclosed by two radii and arc cut by two radii of the circle.
OACB is a sector of circle.
Let radius of circle = ‘ r’ O
Circumference (2 p r) makes an angle 360° at the centre. q
θ
\ Length of arc ACB (which make angle q at centre) = 2 π r ´ A B
360
C
1 q ö
´ arc (ACB) × radius = ´ æç 2pr ´
1
Area of sector OACB = ÷´r
2 2 è 360° ø
2 θ
Area of sector OACB = (π r ) ´
360°
Segment
S
A segment of a circle is a region enclosed by a chord and an arc which it cuts off by the chord of the
circle.
O
Any chord of a circle which is not a diameter (such as PQ) divides the circle into two segments, one
greater (major segment) and one less (minor segment) than a semi-circle.
P Q
Area of Segment PQR (Minor Segment) = Area of sector OPRQ – Area of DOPQ
Area of Segment PSQ (Major Segment)= Area of Circle – Area of Segment PQR R
Mensuration 247

1. The cross section of a canal is trapezium in shape. If the canal is 10 m wide at the top and 6 m wide at the bottom and area of
cross section is 800 m2, find the depth of the canal.
Sol. Let height of trapezium cross section ABCD = h ‘m’
A 10 m B
1 2
Area of trapezium = × (AB + CD) × h m ,
2
1 hm
800 = × (10 + 6) × h
2
800 ´ 2
Þ h= m = 100 m
16 D C
6m
2. The area of a parallelogram is 338 m2. If its altitude is twice the corresponding base, determine the base and the altitude.
Sol. Let base of parallelogram = ‘a’ m
\ Corresponding altitude = ‘2a’ m

D C

'2a'

A 'a' B

Area of parallelogram ABCD = AB × corresponding altitude

338 = a × 2a
Þ a2 = 169
Þ a = 13 m
Corresponding altitude of parallelogram = 13 × 2 = 26 m.
3. The diagonals of a rhombus are 72 cm and 96 cm. Find the area, side and height of the rhombus.
Sol. Let each side of rhombus = ‘a’ cm
Given AC = 72 cm, BD = 96 cm
Let height of rhombus
CE = ‘h’ cm
From DAOB
AB2 = AO2 + BO2
2 2
æ AC ö æ BD ö
a2 = ç ÷ +ç ÷ a
è 2 ø è 2 ø D C

2 2 O
æ 72 ö æ 96 ö a a h
Þ a2 = ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø 90°
A a B E
1 1
a= 722 + 962 = × 120 = 60 cm
2 2
\ side of rhombus = 60 cm.
 EBD_7034
248 Mathematics

1 1
Area of rhombus = ´ d1 ´ d 2 = ´ 72 ´ 96 = 36 × 96 = 3456 cm2
2 2
Also, area of rhombus = AB × CE = a × h = 60 h = 3456 cm 2
3456
Þ h = cm
60
h = 57.6 cm
4. The length of the floor of a rectangular hall is 10 m more than its breadth. If 34 carpets of size 6 m × 4 m are required to cover
the floor of the hall, then find the length and breadth of the hall.
Sol. Let length and breadth of rectangular hall be l and b. It is given l = (b + 10) A l = b + 10 B
Area of 34 carpets = Area of floor of hall
34 × 6 × 4 = b × (b + 10)
Þ b × (b + 10) = 24 × (24 + 10) [ Q 34 = 24 +10]
b
From above b = 24 m
and l = b + 10
l = 24 + 10 = 34 m
\ Length of rectangular hall = 34 m
Breadth of rectangular hall = 24 m D C
5. Find the area of the pentagon ABCDE shown below if AD = 8 cm, AH = 6 cm, AG = 4 cm, AF = 3 cm, BF = 2 cm, CH = 3 cm, and
EG = 2.5 cm.

C
B

G D
A H
F

Sol. Area of pentagon ABCDE = Area of DAFB+ Area of trapezium BCHF + Area of D CHD + Area of DAED.
1 1 1 1
= × ( AF × BF) + (BF + CH ) × (AH – AF) + CH × ( AD – AH ) + ( AD × EG )
2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1
= (3 ´ 2) + (2 + 3) ´ (6 - 3) + ´ 3 ´ (8 - 6) + (8 ´ 2.5)
2 2 2 2
15 6 + 15 + 6 + 20 47
=3 + + 3 +10 = = = 23.5 cm2
2 2 2
\ Area of Pentagon = 23.5 cm
2

6. Figure shows a regular hexagon ABCDEF of side 5 cm. Find its area in two different ways.
B

C
A
11 cm
5 cm

F
D

8 cm
Mensuration 249

Sol. Method - I : We join BE, it will divide the hexagon into two trapeziums of equal areas.
\ Area of hexagon ABCDEF = Area of Trapezium ABEF + Area of Trapezium BCDE = 2 × (Area of Trapezium ABEF)

A C

F G D
4 cm

1
Area of hexagon ABCDEF = 2 × æçè 1 ´ ( AF + BE ) ´ FG ö÷ø = 2 ´ 2 (5 + 11) ´ 4
2
Area of hexagon ABCDEF= 64 cm2
Method-II Here we join AC and FD. The hexagon is now divided into two triangles ABC and FED of equal areas and a rectangle
ACDF
Area of hexagon ABCDEF = 2 × Area DABC + Area of rectangle ACDF

B
3 cm
A G C
5 cm

F D
3 cm
E
8 cm

1
= 2´ ´ AC × BG + AF × FD = 8 × 3 + 5 × 8 = 24 + 40 = 64 cm2
2
7. A circular plot covers an area of 154 m2. How much wire is required for fencing the plot ?
Sol. Let radius of circular plot = ‘ r’ m
2
\ Area of circular plot = p r = 154 (Given)
2 154 ´ 7
r = = 49 Þ r = 7 m
22
22
\ Length of wire required for fencing = circumference of circular plot = 2pr = 2 ´ 7 ´ 7 = 44 m

8. Find the length of a rope by which a buffalo must be tethered in order that she may be able to graze an area of 9856 m2.
Sol. Let the length of rope be ' l ' m.
This length will act as radius of circle in which the buffalo move to graze.

\ Area of circle (where buffalo is able to graze) = π l 2

22 2 9856 ´ 7 , l = 448 ´ 7 = 64 ´ 7 ´ 7 = 8 2 ´ 7 2 = 7 ´ 8 = 56 m
9856 = ´l Þ l = ( ) ( )
7 22
9. How many revolutions will a wheel make in travelling 528 m if its diameter measures 0.7 m?
 EBD_7034
250 Mathematics
Sol. Let the no. of revolutions made by wheel = ‘ n’
Distance travelled in one revolution = circumference of wheel
= p× d (d = diameter of wheel)
22
= ´ 0.7 = 2.2 m
7
Now,
No. of revolutions × Distance traveled in one revolution = Total distance travelled
Þ No. of revolution
Total distance travelled 528
=
Distance travelled in one revolution
= = 240 revolutions
2.2
10. The surface area of a cube is 216 sq. cm. Find its volume.
Sol. Let each side of cube be ‘a’
\ surface area of cube = 6a2
6a2 = 216
Þ a2 = 36
Þ a = 6 cm
Volume of cube = a3 cm3 = (6)3 = 216 cm3
11. On a rainy day 60 mm of rain falls, find how many cubic metres of water falls on 3 hectares of ground on that day.
60
Sol. Height (h) of rain water fall = 60 mm = m
1000
Area of ground (A) = 3 hectares = 3 × 10000 m2 (1 hectare = 10000 m2)
60
\ Volume of water fall = Area of ground × height = 3 × 10000 × = 30 × 60 = 1800 m3
1000

12. Volume of two cubes are in the ratio 1 : 27, find the ratio of their surface areas.
Sol. Let sides of two cubes be a1 and a2 respectively.
Volume of first cube (V1) = a13

Volume of second cube (V2) = a 32

3 3
V1 a1 æ a1 ö 1
\ = 3 =ç ÷ =
V2 a è a2 ø 27
2

a1 1
\ = …(1)
a2 3

Now, surface area of first cube (S1) = 6a12

surface area of second cube (S2) = 6a 22

2 2
S 6a æa ö
Now, 1 = 12 = ç 1 ÷
S2 6a è a2 ø
2

2
S1 æ 1 ö
=ç ÷
S2 è 3 ø

S1 1
=
S2 9
\ Ratio of surface area = 1 : 9.
Mensuration 251

13. The height of a cylinder is 80 cm and diameter of the base is 14 cm. Find its curved surface, total surface and volume.
Sol. Height (h) = 80 cm, Diameter of base = 14 cm

80 cm

14 cm

14
\ radius of base (r) = = 7 cm
2
22
\ curved surface area of cylinder = 2prh = 2 × × 7 × 80 = 44 × 80 = 3520 sq. cm
7
Total surface area (TSA) = C.S.A + Area of two ends
22
= 2prh + 2pr2 = 2pr(h + r) = 2 × × 7 × (80 + 7) = 2 × 22 × 87
7
T.S.A of cylinder = 3828 sq. cm
22
Volume (V) of cylinder = pr2h = × (7)2 × 80 = 22 × 7 × 80 = 154 × 80 = 12320 cubic units.
7
14. A rectangular piece of paper is 71 cm long and 10 cm wide. A cylinder is formed by rolling the paper along its breadth. Find the
volume of the cylinder.
Sol. As the cylinder is made by rolling the paper along its breadth.

b = 10 cm

l = 71 cm
\ Circumference of base of cylinder = Width of paper
Þ 2pr = 10 (r = radius of base of cylinder)
5
Þ r= cm
p
Now, length of paper = height of cylinder = 71 cm
25 25 ´ 7 ´ 71
\ Volume of cylinder (V) = pr2l = p´ ´ 71 =
p´ p 22
Volume of cylinder (V) = 564.78 cubic cm.
15. Two circular cylinders of equal volume have their heights in the ratio 9 : 16. Find the ratio of their radii.
Sol. Let the radius and height of two cylinders are r 1, h1 and r2, h2 respectively. Let v1 and v2 are their volumes.
2 2
Now, v1 = pr1 h1 and v2 = pr2 h 2
It is given that v1 = v2
2 2
\ pr1 h1 = pr2 h 2
 EBD_7034
252 Mathematics

2
r1 h2
=
r22 h1

r1 h2 16 4
Þ = = =
r2 h1 9 3

\ r 1 : r2 = 4 : 3
16. How many coins 1.4 cm in diameter and 0.4 cm thick is to be melted to form a right circular cylinder of height 16 cm and
diameter 3.5 cm.?
Sol. Let the number of required coins = ‘n’
\ n × volume of one coin (vco) = volume of cylinder (vcy)
2
Now, vco = prco ´ h co é rco = radius of coin ù
ê ú
ë h co = height/thickness of coin û

1.4 1.4
= p´ ´ ´ 0.4
2 2
vco = 0.196 p cubic cm
2
vcy = prcy h cy é rcy = radius of cylinder ù
ê ú
ëê h cy = height of cylinder ûú

3.5 3.5
vcy = p´ ´ ´16
2 2
\ n × 0.196 p = 49 p
49
n= = 250
0.196
Hence, number of coins = 250

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

17. If a piece of wire 20 cm long is bent into an arc of a circle subtending an angle of 60° at the centre. Find the radius of the
circle.
O
Sol: Length of wire = length of arc
Let radius of arc of circle = ‘r’ cm q r
Length of arc making angle ‘q’ at the centre
θ
= 2π r ´ [q = central angle] A B
360
22 60 20 ´ 7 ´ 6 210
20 = 2 ´ ´r´ Þ r = 2 ´ 22 Þr= cm.
7 360 11
18. Find the area of a sector of a circle whose radius is 10 cm and the length of the arc is 13 cm.
θ
Sol: Length of arc which make angle ‘q’ at the centre = 2 p r ×
360°
r = radius of the circle
O q
Area of sector made by above arc
q 1æ θ ö
= p r2 × = 2π r× ÷× r
360° 2 çè 360° ø
A B
1 1 2
= ´ (length of arc) ´ r = ´ 13 ´ 10 = 65 cm
2 2
Mensuration 253

Fill in the Blanks : 1. Match the following columns :

Column-I Column-II
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an (A) The area of triangle (p) 11
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (in sq. m2) whose base is
1. _______ is any figure bounded by four straight lines. 24 cm and whose altitude is
2. Solids are _______ dimensional figures that have _______, 1.5 dm is
_______ and _______. (B) The diameter of a wheel (q) 34650
3. An edge forms when two _______ meet. is 1.26 m. How far will
it travel in 500 revolutions
4. A cube is a special type of _______.
in metres?
5. A regular polygon of n sides can be divided into _______
(C) The height (in cm) of a (r) 180
triangles of equal areas.
cuboid where volume is
6. In a _______, if all the dimensions are equal then the solid
275 cm3 and base area is
is called a _______.
25 cm2 is
7. All the edges of a cube are equal in _______. (D) The circumference of (s) 1980
8. The _______ of a closed plane figure is the length of its the base of the cylinder is
boundary. 132 cm and its height is
9. Each face of the cuboid is _______. 25 cm. The volume of the
10. If each side of a cube is doubled, its volume becomes cylinder (in cm3) is
_______ . 2. Match the following columns :
Column-I Column-II
True / False :
(A) The lateral surface area (p) 2pr (r + h)
of the cube is
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your
(B) Area of circular base (q) l×b×h
answer as true or false.
of cylinder is
1. The face of a solid is two-dimensional in shape. (C) Volume of a cuboid is (r) 4l2
2. If a solid has a curved surface then it has no faces. (D) Total surface area of (s) pr2
3. Volume of the solid is measured in cubic units. the cylinder is
4. Area is the length of the boundary of a closed figure. Very Short Answer Questions:
5. Area is the total surface covered by a closed figure.
6. The parallel sides are called bases of the trapezium. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
7. pr2 is the area of a circle. 1. Find the volume of a cylindrical can of height 21 cm and
8. pr is the circumference of a circle. base radius 8 cm.
9. The surface area of a chalk box whose length; breadth and 2. What is the difference between Volume and Capacity ?
height are 6 cm, 5 cm and 4 cm respectively is 148 cm2. 3. Find the volume in cu. dm of each of the cubes whose side
10. The diameter of a cylinder is 14 cm and its height is 12 cm. is 1.2 m
The volume of the cylinder is 848 cm 3. 4. Find the volume of the drum if radius is 4.2 m and height
Match the Columns : is 3.5 m. (Take p = 3.14)
5. How many paving stones each measuring 2.5 m × 2 m are
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in required to pave a rectanglar courtyard 30 m long and
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) 16.5 m wide?
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in 6. What wil be the ratio of the circumference to the diameter
column-II. of the circle if its original radius is tripled?
 EBD_7034
254 Mathematics
7. Do the following conversions : 2. Find the areas of the figures given below:
(i) 1 litre = _______ ml
(ii) 5 litres = _______ dm3 10 cm
(iii) 1 cm3 = _______ ml 24 cm
(iv) 1 m3 = _______ cm3 = _______ l 8 cm
(v) 1 l = _______ cm3 8 cm
Short Answer Questions :
20 cm
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences. (i)
5 cm
1. How do we find the “Area of a Polygon” ?
2. Define a term ‘trapezium’.
3. Two sides of a triangle are 85 m and 154 m, and the Perimeter 10 cm
is 324 m. Find the Area of the triangle.
15 cm
4. The parallel sides of a trapezium are in the ratio 3 : 5. If the
distance between the parallel sides is 8 cm and its area is
128 cm2, Find the lengths of the parallel sides.
5. There is cuboidal log of wood of size 2.5 m by 50 cm by 5 cm
50 cm. Assuming that there is no wastage, it is cut into (ii)
cubes of side 25 cm. Find the number of such cubes. 3. Students of a school stages a rally for cleanliness campaign.
6. A godown has dimension 7 m × 4.5 m × 2 m. How many They walked through the lanes in two groups. One group
cartons of dimension 70 cm × 22.5 cm × 40 cm can be stored
walked through the lanes AB, BC and CA; while the other
in it ?
through AC, CD and DA (see figure). Then they cleaned
7. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with
a speed of 10 km/h. How much area will it irrigate in 30 the area enclosed within their lanes. If AB = 9 m, BC = 40 m,
minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed ? CD = 15 m, DA = 28 m and ÐB = 90°, which group cleaned
8. Find the area of the shaded regions : more area and by how much ? Find the total area cleaned
by the students.
D F C
A 28 m D
7 cm
15 m
E 9m
A 5 cm 25 cm B
9. A solid cube is cut into two cuboids of equals volumes. B 40 m C
Find the ratio of the total surface area of the given cubes
4. How many cubic metres of earth must be dug out to sink a
and that of one of the cuboids.
well 7 metres deep and diameter 28 m ? Find the cost of
10. Eight identical cuboidal wooden blocks are stacked one on
plastering its curved surface at ` 3.50 per sq. m.
top of the other. The total volume of the solid so formed is
128 cm3. If the height of each block is 1 cm and the base is 5. Find the area of the given figure:
a square, find the dimension of each block. F E
20
11. If the length of a rectangle increases by 10% and the breadth m
of the rectangle decreases by 12% then find the % change
A 10 m G 20 m D
in area.
m
Long Answer Questions : 20
B 20 m C
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences. 6. A water tank built by a municipality of a town to supply
water to its 25000 inhabitants at 125 litres per day per person
1. Find the area of the following field. All dimensions are in
is 40 m long and 31.25 m broad. The tank, when it is full, can
metres.
supply water for two days to the inhabitants of the town.
D
30 40
Find the depth of the tank.
H C
20
20
E 30 G 150
20
F 20 B 7.
30

A
Mensuration 255

(i) Given Diagram shows a rectangular trough of length

150 cm and width 20 cm.
The trough was completely filled with 48000 cm3 of
water from the tank.
Calculate the depth of the trough.
(ii) After the trough had been filled, water started to leak 25 m 24 m
from the tank. In 2 hours 30 minutes it was found that
20,000 cm3 ran out of the tank.
Calculate the rate at which the level of water in the 10.8 m 8.5 m
tank was falling.
Express your answer in centimeters per hour.
(The value of p is 3.142 correct to three decimal places).
8. The sailboat has 2 sails. What is the total area of material in
the sails?

Text-Book Exercise :
1. The shape of a garden is rectangular in the middle and
semi circular at the ends as shown in the diagram. Find the 30 m
area and the perimeter of the garden [Length of rectangle 15 m 15 m
is 20 – (3.5 + 3.5) metres.]
15 m
Jyoti's diagram Kavita's diagram

20 m
Find the area of this park using both ways. Can you suggest
House
some other way of finding its area?
15 m

25 m
7m 6. The internal measures of a cuboidal room are 12 m ×8 m ×
4m. Find the total cost of white washing all four walls of a
20 m Garden
25 m room, if the cost of white washing is ` 5 per m2. What
will be the cost of white washing if the ceiling of the room
is also white washed.
2. A flooring tile has the shape of a parallelogram whose
7. In a building there are 24 cylindrical pillars.The radius of
base is 24 cm and the corresponding height is 10 cm.
each pillar is 28 cm and height is 4 m. Find the total cost of
How many such tiles are required to cover a floor of area
painting the curved surface area of all pillars at the rate of
1080 m2? (If required you can split the tiles in whatever ` 8 per m2.
way you want to fill up the corners).
8. Daniel is painting the walls and ceiling of a cuboidal hall
3. The area of a trapezium is 34 cm2 and the length of one of with length, breadth and height of 15 m, 10 m and 7 m
the parallel sides is 10 cm and height is 4 cm. Find the respectively. From each can of paint 100 m2 of area is painted.
length of the other parallel side. How many cans of paint will she need to paint the room?
4. The floor of a building consists of 3000 tiles which are
rhombus shaped and each of its diagonals are 45 cm and
30 cm in length. Find the total cost of polishing the floor, if 7 cm
the cost per m2 is ` 4. 7 cm
5. There is a pentagonal shaped park as shown in the figure.
7 cm
For finding its area Jyoti and Kavita divided it in two
7 cm 7 cm
different ways.
 EBD_7034
256 Mathematics
9. The lateral surface area of a hollow cylinder is 4224 cm . It2 4. The thickness of a hollow metallic cylinder is 2 cm. It is 70
is cut along its height and formed a rectangular sheet of cm long with outer radius of 14 cm. Find the volume of the
width 33 cm. Find the perimeter of rectangular sheet. metal used in making the cylinder , assuming that it is
open at both the ends. Also find its weight if the metal
10. A rectangular paper of width 14 cm is rolled along its width
weighs 8 g per cm3.
and a cylinder of radius 20 cm is formed. Find the volume
5. A carpenter makes a box which has a volume of 13,400
22 cm3. The base has an area of 670 cm2. What is the heigh of
of the cylinder. (Take for p )
7 the box?
11. Diameter of cylinder A is 7 cm, and the height is 14 cm. 6. A wooden box (including the lid) has external dimensions
Diameter of cylinder B is 14 cm and height is 7 cm. Without 40 cm by 34 cm by 30 cm. If the wood is 1 cm thick, how
many cm3 of wood is used in it?
doing any calculations can you suggest whose volume is
greater? Verify it by finding the volume of both the 7. A truck carrying 7.8 m3 concrete arrives at a job site. A
cylinders. Check whether the cylinder with greater volume platform of width 5 m and height 2 m is being contructed at
the site. Find the length of the platform, constructed from
also has greater surface area?
the amount of concrete on the truck?
8. A housing society consisting of 5,500 people needs 100
L of water per person per day. The cylindrical supply
14 cm tank is 7 m high and has a diameter 10 m. For how many
7 cm days will the water in the tank last for the society?
9. External dimensions of a closed wooden box are in the
ratio 5 : 4 : 3. If the cost of painting its outer surface at the
14 cm
7 cm B rate of ` 5 per dm2 is ` 11,750, find the dimensions of
A the box.
12. A milk tank is in the form of cylinder whose radius is 1.5 m 10. Four times the area of the curved surface of a cylinder is
and length is 7m. Find the quantity of milk in litres that can equal to 6 times the sum of the areas of its bases. If is
be stored in the tank? height is 12 cm, find its curved surface area.
13. Mohan wants to buy a trapezium shaped field. Its side 11. A rectangular examination hall having seats for 500
along the river is parallel to and twice the side along the candidates has to be built so as to allow 4 cubic metres of
road. If the area of this field is 10500 m 2 and the air and 0.5 square metres of floor area per candidate. If the
perpendicular distance between the two parallel sides is length of hall be 25 m, find the height and breadth of the
100 m, find the length of the side along the river. hall.
Road HOTS Questions :
1. The diameter of a wheel is 98 cm. How many times would
the wheel rotate to cover 7.7 km ? Find also the distance
100 m
covered by the wheel in 500 revolutions.
2. A rope to which a calf is tied is increased in length from
~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~
~~~~ 12 metres to 23 metres. Find the area of additional ground
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ which it can graze.
River 3. The length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%. By what
Exemplar Questions : percent should the width be decreased to maintain the same
area ?
1. The walls and ceiling of a room are to be plastered. the 4. Diagram shown in Fig. of the adjacent of the picture frame
length, breadth and height of the room are 4.5 m, 3m and has outer dimensions 24 cm × 28 cm and inner dimensions
350 cm respectively. Find the cost of plastering at the
16 cm × 20 cm. Find the area of each section of the frame, if
rate of ` 8 per m2.
the width of each section is same.
2. The area of a trapezium with equal non – parallel sides is
168 m2. If the lengths of the parallel sides are 36 m and A B
20 m, find the length of the non – parallel sides. A1 B1
3. There is a circular pond and a footpath runs along its
boundary. A person walks around it, exactly once keeping 20 cm 28 cm
close to the edge. if his step is 66 cm long and he takes 16 cm
exactly 400 steps to go around the pond, find the diameter D1 C1
of the pond. D C
24 cm
Mensuration 257

5. A lead pencil consists of a cylinder of wood with a solid 0.7 gm/cm3 and that of the graphite is 2.1 hm/cm3.
cylinder of graphite filled into it. The diameter of the pencil 6. If V is the volume of cuboid of dimensions a, b, c and S is
is 7 mm, the diameter of the graphite is 1 mm and the
length of the pencil is 10 cm. Calculate the weight of the 1 2æ1 1 2ö
its surface area, then prove that = ç + + ÷.
whole pencil, if the specific gravity of the wood is V Sèa b cø

Single Option Correct : (a) 600 m2 (b) 800 m2

(c) 450 m2 (d) 700 m2
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 5. Area of the following shape is
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
F E
ONLY ONE is correct. 5c

cm
m
1. Two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 60 m and 40 m

5
G H C D
and one of the diagonals is 80 m long. The area (in sqm) of 4 cm 4 cm
the parallelogram is
4 cm 4 cm
(a) 800 15 (b) 700 15
A B
(c) 600 15 (d) 650 15 6 cm
2. A triangle and parallelogram have the same base and same
(a) 50 cm2 (b) 54 cm2
area. If the sides of the triangle are 26 cm, 28 cm and
(c) 60 cm 2
(d) 64 cm2
30 cm, and the parallelogram stands on the base 28 cm,
6. A room of size 6.75 m long and 5.75 m wide is to be paved
then the height of the parallelogram is
with square tiles. The minimum number of square tiles
(a) 15 cm (b) 12 cm
required is
(c) 16 cm (d) 14 cm
(a) 630 (b) 430
3. Area of the field shown in the figure given below is:
(c) 621 (d) 421
4 cm G
7. Cost of levelling a square field at 15 paise per sq. meter is
A 4 cm ` 135. The cost of fencing the same field if the unit cost of
fencing is at 50 paise per meter ?
4 cm E
(a) ` 100 (b) ` 200
F 4 cm (c) ` 60 (d) ` 150
12 cm D 8. The area of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 77 cm and
60 cm and the other sides are 25 cm and 26 cm, is
(a) 1630 cm2 (b) 1654 cm2
(c) 1644 cm 2 (d) 1674 cm2
B 9. The breadth of a room is twice its height and one half its
3 cm C length and the volume of the room is 512 cubic m. The
(a) 68 cm2 (b) 70 cm2 height of the room is
(c) 72cm 2
(d) 75 cm2 (a) 6 m (b) 8 m
4. Area of pentagonal park shown below is (c) 4 m (d) 10 m
10. A metalic sheet is of rectangular shape with measurements
D
48 cm ´ 36 cm. From each one of its corners a square of 8
cm is cut off. An open box is made of the remaining sheet.
The volume of the box is
E C (a) 5020 cm3 (b) 1250 cm3
40 m (c) 2150 cm 3 (d) 5120 cm3
20 m 20 m 11. The amount of concrete required to build a concrete
cylindrical pillar whose base has a perimeter of 8.8 m and
whose curved surface area is 17.6 m2, is
A B (a) 10 cu.m (b) 9.8 cu.m
20 m
(c) 12.5 cu.m (d) 12.32 cu.m
 EBD_7034
258 Mathematics
12. If the area of the three adjacent faces of a cuboidal box are 7. Find the volume, curved surface area and the total surface
120 cm2, 72 cm2 and 60 cm2 respectively. The volume of the area of a cyclinder with diameter of base 7 cm and height
box is 40 cm.
(a) 720 cm3 (b) 780 cm3 (a) 1540 cm3 (b) 880 cm2
(c) 728 cm 3 (d) 798 cm3 (c) 957 cm 2
(d) 415 cm3
13. Three cubes with sides in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5 are melted to
8. The area of the three adjacent faces of a cuboidal box are
form a single cube whose diagonal is 12 3 cm . The sides 120 cm2, 72 cm2 and 60 cm2 respectively. The length,
of the cube are breadth and height of the box is
(a) 2 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm (b) 3 cm, 4 cm, 5cm,
(a) 8 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm (d) 4 cm, 6 cm, 8cm
14. A field is200 long and 150 m broad.There is a plot 50 m (c) 12 cm (d) 6 cm

Passage Based Questions :

long and 40 m broad, near the field. The plot is dug 7 m
deep and the earth taken out is spread evenly on the field.
By how many meters is the level of the field raised ?
(a) 0.25 m (b) 0.42 m DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
(c) 0.49 m (d) 0.47 m following questions.
15. A two meter wide road is to be constructed surrounding a
square plot of area 144 sq. m. If the unit cost of construction PASSAGE - I
is ` 250 per sq.m., The total cost of construction is
A wire bent in the form of a square encloses an area of
(a) ` 20,000 (b) ` 25,000
(c) ` 28,000 (d) ` 30,000 5929 cm2.
1. The length of each side of the square is
More than One Option Correct : (a) 77 cm (b) 308 cm
(c) 803 cm (d) 830 cm
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. 2. The length of the wire is
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which (a) 830 cm (b) 308 cm
ONE OR MORE may be correct. (c) 803 cm (d) 83 cm
1. Which of the following is/are related to cuboid ? 3. The area enclosed, if the same wire is bent to form a circle,
(a) A match box (b) A brick is
(c) A room (d) A kite (a) 5746 cm2 (b) 7564 cm2
2. Which one of the following is/are correct ? (c) 5764 cm 2 (d) 7546 cm2
(a) Diameter of a circle = 2 × radius
(b) Area of a ring or circular track of radii R and r PASSAGE - II
= p (R2 – r2) A well is a vertical open cylinder of radius 1.2 m and height 5 m.
(c) The distance between the two parallel sides is called The well contains water to a depth of 3 m. (use : p = 3.142)
the altitude of the trapezium.
(d) Perimeter of trapezium = Product of lengths of its sides 1.2
3. Which one is/are correct ?
(a) Total surface area of cuboid is 2(lb + bh + hl)
(b) Total surface area of a cube is 6l 2
(c) Area of four walls = 2h (l + b)
(d) Area of four walls = Height × Perimeter of the room
4. A Circular Cylinder can be separated into 5
(a) circular end at the bottom
(b) curved surface 3
(c) circular end at the top
(d) None of these
5. Cubes and Cuboids are the examples of
(a) regular solids
(b) rectangular solids
(c) two-dimensional solids 4. The total internal area of the curved surface of the well and
(d) None of these the bottom of the well is
6. The edges of a cuboid are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 and its (a) 42.2 to 42.25 m2 (b) 40.2 to 40.25 m2
surface area is 88 cm2. The length, breadth and height of (c) 24.2 to 24.25 m 2 (d) 42.25 to 42.00 m2
cuboid is 5. The volume of water in the well, is (1m 3 = 1000 litres)
(a) 2 (b) 4 (a) 13564 (b) 31560
(c) 6 (d) 8 (c) 53160 (d) 51360
Mensuration 259

Assertion & Reason : Reason : The line segment joining the two ends of circular
bases is called the axis of the cylinder.

DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion Integer Type Questions :

followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
the one that best describes the two statements. each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
to 9.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion. 1. The area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 10 cm and
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is 12 cm is x cm2. The value of x/15 is
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 2. The area of a triangular garden is 9520 m2. If its base is 340 m,
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. a
the altitude is a m. The value of is
1. Assertion : The length and breadth of a hall is 20 m by 8
10 m. 800 tiles of the size 50 cm × 50 cm are required to pave 3. Unit digit of the surface area of a chalk box, whose length,
the floor of the hall. breadth and height are 16 cm, 8 cm and 6 cm respectively is
Area of hall 4. The area of a parallelogram with base 14 cm and altitude 8 cm
Reason : Number of tiles = is y cm2. The value of (y – 110) is
Area of 1 tile
2. Assertion : If the side of a rhombus is 10 cm and one 5. For what value of x is the perimeter of shape 186 cm?
diagonal is 16 cm, then area of the rhombus is 96 cm 2.
(5x + 6)
Reason : Area of rhombus = 2 × area of triangle.
3. Assertion : If the radius of a cylinder is doubled and curved
surface area is not changed then height must be doubled.
(2x + 66)
Reason : If the radius of a cylinder is doubled and curved
surface area is not changed then height must be halved.
4. Assertion : The axis is always perpendicular to the base
of a right circular cylinder.
 EBD_7034
260 Mathematics

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
each plate is
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-5) : This section contains multiple choice
(a) 20 cm (b) 32 cm
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out
(c) 44 cm (d) 64 cm
of which ONLY ONE is correct.
4. If the radius of a circle is increased by 1 cm, its area increases
1. A chord of a circle of radius 14 cm makes a right angle at the by 22 cm2, then original radius of the circle is
centre. The areas of the minor and the major segment of the (a) 4 cm (b) 3 cm
circle are respectively : (c) 3.5 cm (d) 5 cm
(a) 56 cm2 and 560 cm2 (b) 560 cm2 and 56 cm2 5. Area of the shaded region of the below given figure is
(c) 56 cm2 and 616 cm2 (d) None of these (a) 10 m2 (b) 11 m2
2. A horse is tethered to a corner of a field which is in the (c) 15 m 2 (d) 19 m2
shape of an equilateral triangle. If the length of the rope B
A
through which it is tied be 7 m, then the area of the field 6 m
over which it can graze is :
2 O 45°
(a) 49 sq. cm (b) 22 sq.cm
3
2 8m
(c) 25 sq.cm (d) None of these
3 D
C
3. Four equal sized maximum circular plates are cut off from a
square paper sheet of area 784 cm2. The circumference of
Mensuration 261

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

d 1.26
(B) Radius of the wheel = = = 0.63 m
2 2

Fill in the Blanks : Circumference of the wheel = 2pr

1. Quadrilateral 2. 3, length, breadth, height 22
3. faces 4. cuboid = 2´ ´ 0.63 = 3.96 m
7
5. n-triangles 6. cuboid, cube
7. length 8. perimeter Distance travelled in 500 revolution
9. rectangular = 3.96 × 500 = 1980 m
10. Let the original volume of cube = a3, where a is the side. (C) Volume of the cuboid = 275 cm3
Now when side is doubled, the volume of cube Base area of cuboid = 25 cm3
= (2a)3 = 8a3. So, the volume becomes 8 times. i.e., l × b = 25 cm2

True / False : Let h be the height of cuboid

Þ l × b × h = 275
1. True 2. True
3. True 4. False Þ 25 × h = 275
5. True 6. True 275
7. True Þ h= = 11 cm
25
8. False, 2pr = circumference
9. True : l = 6 cm, b =5 cm, h = 4 cm (D) Circumference of the base, 2pr = 132 cm

Surface area of chalk box = 2 (lb + bh + hl) 132 132 ´ 7

Þ r= = Þ r = 21 cm
= 2 (6 × 5 + 5 × 4 + 4 × 6) 2p 2 ´ 22
= 2 (30 + 20 + 24) = 2 (74) = 148 cm2 Height of the cylinder, h = 25 cm

d 14 Volume of cylinder = pr2h

10. False : = = 7 , h = 12 cm
2 2
22
= ´ 21 ´ 21 ´ 25 = 34650 cm3
Volume of the cylinder = pr h2
7

22 2. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p)

= ´ 7 ´ 7 ´ 12
7 (A) Lateral surface area of cube = 4 l2

= 1848 cm3. (B) Area of circular base of cylinder = pr2

(C) Volume of cuboid = l × b × h
Match the Following :
(D) Total surface area of cylinder = 2pr (r + h)
1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q)
(A) Base = 24 cm, height = 1.5 dm = 15 cm Very Short Answer Questions :

1 22
Area of triangle = ´ b ´ h 1. Volume = pr 2 h = ´ 8 ´ 8 ´ 21 = 4224 cm3
2 7
2. Word Capacity is also used instead of word Volume.
1 We will use :
= ´ 24 ´ 15 = 180 cm 2
2
 EBD_7034
262 Mathematics
(i) Volume when we will refer to the amount of space It is an isosceles triangle.
occupied by an object.
b
(ii) Capacity when we will refer to the quantity that a \ Area = 4a 2 - b 2
4
container holds.
3. Length of side of the cube = 1.2 m 4. Length of || sides = 3x and 5x.
= (1.2 × 10) dm = 12 dm [Q 1 m = 10 dm] 1
Area = (3x + 5x ) ´ 8
\ Volume of the cube = (Side) = (12) dm
3 3 3 2
= 1728 dm3. Þ 128 = 32x Þ x = 4
4. Here, r = 4.2 m, h = 3.5 m Length of parallel sides is 12 cm & 20 cm
\ Volume of the drum = (pr2h) m3 5. Volume of log = 625000 cm3
Volume of each cube to be cut = 15625 cm3
= (3.14 × (4.2)2× 3.5) m3 = 193.86 m3.
5. Number of paving stones required 625000
\ No. of cubes to be cut = = 40
15625
length ´ breadth of courtyard
=
length ´ breadth of each tile 6. Number of cartons = Vol. of godown Þ 1000
Vol. of carton
30 ´ 16.5 7. Width of canal = 6 m., Depth of canal = 1.5 m.
= = 99
2.5 ´ 2 Length of water column per hour = 10 km.
\ Length of water column in 30 minutes
6. Ratio of the circumference to the diameter of the circle
10
2pr = km = 5 km = 5000 m.
= = p = Independent of the radius. So, change in 2
2r
\ Volume of water that flows in 30 minutes
radius does not affect the ratio.
= 6 m ´ 1.5 m ´ 5000 m.
7. (i) 1000 millilitres (ii) 5 dm3
(iii) 1 ml (iv) 10,00,000 cm3, 1000 l 8
Since, 8 cm = m = .08 m standing water is desired,
(v) 1000 cm3 100
therefore required area of the field that can be irrigated
Short Answer Questions :
1. Given ABCDE is a Polygon. Volume of cuboid of water 6 ´ 1.5 ´ 5000 m3
= =
Height of water .08 m
A D = 562500 m2.
8. We have,
E
(i) a rectangle and with length, l = 25 cm and breadth,
b = 7 cm

B C (ii) two triangles with base, a = 5 cm and h = 7 cm

Then, Area of shaded region
This may be divided into triangles by joining the points B, = Area of rectangle ABCD – 2 × Area of DADE
E and E, C. Then the areas of the triangles can be found.
Sum of the areas of these triangles is the area of the polygon. 1
Þ A = l × b–2 × ´ b´ h
2. A quadrilateral having one pair of opposite sides parallel 2
and the other pair of opposite sides non-parallel is called a
1
trapezium. = 25 × 7 – 2 × ´ 5´ 7
2
3. Let sides be a, b, c
\ a + b + c = 324 = (175 - 35 ) cm 2 = 140 cm 2
Þ a = c = 85, b = 154
Thus, the area of shaded region is 140 cm2.
Mensuration 263

9. Let the edge of the solid cube be a units. Since the cube is 1
cut into two cuboids of equal volumes. Therefore, the = × 40 × 9 m2 = 180 m2
2
dimensions of each of the cuboid are :
The second group has to clean the area of triangle ACD,
Length = a units, breadth = a units which is scalene having sides 41 m, 15 m and 28 m.

a 41 + 15 + 28
and height = units Here, s = m = 42 m
2 2
Therefore, area of D ACD
Now, S = Total surface area of cube
= 6a2 sq. units = s(s - a)( s - b)( s - c)

S1 = Total surface area of one cuboid = 42(42 - 41)(42 - 15)(42 - 28) m 2

æ a a ö = 42 ´ 1 ´ 27 ´ 14 m 2 = 126 m2
= 2 ç a ´ a + a ´ + ´ a ÷ = 4a 2sq. units
è 2 2 ø So first group cleaned 180 m2 which is (180 – 126)m2,
\ S : S1 = 6a2 : 4a2 = 3 : 2 i.e., 54 m2 more than the area cleaned by the second group.
10. Let the length and breadth of the base of each wooden Total area cleaned by all the students
block be x cm each. = (180 + 126)m2 = 306 m2.
Since eight identical blocks are stacked one on top of the 4. Volume of earth dug out
other and the height of each block is 1 cm. to sink a well = pr2h
So, height of the solid formed = 8 cm 2
22 æ 28 ö é 28 ù
\ Volume of the solid formed = (x × x × 8) cm = 8x cm
3 2 3 = ´ ç ÷ ´ 7m3 êëQ r = 2 m úû
7 è 2ø
But, the volume of solid formed is 128 cm3 (given).
22
128 = ´ 14 ´ 14 ´ 7 m3
2 2
\ 8x = 128 Þ x = Þ x 2 = 16 Þ x = 4 cm 7
8
= 22 × 14 × 14 m3 = 4312m3
Hence, each wooden block is of dimen sion
4 cm × 4 cm × 1 cm. 7m
11. Let length = 100 units and breadth = 100 units
28 m
Then Area = 100 × 100 = 10000 square units
Now, the area of the curved surface of the well = 2prh
New length = 110 units
22
New breadth = 88 units = 2´ ´ 14 ´ 7 m2 = 2 × 22 × 14 m2
7
New Area = 110 × 88 = 9680 sq. units
= 616 m2
320 \ Cost of plastering the curved surface at the rate of
\ % change in area = ´100 = 3.2%
10000 ` 3.50 per sq. m.
= ` 3.50 × 616 = ` 2156.
Long Answer Questions : 5. 673.2 m2
6. Water consumed by the inhabitants in one day
1. 3600 m2
= Number of inhabitants
2. (i) 188 cm2 (ii) 200 cm2
× Water consumed by an inhabitant in one day
3. Since AB = 9 m and BC = 40 m, ÐB = 90°, we have
= (25000 × 125) litres = 3125000 litres.
AC = 92 + 402 m = 81 + 1600 m = 1681m = 41m \ Water consumed by the inhabitants in two days
Therefore, the first group has to clean the area of triangle = (3125000 × 2) litres
ABC, which is right angled.
6250000 3
= 6250000 litres = m [Q 1000 litres = 1 m3]
1 1000
Area of D ABC = × base × height
2 = 6250 m3
 EBD_7034
264 Mathematics
\ Volume of the tank = 6250 litres = Perimeter of base × Height of the room

Volume = 2 (l + b) × h = 2 (12 + 8) × 4
\ Depth of the tank =
Length × Breadth = 2 × 20 × 4 = 160 m2.
Cost of white washing per m2 = ` 5
6250
= m=5m Hence the total cost of white washing four walls of the
1250
room = ` (160 × 5) = ` 800
48000 Area of ceiling is 12 × 8 = 96 m2
7. (i) Required depth =
150 ´ 20 Cost of white washing the ceiling = ` (96 ×5) = ` 480
So the total cost of white washing = ` (800 + 480)
20000 20000
(ii) Required rate (Drop) = 2
or = ` 1280
p ´ 24 20 ´ 150
7. Radius of cylinder pillar, r = 28 cm = 0.28 m
20000 height, h = 4 m
Now, Divide drop by 2.5 -ie-
2.5
curved surface area of a cylinder = 2prh
Þ Required rate in cm/hr = 4.42 cm/h
8. The sails are both triangles. 22
curved surface area of a pillar 2 ´ ´ 0.28 ´ 4 = 7.04 m2
7
1 1
A1 = ´ b ´ h A2 = ´b ´ h
2 2 curved surface area of 24 such pillar
= 7.04 × 24 = 168.96 m2
1 1
= ´ 10.8 ´ 25 = 135 = ´ 8.5 ´ 24 = 102 cost of painting an area of 1 m2 = ` 8
2 2
Total Area= 135 + 102 = 237 Therefore, cost of painting 1689.6 m2
The total area of material is 237 m2. = 168.96 × 8 = ` 1351.68
8. 5 cans
9. 322 cm
10. A cylinder is formed by rolling a rectangle about its width.
Text-Book Exercise : Hence the width of the paper becomes height and radius
of the cylinder is 20 cm.
1. Area = 129.5 m2 ; Perimeter = 48 m
20 cm
2. 45000 tiles
3. 7 cm
14 cm 14 cm
4. ` 810
5. Area using Jyoti’s way
Height of the cylinder = h = 14 cm
1 15 Radius = r = 20 cm
= 2 ´ ´ ´ ( 30 + 15 ) m 2 = 377.5 m 2 ,
2 2
Volume of the cylinder = V = pr2h
Area using Kavita’s way
22
= ´ 20 ´ 20 ´ 14 = 17600 cm 3
1 7
= ´15 ´15 + 15 ´ 15 = 337.5 m 2
2
Hence, the volume of the cylinder is 17600 cm 3.
6. Let the length of the room = l = 12 m 11. Volume of cylinder B is greater, Surface area of cylinder B
Width of the room = b = 8 m is greater.
Height of the room = h = 4 m 12. 49500 L
Area of the four walls of the room 13. 140 m
Mensuration 265

Exemplar Questions : A B
A1 4cm
B1
1. ` 528 2. 10 m 3. 84 m
20 cm 28 cm
4. V = 11440 cm3, Weight = 91520 g C1
4cm
16 cm
5. h = 20 cm D1
D C
6. 6752 cm3 24 cm
7. 0.78 m Area of section ADD1 A1 = Area of section BCC1 B1
8. 1 day
1
9. 25 dm, 20 dm, 15 dm = ( 28 + 20 ) ´ 4 cm 2 = 24 ´ 4 cm2 = 96 cm2
2
10. r = 8 cm, A = 603.428 cm2
Area of section A1B1C1D1 = A1B1 × B1C1 = 16 × 20 cm2
11. h = 8 m, b = 10 m
= 320 cm2.
HOTS Questions :
1
5. Diameter of the graphite cylinder = 1 mm = cm
1. Diameter = 98 cm 10
Radius = 49 cm
Circumference = 308 cm 1
\ Radius = cm
\ Distance covered by the wheel in one revolution 20
= 308 cm Length of the graphite cylinder = 10 cm
Total distance to be covered = 770000
Number of revolutions = 2500 æ 22 1 1 ö
Volume of the graphite cylinder = ç ´ ´ ´ 10 ÷ cm3
\ Distance covered in 500 revolution = 1.54 km è 7 20 20 ø
2. The area grazed by the calf = pr2, where r = length of the
Weight of graphite = Volume × Specific gravity
rope.
Increase in area = p (232 – 122) æ 22 1 1 ö
= ç ´ ´ ´ 10 ´ 2.1 ÷ gm
= p × 35 × 11 è 7 20 20 ø
22
= ´ 35 ´ 11 = 1210 m2
7 æ 22 1 1 21 ö
= ç ´ ´ ´10 ´ ÷ gm = 0.165 gm
3. Area of the rectangle = L × B è 7 20 20 10 ø
Let the new width be B1.
7
4 Diameter of pencil = 7 mm = cm
Then, L × B = L ´ B1 10
3
7
3 \ Radius of pencil = cm and,
\ B1 = B = 0.75B 20
4
Length of pencil = 10 cm
Thus, there should be a reduction of 25% in the width.
4. We have, æ 22 7 7 ö
\ Volume of pencil = ç ´ ´ ´ 10 ÷ cm3
Area of section AB B1 A1 = Area of section CD D1 C1 è 7 20 20 ø

1 Volume of wood
= ( 24 + 16 ) ´ 4 cm 2
2
æ 22 7 7 22 1 1 ö
= ç ´ ´ ´ 10 - ´ ´ ´10 ÷ cm3
= 20 × 4 cm = 80 cm
2 2
è 7 20 20 7 20 20 ø

22 1 1
= ´ ´ ´ 10 ( 7 ´ 7 - 1) cm3
7 20 20
 EBD_7034
266 Mathematics
11 1 From (1)
= ´ ´ 48 cm3
7 20
1 1
æ 11 1 ö Area ABCDEFGH = ( 6 × 7) + ´ 4×3 + ´4´3
\ Weight of wood = ç ´ ´ 48 ´ 0.7 ÷ gm 2 2
è 7 20 ø
= 42 + 6 + 6 = 54 cm2
æ 11 1 7 ö 6. (c) Length of room = 6.75 m = 675 cm
= ç ´ ´ 48 ´ ÷ gm = 2.64gm
è 7 20 10 ø Breadth of room = 5.75 m = 575 cm
Square tiles are to be used to pave the room.
Total weight = (2.64 + 0.165) gm = 2.805 gm
The side of the square (tile) must be a factor of both
6. We have, v = abc and s = 2(ab + bc + ca) length & breadth of the room
\ HCF of 675 and 575 = 25 cm
2 æ 1 1 1 ö 2 æ bc + ab + ca ö
R.H.S. = ç + + ÷= ç ÷
Sè a b c ø Sè abc ø Area of room
\ No of tiles =
Area of one tile
2S 1
= = = L.H.S
SV V 675×575
No of tiles = = 621
25×25
7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (d)
15. (c)
Single Option Correct :
More Than One Option Correct :
1. (c)
2. (b) 12 cm 1. (a, b, c) 2. (a, b, c) 3. (a, b, c, d) 4. (a, b, c)
5. (a, b)
6. (a, b, c): Let length = x, breadth = 2x
4 cm
3. (b) A G and height = 3x
4 cm Surface area of cuboid = 88 cm2
F 4 cm E
8 So, 2 (lb + bh + hl) = 88 Þ lb + bh + hl = 44
4 cm
Þ x × 2x + 2x × 3x + 3x × x = 44
3 H D
J
I 5 Þ 2x2 + 6x2 + 3x2 = 44
4
Þ 11x2 = 44 Þ x2 = 4 Þ x = 2.
B C Length of the cuboid = x = 2 cm
Breadth of the cuboid = 2x = 2 × 2 = 4 cm

Area ABCDEFG Height of the cuboid = 3x = 3 × 2 = 6 cm

= Area AJHG + Area HFED + Area JICB + Area ICD æ 22 7 7 ö 3
7. (a, b, c) : Volume = pr2h = ç ´ ´ ´ 40 ÷ cm
è 7 2 2 ø
1
= (8 × 4) + (4 × 4) + (4 × 3) + (5 × 4) = 32 +16 + 12 +10 = 1540 cm 2
2
Curved surface area = 2prh
= 70 cm2
4. (a) æ 22 7 ö
5. (b) = ç 2 ´ ´ ´ 40 ÷ cm 2 = 880 cm 2
è 7 2 ø
Area ABCDEFGH
= Area (ABEF) + Area (FGH) + Area (CDE) ...(1) Total surface area = 2prh + 2pr2 = 2pr (h + r)

FH = FG 2 - GH 2 = 25 - 16 = 3 cm æ 22 7 ö
= ç 2 ´ ´ ´ ( 40 + 3.5 ) ÷ cm 2 = 957cm 2
è 7 2 ø
CE = DE 2 - CD 2 = 25 - 16 = 3 cm
Mensuration 267

8. (b, c, d) : lb = 120 cm2, bh = 72 cm2 2. (7) Area of triangular garden

and hl = 60 cm 2
1
Volume of the box = lb × bh × hl = ´ base ´ altitude
2
= 120 × 72 × 60
Þ (lbh)2 = 518400 9520 ´ 2
Þ = Altitude Þ Altitude = 56m
340
Þ lbh = 518400 = 720 cm3
a 56
The value of = =7
720 720 8 8
length = = 10, breadth = = 12cm 3. (4) Surface area of a cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)
72 60
= 2 (16 × 8 + 8 × 6 + 6 × 16) cm2
720 = 2 (128 + 48 + 96) cm2 = 544 cm2.
height = = 6 cm
120
4. (2) Area of parallelogram = base × altitude
Passage Based Questions : = 14 × 8 = 112 cm2

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) So, y = 112 cm2

4. (a) Required area = 2p × 1.2 × 5 + p × (1.2)2 The value of (y – 110) = (112 – 110) = 2 cm2.
= 42.2 to 42.25 m2 5. (3) Given shape is a rectangle.
5. (a) Required volume = p × (1.2)2 × 3 Perimeter of rectangle = 2[Length + Breadth]
= 13.564 m3 186 = 2[5x + 6 + 2x + 66]
= 1 m3 = 1000 l Þ 13564 l 186 = 2[7x + 72]
Assertion & Reason : 186
7x + 72 =
1. (a) Assertion and Reason both are correct and Reason is 2
the correct explanation of Assertion. 7x + 72 = 93
Length of hall = 20 m 7x = 93 – 72
Breadth = 10 m 7x = 21
Area = 20 × 10
21
50 x=
Length of tile = m 7
100
x = 3 cm.
50
Breadth = m
100 ADVANCED EXERCISE
2 BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
æ 50 ö
\ Area of each tile = ç
è 100 ÷ø
2. (a) Both Assertion & Reason are correct. 1. (a) N
3. (d) Assertion is incorrect and Reason is correct.
4. (c) The line segment joining the centres of two circular
bases is called axis of the cylinder.
O
Integer Type Questions : 14 14
1. (4) Area of rhomous A B
1 1 M
= ´ d1 ´ d 2 = ´10 ´12 = 60 cm2
2 2
1 2
x 60
= =4 Area of D AOB = ´ 14 ´ 14 = 98cm
So, x = 60 cm . The value of
2
2
15 15
 EBD_7034
268 Mathematics

90° 4. (b) Let the original radius = r

Area of segment AMBO = ´ p(14)2 = 154 cm2
360° \ Area A = pr2
Area of circular segment AMBA = 154 – 98 = 56 cm2 increased area A¢ = p(r + 1)2
Area of circular segment ABNA
Now , A¢ = A + 22
= p(14)2 - 56 = 560 cm 2 . p (r + 1)2 = p r2 + 22
2. (c) Each angle of equilateral triangle is = 60°, area of field Þ p[(r + 1)2 – r2] = 22
over which the horse can graze = area of sector CDE Þ p[(r + 1 + r ) (r + 1 – r )] = 22
with central angle 60°. Þ p(2r + 1) = 22
22 ´ 7 é 22 ù
2r + 1 = êQ p = 7 ú
A 22 ë û
Þ 2r + 1 = 7
E Þ 2r = 6
7m Þ r = 3 cm
2 q
60° 5. (b) Area of a sector = pr ´ ,
B C 360
D 7m q = included angle

2 45
\ Area of sector OCBO = p ´ 8 ´
60° 60 22 2 360
= ´ pr 2 = ´ ´ 72 = 25 sq.cm
360° 360 7 3
= 8p m 2
Area of sector OADO
3. (c)
2 45 9p 2
= p´6 ´ = m
360 2
a
a æ 9p ö 2
4 \ Area of shaded region = çè 8p - ÷ø m
2

7p 2 7 ´ 22 2
= m = m
2 2´7
Side of square paper sheet
Area of shaded region = 11 m2
= 784 = 28cm

28
Radius of each circular plate = = 7 cm
4
\ Circumference of each plate = 2p × Radius

22
= 2´ ´ 7 = 44 cm
7
 ter
Chap
Exponents and Power
12

Some of the numbers like 300,000,000, 1,526,000 are incredibly large and some numbers like 0.000009, 0.00000926 are unbelievable
small. It is difficult to comprehend such numbers. We express such numbers in exponential form, so that it becomes very
convenient to read, understand and compare.
In the exponential form, a number is multiplied by itself repeatedly. Example: 81 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 34.
Here, 81 is expressed as 34, which is a shorter form.
It is read as 3 raised to the power 4. Here the base is 3 and the exponent is 4.
 EBD_7034
270 Mathematics
EXPONENTS AND POWERS [INDICES]
For any non-zero rational number ‘a’ and natural number ‘n’ the product a × a × a × ......... × a (n times) [continued product of ‘a’ with
itself n time] is written as an . It is known as nth power of ‘a’ and is read as ‘a’ raised to the power ‘n’. The rational number ‘a’ is called
the base and ‘n’ is called exponent or index. The notation of writing the product of a rational number by itself several times is called
exponential notation or power notation.

Example : 2 × 2× 2 × 2× 2 = 25 , here 2 is base and 5 is exponent or index.

Initially we will consider index as positive integer and then apply this knowledge to understand the meaning when indices are 0 or
negative.
Laws of Indices :
(i) a m ´ an = a m + n [Multiplication with same base]

‘a’ is any rational number, ‘m’ and ‘n’ are integers.

For example:

(a) (3)5 × (3)4 = (3)5 + 4 = (3)9 (b) ( -6) -2 ´ ( -6)3 = ( -6) -2 + 3 = ( -6)

(ii) a m ¸ a n = am - n , a ¹ 0 [Division with same base]

For example:

3 1 3 -1 2
æ2ö æ 2ö æ2ö æ 2ö
(a) ( 4 )5 ¸ (4)3 = (4)5 - 3 = (4) 2 (b) ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ = ç ÷ =ç ÷
è3ø è 3ø è3ø è 3ø

IMPORTANT : Let m = n, then by law (ii) we can write

am ¸ am = am - m

i.e. 1= a0 here a ¹ 0

0m 0
If the number itself is zero, then 0m - m = = which is undefined
0m 0

Þ 0° is not defined.

(iii) ( a m )n = (a n ) m = a mn [power of a power]

For example:
4 3´4
3
éæ 2ö 3 ù æ 2ö æ 2ö
12
(a) ( 42 ) = 42 ´ 3 = 46 (b) ê ç ÷ ú = ç ÷ =ç ÷
ëè 3ø û è 3ø è 3ø

(iv) a m ´ bm = (ab)m [Multiplication with same exponents]

For example:
3 3 3
æ 1 ö æ3ö æ 3ö
(a) 34 ´ 64 = (18 )4 (b) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷
è 2 ø è5ø è 10 ø
Exponents and Power 271

m
æaö
(v) a m ¸ bm = ç ÷ [Division with same exponent]
èbø
For example:

æ3ö
2 ( 5 / 2 )3 æ 125 ö
3
2 2 =
(a) 3 ¸5 = ç ÷ (b) 3 çè 8 ÷ø
è5ø ( 4 / 25 )
We know that a m ´ a n = a m + n [m & n are integers]
If m = – n, then

a -n ´ a n = a -n + n = a 0 = 1 [Any number (except 0) raised to the power ‘0’ is 1. For e.g. (–6)0 = 1]
i.e. an × a–n = 1

1
or a - n = ie. a–n is reciprocal of an
an

-n n
æaö æbö
(vi) ç ÷ =ç ÷
èbø èaø
For example:
-4 4 -1 1
æ2ö æ5ö æ1ö æ4ö
(a) ç ÷ =ç ÷ (b) ç ÷ =ç ÷ =4
è5ø è2ø è4ø è1ø

ILLUSTRATION : 1
2
Find the value of (32) 5 .
SOLUTION :
1 2
Þ é( 32 )2 ù 5 or é (32)1/ 5 ù
ë û ë û
1
2
(1024)
5 é 1ù
= or êë( 25 ) 5 úû
1
= éë( 2 )10 ùû 5 or (2)2

= (22 ) or (2)2
= 4 or 4

Negative Rational Exponents

-p p -p
1 p 1 æ 1 öq
q q
We know that a–n = n . If exponent is in the form of q then a = = ç ÷ i.e. a is reciprocal of ap/q.
a ap / q èaø
p p
-
x æxö q æ y öq
Now if ‘a’ is also a rational number in the form where both x and y are greater than 0 then we can write ç ÷ =ç ÷
y è yø èxø

NOTE : a–1 + b–1 does not equal (a + b)–1.

 EBD_7034
272 Mathematics

ILLUSTRATION : 2
2 1 2
- - -
æ 8ö 3 æ 8 ö 3 æ 8 ö 3
(b) Evaluate : çè ÷ ´ç
(a) Find the value of ç ÷
è 27 ø
.
125 ø è 125 ÷ø
SOLUTION :
2
1 ù2 é 1 ù2 ì 1ü
é é 3 ù3 2
-
2 2 æ
ê æ 27 ö 3 ú = ê 3
3ö3
ú ï
ï æ3ö ïï æ3ö 9
æ 8 ö æ 27 ö 3 ê
êç 3 ÷ ú = í ç ÷ ú ý = ç ÷ =
= ê çè 8 ÷ø ú
3
(a) ç ÷ =ç ÷
è 27 ø è 8ø êë úû êè 2 ø ú ï êëè ø úû ï
2 è ø
2 4
ë û ïî ïþ

1 2 1 æ 2ö 3
- - - +ç - ÷ - -1
æ 8 ö 3 æ 8 ö 3 æ 8 ö 3 è 3ø æ 8 ö 3 æ 8 ö 125
(b) ç ´ç = ç =ç =ç =
è 125 ÷ø è 125 ÷ø è 125 ÷ø è 125 ÷ø è 125 ÷ø 8

USE OF EXPONENTS TO EXPRESS SMALL NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM

There are three steps:

Step I: Obtain the number and see whether the number is between 1 and 10 or it is less than 1.

Step II: If the number is between 1 and 10, then write it as the product of the number itself and 10o.

Step III : If the number is less than one, then move the decimal point to the right so that there is just one digit on the left side of the
decimal point. Write the given number as the product of the number so obtained and 10–n, where n is the number of places the
decimal point has been moved to the right. The number so obtained is the standard form of the given number.

ILLUSTRATION : 3
Write the following numbers in standard form:
(i) 0.4579 (ii) 216000000 (iii) 0.0000529 ×10 4 (iv) 9573 × 10–4
SOLUTION :
(i) To express 0.4579 in standard form the decimal point is moved through one place only to the right so that there is just one
digit on the left of the decimal point. So standard form is 4.579 × 10–1
(ii) 216000000 = 2.16 × 108 [ \ The decimal point is moved 8 places to the left]
(iii) 0.0000529 × 104 = 5.29 × 10–5 × 104 = 5.29 × 10 –5 + 4 = 5.29 × 10–1
(iv) 9573 × 10–4 = 9.573 × 103 × 10–4 = 9.573 × 103+(–4) = 9.573 × 10–1

NOTE : The exponent properties deal only with products and quotients, not with sums.
Exponents and Power 273

( ) ( )
-1 -1
1. Simplify : 6- 1 - 8- 1 + 2 -1 - 3 -1

( 6 -1 - 8 -1 ) ( )
-1 -1
Sol. + 2 - 1 - 3 -1

-1 -1
æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö
= ç - ÷ +ç - ÷
è6 8ø è 2 3ø
-1 -1
æ 4-3ö æ 3- 2 ö
= ç ÷ +ç ÷
è 24 ø è 6 ø
-1 -1
æ 1 ö æ1ö é -1 1 ù
= ç ÷ +ç ÷
è 24 ø êë using n = n úû
è6ø
= 24 + 6 = 30
2. By what number should (–6)–1 be multiplied so that the product is equal to (9)–1.
Sol. Let the required number be ‘x’
-1 -1
Now, ( -6 ) ´ x = ( 9 )
\ x = ( 9) -1 ¸ ( -6) -1
1 1
= ¸
9 –6
1 -6 -6 é -1 1 ù
= ´ = êë using n = n úû
9 1 9
-2
=
3
-2
\ The required number is 3 .

-1
éì -2 2 ù
ê ï æ - 1 ö üï ú
3. Simplify : í ç ÷ ý
ê è 5ø ú
ë îï þï û
Sol. Given expression can be written as
2 ´ ( - 1)
é æ - 1 ö -2 ù
êç ÷ ú [ using (x m )n = x m × n ]
ëè 5 ø û
-2 ( -2 ) ´ ( -2 )
é æ -1 ö - 2 ù æ -1 ö æ -1 ö
4
Þ êç ÷ ú =ç ÷ =ç ÷
ëè 5 ø û è 5 ø è 5 ø

( -1)4 é æaö
n
an ù
= ê using ç ÷ = ú
( 5 )4 ëê èbø b n ûú
1
=
625
 EBD_7034
274 Mathematics

3-5 ´ 10- 5 ´ 125

4. Simplify :
5 - 7 ´ 6 -5
Sol. Given expression can be written as
3-5 ´ (2 ´ 5)-5 ´ 53
5–7 ´ 6-5

3-5 ´ 2-5 ´ 5–5 ´ 53

= éQ ( a ´ b )n = a n ´ b n ù
5-7 ´ 2-5 ´ 3-5 ë û

é an n -m m
ù
= 3-5 - ( -5) ´ 2 -5 - ( -5) ´ 5-5 + 3 - ( -7) êQ m = a , a ´ a n = am + n ú
ë a û

= 30 ´ 20 ´ 55 = 1´ 1´ 55 [Q a0 = 1]

= 55 = 3125

-4 - 12 4x
æ7ö æ7ö æ7ö
5. Find ‘x’ so that ç ÷ ´ç ÷ =ç ÷
è4ø è4ø è4ø

-4 -12 4x
æ7ö æ7ö æ7ö
Sol. Given ç ÷ ´ç ÷ =ç ÷
è4ø è4ø è4ø

-4 + ( -12) 4x
æ7ö æ7ö
Þ ç ÷
è 4ø
=ç ÷
è4ø
[Qam ´an = am + n ]
-16 4x
æ7ö æ7ö
Þ ç ÷ =ç ÷
è4ø è4ø

Þ 4x = -16 Þ x= – 4

-3 -3
2 2
6. Evaluate: ( 0.000343 ) ´ ( 0.49 )
-3 -3
2 2
Sol. ( 0.000343 ) ´ ( 0.49 )
-3 -3
= æç
343 ö 2 æ 49 ö 2
÷ ´ç ÷
è 1000000 ø è 100 ø
3 3
= æç
1000000 ö 2 æ 100 ö 2
÷ ´ç ÷
è 343 ø è 49 ø

3 3
æ 106 ö 2 æ 102 ö 2
= ç ÷ ´ç ÷
è 73 ø è 7 2 ø

3 3
æ 106 ´102 ö 2 æ 108 ö 2 1012
= ç ÷ = ç 5 ÷ = 15
è 73 ´ 7 2 ø è 7 ø
72
Exponents and Power 275

-3

( )
2
7. Evaluate : 13 + 23 + 33 + 43

-3 -3
-3 -3
( )
2
Sol. (13 3
+2 +3 +4 3 3 ) = (1 + 8 + 27 + 64 )
2
= (100) 2 = 10 2 2
= 10 -3 =
1
.
1000

8. Express each of the following as a rational number of the form p .

q

() () (– 72 ) × ( –75 )
-2 -3 -4 2
3 × 4
(a) (b)
8 5

(83) ´ ( 45 )
-2 -3
Sol. (a)

-2 (22 )-3 23´2 3 6 3 3

= 3 ´ = ´ 5 = 2 ´ 5 = 5 = 125 .
3 -2 -3 2 3´ 2 2 6 2 9
(2 ) 5 3 2 3 ´2 3

( -2) -4 ( -7) 2
(b) -4
´
7 52
4 2 2
1 ´ 7 ´ ( -1) ´ (7)
( - 2)4 52

4 +2 6
1 ´7 = 7 = 117649
= 4 4 25 400 400
(-1) ´ (2)

9. Write the following numbers in usual form :

(a) 1.785 × 107 (b) 5.1 × 10–7

Sol. (a) 1.785 × 107 = 1.785 × 10000000 = 17850000

5.1 = 5.1 = 0.00000051

(b) 5.1 × 10–7 =
107 10000000
 EBD_7034
276 Mathematics

Fill in the Blanks : Match the Columns :

DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in
1. The scientific notation for 0.000065 is
column II.
3/2
æ 25 ö 1. Column-I Column-II
2. ç ÷ can be written as
è 21 ø (A) 3–9 × 3x = 3 (p) 2
3. The usual form of 6.96 × 105 is ........ then the value of x is
(B) If 5x × 5–2 × 54 = 5–3 (q) –1
4. (25 ¸ 28 ) ´ 24 is equal to
then the value of x is
5. For any two rational numbers a and b, a5 ´ b5 is equal to -4 6
æ -3ö æ -3 ö
(C) If ç ÷ ´ç ÷ (r) 10
.... . è 5ø è 5ø
6. The value of (512)–2/9 is ....... 2x
æ 5ö
7. = ç ÷ then the
4-3/ 2
+8 2/3
= ................. è 3ø
8. The value of expression (80 - 30 ) ´ (80 + 30 ) is equal to ... value of x is
(D) If 52 x +1 ¸ 25 = 125 (s) –5
9. (2 -1 - 4-1 ) 2 = .........
then the value of x is
25 ´ a -4 2. Column-I Column-II
10. =…
5 ´ 10 ´ a -8
-3
1
(A) By what number should 5-1 (p)
3
True / False :
be multiplied so that the
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your product may be equal
answer as true or false. to ( -7 )
-1

1. In 63, the number 6 is called the base and 3 is called the -2

(B) By what number should (q)
exponent. 3
2. A reciprocal is also known as multiplicative inverse. (-15)-1 be divided so that
the quotient may be equal
3. 22 × 23 = 26
to (-5)-1?
8 4 4
4. 6 ÷3 =2 -2
(C) By what number should (-6)-1 (r)
5. (2x2)3 = 8x5 27
be multiplied so that product
6. -1 -1
If ab = 1, then the value of (1 + a - b ) + (1 + b - a ) -1 -1 becomes 9-1 ?
is 1. -5
(D) By what number should (s)
7
1 1 -3
7. If ab = 1, then the value of + is equal to 2. æ -2 ö
1 + a -1 1 + b -1 ç ÷ be divided so that the
è 3 ø
-2
10 x æ 4 ö
8. If ´ 3 - 3x-1 = 81, then x = 4. quotient may ç ÷ ?
3 è 27 ø
Exponents and Power 277

Very Short Answer Questions : 4. Find x so that

–9 7 2 x+ 2
æ 2ö æ 2ö æ 2ö
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence. çè 3 ÷ø ´ç ÷ ´ç ÷ =1
è 3ø è 3ø
q
æ xm ´ xn ö K 2 °
1. If ç p ÷ = x then what is the value of K? p æ2ö æ6ö
= ¸
5. If then find the value of (q/p)3.
q çè 3 ÷ø çè 7 ÷ø
è x ø
1

2. Simplify ( )
1 3
62
6.
7.
If 3x = 500 then find the value of 3x–2.
Evaluate (13 + 23 + 33 + 43)–3/2.
3. Write each of the following in radical form. 8. If the mean of three numbers a, b and c is 3, then find the
(i) cube root of 972
value of 3
(7 a + b - c )(7 b + c - a )(7 c + a - b ) .
(ii) fifth root of 1980 a
(iii) seventh root of 1760 9. If 0.04 ´ 0.4 ´ a = 0.004 ´ 0.4 ´ b, then find b .
(iv) square root of 2001 10. Given that 9n + 9n + 9n = 32013, what is the value of n?
4. Write the following polynomials in standard form
(i) y – 2 + 8y3 – 3y2 (ii) x2 – 11 + 3x3 + 8x4 – 2x Long Answer Questions :
(iii) –5x2+2– 6x3
+ x4
5. Write the following monomials according to their degrees DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
in descending order.
5
1 æ 1ö æ -1 ö
-4x 2 , x 5 , -6x11 , 7x 6 , 2x 3 çè - ÷ø çè ÷ø
7 8 2
1. Find the value of ¸
4 æ 1ö
3 is: 3 æ 1ö çè - ÷ø
6. The value of ‘x’, when 3 = x
çè - ÷ø 4
9 2
1
(27) 3
2. If 4x + 4x + 4x + 4 x + 4x + 4x + 4 x + 4x = 1 , then
ì – 23 ü 2 512
7. The value of í 8 ý is
î þ -3
what is the value of ?
8. Each of the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 is substituted, in some x
order for p, q, r and s. Find the greatest possible value of æ –2 ö
30
æ –2 ö
28
pq + rs. 3. If x = ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ and
è 5ø è 5ø
9. The length of a room is 9.0085 × 10–2cm. Which number
is equivalent to this length? æ –2 ö æ –2 ö
2 3

( )
2
y = ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ then find the value of x3 ¸ y .
è 5ø è 5ø
Short Answer Questions :
4. Simplify:
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences.
a+b
é a b ù
-2 -3 -3
x æ -1ö æ 2ö æ xö êxa - b xb -a ú
1. If =ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ , find the value of ç ÷ . ê ¸ ú
y è 3ø è 3ø è yø ê a b ú
2. Evaluate : ëê x a + b x b + a ûú

3 4
20 + 50 ´ 80 2 æ 2 ö æ 3ö ( 0.6) 0 - ( 0.1) -1
(i) (ii) ´ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ 5. Find the value of
0
2 +5 +8 0 0 5 è 5 ø è 5ø -1 3 -1
æ 3ö æ 3ö æ -1ö
(iii) (5–1 – 7–1)–1 + (3–1 – 5–1)–1 çè 3 ÷ø çè ÷ø + çè ÷ø
2 2 3
–3
æ –3 ö
( ) , then find the value of x.
3 x
3. By what number should ç ÷ be divided, so that the 6. If x x = x
2 3

è 2ø
2

–2
æ 4ö 810 + 410
quotient may be ç ÷ ? 7. Simplify:
è 27 ø 642 + 49 ´ 16
 EBD_7034
278 Mathematics
1 1 1 10. Find the value of the expression
8. Find the value of + +
(216)-2 / 3 (256) -3 / 4 (32) -1/ 5 1
æ 1 ö
4

( 0.3) . ç ÷ . ( 9 ) 6 . ( 0.81) 3
1 1 2
3
x
3x 1 9 è 27 ø
9. If = , find the value of is -2
1 + 3x 1 + 9x
( 0.9 ) 3 . ( 3) 2 . æç ö÷ . ( 243) 4
9 2 -1 1 -1

è3ø

Text Book Exercise : Exemplar Questions :

1. Express 4– 3 as a power with the base 2. 1. Find the product of the cube of (–2) and the square of (+4).
2. Simplify and write the answer in the exponential form. In question 2 and 3, find the value of n.

(i) (25 ¸ 28 ) 5 ´ 2 -5 6n
2. If = 63 , then find the value of n.
6 -2
(ii) (-4) -3 ´ (5) -3 ´ ( -5) -3
2n ´ 26
3. If = 218 , then find the value of n.
3. Find m so that (–3) m+ 1
× (–3) = (–3)
5 7
2 -3
ìïæ 1 ö -2 æ 1 ö-3 üï æ 1 ö-2 5m ´ 53 ´ 5-2
4. Simplify (i) íç 3 ÷ - ç 2 ÷ ý ¸ ç 4 ÷ 4. If = 512 , find m.
5-5
îïè ø è ø þï è ø
-7 -5
5. The volume of the Earth is approximately 7.67 × 10–7 times
æ 5ö æ8ö the volume of the Sun. Express this figure in usual form.
(ii) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è8ø è 5ø 6. By what number should (–15)–1 be divided so that the
5. Find the value of. quotient may be equal to (–5)–1?
-2 -2 -2 7. Find x.
æ1ö æ1ö æ1ö
(i) (3o + 4 -1 ) ´ 2 2 (ii) ç ÷ + ç ÷ + ç ÷ æ -6 ö
x-7
2
è ø 3
è ø è4ø (i) 2x + 2x + 2x = 192 (ii) =1
ç ÷
è 7 ø
(iii) (3– 1 + 4– 1 + 5– 1)0 (iii) 23x = 82x+1
8- 1 ´ 53 8. If a = – 1, b = 2, then find the value of the following:
6. Evaluate (i) (ii) (5–1 × 2–1) × 6–1
2 -4 (i) ab + ba (ii) ab – ba
7. Simplify. (iii) ab × ba (iv) ab ÷ ba
25 ´ t -4 3-5 ´ 10 -5 ´ 125 9. Simplify:
(i) ( t ¹ 0) (ii)
5-3 ´ 10 ´ t -8 5- 7 ´ 6 - 5 éæ 4 ö -2 æ 3 ö2 ù
-2

(i) êç 3 ÷ - ç 4 ÷ ú
8. Express the following numbers in standard form. ëêè ø è ø ûú
45 -60 28 -43
(i) 0.000035 (ii) 4050000 æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö
(ii) ç ÷ ´ç ÷ -ç ÷ ´ç ÷
9. Express the following numbers in usual form. è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø è 5ø
(3-2 ) 2 ´ (52 ) -3 ´ (t -3 ) 2
(i) 3.52 × 105 (ii) 7.54 × 10– 4 (iii)
(3-2 )5 ´ (53 ) -2 ´ ( t -4 ) 3
(iii) 3 × 10– 5
( -2)3 ´ (-2)7
10. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20mm and 5 10. Simplify
3 ´ 46
paper sheets each of thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total
11. Find x so that (–5)x+1 × (–5)5 = (–5)7
thickness of the stack.
Exponents and Power 279

HOTS Questions : 5. Express the given expression as a power of a rational number

with
1 1 1
1. + + =? (i) a positive exponent
b-a c-a a -b c -b b-c
1+ x +x 1+ x +x 1+ x + xa - c
(ii) a negative exponent
a+b b+c c+a
æ xa ö æ xb ö æ xc ö
2. Find the value of ç b ÷ ´ç ÷ ´ç ÷ ìïæ 1 ö –4 æ 3 ö 5 ü 10
–3 ï
èx ø è xc ø è xa ø íç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ¸ 21 ý ¸ 7
è ø è 7ø
îï 3 þï
3. If 2x - 2 x -1 = 4 , then find the value of xx 1 5
1 -
1
-
1
6. Simplify : + (0.09) 2 - (64) 6 ´ 70
4. If a = x3 + x 3 then find the value of a 3 - 3a 16

Single Option Correct : 7. The scientific notation of 165000000000000 is given by:

(a) 16.5 × 1013 (b) 16.5 × 1012
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (c) 1650 × 1011 (d) 1.65 × 1014
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which 3 -3 -10
p æ2ö æ3ö æ pö
ONLY ONE is correct. 8. If = ç ÷ ¸ ç ÷ then the value of ç ÷ is
q è3ø è2ø èqø
1. x
If 4 – 4 x-1 , find the value of (2x)x
= 24
5 (a) 1 (b) 5
(a)
52
(b) 5 5 (c) 2–2 (d) 3
3
1
(c) 5 ´ 52 (d) All of these 9. The solution of 33x–5 = x is.
9
2. If 9x + 2
= 240 + 9x,
then the value of x is (a) 1 (b) 3
1 (c) 9x (d) 32
(a) (b) 1
2 10. Value of the expression
(c) 0 (d) 2
x+ y+z
3. If m and n are whole numbers such that m n = 121, then the is
value of (m – 1)n + 1 is x -1 y -1 + y -1z -1 + z -1x -1
(a) 1 (b) 10 1 xyz
(a) (b)
(c) 1000 (d) 121 x+ y+z x+ y+z
1 1 1
4. If xy = 1, then + = (c) (d) xyz
-1
1+ x 1 + y -1 xyz
(a) 1 (b) xy
( ) ( )
-1 -1 -1 -1
1 11. Simplify : 6 - 8 + 2 -1 - 3-1
(c) (d) None of these
xy 5 1
a (a) (b)
2 6
If a b = ba , then æç ÷ = öb
a
5. 1
èbø a (c) 30 (d)
24
(a) 1 (b) ab
a 2y -1
-1 æ1ö
(c) 2 (d) a b ç ÷ .(.0081)1/3 2y -5
12. Solve for y if è 9 ø æ1ö 3 27 y -1
=ç ÷
6. Simplify: (5an–2)–1 . 243 è3ø 10000
2
n n -19
(a) (b) (a) 19 × 8 (b)
5a 5a 8
n3 n4 18 -19
(c) (d) (c) (d)
5a 5a 9 18
 EBD_7034
280 Mathematics

More Than One Option Correct : 7. Which of the following statement is/are incorrect?
(a) xy > yx, if x = 2 and y = 4
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (b) x = 1 for all values of x
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(c) x– y > y– x if x = – 103 and y = – 104
ONE OR MORE may be correct.
(d) xy > yx, if x = 4 and y = 2.
1. If 800 = 8 × 108 × x–3/2, then x equals 8. Which of the following values are equal?
(a) 1002 (b) 103
4 (a) 14 (b) 40
(c) 10 (d) 1003
(c) 04 (d) 41
(- 56 ) ( ) ( )
3/4 7/6 7-x
5 5
2. when divided by -
6
becomes -
6
, Passage Based Questions :
the value of x is
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
70 89 following questions.
(a) (b)
12 12
2 2
PASSAGE - I
æ 89 ö æ 7 ö Exponents are very useful to express very large number such as
(c) ç 12 ÷ (d) ç 12 ÷
è ø è ø 5,000,000,000 which is 5 × 1000, 000, 000 as 5 × 109 and small
5
= 5 ´ 10-9 .
( 25 ) ö÷
0 numbers such as 0.000, 000, 005 as
æ
( )
-2/3 1, 000, 000,000
64 ¸ 1 + ç =
3. When a number is expressed with one whole number and the
125
( )
1/4 ç
256
3
64 ÷ remaining part as exponents of 10, then the number is in standard
è ø
625 form. Convert the numbers into standard form.
9 9 1. The milky way is 100, 000 light years away.
(a) (b)
2 4 (a) 10 × 105 (b) 2 × 105
(c) 100 (d) 1 × 104
( 32 ) ( 84 )
2 2
(c) (d) 2. The age of our universe is 8000, 000, 000 years nearly.
(a) 8 × 10–5 (b) 8.0 × 109
4n +1.2n - 8n = 3 (c) 9 × 109 (b) 8 × 108
4. 8 , then n equals
22n 3. The coefficient of linear expansion of copper is 0.0000187.
(a) 2 (b) (–27)1/3 (a) 1.87 × 104 (b) 2 × 103
(c) (3) 3 (d) – 3
(c) 1.87 × 10–5 (b) 1.87
5. Which of the following is/are correct?
PASSAGE - II
3
ìïæ -7 ö 2 üï æ 7ö
6
(a) íçè ÷ø ý = çè ÷ø am ´ an
9 ï 9 am × an × a–p =
îï þ ap
ìïæ -2 ö 5 ü4 20 4. The value of 62 × 6–4 × 68 is
ï æ 19 ö
(b) The reciprocal of íçè 19 ÷ø ý is ç ÷
ïî ïþ è 2ø (a) 66 (b) 6–6

æ -3ö
33
333 (c) 612 (d) 6–10
(c) ç ÷ =
è 2ø 233
( 12 ) ´ ( 12 ) ´ ( 12 ) + ( 14 ) ´ ( 14 ) ´ ( 14 )
-4 -8 2 +2 -6 2
5. Evaluate :
(d) 339
– = 33338

( 12 ) + ( 14 ) (b) ( 12 ) + ( 14 )
6. Which of the following is/are incorrect? -10 -2 +12 -1
(a) 45 + 43 = 48 (a)

( 2 + 5) 4 = 24 + 54
( 12 ) + ( 14 ) (d) ( 12 )
(b) -14 0 +12
(c)
8 5 3 m
æ 10 ö æ 10 ö æ 10 ö æ 10 ö Find the value of x if 42x – 3 = 42 × 23 × 4
(c) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ = ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ Þ m = 10 6.
è 11ø è 11ø è 11ø è 11ø (a) 0 (b) 4
33
æ -3 ö 333 (c)
15
(d)
-9
(d) ç ÷ =- 4 8
33
è 2 ø 2
Exponents and Power 281
3
Assertion & Reason : é æ 2 ö 2 ù æ 1 ö -2 -1 1 32
5. Assertion: The value of ê çè ÷ø ú ´ çè ÷ø ´ 3 ´ is
ëê 3 ûú 3 6 729
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the Reason : Property I = ( a - m )n = a m ´ n and property
question on the basis of following options. You have to select æ1ö
-1

the one that best describes the two statement. II = a -1 = ç ÷ holds.

èaø
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is Integer Type Question :
the correct explanation of Assertion. n
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is 5
( 243) ´ 32n+1
not the correct explanation of Assertion. 1. Find the vlue of
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 9n ´ 3n -1
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 2. Find the least value of 5x + 5–x.

–7 1 1
1. Assertion : We should multiply (–7)–1 to to get the 3. Find the value of (n - m)
+ (m - n)
=?
4 1+ a 1+ a
product as 4–1. 4. Find the value of
–1 0 –2 b+c-a c+a-b a + b-c
x æ5ö æ8ö æ xö æ xb ö æ xc ö æ xa ö
Reason : If = ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ then the value of ç ÷ is ç c÷ ´ç a ÷ ´ç b ÷
y è2ø 9
è ø è yø èx ø èx ø èx ø
2 1 1 1
æ 2ö .
çè 5 ÷ø æ x a ö ab æ x b ö bc æ x c ö ac
5. Find the value of ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è xb ø è xc ø è xa ø
2. Assertion : (2y3)2
= 2y6
9 1
Reason : (2y ) = 4y6
3 2
6. If 27k = , then find the value of 2
-2 -3 5 k k
æ5ö æ5ö æ 5ö 3
3. Assertion : The value of ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ is 0. x
8
è ø 8
è ø è8ø 7. If 4 x = 256 then find the value of x.
Reason : xm ´ xn ´ x p = x m+ n + p
6 8. If 2 x -1 + 2 x +1 = 320, then find the value of x.
ìï æ 1 ö 6 üï
4. Assertion: í çè 2 ÷ø ý is the reciprocal of 236. æaö
x -1
æbö
x -3

ïî ïþ 9. If ç ÷ =ç ÷ , then find the value of x is equal to

èbø èaø
Reason : {(a ) } = a
m n m ´n
, for any value of a. 10. Given that 4n+1 = 256 , find the value of n.
 EBD_7034
282 Mathematics

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

1 1 a b
7. False: + = +
1 1 1+ a 1+ b
1+ 1+
Fill in the Blanks : a b

65 a + ab + b + ab
1. 6.5 ´ 10-5 ; 0.000065 = = 6.5 ´ 10-5. =
100000 1 + a + b + ab
2+ a +b
3 3/ 2 3 = =1 (\ ab = 1).
æ 25 ö æ 25 ö æ 25 ö 2+ a +b
2. çè ÷ø ;ç ÷ = çè ÷ø
21 è 21 ø 21
10
8. False, ´ 3x - 3x -1 = 81
3. 696000; 6.96 ´ 10 = 6.96 ´ 100000 = 696000.
5 3
Þ 3x–1 × 9 = 81
æ 25 ö 4 Þ 3x–1 = 9
-3
çè 28 ÷ø ´ 2 = 2 ´ 2 = 2
4
4. Þ x=3
Match the Column :
5. a 5 ´ b 5 = (ab )5 .
1. (A) ® (r); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (p)
1 A. – 9 + x = 1
6. (512)–2/9 = [(2)9]–2/9 = 2–2 =
4 B. x – 2 + 4 = – 3
2 2x 2x
1 33 æ -3 ö æ 5ö 9 æ 5ö
7. 4–3/2
+8 2/3
= 2 + 2 = +4=
–3 2 C. çè ÷ø = çè ÷ø , =ç ÷
8 8 5 3 25 è 3 ø
8. (80 – 30) × (80 + 30) = (1 – 1)(1 + 1) = 0 -2 x
25 æ 5 ö
2 2 Þ =ç ÷
æ 1 1ö æ 1ö 1 9 è3ø
9. (2–1 – 4–1)2 = ç - ÷ = ç ÷ =
è 2 4ø è 4ø 16 2 -2 x
æ 5ö æ 5ö
Þç ÷ = ç ÷ Þ x = –1
è 3ø è 3ø
25 ´ a -4 25 ´ 53 ´ a (8- 4) 625 4
10. = = a 2. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r)
5-3 ´ 10 ´ a -8 10 2
Very Short Answer Questions :
True / False :
1. K = (m + n – p) q
1. True 2. 6
2. True 6
3. False, the exponents is multiplied instead of added. 3. (i) 3 3
972 = 22 ´ 35 = 3 3 36
4. False, the exponents were subtracted, but the bases were
not the same. (ii) 5
1980
5. False, the exponents were added instead of multiplied.
(iii) 7
1760
6. False: (1 + a - b -1 )-1 + (1 + b - a -1 ) -1
(iv) 2001
1 1 b a
= + = + 4. (i) 8y3 – 3y2 + 4 – 2
1 1 b + ab - 1 a + ab - 1
1+ a - 1+ b - (ii) 8x4 + 3x3 + x2 – 2x – 11
b a
b a (iii) x4 – 6x3 – 5x2 + 2
= + = 1+1 = 2
b a 1 5
5. –6x4, 7x6, x , 2x3, –4x2
Its value is 2. 7
Exponents and Power 283

3 2x
3 æ 2ö
6. 3x = 4. çè ÷ø =1
9 3
9.3x = 3
3 Þ 2x = 0
Þ x=0
32.3x = (3)1/3
p æ 2 ö2 æ 6 ö°
5. = ¸
q çè 3 ÷ø çè 7 ÷ø
32+x = (3)1/3

1 2
x+2= æ2ö
3 = ç ÷ ¸ 1 [a° = 1]
è3ø
1 æ -5 ö
x= –2= çç ÷÷
3 è3ø p 4
=
1
27 3
q 9
7. {( ) }(
8
-2
3
2 )
q 9 3
æ q ö æ 9 ö 729
3

p 4 Þ çè p ÷ø çè 4 ÷ø
= = =
1 64
é33 ù 3
ê
ë úû x
6. 3 = 500
ì - 2/3 ü 2
= ï 3 ï
í 2
ï
î ( ) ý
þï
3 x 500
3 x- 2 = 2 =
3 9
3/2
ïì 3 -2/3 ïü
= í 2
ïî ( ) ý
ïþ
7. (13 + 23 + 33 + 43 ) -3/2

= (1 + 8 + 27 + 64)-3/2
3 ´ –2 ´ 3
=2 3 2
= (100)-3/2
1 1
= 2 –3 = =
3 8 1/2 ù -3
2 = é (100) = (10)–3
ë û
8. pq + rs = (1)2 + (3)4 = 1 + 81 = 82
8. 3
(7 a + b - c )(7 b + c - a )(7 c + a - b )
9. 9.0085 × 10–2 = 0.090085

Short Answer Questions : = 3 (7a + b - c + b + c- a + c + a - b )

x æ -1ö
-2
æ 2ö
-3 = 3 (7a + b + c )
1. = ç ÷ ¸ç ÷
y è 3ø è 3ø æ a + b+c ö éQ a + b + c = mean = 3 ù
= ç 7 3 ÷ = 73
êë úû
-2 è ø 3
æ -1ö
çè ÷ø -2 -3
3 æ -1ö æ 3ö 9. 0.04 ´ 0.4 ´ a = (0.004) × (0.4) × b
= =ç ÷ ´ç ÷
æ 2ö
-3 è 3ø è 2ø 0.04 × 0.4 × a = (0.004)2 × (0.4)2 × b [Squaring both
çè ÷ø sides]
3
-3
æ xö 27
Hence, ç ÷ = Þ
a
=
( 0.004)2 ´ ( 0.4 )2 = 4 × 4 × 10–5
è yø 512 b 0.04 ´ 0.4
4 4 = 16 × 10–5
1+ 1 ´1 2 æ 2 5ö æ 2ö 10. 9n + 9n + 9n = 32013
2. (i) = (ii) ç ´ ÷ = ç ÷
1+1+1 3 è 5 3ø è 3ø
3 . 9n = 32013
50 3.32n = 32013
(iii) = 25
2 3(1 + 2n) = 32013
1 + 2n = 2013
-27
3. 2n = 2013 – 1
39
2012
n= = 1006
2
 EBD_7034
284 Mathematics
Long Answer Questions :
a +b
é 22 ab 2 2 ab ù
2 2
= ê x a –b ´ x b – a ú
æ -1 ö5 æ 1 ö
ç ÷
ç ÷ ç- ÷
ç ÷ êë úû
1. è 2 ø ¸ è 8ø
æ 1 ö4 æç
1ö 1
ç
ç- ÷ ÷ ç- ÷÷ ´ a +b
è 2ø è 4ø é 2ab –2ab ù
a +b
ê a –b ú
= êx ´x a – b
úû
æ 1 ö5–4 ìïæ –1 ö æ -1 öüï ë
= çç – ÷÷ ¸ íç
ç 3
÷
÷´ç
ç –2 ÷
÷ý
è 2ø îè 2 ø è 2 ø þï
ï
é 2 ab –2ab ù
= ê x a –b ú = x° = 1
æ 1 ö1 æ 1 ö ë û
ç- ÷÷ ¸ çç ÷÷
=ç
è 2ø è2ø
1
1-
æ 1 ö æ2 ö 5. (0.6)0 - (0.1) -1 0.1
ç- ÷÷´ çç ÷÷ = -1
= ç =
è 2ø è1 ø æ 3 ö
-1 3
æ 3 ö æ -1 ö
-1 23 33
ç ÷ +ç ÷ ´ + (-3)
ç 3÷ 3 23
1 è2 ø è2ø è 3 ø
2. 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x + 4x =
512 1 - 10 -9 -3
= = =
1 9-3 6 2
8(4 x ) =
512 3/2 x
6. xx = x3/2
( )
1
4x =
512 ´ 8 Þ 3/2
xx = x3x/2
4x = (512 × 8)–1
4x = 4–6 3x
\ x=–6 Þ x 3/2 =
2
–3 –3 1
Þ = = = 0.50 3x
x –6 2 Þ x ´ x1/2 =
2
2 5
æ –2 ö æ –2 ö 3
3. x=ç ÷ , y=ç ÷ Þ x1/2 =
è 5ø è 5ø 2
6 9
æ –2 ö Þ x=
x3 = ç ÷ 4
è 5ø

–2 810 + 410 230 + 2 20

x3 ¸ y = 7. =
5 64 2 + 4 9 ´ 16 2 + 218 ´ 2 4
12

(x ) 4
2
\ 3
¸y = 230 + 2 20 218 + 28
= = = (28 )1/ 2 = 2 4 = 16
25 212 + 2 22 1 + 210
a +b
é a b ù 1 1 1
ê x a –b x
b–a
ú + +
8. -2/3 -3/4
4. ê a ´ b ú ( 216) ( 256) ( 32) -1/5
ê a +b b+ a ú
ëx x û
1 1 1
+ +
= 3 -2/3 4 -3/4
é a – a b – b ù a +b
(6 ) (4 ) ( 25 )-1/5
= ê x a –b a + b ´ x b – a b + a ú
ë û
1 1 1
a+b = -2 + -3 + -1
é a 2 + ab – a 2 + ab b 2 + ab – b2 + ab ù 6 4 2
ê
= x a 2 – b2
´ x b –a
2 2 ú
ê ú = 62 + 43 + 21 = 36 + 64 + 2 = 102
ë û
Exponents and Power 285

3. (–3)m + 1 × (–3)5 = (–3)7

3x 1
9. x
= (–3)m + 1+ 5 = (–3)7
1+ 3 9
Þ 3x. 9 = 1 + 3x Þ 9.3x – 3x = 1 (–3)m + 6 = (–3)7
Þ 3x (9 – 1)= 1
Therefore, m + 6 = 7
1 x 1
Þ 3x = Þ 9 = or m = 7 – 6 = 1
8 64

1 ïì æ 1 ö
-2
æ 1 ö ïü æ 1 ö
-3 -2
ì 1-2 1-3 ü 1-2
9x 4. í ç
(i) è 3 ø ÷ - ç ÷ ý ¸ ç ÷ = í - -3 ý ¸ -2
\ = 64 ïî è 2 ø ïþ è 4 ø î3
-2
2 þ 4
1 + 9x 1 + 1
64
ì 32 23 ü 42 1
= í 2 - 3 ý ¸ 2 = {9 - 8} ¸ 16 =
1/ 64 1 î1 1 þ 1 16
= =
65/ 64 65
-7 -5
æ5ö æ8ö 5 -7 8 -5 5 -7 8 -5
( -7 ) - ( -5)
æ1 ö
1
4 (ii) çè ÷ø ´ çè ÷ø = -7 ´ -5 = -5 ´ -7 = 5 ´ 8( -5) - ( -7)
1 1 2
8 5 8 5 5 8
(0.3) 3
ç
ç ÷ ÷
è 27 ø
(9) (0.81)
6 3

10.
æ 1 ö- 2 82 64
2 -1 -1
5 -2 ´ 8 2 = =
(0.9) (3) 3 2
ç ÷
ç
è3ø
÷ (243) 4 52 25

æ 1ö
æ 3 ö1/3 æ 1 ö3/4 2 1/6 æ 81 ö2/3 5. (i) çè1 + ÷ø ´ 4 = 5
4
çç ÷ ÷ ç ç ÷ ÷ (3 ) ç ç ÷
÷
è10 ø è 3 ø è100 ø (ii) 22 + 32 + 42 = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
=
æ 9 ö2/3 –1/2 –1 –2 5 –1/4 (iii) (3–1 + 4–1 + 5–1)0 = 1
çç ÷ ÷ (3)
è10 ø
3 3 ( ) ( )
8-1 ´ 53
6. (i) = 2–3 × 24 × 53 = 2 × 53 = 250
-3/4 1/3 4´2/3 -2 2/3 2 -4
10-1/331/3 (3)
=
(3) (3) ( )
10
34/3 ´10 -2/3 ´ 3-1/2 ´ 32 ´ 3-5/4 æ 1 ö 1 1
(ii) (5–1 × 2–1) × 6–1 = çè ÷´ =
5 ´ 2 ø 6 60
1 – 3+1+8 – 4 – 1
31 –5
(3)12 .(10) 3
33 4 3 310 3 3
=
= 4 – 1 +2– 5
19 -2
55 4
–2 (3) 12 (10) 3 7. (i) t (ii) 55
33 2 4 ´10 3
10
31 19 5 2
- - + 3 8. (i) 0.000035 = 3.5 × 10– 5 (ii) 4050000 = 4.05 × 106
= 312 12 10 3 3 = 31 ´10-1 = = 0.3
10 9. (i) 3.52 × 105 = 3.52 × 100000 = 352000

-4 7.54 7.54
(ii) 7.54 ´ 10 = 4
= = 0.000754
10 10000
Text Book Exercise :
-5 3 3
2 (iii) 3 ´ 10 = 5
= = 0.00003
1. We have, 4 = 2 × 2 = 2 10 100000
Therefore, (4)– 3 = (2 × 2)– 3 = (22)–3 = 22 × (– 3) = 2– 6 10. 5 × 20 + 5 × 0.016 = 100.08 mm
[Q (am)n = amn] Exemplar Questions :
2. (i) (25 ÷ 28)5 × 2– 5 = (25 – 8)5 × 2– 5 = (2– 3)5 × 2– 5
1. (–2)3 × 42 = – 128
1
= 2– 15 – 5 = 2–20 = 2 20 2. n=1
(ii) (– 4)– 3 × (5)– 3 × (–5)–3 = [(– 4) × 5 × (–5)]– 3 = [100]– 3 3. n=9

1 1 4. m= 6
= [using the law am × bm = (ab)m, a–m = ]
1003 am
 EBD_7034
286 Mathematics
5. 0.000000767
1
6.
3
7. (i) x = 6 (ii) x = 7 Single Option Correct :
(iii) (5) x = – 1
1. (d) Given 4x – 4x–1= 24
3 1
8. (i) (ii) Þ 4x – 4x × 4–1 = 24
2 2
1
(iii) (iv) 2 æ 1ö 3
2 Þ 4 x ç1 – ÷ = 24 Þ 4 x ´ = 24
9. (i) 0 è 4 ø 4
(ii) 0
(iii) (3t)6 5
Þ 4x = 32 Þ 22x = 25 Þ 2x = 5 Þ x =
2
( -2)3 ´ ( -2)7 (-2)3+7
10. 6
= {a m´ a n = a m+n } 5
3´ 4 3´ (22 )6
æ x 5ö 2
now, (2 x ) = ç 2 ´ ÷
(-2)10 m´n è 2ø
= 12
{(a m )n = a }
3´ 2 3 3
1+
= (5)5/2 = 55 = 5 2 = 5 ´ 52
(-2)10 210-12 m
= 12
= {a ¸ a n = a m - n ,(–2)10 = 210}
3´ 2 3 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
-2
=
2
=
1
=
1 n2
3 3´ 22 12 6. (a) (5an–2)–1 =
5a
11. (–5)x + 1 × (–5)5 = (–5)7 7. (d) 1.65 × 1014
3 -3 3 3
(–5)x+1+5 = (–5)7 {am × an = am+n} p æ2ö æ3ö
= ç ÷ ¸ç ÷
æ2ö æ2ö
8. (a) = ç ÷ ¸ç ÷ =1
q è3ø è2ø è3ø è3ø
(–5)x + 6 = (–5)7
-10
æpö -10
On both sides, powers have the same base, so their \ ç ÷ = (1) =1
exponents must be equal. èqø
Therefore, x + 6 = 7
1
x=7–6=1 9. (a) 33x–5 =
9x
x=1 33x–5 = 3 –2x

HOTS Questions : 3x – 5 = – 2x

1. 1 x = 1.
2. 1 x+ y+ z
3. 27 10. (d) –1 –1
4. x + x–1 x y + y –1 z –1 + z –1 x –1
5. Given expression
x+ y+ z
=
´ ( 3 ´ 7) ´ 7
4+ 5 –5 3 –10
=3 ´7 1 1 1
+ +
xy yz zx
= 39 + 3 ´ 7 –5 + 3–10
æ 3ö
12
æ 7ö
–12 x+ y+ z
=ç ÷ =ç ÷ =
z+ x+ y
è 7ø è 3ø
12 –12 xyz
æ 3ö æ 7ö
\ Given expression = ç ÷ or ç ÷
è 7ø è 3ø (x + y+ z) ´ (xyz)
=
-341 (x + y+ z)
6. = (xyz)
12
Exponents and Power 287

( 6 -1 - 8 -1 ) ( )
-1 -1
+ 2 -1 - 3-1
( )
0
11. (c) æ 25 ö
( )
-2/3
3. (b, c) 64 ¸ 1+ ç ÷
125
( )
1/4 çè 3 64 ÷ø
-1 -1 256
æ1 1ö æ 1 1ö
= ç - ÷ +ç - ÷ 625
è6 8ø è 2 3ø
( )¸
3´ - 2 4

() ()
-1 -1
æ 4-3ö æ 3- 2 ö = 4 3 5 4
+1
= ç ÷ +ç ÷ 5 4
è 24 ø è 6 ø

=( ) ¸ ( ) + 1
-1 -1 -2
æ 1 ö æ1ö é -1 1 ù 4 5
= ç ÷ +ç ÷
è 24 ø êë using n = n úû 5 4
è6ø
= 24 + 6 = 30 5´5
12. (d) The given equation is 4 4 5 9
= 5 +1 = 4 +1 = 4 .
(3-2 ) 2y -1.(34.10-4 )1/3 4
35/2
4n +1 . 2n - 8n
æ y -1ö 4. (b,d) = 3
3ç 22n 8
è 3 ÷ø
3- (2y - 5) . 3
=
10 4/3 22(n +1).2n - 23n = 22n + 2 + n - 23n
22n 22n
3-4y + 2 + 4/3-5/2 3-2y + 5+ y -1 2n + n + 2 – 2n 3n – 2n
Þ = =2 –2
104/3 10 4/3 = 2n + 2 – 2n = 2n(4 – 1) = 3.2n
Þ 3-4y+ 5/6 = 3- y + 4 3 Þ 2n = 1
3.2n =
8 8
Þ -4y+5/6 = –y+4
Þ 2n = 2-3 Þ n = -3.
-19
Þy= 5. (a, b)
18
6. (a, b)
7. (a, b, d)
More Than One Option Correct : 8. (a, b) 14 and 40 both are equal to 1
1. (a,c) 800 = 8 × 108 × x–3/2
Passage Based Questions :
Þ 800 = 108 × x–3/2 1. (a) 1.0 × 105 light years
8
2. (b) 8.0 × 109 years
Þ 800 = 106 × x–3/2 3. (c) 1.87 × 10–5
800
2 8 10
Þ 10–6 = x–3/2 4. (a) 62 × 6–4 × 68 = 6 ´4 6 = 6 4 = 610–4 = 66
Þ x = 10–6 × 2/–3 6 6
Þ x = 104
( 12) ´ ( 12) ´ ( 12 ) + ( 14) ´ ( 14) ´ ( 14)
-4 -8 2 +2 -6 2

( ) ( ) ( )
3/ 4 7/6 7-x 5. (a)
5 5 5
2. (b,c) - ÷ - = -
6 6 6

( 2) ( 4)
2 4
1 1
= ( 1) + (1)
3-7 7-x -10 -2
é- 5ù 4 6 = é- 5 ù = + .
ëê 6 ûú ëê 6 ûú
( 12 ) ( 14 ) 2 4
12 6

9 -14 7- x
é -5 ù 12
= é -5 ù 6. (c) 42x – 3 = 42 × 23 × 4
êë 6 úû êë 6 úû
Þ 42x – 3 = 43 × 23
-5 Þ (22)2x – 3 = (22)3 × 23
Þ =7-x
12
Þ 24x – 6 = 29
Þ – 5 = 84 – 12x
15
89 = x Þ 4x – 6 = 9 Þ 4x = 15 Þ x = .
Þ – 5 – 84 = – 12x Þ 4
12
 EBD_7034
288 Mathematics
Assertion & Reason : é an
33n +1 n –m ù
1. (c) Assertion is true. Reason is false. = =3 3/ n +1–3/ n+1 ê m =a ú
33n –1 êë a úû
–1 0 –1
x æ 5ö æ 8ö æ 5ö 2 = 32 = 9
= ´ç ÷ = ç ÷ =
y çè 2 ÷ø è 9ø è 2ø 5 2. (2)
–2 –2
æ xö æ 2ö 1 1 1 1
\ ç ÷ =ç ÷ 3. (1) + = +
è yø è 5ø 1+ a n-m
1+ a m -n
a n
am
2. (d) Assertion is false. The coefficient should have been 1+ 1+
am an
squared.
\ Reason is true. am an
-2 -3
= +
am + an an + am
5
æ5ö æ 5ö æ 5ö
3. (d) ç ÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ ç ÷
è8ø è8ø è8ø
é using ù
-2 - 3 + 5 -5 + 5 0 am + a n ê p ú
æ 5ö æ 5ö æ 5ö = =1 ê x = xp – qú
=ç ÷ =ç ÷ = ç ÷ =1 am + a n
è 8ø è 8ø è 8ø êë x q úû
4. (1)
xm ´ x n ´ x p = x m+ n + p
5. (1)
\ Assertion is false and Reason is true.
9
æ1ö
36
6. (4) If 27 k =
4. (a) Reciprocal of 2 = 2 36 -36
or çè ÷ø 3k
2
9
6 Þ 33k = Þ 34k = 9 [am× an = am+n]
æ æ 1 ö6 ö 3k
= ç ç ÷ ÷ as ( a m )n = a m ´ n for any value of a
èè 2ø ø 1
Þ 92k = 9 Þ k = é a m = a n then m = n ù
2 ë û
\ Assertion is true and Reason is also true and correctly
explains Assertion.
1
Þ =4
k2
3
é æ 2 ö 2 ù é 1 ù -2 -1 1
5. (c) ê çè ÷ø ú ´ ê ú ´ 3 ´
ëê 3 ûú ë 3 û 6 7. (4) x
x
4 = 256 = 4 4
6
æ2ö 1 1 26 32 1 x
= ç ÷ ´ (3) 2 ´ ´ = 6 ´ ´ Þ x = 4 = 22 Þ x = 2 Þ x = 4te
è3ø 3 6 3 3 6
8. (6) 2 x -1
+2 x +1
= 320
25 32
= 6 = Þ 2 x [2-1 + 2] = 320
3 729
\ Assertion is true
Now ( a - m )n = a - mn é1 ù é1 + 4 ù
Þ 2 x ê + 2ú = 320 Þ 2 x ê = 320
ë2 û ë 2 úû
-1 1
\ Property I is false and a =
a 320 ´ 2
Þ 2x = = 128
Property II is also false. 5
Assertion is true , Reason is false. Þ 2 x = 26 Þ x = 6
Integer Type Question : æaö
x -1
æaö
- ( x - 3)

9. (2) çè ÷ø =ç ÷
b èbø
n
n
2 n +1 é(3)5 ù 5 ´ 32 n+1 Þ x - 1= - x + 3
(243) 5 ´3
1. (9) = ë 2 ûn n –1
9n ´ 3n –1 (3 ) ´ 3 Þ 2x = 3 +1 Þ 2x = 4 Þ x = 2
10. (3) 4n+1 = 256
3n ´ 32n+1 é m n n+1 4
Þ 4 = 4 Þ n+1 =4
= a ´ a = am+n ù
32n ´ 3n –1 ë û
Þ n = 4 -1 = 3
 Chap
ter Direct & Inverse
13 Proportion

In our daily life, we usually encounter the following variety of questions:

A man walks seven kilometers in two hours. What is his average speed? or how far the man walks in one hour? Or how much time
he will take to walk 15 kilometers?
A train takes 15 hours to cover a distance of 1500 kilometers from Delhi to Mumbai. What is its average speed? or how far the
train runs in one hour? Or how much time it will take to reach Pune which is 150 kilometers from Mumbai?
The unitary method is a technique in elementary algebra for solving a class of problems in variation. It consists of altering one
of the variables to a single unit, i.e. 1, and then performing the operation necessary to alter it to the desired value.
To calculate the percentage of a certain quantity, unitary method is also used. For instance, if you are asked to calculate 9% of
1000 kilograms, all you need to do is to find out the amount equivalent to 1% of 1000 kg. Once it is calculated then you can easily
find out 9% of 1000 kg by multiplying the result of 1% by 9. In most of the cases, the quantities are directly proportional to each
other but in case of man and work they are inversely proportional to each other. For instance, if a piece of work is completed in
5 days by 2 men, then it will be obviously completed earlier if the work is done by more number of men.
 EBD_7034
290 Mathematics
VARIATIONS
We come across many situations in our day to day life where we see change in one quantity bringing change in the other quantity. For
example
(a) If the number of items purchased increases, the cost also increases.
(b) If the number of workers working to complete a job increases, then days required to complete the job will decrease.
Here we observe that change in one quantity leads to change in other quantity. This is called variation.
Direct Variation
A direct variation is indicated when two quantities are so related that
(i) An increase in one causes a corresponding increase in the other or when a decrease in one causes corresponding decrease in
the other and
(ii) They increase or decrease in the same ratio.
y
If x and y are two variables, then y varies directly as x if the ratio is a constant. ‘y varies directly as x’ can be represented as
x
yµx
Here symbol ‘µ’ means ‘varies as’.
This representation can be converted to an equation y = kx
k is a constant called constant of proportionality.
y
k=
x
y y
If y1, y2 are two values of y corresponding to two values x1 and x2 of x, then 1 = 2
x1 x2
ILLUSTRATION : 1
A machine takes 5 hours to cut 120 tools. How many tools will it cut in 20 hours?
SOLUTION :
Here more time, more number of tools. i.e. time and number of tools vary directly.
Let number of tools cut in 20 hours be ‘x’.
5 20 20 ´ 120
\ = Þx=
120 x 5
x = 480 tools.

x1 x
NOTE : If x1 and x2 are two values of x and y1, y2 are two values of y such that ¹ 1 then x and y are not in direct variation
y1 y2

Inverse Variation
An inverse variation is indicated when two quantities are so related that
(i) an increase in one causes a corresponding decrease in the other or vice versa and
(ii) the ratio of any two values of one quantity is the inverse of the ratio of the corresponding values of the other.
1 k
If x and y are variables, then y varies inversely as x if y µ or y = , k is constant of proportionality, Also xy = k
x x
ILLUSTRATION : 2
If 900 persons can finish the construction of a building in 40 days, how many persons are needed to complete the construction
of building in 25 days.
SOLUTION :
Let the required number of persons be ‘x’. As the number of days required to complete the job is less, so more number of persons
will be required. It is a case of inverse variation.
So 900 × 40 = x × 25
900 ´ 40
Þ x= = 1440 persons.
25
NOTE : If y1, y2 are two values of y corresponding to the values x1, x2 of x respectively such that x1y1 = x2y2, then x and y are in
inverse variation.
Direct & Inverse Proportion 291

CONNECTING TOPIC

Time and Work

1
If A does a work in ‘a’ days, then in 1 day A does of the work.
a
1
If B does a work in ‘b’ days, then in 1 day B does of the work.
b
1 1 a+b
Then in 1 day, if A and B work together, their combined work is + or .
a b ab
The work will be completed when 1 unit of work is completed.
Now using Unitary Method
a+b
Time required to complete work = 1 day
ab
1 ab
\ Time required to complete 1 work = =
a+b a+b
ab
Here we should recollect our knowledge of variation.

NOTE : We take the total work to be done as “1 unit of work”.

Time and Distance

Motion / Movement occurs when a body of any shape and size changes its position with respect to any external stationary point.
The mathematical equation that describe the motion has three variables Speed, Time and Distance, which are connected by the
following formula
Distance = Speed × Time
From the above equation, we can have the following conclusions:
(a) If speed is constant, then distance and time are directly proportional to each other. i.e.
Distance µ Time.
(b) If time is constant, then distance and speed are directly proportional to each other i.e
Distance µ Speed.
(c) When distance is constant, then speed and time are inversely proportional to each other i.e.

1
Speed µ
Time

Normally speed is measured in km/hr or m/s.

1000 m 5
1 km/hr = = m/s
3600 s 18

18
or 1 m/s = km / hr.
5

NOTE : Speed of an object is distance covered by it in unit time.

 EBD_7034
292 Mathematics

ILLUSTRATION : 3
Three persons A, B and C can do a job alone in 10 days, 12 days and 15 days respectively. In how many days they can finish
the job working together?

SOLUTION :
1 1 1
One day work of A, B and C are , and respectively..
10 12 15
æ 1 1 1ö 15 1
One day work if they work together = ç + + ÷ = =
è 10 12 15 ø 60 4
1
\ Time required to complete the job = = 4 days
1/ 4

ILLUSTRATION : 4
An increase in the speed of car by 10 km per hour saves 1 hour in a journey of 200 km, find the initial speed of the car.

SOLUTION :
Let the initial speed of car be x km per hour.

200
Time taken to cover distance 200 km, ‘t1’ =
x
200
Time taken to cover 200 km with increased speed t2 =
x + 10
Now, t1 – t2 = 1
200 200
\ - = 1 Þ x (x + 10) = 2000 Þ x (x + 10) = 40 × 50
x x + 10
From here x = 40 km/hr.
\ Initial speed of the car is 40 km/hr.
Direct & Inverse Proportion 293

1. If 15 books cost ` 35, what do 21 books cost ?

Sol. Let cost of 21 books is ` x.
No. of books 15 21
Cost of books (in `) 35 x
As we know, more number of books, more is the cost, so it is an example of direct variation
\ 15 : 35 = 21: x
35 ´ 21
Þ x= =` 49
15
\ Cost of 21 books will be `49.
2. If 15 men can reap a field in 28 days. In how many days will 5 men reap it.
Sol. Let the required number of days be ‘x’
No. of men 15 5
No. of days 28 x
Here less is the number of men, more is the number of days. So it is a case of indirect variation.
\ 15× 28 = 5 × x
15 ´ 28
Þ x= = 3 ´ 28 = 84 days
5
\ 5 men will reap the field in 84 days.
3. A fort had provisions for 150 men for 50 days. After 15 days 25 men left the fort. How long will food last at the same rate for
remaining men ?
Sol. Let required number of days be ‘x’. Here the number of men are reduced so the food will last longer. It is a case of indirect
variation.
No. of men 150 125
No. of days 35 x
Now, after 15 days the remaining food will last for 150 men for (50 – 15) = 35 days.
Also 25 men left the fort so remaining men are (150 – 25) = 125
\ 150 × 35 = 125 × x
150 ´ 35
Þ x= = 42 days.
125
1
4. Due to bad road, the speed of a tourist bus is reduced by 12 km/hr and it now takes 2 hours more to cover the same distance
2
of 600 km. Find the time it now takes to cover the distance.
Sol. Let the initial speed of bus = x km/hr
600
Time taken by bus to cover 600 km originally = hr = t1 say..
x
600
Time taken by bus after reduction in speed = hr = t2 say..
x - 12
5
Now t2 – t1 =
2
600 600 5
\ - =
x - 12 x 2
 EBD_7034
294 Mathematics
Þ 2 × 600 (x – x + 12) = 5x (x – 12)
Þ x (x – 12) = 2880 = 60 × 48
\ x = 60.
600
\ Original time taken t1 = = 10 hr .
60
1 1
With reduced speed time taken = 10 + 2 = 12 hours
2 2
1
5. A car travels 270 km in 4 hrs.
2
(i) How much time is required to cover 90 km.
(ii) Find the distance covered in 6 hours.
Sol. (i) Distance (in km) 270 90
1
Time taken (in hr) 4 x
2
It is a case of direct variation.
270 90
Þ =
1 x
4
2
1
90 ´ 4
2
Þ x=
270
90 ´ 9 3 1
= = = 1 hrs.
2 ´ 270 2 2
(ii) Distance (in km) 270 x
1
Time taken (in hr) 4 6
2
It is a case of direct variation.
270
x
\ 41 =
2 6

270 ´ 6 ´ 2
Þ =x Þ x = 360 km.
9
6. Reema types 540 words during half an hour. How many words would she type in 6 minutes?
Sol. Suppose she types x words in 6 minutes. Then, the given information can be represented in the following tabular form:
Number of words 540 x
Time (in minutes) 30 6
Since in more time more words can be typed, it is case of direct variation.

540 x
\ =
30 6
6 ´ 540
Þ x=
30
Þ x = 108.
Hence, she types 108 words in 6 minutes.
Direct & Inverse Proportion 295

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

7. Two persons A and B can do a piece of work alone in 10 days and 15 days respectively. If A works for 2 days and B works
for 5 days, find the total amount of work done.

1 1
Sol. 1 day work of A and B are and respectively..
10 15

2 1
2 days work of A = =
10 5

5 1
5 days work of B = =
15 3

æ1 1ö 8
\ they complete ç + ÷ = work if they work for 2 and 5 days respectively..
è 5 3 ø 15
8. If 5 men or 9 women can do a piece of work in 19 days. In how many days 3 men and 6 women will do the same work ?
Sol. 5 men = 9 women

9
\ 1 men = women
5

9 57
\ 3 men + 6 women = 3 ´ + 6 = women
5 5
Q 9 women can do the work in 19 days

57 19 ´ 9
\ women can do the work in ´ 5 = 15 days.
5 57
9. A car travels a distance of 170 km in 2 hours partly at a speed of 100 km/hr and partly at 50 km/hr. Find the distance
travelled at speed of 100 km/hr.
Sol. Let distance travelled at 100 km/hr be ‘x’ km.
\ Distance travelled at 50 km/hr is (170 – x) km.
Total time taken to cover 170 km is 2 hrs.

x 170 - x
\ + =2
100 50
Þ x + 340 –2x = 200
Þ x = 140 km
\ Distance travelled at 100 km/hr is 140 km.
 EBD_7034
296 Mathematics

1. Column-I Column-II
Fill in the Blanks :
(A) If the cost of 93 m of a certain (p) 42
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an kind of plastic sheet is ` 1395,
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). then what would it cost to buy
1. If a man covers 10.2 km in 3 hours, the distance covered by 105 m of such plastic sheet?
him in 5 hours is _____.
(B) 55 cows can graze a field in 16 (q) 18
2. A truck runs 420 km in 20 litres of diesel. It will go ____ kms
in 17 litres of diesel. days. How many cows will
3. The weight of 48 similar books is 30 kg. The weight of 8 graze the same field in 10 days?
similar books is _____kg. (C) 18 men can reap a field in 35 days. (r) 88
4. A tap can fill a water tank in 8 hours. Then the time taken by
1 For reaping the same field in 15
the tap to fill th part of the tank is ____. days; how many men are required?
4
2 (D) Suneeta types 1080 words in one (s) 1575
5. Hashim completes rd of a work in 18 days. He can
3 hour. What is her GWAM (gross
1
complete th of the work in _____ days.
9 words per minute)?
6. Two quantities are said to very _____ with each other if
they increases (decrease) together in such a way that the Very Short Answer Questions :
ratio of the corresponding values remains same.
7. x and y are said to vary directly with each other if for some
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
positive number k, _____ = k.
8. If u = 3 v, then u and v vary .... with each other.
1
1. Rahul drives his car 140 km in 3 hours. Find the number
True / False : 2
of kilometres, he drive in one hour.
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 2. An aeroplane flies 2100 km in 3 hours. At the same speed,
answer as true or false. how long will it take to fly 9100 km ?
x 3. If 7 kg of barley costs ` 126. Find the cost of 28 kg of barley.
1. In direct variation, = k.
y 4. If m varies directly as n and m = 19.6 when n = 2. Then find
2. If two quantities x and y vary such that their product xy the value of m when n = 3.
remains constant, then we say that x and y vary inversely.
3. If the cost of 15 pens of the same value is `600, then the 5. Raveena types 54 words in 30 minutes. How many words
cost of 20 pens is `700. will she type in 105 minutes.
4. Journey (x km) undertaken by a car and the petrol (y litres) 6. 15 table costs ` 12500. Find the cost of such 3 tables.
consumed by it, is a case of inverse proportion.
5. It a car travels 432 km on 48 litres of petrol, then it would 7. A family’s earning for 21 days is ` 770. Find its earning for
travel 180 km on 20 litres of petrol. 6 weeks and 3 days.
6. Cost of 12 balls is ` 48, the cost of 15 ball is ` 60. 8. At a party 84 bottles of Coca-cola are served to 28 persons.
Find the number of bottles of Coca-cola are required for
Match the Columns : 15 persons.
9. 16 men can do a piece of work in 14 days. How long will take
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two
7 men to do the same work.
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in 10. A school has enough food for 200 children for 6 days. How
column-II. long will the food last for 40 more children.
Direct & Inverse Proportion 297

8. Raghu has enough money to buy 75 machines worth ` 200

Short Answer Questions :
each. How many machines can he buy if he gets a discount
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences. of ` 50 on each machine?

1.
1 1
kg of a sweet costs ` 32. Find the cost of 2 kg of the Long Answer Questions :
4 2
same sweet. DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
2. The cost of bus tickets for 5 people for a journey was ` 95. 1. A loaded truck travels 14 km in 25 minutes. If the speed
What is the number of tickets that can be bought for ` 342 remains the same, how far can it travel in 5 hours ?
for the same journey? 2. It takes three gardeners 90 minutes to weed a garden. If the
3. If 16 men can make 320 art pieces in one day, how many men job is to be done in only 15 minutes, how many more
will be needed to make 960 such art pieces in one day ? gardeners need to be put on the job?
3. If x and y vary directly, find the missing entries in the
4. Rashmi has a road map with a scale of 1 cm representing
following table:
18 km. She drives on a road for 72 km. What would be her
distance covered in the map? x 3 x1 15 x2
5. Spinning 3 hours daily, Kanta can spin 2 kg cotton-balls in y 1.2 3.6 y1 10.8
12 days. Spinning 4 hours daily, how many days will when
4. If a and b vary inversely, then find the value of the missing
take to spin 10 kg cottton balls?
numbers in the following table:
6. The amount of extension in an elsatic spring varies directly a 16 32 8 a1
as the weight hung on it. If a weight of 150 gm produces an
b 4 b1 b2 0.5
extension of 2.9 cm, then what weight would produce an
extension of 17.4 cm? 5. Shalu cycles to her school at an average speed of 12 km/hr.
7. In 10 days, the earthpicks up 2.6 × 108 pounds of dust from It takes her 20 minutes to reach the school. If she wants to
the atmosphere. How much dust will it pick up in 45 days? reach her school in 15 minutes, what should be her average
speed?

6. A 5 m 60 cm high vertical pole casts a shadow 3 m 20 cm

Text-Book Exercise :
long. Find at the same time
1. A train is moving at a uniform speed of 75 km/hour. (i) the length of the shadow cast by another pole 10 m 50 cm
high
(i) How far will it travel in 20 minutes?
(ii) the height of a pole which casts a shadow 5 m long.
(ii) Find the time required to cover a distance of 250 km. 7. A contractor estimates that 3 persons could rewire
2. The scale of a map is given as 1:30000000. Two cities are 4 Jasminder’s house in 4 days. If, he uses 4 persons instead
cm apart on the map. Find the actual distance between them. of three, how long should they take to complete the job?
3. If 15 workers can build a wall in 48 hours, how many workers 8. A factory requires 42 machines to produce a given number
will be required to do the same work in 30 hours? of articles in 63 days.
4. A photograph of a bacteria enlarged 50,000 times attains a How many machines would be required to produce the same
length of 5 cm as shown in the diagram. number of articles in 54 days?
What is the actual length of the bacteria? If the photograph 9. Two persons could fit new windows in a house in 3 days.
is enlarged 20,000 times only, what would be its enlarged (i) One of the persons fell ill before the work started. How
length? long would the job take now?
5. Suppose 2 kg of sugar contains 9 × 106 crystals. How many (ii) How many persons would be needed to fit the windows
sugar crystals are there in (i) 5 kg of sugar? (ii) 1.2 kg of in one day?
sugar?
 EBD_7034
298 Mathematics
5. A contractor undertook a contract to complete a part of a
Exemplar Questions : stadium in 9 months with a team of 560 persons. Later on,
1. Which of the following is in inverse proportion? it was required to complete the job in 5 months. How
(1) One side of a cuboid and its volume. many extra persons should he employ to complete the
(2) Speed of a vehicle and the time taken to travel a fixed work?
distance. 6. The mass of an aluminium rod varies directly with its length.
(3) Number of pipes and the quantity of water. If a 16 cm long rod has a mass of 192 g, find the length of the
2. In a scout camp, there is food provision for 300 cadets for rod whose mass is 105 g.
42 days. If 50 more persons join the camp, for how many
days will the provision last? 7. A swimming pool can be filled in 4 hours by 8 pumps of the
3. If two cardboard boxes occupy 500 cubic centimetres space, same type. How many such pumps are required if the pool
then how much space is required to keep 200 such boxes? 2
is to be filled in 2 hours?
4. Under the condition that the temperature remains constant, 3
the volume of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. 8. Shabnam takes 20 minutes to reach her school if she
If the volume of gas is 630 cubic centimetres at a pressure of goes at a speed of 6 km/h. If she wants to reach school in
360 mm of mercury, then what will be the pressure of the gas 24 minutes, what should be her speed?
if its volume is 720 cubic centimetres at the same
temperature?

9
Single Option Correct : (a) 50 x (b) x
16
16
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (c) 60 x (d) x
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY 9
ONE is correct. 6. A university has its own hostel for its students. It provides
fooding and lodging to the students. Due to festive season
1. Three pumps working 8 hours a day can empty a tank in 2
some of the students are left for their home and 100 students
day. How many hours a day must 4 pumps work to empty
stays in the hostel. There is a food provision for 20 days for
the tank in 1 day.
these students. How long the food will last if 25 more
(a) 10 hours (b) 12 hours
(c) 8 hours (d) None of these students decide to stay back in the hostel?
2. In a camp there is provision for 1600 participants for 60 (a) 12 days (b) 13 days
days. Actually 1200 participated, how many days will the (c) 16 days (d) 14 days
provision last for? 7. An agent receives a commission of `73.00 on sales of
` 1000.00. The commission will be get on sales of ` 100.00 is
(a) 70 days (b) 80 days
______.
(c) 83 days (d) 95 days.
(a) ` 7.30 (b) ` 7.00
3. If a person walks at 14 km/hr instead of 10 km/hr, he would
(c) ` 6.00 (d) ` 6.30
have walked 20 km more. The actual distance travelled by
8. A shopkeeper has just enough money to buy 52 cycles
him is
worth ` 525 each. If each cycle were to cost ` 21 more, then
(a) 56 km (b) 80 km number of cycles, he will be able to buy with that amount of
(c) 70 km (d) 50 km money, is ________.
4. The weight of a 13 m long iron rod is 23.4 kg. The weight of (a) 40 (b) 30
6 m long of such rod will be ____. (c) 50 (d) 20
(a) 7.2 kg (b) 12.4 kg 9. A gardener uses pipes to water his garden from the tank.
(c) 10.8 kg (d) 18 kg For his entire garden he uses 6 pipes to water and it takes
3 him 1 hour 20 minutes to completely empty the tank. Now if
5. Asha can stitch ‘x’ shirts in minutes. At this rate, how he uses only 5 pipes to water his garden, how long it will
4 take him to empty the tank?
3 (a) 1 hour 30 min (b) 1 hour 36 min
many shirts can she stitch in th of an hour?
4 (c) 1 hour 45 min (d) 1 hour 55 min
Direct & Inverse Proportion 299

10. A company makes 5 blue cars for every 3 white cars it makes. (b) a 9 18 2 12
If the company makes 15 white cars in one day, how many b 8 4 30 6
blue cars will it make? (c) a 2 16 8 4
(a) 9 (b) 13
(c) 17 (d) 25 b 40 5 10 20
11. A person travels at a speed of 24 km/hr and reaches a town (d) a 4 8 12 1
in 32 hours. How much time does he take to cover the same b 6 3 2 26
distance if his speed is 32 km/hr? 4. If a and b vary inversely, fill in blanks:
(a) 08 (b) 12
(c) 24 (d) 28 a 8 2 ... 5 1
12. If 100 students take 20 days to complete the project how b 10 ... 20 ... 80
much time will be taken by 125 students? (a) 40 (b) 16
(a) 63 (b) 16 (c) 24 (d) 32
(c) 25 (d) 7
13. A girl 1.2 metre tall casts a shadow 1.1 metre at the time Passage Based Questions :
when a building casts a shadow 6.6 metre long. The height
of the building is DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
(a) 2.7 metre (b) 7.2 metre following questions.
(c) 6.0 metre (d) 5.5 metre PASSAGE - I
14. A contractor undertook a contract to complete a part of a In our daily life, we come across some phrases such as :
stadium in 9 months with a work force of 560 men. Later on (i) The faster the speed of a car, the lesser is the time taken to
it was required to complete the job in 7 months. Extra men cover a given distance.
employed by him is
(ii) The efficiency of a machine decreases with time
(a) 160 (b) 150
(iii) The more men working on a project, the shorter is the time
(c) 100 (d) 120
to complete it.
More than One Option Correct : Read the above information and answer the following questions.
1. Which of the above phrases are the examples of direct
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. variation?
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONE
(a) (i) (b) (ii)
or MORE may be correct.
(c) (iii) (d) None of these
1. In which of the following tables, a and b vary directly. Also,
2. If x varies inversly as y, then complete the table.
find the constant of variation if a and b are in direct variation.
(a) a 4 7 21 28 x ___ 6
b 12 21 63 84 y 2 3
(b) a 2.5 5 7.5 10 (a) 4 (b) 8
b 10 20 30 40
(c) 9 (d) 6
(c) a 1 2 3 4
b 2 1 6 3 PASSAGE - II
(d) a 1 4 5 6 A train is moving with a uniform speed of 105 km/hr.
b 8 3 2 1 3. How far will it travel in 20 minutes?
2. Which of the following quantities vary directly with each
(a) 15 km (b) 25 km
other?
(a) number of articles (x) and their price (y). (c) 35 km (d) 250 km
(b) Weight of articles (x) and their cost (y). 4. Find the time required to cover a distance of 210 km.
(c) Wages (y) and number of hours (x) of work. (a) 2 hours (b) 200 min
(d) Speed (x) and time (y) (distance covered remaining the
(c) 7 hours (d) 4900 sec
same).
3. In which of the following tables a and b vary inversely. 5. How far will it travel in 18 hours?
(a) a 8 16 32 256 (a) 1890 km (b) 189000 m
b 32 16 8 1 (c) 189 km (d) 18900 m
 EBD_7034
300 Mathematics

Assertion & Reason : Integer Type Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that 1. A factory produces fast foods and many others eatables. It
best describes the two statements. got an order from a government agency to manufacture
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the biscuits for the school children. It has 6 machines for the
correct explanation of Assertion. work and has to complete the task in 9 days. The number of
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not machines require to complete the work if they are asked to
the correct explanation of Assertion. complete the same work in 18 days.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. 2. x varies inversely as square of y. Given that
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion : The weight of 85 books of same type is 1
y = 2 for x = 1. The value of x for y = 6 will be equal to = ,
51 kg. The weight of such 35 books is 21 kg. m
Reason : Two quantities are said to be in direct proportion where m = ?
to each other, if the increase in first implies increase in second 3. If a quarter kg of potato costs 60 paise, what is the unit digit
quantity. of paise will 200 gm cost?
2. Assertion : If 24 men can dig a trench in 7 days, it takes 12 4. An industrial loom weaves 0.128 metres of cloth every
days by 10 men to dig a similar trench. second. Approximately, 190 + n seconds will it take for the
Reason : Since if is a case of inverse variation i.e., when one loom to weave 25 metres cloth. Find n.
decreases other increases or vice versa. 5. A flagstaff 17.5 m high casts a shadow of length 40.25 m.
The height of the building, which casts a shadow of
Multiple Matching Questions : length 28.75 m under similar conditions will be (12 + 0.n).
Find n.
DIRECTIONS : Following question has three statements (A, B
and C) given in Column-I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
1. Column – I Column –II
(A) Quantities vary directly (p) The number of
with each other are men hired to
construct a wall
and the time taken
to finish the job.
(B) Quantities vary indirectly (q) Speed of a moving
with each other are object to the time
taken to cover a
fixed distance.
(C) If the thickness of a pile of (r) Number of
12 cardboards is 35 mm, find articles and their
the thickness of a pile of 294 price.
cardboards. (s) More men do
more work and
less men do less
work.
(t) 85.75 cm
Direct & Inverse Proportion 301

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-8) : This section contains multiple choice 1

5. A alone can do th of a piece of work in 3 days and
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out 5
of which ONLY ONE is correct.
1
B alone can do th of the same work in 6 days. In how
1. A car travels at a speed of 72 km/h. Express this speed in 5
metres/second. many days working together will they finish the work ?
(a) 22 m/s (b) 20 m/s (a) 2 days (b) 5 days
(c) 25 m/s (d) 30 m/s (c) 9 days (d) 10 days
2. With a uniform speed a car covers a distance in 8 hours. 6. A truck travels a distance of 240 km in 6 hours, partly at a
Had the speed been increased by 4 km/hr, the same distance speed of 60 km/hr and partly at 30 km/hr. Find the time for
1 which it travels at 60 km/hr.
could have been covered in 7 hours. The distance
2 (a) 130 km (b) 120 km
covered is
(a) 400 km (b) 450 km (c) 115 km (d) 125 km
(c) 480 km (d) 380 km 7. X can do a piece of work in 24 days, while Y alone can do it
3. A train does a journey without stopping in 8 hours. If it had in 16 days. With the help of Z they finish the work in 8 days.
travelled 5 km an hour faster, it would have done the journey Find in how many days Z can do the work alone?
in 6 hours 40 min, its slower speed is (a) 48 days (b) 36 days
(a) 32 km/hr (b) 25 km/hr (c) 24 days (d) 12 days
(c) 28 km/hr (d) 40 km/hr
4. A train moving at the speed of 40 km/h takes 2 hours more 8. A and B can do a piece of work in 18 days, B and C in 24
to cover a certain distance than a train moving at 60 km/h. days, A and C in 36 days. In what time can they do it all
working together?
The distance is
(a) 200 km (b) 240 km (a) 18 (b) 17
(c) 250 km (d) 300 km (c) 16 (d) 15
 EBD_7034
302 Mathematics

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

True/False :

1. True 2. True
Fill in the Blanks : 3. False 4. False
5. True 6. True
1. 17 km.
In 3 hours, man covers the distance = 10.2 km Match The Columns :
10.2 1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (r); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (q)
In 1 hours, man covers the distance = km
3 (A) Let the cost be ` x
5×10.2 Cost of sheet 1395 x
In 5 hours, man covers the distance = km
3
Length of sheet 93 105
= 5 × 3.4 km = 17 km
2. 357 kms It is the case of direct variation.
In 20 litres, the distance travelled by truck = 420 km 1395 x 1395 ´ 105
= Þx= = 1575
420 93 105 93
In 1 litres, the distance travelled by truck = km.
20 So, cost of plastic sheet is ` 1575.
420 (B) Let the number of cows be x
In 17 litres, the distance travelled by truck = ×17 km.
20
No. of cows 55 x
= 357 km.
No. of days 16 10
3. 5 kg
It is the case of inverse variation.
The weight of 48 books = 30 kg.
Þ 55 × 16 = x × 10
30
The weight of 1 books = kg.
48 55 ´ 16
Þ = 88 cows.
10
8 ´ 30
The weight of 8 books = kg = 5 kg.
48 (C) Let the number of men = x
8 No. of men 18 x
4. 2 hours; = 2 hr
4 No. of days 35 15
5. 3 days
It is the case of inverse variation.
2
rd part of work is completed in 18 days. 18 × 35 = x × 15
3
18 ´ 3 18 ´ 35
1 part of work is completed in day.. Þ x= = 42
2 15
(D) Let the number of words = x
1 1 18 ´ 3
part of work is completed in ´ days = 3 days.
9 9 2 No. of words 1080 x
6. Directly Time 60 1
x It is the case of direct variation.
7.
y 1080
8. directly Þ x= = 18
60
Direct & Inverse Proportion 303

Very Short Answer Questions : 150 2.9

Þ = Þ x = 900
1. 40 km/hr 2. 13 hours x 17.4
126 Hence, a weight of 900 grams would produce an extension
3. Cost = ` ´ 28 = ` 504 4. 29.4
7 of 17.4 cm.
5. 189 6. Earning = ` 1650 7. 11.7 × 108 pound 23.60 days.
7. ` 1650 8. 45 8. 100 machines
9. 32 days 10. 5 days
Long Answer Questions :
Short Answer Questions : 1. 60 minutes = 1 hours
1. ` 320 1 5
\ 25 minutes = ´ 25 = hour
2. 18 tickets 60 12
3. 48 men Let distance of travelling truck = x
Distance of travelling truck and time vary directly.
4. Let the distance covered in the map = x
Map with a scale and distance covered in the map vary Distance (in km) 14 x
directly. 5
Time (in hour) 5
Scale (in cm) 1 x 12
Distance (in km) 18 72
14 x
Now, 5 12 = 5
1 x
Now, =
18 72 5
Þ ´ x = 14 ´ 5
Þ 18 × x = 72 × 1 12
72 14 ´ 5 14 ´ 5 ´ 12
Þ x= = 4 cm Þ x= =
18 5 12 5
Hence required distance covered in the map = 4 cm. Þ x = 168 km
5. Spinning 3 hours daily, Kanta can spin 2 kg cotton-ball in 12 Hence distance of travelling track = 168 km.
days. 2. Let x gardeners be needed to weed the garden in 15 minutes.
\ Spinning 3 hours daily, Kanta can spin 1 kg cotton-ball No. of gardeners 3 x
æ 12 ö Time (in minutes) 90 15
in çè ÷ø = 6 days More gardeners on the job means less time required to
2
complete the job.
Þ Spinning 1 hour daily, Kanta can spin 1 kg cotton-ball
in (6 × 3) = 18 days. Hence, it is a case of inverse variation.
Þ Spinning 1 hour daily, Kanta can spin 10 kg cotton- So, 3 × 90 = x × 15
ball in (18 × 10) = 180 days.
3 ´ 90
Þ Spinning 4 hour daily, Kanta can spin 10 kg cotton- x= = 18 gardeners
15
180 Since, three gardeners are already working.
ball in days = 45 days
4
Thus, 18 – 3 = 15 more gardeners neeed to be put on the job.
6. Let the required weight be x grams. 3. Here x and y vary directly.
Weight (in grams) 150 x x
So, = k (constant)
Extension (in cm) 2.9 17.4 y

It is given that the amount of extension in the spring varies 3 30 5

directly as the weight hung on it. k= = =
1.2 12 2
So, it is a case of direct variation.
5
\ k=
Þ 150 : x = 2.9 : 17.4 2
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x1 5 5 ´ 3.6 75
or ´ 20 = x
Now, = Þ x1 = =9 60
3.6 2 2
or x = 25
15 5 So, the train will cover a distance of 25 km in 20 minutes.
15 ´ 2
y1 = 2 Þ y1 = =6 75 250
5 (ii) Also, =
60 y
x2 5 10.8 ´ 5 250 ´ 60
= Þ x2 = = 27 or y = = 200 minutes or 3 hours 20 minutes.
10.8 2 2 75
Hence, x1 = 9, y1 = 6, and x2 = 27. 2. Let the map distance be x cm and actual distance be y cm,
then 1:30000000 = x : y
4. ab = k
1 x
k = 16 × 4 = 64 or =
7 y
3 ´ 10
64
Now, 32 × b1 = 64 Þ b1 = =2 1 4
32 Since x = 4 so, 7 =
3 ´ 10 y
64 or y = 4 × 3 × 107 = 12 × 107 cm = 1200 km.
8 × b2 = 64 Þ b2 = =8
8 Thus, two cities, which are 4 cm apart on the map, are actually
1200 km away from each other.
64
a1 × 0.5 = 64 Þ a1 = = 128 3. Let the number of workers employed to build the wall in 30
0.5 hours be y.
Hence, b1 = 2, b2 = 8, and a1 = 128. We have the following table.
5. Let the required speed be x km/hr. Then, the given Number of hours 48 30
information may be presented in the following tabular form. Number of workers 15 y
Speed in km/hr. 12 x Obviously more the number of workers, faster will they build
Time (in minutes) 20 15 the wall.
We note that more the speed, less will be the time taken to So, the number of hours and number of workers vary in
cover the given distance. So, it is a case of inverse variation. inverse proportion.
\ Ratio of speeds = Inverse ration of time taken So, 48 × 15 = 30 × y
Þ 12 : x = 15 : 20
48 ´ 15
12 15 Therefore, = y or y = 24
Þ = 30
x 20 i.e., to finish the work in 30 hours, 24 workers are required.
Þ 15 × x = 12 × 20
4. 10 – 4 cm; 2 cm
12 ´ 20
Þ x= = 16 5. (i) 2.25 × 107 crystals (ii) 5.4 × 106 crystals
15
6. (i) 6 m (ii) 8 m 75 cm
Hence, Shalu's average speed should be 16 km/hr.
7. 3 days
8. 49 machines
9. (i) 6 days (ii) 6 persons

Text-Book Exercise : Exemplar Questions :

1. Let the distance travelled (in km) in 20 minutes be x and 1. (2) The correct answer is (2).
time taken (in minutes) to cover 250 km be y. 2. More the persons, the sooner would be the provision
exhausted. So, this is a case of inverse proportion.
Distance travelled (in km) 75 x 250
Let the required number of days be x.
Time taken (in minutes) 60 20 y
Hence, 300 × 42 = (300+50) × x
Since the speed is uniform, therefore, the distance covered 300 × 42 = 350 × x
would be directly proportional to time.
300 ´ 42
75 x =x
(i) We have = 350
60 20 x = 36
Direct & Inverse Proportion 305

3. As the number of boxes increases, the space required to 5. (c) No. of shirts Time
keep them also increases.
3
So, this is a case of direct proportion. x min
4
Number of boxes 2 200
3
Space occupied s ´ 60 = 45 min
500 x 4
(in cubic centimetres)
Q It is direct variation
2 200
So \ = Þ 2x = 500 × 200 3
x : :: s : 45
500 x
4
500 ´ 200 45x
Þ x= Þ x = 50,000 s= = 60x
2 3/ 4
6. (c) Initially the number of students = 100.
Thus, the required space is 50,000 cubic centimetres.
Provision for food = 20 days.
4. Given that, at constant temperature pressure and volume of
Finally number of students = 125.
a gas are inversely proportional. Let the required pressure
Number of days food will last
be x.
100 ´ 20
= = 16 days.
Volume of gas 125
630 720
(in cubic centimetres) 7. (a) Let commission on ` 100 be x.
Then
Pressure of gas (in mm) 360 x
Sale ( ` ) 1000 100
630 ´ 360 Commission ( ` ) 73 x
Then, 630 × 360 = 720 × x Þ =x
720 As the amount of sales increases commission also
Þ x = 315 increases.
Therefore, the required pressure is 315 mm of mercury. \ It is direct variation.
5. 448 persons 6. 8.75 cm 1000 100 73 ´ 100
7. 12 pumps 8. 5 km Þ = Þ x= = 7.3
73 x 1000
\ Commission will be get on ` 100 is ` 7.30.
8. (c) Total cost of 52 cycles = 27300.
Let number of cycles be x.
Then
Single Option Correct :
Cost of 1 cycle (` ) 525 525 + 21
1. (b) Let the required number of working hours/day = x
More Pumps, less working hrs per day (Indirect) No. of cycles 52 x
Less days, more working hrs per day (Indirect) As cost of one cycle increases, number of cycles
Pumps 4 : 3 ü decreases.
ý :: 8: x \ It is inverse variation.
Days 1 : 2 þ
\ 4×1× x=3×2×8 525 ´ 52
Þ 525 × 52 = 546 × x Þ x= = 50
3´ 2 ´ 8 546
Þ x= = 12
4 \ Number cycles can be purchased on increased price is
2. (b) 3. (d) 50.
4. (c) Let weight 6 m long red = x kg 9. (b) Let the time required be x.

Length of the rod (m) 13 6 No. of pipes 6 5

Weight (kg) 23.4 x Time taken (min) 80 x

As length of the rod increases, weight also increase. \ It is inverse variation.

\ It is direct variation. Þ 6 × 80 = 5 × x
13 6 23.4 ´ 6 6 ´ 80
Þ = Þ x= = 10.8 kg Þ x= = 96 min Þ x = 1 hour 36 min.
23.4 x 13 5
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10. (d) Let company makes x blue cars for 15 white cars (c, d) It is evident from the table that the ratio of the
corresponding values of a and b is not constant, So, a and
Blue Cars 5 x b are not in direct variation i.e. they do not vary directly.
White Cars 3 15 2. (a, b and c)
3. (a, c) We know that if a and b vary inversely, then the
5 x product ab remains same for al values of a and b.
Þ =
3 15 Here,
5 ´ 15 8 × 32 = 256, 16 × 16 = 256, 32 × 8 = 256 and 256 × 1 = 256.
Þ =x
3
2 × 40 = 80, 16 × 5 = 80, 8 × 10 80 and 4 × 20 = 80.
x = 25
4. (a, b) (i) Since a and b vary inversely, so the product ab
Speed (in km/hr) 24 32 remains constant and is equal to 8 × 10 = 80.
11. (c)
Time (in hrs) 32 x
80
It is a case of inverse variation \ First blank space is to be filled by = 40
2
24 × 32 = 32 × x Þ x = 24 hrs
80
No. of Students 100 125 Second blank space is to be filled by = 40
20
12. (b)
Days 20 x 80
Third blank space is to be filled by = 16.
5
20 ´100
x= = 16 days Passage Based Questions :
125
13. (b) 1.2 m tall girl's shadow = 1.1 Passage - I
x m tall building's shadow = 6.6 1. (d) None of these
1.2 1.1 2. (c) 9
= Passage - II
x 6.6
Let the distance travelled (in km) in 20 minutes be x and time taken
1.2 1 (in minutes) to cover 210 km be y. Since speed is uniform, therefore,
= Þ x = 7.2 m
x 6 the distance covered would be directly proprotional to time.
14. (a) Time taken 9 7
105 x 105 ´ 20
No. of Men 560 x 3. (c) We have = Þx= = 35 km.
60 20 60
It is the case of inverse variations. So, the train will cover a distance of 35 km in 20 minutes.
9 ´ 560
Þ x= = 720 105 210 210 ´ 60
7 4. (a) Also, = Þy= = 120
Extra men to complete the work = 720 – 560 = 160. 60 y 105
5. (a) The distance in 1 hr. = 150 km
More than One Option Corrrect :
So, the distance covered in 18 hrs
1. (a) We have,
= 105 × 18 = 1890 km
4 7 21 28 1
= = = = . Assertion & Reason :
12 21 63 84 3
Thus, the ratio of the corresponding values of a and b is
1 1. (a) Books Weight (kg)
constant and is equal to .
3 85 51
Hence, a and b are in direct variation with the constant of
1 35 x
variation equal to .
3 More book : More weight, direct variation
(b) We have,
51 ´ 35
2.5 5 7.5 10 15 1 So, x = = 21 kg
= = = = = 85
10 20 30 40 60 4 2. (d) No. of men 24 x
This shows that the ratio of the corresponding values of a
1 No. of days 7 12
and b is constant and is equal to . Thus, a and b vary
4 It is the case of inverse variation.
1
directly. The constant of variation is . 24 × 7 = x × 12 Þ x = 14
4
Direct & Inverse Proportion 307

Multiple Matching : According to question

1. (A) ® (r, s); (B) ® (p, q); (C) ® (t) x x

- =4
1 8
Integer Type Questions : 7
2
1. (3) Let number of machines required be x, then
2x x 16 x - 15 x
Þ - =4 Þ =4
No. of machine 6 x 15 8 120
Þ x = 480 km
No. of days 9 18
3. (b) Let slower speed = u km/hr
\ It is inverse variation.
As the distance is fixed
Þ 6 × 9 = 18 × x
20 40
6´9 u × 8 = (u + 5) × [ Q 6 hr 40 min = 6hr + hr
Þ x= =3 3 60
18
\ No. of days = 3 2 20
=6 = hrs]
3 3
k Þ 24 u = 20 u +100 Þ 4 u = 100
2. (9) Given x = , where k is a constant.
y2 Þ u = 25 km/hr
Now, y = 2 and x = 1 gives k = 4. d d
4. (b) Distance covered = - = 2.
4 4 40 60
\x = Þx= , when y = 6 d = 240 km
2
y 62
1 3´ 6
5. (d) Together they can do of the work in days
4 1 5 3+ 6
Þx= = . m=9
36 9 = 2 days.
3. (8) Let the required price be ` x. \ They can do the work in 2 × 5 = 10 days.
Less weight, Less cost (Direct Proportion)
6. (b) 120 km
\ 250 : 200 : : 60 : x Û 250 × x = (200 × 60)
(200 ´ 60) 1
Û x= Û x = 48. 7. (a) X+Y+Z=
250 8
Unit digit is 8. 1
4. (5) Let the required time be x seconds. Then, More metres, Z= –X–Y
8
more time (Direct Proportion)
\ 0.128 : 25 : : : 1 : x 1 1 1 1
= – – =
25 25 ´ 1000 8 24 16 48
Û 0.128 × x = 25 × 1 Û x = =
0.128 128 \ Z can do the work in 48 days.
Û x = 195.31.
\ Required time = 195 sec (approximately). n = 5 1
8. (c) One day work of ( A and B) =
5. (5) Let the height of the building be x metres. 18
Less lengthy shadow, Less is the height (Direct
Proportion) 1
One day work of ( B and C) =
\ 40.25 : 28.75 : : 17.5 : x 24
Û 40.25 × x = 28.75 × 17.5
1
(28.75 ´ 17.5) One day work of (C and A) =
Û x= Û x = 12.5. n = 5 36
40.25
2(A + B + C)¢s one day work
ADVANCED EXERCISE 1 1 1 9 1
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS = + + = =
18 24 36 72 8
72 ´ 1000 5 1
1. (b) = 72 ´ = 20 m/s So one day work of ( A + B + C) =
3600 18 16
2. (c) Let the distance be x km. So total work = 16 days.
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Chap
ter
Factorisation
14

FACTORISATION OF POLYNOMIALS
Let us take any natural number say 18 and write it as product of other natural numbers
18 = 1 × 18 = 2 × 9 = 3 × 6
Here 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 are factors of 18 and 2, 3 are prime factors of 18. We can express a number as a product of prime factors.
For example, 18 = 2 × 3 × 3
Similarly, we can express algebraic expressions as product of their factors.
In algebraic expressions we use the term ‘irreducible’ in place of prime; e.g 2, x, y are irreducible factors of 2 x y. Similarly
for expression 5, x, (x + 3) are irreducible factors of 5 x ( x + 3 ).
Thus we can say that factorisation of an algebraic expression is the process of expressing the expression as product of
irreducible factors.
Factorisation 309

FACTORISATION
We know, factorisation of a number is a expressing the number as the product of other numbers. for example, 6 = 2 × 3 = 1 × 6.
Thus, 1, 2, 3, 6 are factors of 6.
Similarly, we can express algebraic expressions as products of their factors. These factors may be numbers, algebraic variables or
algebraic expressions. For example, 5y2 = 5 × y × y
The factors of 5y2 are 1, 5, y and 5y.
The method of expressing a given algebraic expression as the product of some numbers and algebraic expressions is called factorisation.
In an algebraic expression, each term is formed as the product of its factors. For example, in the algebraic expression 2xy + 5x, the term
2xy has been formed by the factors 2, x and y and 5x is formed by 5 and x.
Method of Common Factors
Case I. When each term of the given expression contains a common monomial factor. In this case, we take out the common multiplier
and use the distributive property.
ILLUSTRATION : 1
Factorise : 4x3 + 12x2 + 20x.
SOLUTION :
The greatest common factor of the numerical coefficients 4, 12 and 20 is 4.
The greatest common factor of variables is x.
So, 4x is the greatest common factor of the given expression.
Dividing 4x3 + 12x2 + 20x by 4x, we get the quotient as (x2 +3x + 5).
Hence, 4x3 + 12x2 + 20x = 4x (x2 +3x + 5)
Case II. When a polynomial is a common multiplier of each term of the given expression. In this case, we take out the common multiplier
and use the distributive property. Sometimes, we have to make some arrangement of terms so as to have a common polynomial.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
Factorise : 3(3x – 4y) – 4(3x – 4y)2.
SOLUTION :
(3x – 4y) is common in both terms.
3(3x – 4y) – 4(3x – 4y)2 = (3x – 4y) [ 3 – 4(3x – 4y)]
Hence, 3(3x – 4y) – 4(3x – 4y)2 = (3x – 4y) (3 –12x + 16y)
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Factorisation x2 – xy + y3 – xy2
SOLUTION :
x2 – xy – xy2 + y3 = x(x –y) – y2(x – y)
= (x – y) (x – y2) [Taking ( x – y) common]
Factorisation by Regrouping Terms
In certain expressions, it is not possible to take out a single common factor from all ther terms of the expression. In such cases, we
rearrange and group the terms so that each group has some common factor.
ILLUSTRATION : 4
Factorise : a2b + b – a – ab2.
SOLUTION :
The above expression can be rearranged as:
a2b –ab2 + b – a = ab(a – b) – 1(a – b)
= (a – b) (ab – 1)
Thus, a2b + b – a – ab2 = (a – b) (ab – 1)
 EBD_7034
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ILLUSTRATION : 5
Factorise :
(i) a2 + 2a + ab + 2b (ii) x2 – xz + xy – yz
SOLUTION :
We have,
(i) a2 +2a + ab + 2b = (a2 + 2a) + (ab + 2b) [Grouping the terms]
= a(a +2) + (a + 2)b [Taking (a +2) common]
= (a +2) (a + b) [Grouping the terms]
(ii) x2 – xz + xy – yz = (x2 – xz) + (xy – yz) [Grouping the terms]
= x(x – z) + y(x – z)
= (x + y ) ( x – z) [Taking (x – z) common]
ILLUSTRATION : 6
Factorise each of the following expressions.
(i) a2x2 + (ax2 + 1)x + a (ii) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
SOLUTION :
(i) a2x2 + (ax2 + 1) x + a
= a2x2 + ax3 + x + a
= ax2 (x + a) + (x + a)
= (x + a) (ax2 + 1)
(ii) 3ax – 6ay – 8by + 4bx
= 3ax + 4bx – 6ay – 8by
= (3ax + 4bx) – (6ay + 8by)
= x(3a + 4b) – 2y(3a + 4b)
=(3a + 4b) (x – 2y)
Factorisation by Using Identities
Sometimes given algebraic expression can be factorised using standard identities:

2 2 2
(i) ( a + b ) = a + 2ab + b

2 2 2
(ii) ( a - b) = a - 2ab + b

2 2
(iii) a - b = (a + b)(a - b )
When the given expression is in the form of perfect trinomial square, we use identities (i) & (ii) and when given expression is in the form
of difference of two squares, we use identity (iii).
Factorising Perfect Trinomial Squares:
(i) First determine whether the trinomial is a perfect square trinomial or not by following method:
(a) Two terms must be perfect squares and must be preceded by plus sign.
(b) The remaining term must be twice the product of the square roots of perfect square terms preceded by either a plus or a
minus sign.
(ii) If the trinomial is a perfect square, then factorise it as follows:
(a) Find the square root of the perfect square terms.
(b) Connect them by the sign of remaining term.
(c) Now express the trinomial as product of binomial obtained in step (b) twice
ILLUSTRATION : 7

Factorise : 16b 2 - 40by + 25y 2

Factorisation 311

SOLUTION :
= ( 4b - 5 y )
2
16b - 40by + 25 y = ( 4b) - 2 (4b) (5 y ) + (5 y )
2 2 2 2

2 2
16b - 40by + 25 y = (4b - 5 y )(4b - 5 y )
ILLUSTRATION : 8
Factorise : x 2 + 6x + 9
SOLUTION :
By observation we find the x2 and 9 are perfect square terms preceded by plus sign and 6x can be expressed as 2 ( 3 ) ( x ) which
is twice the product of square root of perfect square terms
thus x 2 + 6 x + 9 = x 2 + 2 x(3) + 32
x2 + 6x + 9 = (x + 3)2 = (x + 3) (x + 3) [ using identity (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2]
Factorising Difference of Two Squares
Algebraic expression in the form of difference of two squares is factorised as follows:
(a) Find square roots of two square terms.
(b) Write sum of the two square roots as one of the factors and difference of two square roots as the other factor.
ILLUSTRATION : 9
Factorise x2 – 4.
SOLUTION :
Given expression can be written in difference of two squares as x 2 - 4 = x 2 - 22
Now square roots of x 2 and 22 are x & 2 respectively..
\ x - 4 = x - 2 = ( x + 2)( x - 2)
2 2 2

ILLUSTRATION : 10
36 2
Factorise : p - 81
49
SOLUTION :

36 2 2
æ6 ö 2
p - 81 = ç p ÷ - (9 )
49 è7 ø

36 2 æ6 ö æ6 ö
p - 81 = ç p + 9 ÷ ç p - 9 ÷
49 è7 ø è7 ø

ILLUSTRATION : 11
Factorise: 3 – 12x2
SOLUTION :
3 – 12x2 = 3 (1 – 4x2)
2 2 2
3 - 12 x = 3 [1 - (2 x) ]

3 - 12 x = 3 (1 - 2 x )(1 + 2 x )
2

Factors of the Form (x + a) (x +b)

We know that (x + a) (x +b) = x2 + (a +b)x + ab
So, we can also factorise the algebraic expressions using the above identity. It can also be generalised as
(x +a) (x + b) = x2 + (sum of the constants)x + Product of the constants
Consider : (x + 3) (x +5)
= x2 + (3 + 5)x + 15 = x2 + 8x + 15
 EBD_7034
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ILLUSTRATION : 12
Factorise : x2 + 6x + 8
SOLUTION :
In order to factorise x2 + 6x + 8, we find two numbers p and q such that p + q = 6 and pq = 8.
Clearly, 2 +4 = 6 and 2 × 4 = 8
We now split the middle term 6x in the given quadratic as 2x + 4x.
\ x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8
= (x2 + 2x) + (4x + 8)
= x (x + 2) + 4 (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (x +4)

DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

We have learnt how to add and subtract algebraic expressions. We also know how to multiply two expressions. In this section we shall
learn the division of the algebraic expressions. We know division is the inverse process of multiplication.
Division of a Monomial by Another Monomial
To divide a monomial by another monomial, follow these steps:
Step 1 : Find the quotient of the numerical coefficients.
Step 2 : Find the quotient of the variables.
Step 3 : Find the product of the results obtained in step 1 and 2.

ILLUSTRATION : 13
Divide : (i) 12x3y3 by 3x2y (ii) –15a2bc3 by 3ab
SOLUTION :
(i) We have,

12x 3 y2 12 ´ x ´ x ´ x ´ y ´ y
= = 4 ´ x ´ y = 4xy
2
3x y 3´ x ´ x ´ y

12x 3 y2 12 3- 2 2 -1
Aliter = x y = 4xy
3x 2 y 3

(ii) We have,

-15a 2 bc3 -15 ´ a ´ a ´ b ´ c ´ c ´ c

= = -5ac3
3ab 3´ a ´ b

-15a 2 b c3 15 2 -1 1-1 3
Aliter =- a b c
3ab 3
= – 5ab0c3 = –5ac3
Division of a Polynomial by a Monomial
To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by the given monomial separately as explained below.
Consider (35x2y3 – 15xy2 + 20y) ÷ 5y

35x 2 y3 15xy 2 20y

= - +
5y 5y 5y

= 7x2y2 – 3xy + 4
Factorisation 313

ILLUSTRATION : 14
Divide: 6x4yz – 3xy3z + 8x2yz4 by 2xyz
SOLUTION :
6x 4 yz - 3xy 3 z + 8x 2 yz 4 6x 4 yz 3xy3 z 8x 2 yz 4 3
We have, = - + = 3x 3 - y 2 + 4xz3
2xyz 2xyz 2xyz 2xyz 2

Division of a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Consider : (7x2 + 21x) ÷ (x ÷ 3)
We shall factorise (7x2 + 21x) first to check and match factors with the denominator:
7x2 + 21x = (7 × x × x) + ( 3 × 7 × x)
= 7 × x × (x + 3) = 7x(x + 3)
7x 2 + 21x
(7x 2 + 21x) ¸ (x + 3) =
x+3
7x(x + 3)
= = 7x (cancelling the factor (x + 3))
x+3

ILLUSTRATION : 15
Divide: 35a2 + 32a – 99 by 7a – 9

SOLUTION :
We have,
35a2 + 32a – 99
= 35a2 + 77a – 45a – 99
= 7a(5a + 11) – 9(5a + 11) = (5a + 11) (7a – 9) …(i)
\ (35a2 + 32a – 99) ÷ (7a – 9)

35a 2 + 32a - 99
=
7a - 9

(5a + 11)(7a - 9)
= [using (i)]
(7a - 9)
= (5a + 11)

ILLUSTRATION : 16
Divide: a12 + a6b6 + b12 by a6 – a3b3 + b6
SOLUTION :
We have,
a12 + a6b6 + b12
= a12 + 2a6b6 + b12 – a6b6 [adding and subtracting a6b6]
= (a6 + b6)2 – (a3b3)2
= (a6 + b6 – a3b3)(a6 + b6 + a3b3) = (a6 – a3b3 + b6) (a6 + a3 b3 + b6) …(i)

a12 + a 6 b6 + b12 ( a 6 + a 3 b3 + b 6 )
\ = (a6 – a3 b3 + b6)
a 6 - a 3 b3 + b 6 ( a 6 - a 3 b3 + b 6 )
= a6 + a3b3 + b6 [Cancelling a6 – a3b3 + b6 from Nr and Dr]
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CONNECTING TOPIC
Division of Polynomial: When a polynomial P( x) is divided by another polynomial g ( x) ( g ( x )¹ 0 ) , we get quotient q( x) and

remainder r ( x) such that P ( x ) = g ( x ) ´ q ( x ) + r ( x )

Here degree of remainder r(x) < degree of divisor g(x).

Let us learn the division of polynomials by long division method.
Steps of Division: Let dividend = p(x), divisor = g(x)
Step-I : Arrange the dividend and divisor in the standard form i.e. arrange the terms in descending order of their degrees.
This step is required if the dividend and divisor are not in standard form
Step-II : Divide first term of dividend by first term of divisor to get first term of quotient.
Step-III: Multiply the divisor by first term of quotient and subtract this product from dividend to get the remainder.
Step-IV: Now treat the remainder obtained in step-III as new dividend. Divisor remains the same. Repeat step-II to get next
term of quotient.
Step-V: Repeat step-III to get a new remainder. The process continues till the remainder is zero (0) or the degree of the new
dividend (remainder) is less than the degree of the divisor. At this point the new dividend is the remainder of division
and sum of quotient gives us the whole quotient.

ILLUSTRATION : 1
3 2
Divide f ( x ) = - 2x + 2x - x - 7 by g(x) = - 2 + x
SOLUTION :
As f (x) and g(x) are not in standard form we arrange them in descending order of degree terms.
Now f ( x ) = 2 x3 - x 2 - 2 x - 7, g ( x ) = x - 2

2
2x + 3x + 4
3
3 2
(x – 2) 2x – x – 2x – 7 2x = 2x2
x
3 2 2 3 2
2x – 4x 2x (x – 2) = 2x – 4x
– +
2
3x – 2x – 7 Deg of rem > deg. of division
2 2
3x – 6x 3x = 3x
– + x
2
3x(x – 2) = 3x – 6x
4x – 7 Deg.of rem = Deg of division
4x = 4
x
4x – 8 4(x – 2) = 4x – 8
– +
1 Deg.of rem < Deg of division

2
( )
Here, quotient = 2x + 3x + 4 and remainder = 1
Factorisation 315

1. Factorise : m2n2 – 2m3n3 + m4n4

Sol. m2n2 [1 – 2mn + m2n2]
2. Factorise : a2 – 10ab + 25b2 – 36
Sol. The first three terms of the given expression are of the form (a – b) 2 and the last term is also a perfect square.
[(a)2 – 2(a)(5b) + (5b)2]– (6)2
= (a – 5b)2 – (6)2
= (a – 5b + 6)(a – 5b – 6) [using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
= (a – 5b + 6) (a – 5b + 6)
3. Divide a(10a2 – 160) by 10a(a + 4).
Sol. a(10a2 – 160)
= a[(10 × a2) – (10× 16)]
= a × 10 × (a2 – 16) [Taking 10 as common factor]
= 10a × (a +4) (a – 4) [using a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]

10a ´ (a + 4)(a - 4)
Thus, a(10a2 – 160) ÷ 10a(a + 4) =
10a(a + 4)

= (a – 4)
4. Factorise 2x2 + 13x + 20 and divide it by x+ 4.
Sol. 2x2 + 13x + 20 = 2x2 + 8x + 5x + 20
= 2x (x + 4) + 5(x + 4)
= (2x + 5) (x + 4)

2x 2 + 13x + 20 ( 2x + 5)( x + 4 )
Now, =
x+4 ( x + 4)
= (2x + 5)
5. Factorise : x2 + 7y + xy + 7x
Sol. x2 + 7y + xy + 7x
= x2 + xy + 7y + 7x
= x(x + y) + 7(y + x)
= (x + y) (x + 7)
6. Factorise : (i) (x +y) (2x + 3y) – (x + y) (x + 1) (ii) (x + y)(2a + 2b) – (3x – 2y)(2a + b)
Sol. We have,
(i) (x + y)(2x + 3y) – (x + y)(x + 1)
= (x + y){(2x + 3y) – (x +1)} [Taking (x +y) common]
= (x +y) (2x + 3y – x – 1)
= (x + y) (x + 3y – 1)
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316 Mathematics
(ii) (x + y)(2a + 2b) – (3x – 2y)(2a + b)
= {(x + y) – (3x – 2y)} (2a + b) [Taking (2a + b) common]
= (x + y – 3x + 2y)(2a + b)
= (–2x + 3y) (2a +b)
7. Factorise : (i) 80a2 – 45b2 (ii) (3a – b)2 – 9c2
Sol. (i) 80a2 – 45b2 = 5(16a2 – 9b2)
= 5{(4a)2 – (3b)2}
= 5 (4a + 3b) (4a – 3b) [Using: a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)]
(ii) (3a – b)2 – 9c2 = (3a – b)2 – (3c)2
= {(3a – b) + 3c}{(3a – b) – 3c}
= (3a – b +3c) (3a – b – 3c)
8. Factorise : x(x + z) – y(y + z)
Sol. x(x + z) – y (y + z) = x2 + xz – y2 – yz
= (x2 – y2) + (xz – yz)
= (x – y) (x + y) + z (x – y)
= (x – y) { (x + y) + z}
= (x – y) (x + y + z)
9. Divide 8y3 – 6y2 + 4y – 1 by 4y + 2. Also, write the quotient and the remainder.
Sol. We have,
8y3 – 6y2 + 4y – 1

5 9 11
= 2y 2 (4y + 2) - y(4y + 2) + (4y + 2) -
2 4 2

ì 5 9 ü 11
= í2y 2 (4y + 2) - y(4y + 2) + (4y + 2) ý -
î 2 4 þ 2

æ 5 9 ö 11
= (4y + 2) ç 2y2 - y + ÷ -
è 2 4ø 2

2 5 9 11
Hence, Quotient = 2y - y + and, Remainder = - .
2 4 2

10. Divide (x2 + 7x + 6) by (x + 1)

( x 2 + 7x + 6) x 2 + 6x + x + 6
Sol. =
( x + 1) x +1

x ( x + 6 ) + 1( x + 6 ) ( x + 6)( x + 1)
= =
x +1 ( x + 1)
= (x + 6)
Factorisation 317

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

11. Divide 6 + x – 4x2 + x3 by x – 3.
x2 – x – 2
Sol. x–3 x 3 – 4x2 + x + 6
3 2
x – 3x
– +
2
–x +x+6
– x2 + 3x
+ –
–2x + 6
–2x + 6
+ –
0

6 + x - 4x 2 + x 3
\ = x2 - x - 2
x -3

12. Divide x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 by x2 – 4x + 3.

Sol. On dividing, we get
x–2
x2 – 4x + 3 x3– 6x2 + 11x – 6
x – 4x + 3x
– + –
2+
–2x + 8x – 6
2
–2x + + 8x – 6
+ – +
0
\ x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x – 2) (x2 – 4x + 3)

SOLVED EXAMPLES BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS

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Fill in the Blanks : (C) 4(xy + 1)2 – 9(x – 1)2 (r) –xy (x2 +y2) (x + y)
(x – y)(x4 + y4)
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (D) xy9 – yx9 (s) 3a3(a – 4)(a + 4)
Very Short Answer Questions:
9 x 2 - 16
1. is written in its lowest terms as ______.
6x + 8 DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
2. x2 + x – 56 = ( x + 8) ( ______ ).
1. Factorise : 6ab – b2 + 12ac – 2bc
3. Every ________ polynomial has one and only one zero.
4. The number of algebraic expressions that may be multiplied 2. Divide : 25x3y2 by – 15x2y
to obtain given algebraic expressions are called ________ 3. Factorise : x4 – 4
of the given algebraic expression. 4. Factorise : ax2y + bxy2 +cxyz
2
5. 100 – 81a = ________. 5. The value of (3x3 + 9x2 + 27x) ÷ 3x is:
6. (a2 – b2) ÷ (a – b) = ________.
6. Simplified form of
7. Degree of any constant term is ________.
8. (5x + 9y)2 + 12(5x + 9y) = ________. ( -6a 3 b5 )(2a 2 b3 )
.
9. The value of 52xyz (xy + yz + xz + y2)(z + x) -18a 4 b8 c3
¸ 104xy(xy + xz + yz + y2) is _______. 7. Find the value of x2 + 8y3 divided by x + 2y.
10. (49x2yz + 35p) ¸ 7 = _______.
8. Simplify the given expression
True / False : 39y2(50y2 – 98) ¸ 26y2(5y + 7).
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 9. The value of a in 14a = 452 – 252 is
answer as true or false.
10. x2 – y2 for x = 200 and y = 199 is
2
1. 2x – 1 is a factor of 6x + x – 1.
Short Answer Questions :
2. The highest common factor of 4x2yz and 63x3y2z2 is x2yz
3. Factors of x2 – 14xy + 49y2 will be (x – 7y)(x – 7y). DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
4. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
1. Factorise :
5. The factors of a2 – 2ab + b2 are (a + b) and (a + b).
6. An equation is true for all values of its variables. (i) x2 – 14x + 49 (ii) d 2 + 4d + 4
7. The value of p for 512 – 492 = 100p is 2. (iii) x2 + 8x – 20 (iv) m2n2 – 28mn – 60
8. The value of (a + 1) (a – 1) (a2 + 1) is a4 – 1. (v) p2 – p – 90
9. abc + bca + cab is a monomial. 2. Simplify [4x2 – 25y2 + 30y – 9] ÷ [2x + 5y – 3].
Match the Following : 3. Factorise each of the following expression:
a3x + a2(x – y) – a(y + z) – z
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) 4. Factorise : 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2.
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in 5. Solve by factorising : [a2 +b2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)] ÷ (a + b + 2c).
column-II.
6. Find the factors of 25p2 – 80pq + 64q2
1. Column-I Column-II
7. Factorise:
(A) 3a5 – 48a3 (p) 2a(a–2)(a +2) (a2 +4)
(B) 2a5 – 32a (q) (2xy + 3x – 1) (i) 5a(2x + 3y) – 2b(2x + 3y)
(2xy – 3x + 5) (ii) 8(5x + 9y)2 + 12(5x + 9y)
Factorisation 319

8. Factorise each of the following algebraic expressions:

x-3 4 x2 y3
(i) (2x – 3y) (a + b) + (3x – 2y) (a + b) (iii) ´
xy 2 x 2 + x - 12
(ii) 4(x – y) (3a – b) + 6(x – y) (2b – 3a)
9. Factorise:
(i) 16x4 – 81 (ii) 2x – 32x5 (iv)
-x
x3- 8
(
´ x2 + 2x + 4 )
4
(iii) 3a – 48b 4 (iv) 81x4 – 121x2
10. Factorise: 3. Simplify :

(i) (x – 1)2 – (x – 2)2 (ii) 16a 2 - 252 x2 + 4 x + 3 x +1 20 x2 + x - 1 4x + 1

4a (i) 2 ¸ (ii) ¸
4 x + 12 x 3 7 x3 + x x
(iii) 16a 2 b - b
16a2
x3 - 4 x
Long Answer Questions : (iii)
2
(
¸ x 4 - 16 )
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences. 4. Factorise:
(i) 9 –a6 +2a3b3 – b6
1. Divide – 4p2 – 4q2 – 12r2 + 10pq + 16qr – 14pr by 2p – q + 3r.
(ii) x16 – y16 + x8 + y8
2. Simplify :
(iii) (p + q)2 – (a – b)2 + p +q – a + b
3 x2 + 6 x x-4
(i) 2 ´ 2 5. Simplify :
x - 4x x + 9 x + 14
2x 2 6x 2 + 15x + 9 p2 - p - 6
(ii) ´ ( x + x + 1) (i) (ii)
x3 - 1 2x + 3 p-3

Text Book Exercise 11. Factorise the following expressions.

(i) p2 + 6p + 8 (ii) q2 – 10q + 21
1. Factorise 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x.
(iii) p2 + 6p – 16
2. Find the common factors of the given terms.
12. 8(x3y2z2 + x2y3z2 + x2y2z3) ÷ 4x2y2z2
(i) 16x3, – 4x2, 32x (ii) 3x2y3, 10x3y2, 6x2y2z
13. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.
3. Factorise the following expressions.
(i) 12xy(9x2 – 16y2) ÷ 4xy(3x + 4y)
(i) 5x3y – 15xy2 (ii) x2yz + xy2z + xyz2
(ii) 39y3(50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2(5y + 7)
(iii) ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz
14. Divide 44(x4 – 5x3 – 24x2) by 11x (x – 8)
4. Factorise:
15. Do the following divisions.
15pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
(i) –20x4 ÷ 10x2 (ii) 7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz
5. Factorise: m4 – 256
16. Solve : x(3x + 2)
6. Find the factors of y2 – 7y + 12.
17. Solve : (3x + 2)2
7. Obtain the factors of z2 – 4z – 12.
18. Solve : (a + 4) (a + 2)
8. Factorise the following expression.
a4 + 2a2b2 + b4 Exemplar Question
9. Factorise : 1. Factorised form of r 2 – 10r + 21 is
2 2
(i) (l + m) – (l – m) 2. Divide p(4p2 – 16) by 4p(p – 2)
(ii) 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2 3. Factorise the following, using the identity
10. Factorise the expressions. a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
(i) am2 + bm2 + bn2 + an2 (ii) 5y2 – 20y – 8z + 2yz (i) 4x4 + 12x3 + 9x2 (ii) 16x2 + 40x +25
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320 Mathematics
4. Factorise the following. 11. The following expressions are the areas of rectangles. Find
(i) 18 + 11x + x2 2
(ii) p – 13p – 30 the possible lengths and breadths of these rectangles.
5. Factorise the following using the identity x2 – 7x + 10
12. Carry out the following divisions:
a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b).
–121p3q3r3 ÷ (–11xy2z3)
2
4x2 - 9y x3y xy3
(i)
9 16
(ii)
9
-
16 HOTS Questions :
6. Perform the following division 1. Solve :
(x3y3 + x2y3 – xy4 + xy) ÷ xy
1
7. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed: (i) x¸ ´ x + x of ( x ¸ x )
x
(i) (3x2 – 48) ÷ (x – 4) (ii) (3x4 – 1875) ÷ (3x2 – 75)
(ii) a3 ´ b2 ¸ a – ab + a 2 – a(a – b)
8. The area of a square is given by 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2. Find
the side of the square.
5 ìï 3 1 2 æ 2 2 ö üï
9. (i) 63p2q2r2s – 9pq2r2s2 + 15p2qr2s2 – 60p2q2rs2 (iii) 2 p – í 2 p – p ¸ p ´ + p ¸ ç p ´ ÷ ý
îï p è p ø ïþ
(ii) 24x2yz3 – 6xy3z2 + 15x2y2z – 5xyz
2. If (x – 5) notebooks cost. ` (x2 – 13x + 40), what is the cost
(iii) 2ax2 + 4axy + 3bx2 + 2ay2 + 6bxy + 3by2
of one book?
10. The area of a rectangle is x2 + 7x + 12. If its breadth is 3. One factor of x3 – 7x + 6 is x – 1. The other factors are:
(x + 3), then find its length. 4. Factorise : a12 – b12.

Single Option Correct : 6. Divide – 35x5y2 by – 7x3y

(a) 5xy2 (b) 25x2y
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. (c) 5xy (d) 5x2y
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which 7. The common factor of 72x3y4z4, 120z2d4x4 and 96y3z4d4 is
ONLY ONE is correct. (a) 96z3 (b) 120z3
1. One of the factors of x2 + 12 + 2 - 2x - 2 is (c) 72z3 (d) 24z2
x x 8. Divide (32x4y3 – 16x3y4) by (–8x2y)
x - 1 x + 1 -1
(a) (b) (a) 4x3y2 + 2xy3 (b) 4x3y – 2xy
x x
(c) –4x2y2 + 2xy3 (d) –4xy2 + 2xy3
(c) x+ 1 (d)x2 + 12
x x 9. Value of (99.8)2 – (0.2)2 is:
2. 4 4 2 2
The factors of x + y + x y are (a) 9980 (b) 9960
(a) (x2 + y2) (x2 + y2 – xy) (c) 9860 (d) 9680
(b) (x2 + y2) (x2 – y2) 10. The real factors of x2 + 4 are:
(c) (x2 + y2 + xy) (x2 + y2 – xy) (a) (x2 + 2) (x2 – 2) (b) (x + 2) (x – 2)
(d) Factorizaion is not possible (c) does not exist (d) None of these
3. The factors of x2 + xy – 2xz – 2yz are
(a) (x – y) (x + 2z) (b) (x + y) (x – 2z) More Than One Option Correct :
(c) (x – y) (x – 2z) (d) (x + y) (x + 2z) DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
4. 2
Factorisation of 15x – 26x + 8 is Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
(a) (3x – 4) (5x – 2) (b) (3x + 4) (5x + 2) ONE or MORE may be correct.
(c) (3x – 4)2 (d) (5x – 2)2
1. If (x2 + 3x + 5) (x2 – 3x + 5) = m2 – n2, then m and n is
5. Evaluate x4 ÷ x4
(a) x2 – 3x (b) 3x
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) x2 + 5 (d) x2 + 3x
(c) 2 (d) – 1
Factorisation 321

2. Factors of 3a2 – 9ab is Assertion & Reason :

(a) 3a (b) a
(c) (a –3b) (d) (a – 9b) DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
3. 2
Factors of 2a + 11a – 21 is followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
(a) (a – 7) (b) (2a – 3)
the one that best describes the two statements.
(c) (a + 7) (d) (2a + 3)
4. The factors of 3m2 + 9m + 6 are not equal to (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
(a) 3(m + 1) (m + 2) (b) (3m + 1) (3m – 1) the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) 3(m + 2) (m – 1) (d) (3m – 1) (3m – 2) (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not
5. On factorisation 32a2 – 50b2 is not equal to. the correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) 2(4a – 5) (4a – 5) (b) 2(4a – 5b) (4a + 5b) (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) (8a – 5b) (4a + 5b) (d) 16ab(a + b) (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
6. Which of the following is not correct? 1. Assertion : The possible factors of 5xy is 1, 5xy, 5, xy, 5x, y,
5y, x
(a) 4(x2 – 1) = 4x2 – 1
Reason : If an algebraic expression is written as the product
(b) 2(x – 3) = 2x – 3 of numbers of algebraic expression, then each of these
(c) 15(x3 – x2) = 15x3 – x2 numbers and expression are called the factors of the given
(d) 2(x + 4) = 2x + 8 algebraic expression.
2. Assertion : 16x4 – 81 = (4x2 + 9) (4x2 – 9)
Passage Based Questions : Reason : a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
3. Assertion : The greatest common factor of 7x, 21x2 and
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the 14xy2 is 7.
following questions. Reason : The greatest common factor of given monomials
is the common factor having greatest coefficient and highest
PASSAGE
power of the variable.
Factors are of the form (x + a) (x + b) where (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a
+ b)x + ab or, x 2 + (sum of constants)x + (product of constants) Integer Type Questions :
1. Factorise 8a2 – 22ab + 15b2.
(a) (4a – 5b) (2a – 3b) (b) (4a + 5b) (2a + 3b) DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
(c) (4a – 5b) (2a + 3b) (d) (4a + 5b) (2a – 3b) each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
2. Factorise 10a2 – 83a – 17. 1. When we divide (38a3b3 c2 – 19a 4b2c) by 19a2bc, the
(a) (2a + 17) (5a – 1) (b) (2a + 17) (5a + 1) result is ka2bc – a2b. Find k.
(c) (2a – 17) (5a – 1) (d) (2a – 17) (5a + 1)
3. Factorise 2x2 – 35x – 18. 2. x6 = xa ,where a is
(a) (x + 18) (2x – 1) (b) (z + 18) (2x + 1) x2
(c) (x + 18) (2x – 1) (d) (x – 18) (2x – 1) 3. 5x2 – 13x – 6 = (mx + 2) (x – n), where m + n is

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-4) : This section contains multiple choice (a) 2y2 + 5y3 – 7y + 2 (b) 5y3 + 2y2 – 5y + 7
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out (c) 2y3 + 5y2 + 2y – 7 (d) 2y3 – 5y2 – 2y + 7
of which ONLY ONE is correct. 3. Divide : – 21 + 71x – 31x2 – 24x3 by 3 – 8x.
1. Divide 10x4 + 17x3 – 62x2 + 30x – 3 by 2x2 + 7x – 1 (a) 3x2 + 5x – 7 (b) 3x2 – 5x – 7
(a) 5x2 + 9x + 3 (b) 5x2 – 9x + 3 (c) 3x2 – 7x + 5 (d) 3x2 – 5 + 7x
(c) 5x2 – 3x + 9 (d) 5x2 + 3x – 9 4. Divide 3y4 – 3y3 – 4y2 – 4y by y2 – 2y.
2. Using long division, find the quotient : (a) 4y2 + 4y + 1 (b) 3y2 + 3y + 2
(6y5 + 15y4 + 16y3 + 4y2 + 10y – 35) ¸ (3y2 + 5) (c) 2y2 + 3y + 3 (d) 3y2 + y + 3
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SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

(C) 4(xy + 1)2 – 9(x – 1)2

= [2(xy + 1))2 – (3(x – 1)]2
= (2 xy + 2 – 3x + 3) (2xy + 2 + 3x – 3)
Fill in the Blanks :
= (2xy – 3x + 5) (2xy + 3x – 1)
3x - 4
1. (D) xy9 – 4x9 = xy(y8 – x8)
2
2. x– 7 = xy[(y4)2 – (x4)2]
3. linear = xy(y4 + x4)(y4 – x4)
4. factors
= xy (y4 + x4) (y2 + x2) (y + x) (y – x)
5. (10 – 9a) ( 10 + 9a);
100 – 81a2 = (10)2 – (9a)2 = (10 – 9a) (10 + 9a) Very Short Answer Questions :

(a 2 - b 2 ) (a - b)(a + b) 1. We have, 6ab – b2 +12ac – 2bc

6. a + b; = =a+b
a -b (a - b) = b(6a – b) + 2c(6a – b) = (6a – b) (b +2c)
7. 0; Degree of any constant term is zero. 2. We have,
8. (5x + 9y)(5x + 9y +12);
(5x +9y)2 + 12 (5x +9y) 25x 3 y2 25 ´ x ´ x ´ x ´ y ´ y 5
= = - xy
= (5x + 9y) (5x + 9y + 12) -15x y 2
-15 ´ x ´ x ´ y 3
z(z + x) 3. x4 – 4 = (x2)2 – (2)2
9.
2 = (x2 – 2) (x2 + 2) = (x + 2)(x - 2)(x 2 + 2)
10. 7x2yz + 5p
4. We have, ax2y + bxy2 + cxyz
True / False :
= xy(ax + by + cz)
1. False: 6x2 + x – 1 = 6x2 – 2x + 3x – 1 5. (3x + 9x2 + 27x) ÷ 3x
3

= 2x(3x – 1) + 1(3x – 1) = (3x – 1)(2x +1) Factorising, 3x3 + 9x2 + 27x

\ 2x – 1 is not a factor.
= 3x(x2 + 3x + 9)
2. True : 4x2yz and 63x3y2z2 has common factor
4x2yz = 4 × x × x× y × z
63x3y2z2 = 63 × x × x × x × y × y × z × z Then,
(
3x x 2 + 3x + 9 )
3x
Common factor = x2yz
3. True : x2 – 14xy + 49y2 = x2 + 3x + 9.
= x2 – 2× 7x × 7y + (7y)2 = (x – 7y)2
3 5 2 3
4.
5.
True
False 6.
(-6a b )(2a b )
–18a 4 b8c3
6. False
7. True
12 a 3+ 2 b5+3
8. True =
18 a 4 b8 c3
9. True
Match the Following : 2 a 5 b8 2 a
= =
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r) 3 a 4 b8 c 3 3 c 3
(A) 3a5 – 48a3 = 3a3(a2 – 16) = 3a3(a – 4)(a + 4)
(B) 2a5 – 32a = 2a(a4 – 16) x3 + 8y3 (x)3 + (2y)3
7. =
= 2a(a2 – 4)(a2 + 4) x + 2y (x + 2y)
= 2a(a – 2)(a + 2)(a2 + 4)
Factorisation 323

Applying the identity

a 2 + b2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) to (x)3 + (2y)3 5.
a + b + 2c
Where, a = x and b = 2y, we get,
(x + 2y)[x2 - x ´ 2y + (2y)2 ] a 2 + b 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
=
R.H.S = a + b + 2c
(x + 2y)
(a 2 + b 2 + 2ab) + 2c(b + a)
x3 + 8y3 =
\ = x2 – 2xy + 4y2 a + b + 2c
x + 2y
8. 39y2 (50y2 – 98) ÷ 26y2(5y + 7) (a + b)[(a + b) + 2c]
= =a+b
a + b + 2c
39y 2 (50 y 2 - 98) 3 ( 50y 2 - 98 ) 6. (5p – 8q) (5p – 8q)
= =
2
26y (5 y + 7) 2 ( 5y + 7 ) 7. We have,
(i) 5a(2x + 3y) – 2b(2x + 3y) = (2x + 3y) (5a – 2b).
3 ´ 2 ( 25y 2 - 49 ) 3 éë(5 y) 2 - (7) 2 ùû (Taking (2x + 3y) common)
= =
2 ( 5y + 7 ) (5 y + 7) (ii) 8(5x + 9y)2 + 12(5x + 9y) = 4(5x + 9y) {2(5x + 9y) + 3}
= 4(5x + 9y)(10x + 18y) + 3)
3 éë(5 y- 7) ( 5y + 7 ) ùû 8. (i) 5(a + b) (x – y)
= = 3(5y – 7) (ii) 2(x – y) (4b – 3a)
5y + 7
9. (i) 16x4 – 81 = (4x2)2 – (9)2
= 15 y – 21
= (4x2 – 9) (4x2 + 9)
\ Simplified value of the given expression is 15y – 21
[Using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
9. 100
= {(2x) – (3)2} (4x2 + 9)
2
10. 399
= (2x – 3)(2x + 3)(4x2 + 9)
Short Answer Questions : [Using a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)]
1. (i) (x – 7) (x – 7) (ii) 2x – 32x5 = 2x(1 – 16x4)
(ii) (d + 2) (d + 2) = 2x{12 – (4x2)2}
(iii) (x – 2) (x + 10) = 2x(1 + 4x2) {1 – 4x2}
= 2x(1 + 4x2) {1 – (2x)2}
(iv) (mn – 30) (mn + 2)
= 2x (1 + 4x2)(1 – 2x)(1 + 2x)
(v) (1 – 10)(1 + 9)
(iii) 3a – 48b = 3(a4 – 16b4)
4 4

2. 4x 2 - 25y 2 + 30y - 9 (2x) 2 - [25y 2 - 30y + 9] = 3{(a2)2 – (4b2)2}

=
2x + 5y - 3 2x + 5y - 3 = 3(a2 – 4b2) (a2 + 4b2)
= 3{a2 – (2b)2} (a2 + 4b2)
(2x)2 - [(5y)2 - 2 ´ 5y ´ 3 + (3)2 ] (2x)2 - (5y - 3)2 = 3(a – 2b) (a + 2b) (a2 + 4b2)
= =
2x + 5y - 3 2x + 5y - 3 (iv) 81x – 121x2 = x2(81x2 – 121)
4

(2x - 5y + 3)(2x + 5y - 3) = x2{(9x)2 – (11)2}

= = 2x - 5y + 3
2x + 5y - 3 = x2(9x – 11)(9x – 11)
3. We have, 10. (i) (x – 1)2 – (x – 2)2 = {(x – 1) + (x – 2)} {(x – 1) – (x – 2)}
a3x + a2(x – y) – a(y + z) – z = (2x – 3)(x – 1– x + 2)
= (2x – 3) × 1
= a3x +a2x – a2y – ay – az – z
= 2x – 3
= (a3x + a2x – (a2y + ay) – (az + z)

( ) = (4a + 2a5 )(4a - 2a5 )

2
= a2x(a +1) – ay(a + 1) – z(a + 1) 5
(ii) 16a 2 - 252 = (4a)2 –
= (a + 1) (a2x – ay – z) 4a 2a
4. 25a2 – 4b2 + 28bc – 49c2
(iii) 16a 2 b - b =bæ 2 1 ö
= 25a2 – (4b2 – 28bc + 49c2) çè16a - ÷
16a2 16a 2 ø
= 25a2 – [(2b)2 – 2 × 2b × 7 c + (7c)2]
ìæ
( ) ü
( )( )
2 öï
= 25a2 – (2b – 7c)2 = (5a)2 – (2b – 7c)2 = b ïí (4a)2 - 1 = b (4a) + 1 4a - 1
ïî
çè 4a øýï
÷ 4a 4a
= (5a + 2b – 7c) (5a – 2b + 7c) þ
 EBD_7034
324 Mathematics
Long Answer Questions : 3. (i) 5xy (x2 – y)
1. – 2p + 4q – 4r. (ii) xyz (x + y + z)
3 2x (iii) xy (ax + by + cz)
2. (i) (ii) 4. (5p + 3) (3q + 5)
x+7 x -1
5. Þ m4 – 256 = (m2)2 – (16)2
4xy x
(iii) (iv) = (m2 – 16) (m2 + (16)
x+y 2-x
Þ m2 – 16 = m2 – 42
3 5x - 1 = (m – 4) (m + 4)
3. (i) x (ii)
4 7x 2 + 1 Therefore, m – 256 = (m – 4) (m + 4) (m2 + 16)
4

x 6. We note 12 = 3 × 4 and 3 + 4 = 7. Therefore,

2 ( x 2 + 4)
(iii) y2 – 7y + 12 = y2 – 3y – 4y + 12
4. (i) 9 – a6 + 2a3b3 – b6 = y(y – 3) – 4(y – 3) = (y – 3) (y – 4)
= 9 – (a6 – 2a3b3 + b6) 7. z – 4z –12 = z2 – 6z + 2z –12
2

= (3)2 – {(a3)2 – 2 × a3 × b3 + (b3)2} = z(z – 6) + 2(z – 6 )

= 32 – (a3 – b3)2
= (z – 6) (z + 2)
= (3 + (a3 – b3) {3 – (a3 – b3)}
2 2 2
(ii) x16 – y16 +x8 + y8 8. (a + b )
= {(x8)2 – (y8)2} + (x8 + y8) 9. (i) 4lm (ii) (5a – 2b + 7c) (5a + 2b – 7c)
= (x8 + y8) (x8 – y8) + (x8 + y8) 10. (i) (m2 + n2) (a + b) (ii) (5y + 2z) (y – 4)
= (x8 + y8)(x8 – y8 + 1)
11. (i) (p + 2) (p + 4) (ii) (q – 3) (q – 7)
(iii) (p +q)2 – (a – b)2 + p +q – a + b
= {(p +q)2 – (a – b)2} + (p + q) – (a – b) (iii) (p + 8) (p – 2)
={(p + q) + (a – b)}{(p + q) – (a – b)} + {(p +q) – (a – b)} 12. 2(x + y + z)
= (p + q + a – b) (p + q – a + b) + (p + q – a + b) 13. (i) 3(3x – 4y) (ii) 3y(5y – 7)
= (p + q – a + b) (p + q + a – b + 1)
14. Factorising 44(x4 – 5x3 – 24x2), we get
6x 2 + 15x + 9 44(x4 – 5x3 – 24x2) = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2(x2 – 5x – 24)
5. (i)
2x + 3 (taking the common factor x2 out of the bracket)
3(2x 2 + 5x + 3) 3(2x 2 + 3x + 2x + 3) = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2(x2 – 8x + 3x – 24)
= =
2x + 3 2x + 3 = 2 × 2 × 11 × x2 [x (x – 8) + 3(x – 8)]
= 2 × 2 × 11 × x2 (x + 3) (x – 8)
3[x(2x + 3) + 1(2x + 3)]
= Therefore, 44(x4 – 5x3 – 24x2) ÷ 11x(x – 8)
2x + 3
3(x + 1)(2x + 3) 2 ´ 2 ´ 11 ´ x ´ x ´ (x + 3) ´ (x - 8)
=
= = 3(x + 1) 11 ´ x ´ (x - 8)
2x + 3
= 2 × 2 × x (x + 3) = 4x(x + 3)
p2 - p - 6 p2 - 3p + 2p - 6
(ii) = 15. (i) –20x4 = –2 × 2 × 5 × x × x × x × x
p-3 p-3
10x2 = 2 × 5 × x × x
p(p - 3) + 2(p - 3) (p + 2)(p - 3) Therefore, (–20x4) ÷ 10x2 =
= = = p+ 2
p -3 p -3
= -2 ´ 2 ´ 5 ´ x ´ x ´ x ´ x = – 2 × x × x = – 2x2
2 ´5´ x ´ x
7´x´x´y´y´z´z
(ii) 7x2y2z2 ÷ 14xyz =
2´7´x´y´z
Text-Book Exercise :
x´y´z 1
1. 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x = 6xy – 4y – 9x + 6 = = xyz
2 2
= 2y (3x – 2) – 3 (3x – 2)
= (3x – 2) (2y – 3) 16. x(3x + 2) = 3x2 + 2x
The factors of (6xy – 4y + 6 – 9 x) are (3x – 2) and (2y – 3). 17. (3x + 2)2 = 9x2 + 12x + 4
2. (i) 4x (ii) x 2 y2 18. (a + 4) (a + 2) = a2 + 6a + 8
Factorisation 325

Exemplar Questions :

1. (r – 7) (r – 3)
2. (p + 2) Single Option Correct :

3. (i) x2 (2x + 3) (x + 6) (ii) (4x + 5) (4x + 5)

1. (c) x2 + 12 + 2 - 2x - 2
4. (i) (9 + x) (2 + x) (ii) (p – 15) (p + 2) x x

5. (i)
æ 2x 3y ö æ 2x 3y ö
çè
3
+ ֍
4 øè 3
- ÷
4ø
æ
è x xø
ö
( )
= ç x2 + 12 + 2 ´ x ´ 1 ÷ - 2 x + 1
x
æ x yö æ x yö
xy ç + ÷ ç - ÷
( ) - 2 (x + x1 ) = (x + x1 )(x + x1 - 2)
2
(ii) è 3 4ø è 3 4ø = x+ 1
x
6. x2y2 + xy2 – y3 + 1
2. (c) x4 + y4 + 2x2y2
7. (i) 3(x + 4) (ii) x2 + 25
= (x2)2 + (y2)2 + x2y2 = (x2 + y2)2 – 2x2y2 + x2y2
8. 2x + 3y
= (x2 + y2)2 – x2y2
9. (i) 3pqrs(21pqr – 3qrs + 5prs – 20pqs)
= (x2 + y2 – xy) (x2 + y2 + xy).
(ii) xyz(24 xz2 – 6y2z + 15xy – 5)
(iii) (2a + 3b) (x + y)2 3. (b) x2 + xy – 2xz – 2yz
10. x+ 8 Þ x2 + xy – 2z(x + y)
11. x – 2 and x – 5 = x(x + y) – 2z(x + y)
= (x + y)(x – 2z).
11p3 q3 r3 4. (a) 15x2 – 26x + 8 = 15x2 – 20x – 6x + 8
12. 2 3
xy z = 5x(3x – 4) – 2(3x – 4) = (5x – 2)(3x – 4)

x4
HOTS Questions : 5. (a) = x4 – 4 = x0 =1
x4
1. (i) x3 + x (ii) a 2 b2
-35x4 y2
5 ì 1 2 æ 2 2ö ü 6. (d) = 5x5 – 3 y2–1 = 5x2y
3 -7x3y
(iii) 2 p - í 2p - p ¸ p ´ p + p ¸ çè p ´ p ÷ø ý
î þ
7. (d) 72x3y4z4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × x × x × x × y × y
Apply principle of BODMAS
× y× y× z × z × z × z
5 ì 3 1 2 ü
= 2 p - í 2p - p ¸ p ´ p + p ¸ 2pý 120z2d4x4 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × z × z × d × d × d
î þ
×d×x×x×x×x
5 ì 3 1 pü
= 2 p - í 2p - p ¸ p ´ p + 2 ý 96y z d = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × y × y × y × z
3 4 4

î þ
× z ×z ×z × d × d × d × d
5 ì 2 1 pü 5
= 2 p - í 2p - p ´ p + 2 ý = p - 2p - p +
î þ 2
p
2 { } \ Common factor is 24 z 2

5p 3p 2p 8. (c) 32x 4 y3 - 16x 3 y4

= - = =p
2 2 2 -8x 2 y
2. x–8
2
( )
Hint : x – 13 x + 40 ¸ ( x – 5)
=
32x 4 y3 16x3 y4
+
3. (x + 3) (x – 2) -8x 2 y 8x 2 y
4. a12 – b12 = a12 – b12 = (a6)2 – (b6)2 = (a6 – b6) (a6 – b6) = – 4x2y2 + 2xy3
[\ a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b)] 9. (b) (99.8)2 – (0.2)2
= (a6 – b6)((a3)2 – (b3)2) = (99.8 + 0.2) (99.8 – 0.2)
= (a6 + b6)(a3 + b3)(a3 – b3) = 100 × 99.6 = 9960
= (a6 + b6)(a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)(a – b) (a2 + ab + b2). 10. (c) Real factors do not exist for x2 + 4.
 EBD_7034
326 Mathematics
More Than One Option Correct : 3. (8) 5x2 – 13x – 6 = 5x2 – 15x + 2x – 6

1. (b, c) (x2 + 3x + 5) (x2 – 3x + 5) = m2 – n2 = 5x(x – 3) + 2(x – 3) = (5x + 2) (x – 3)

Þ ((x2 + 5) + 3x) ((x2 + 5) – 3x) = m2 – n2 Þ m = 5, n = 3,
Þ (x2 + 5)2 – (3x)2 = m2 – n2
\ m = (x2 + 5), n = 3x m+n =8
2. (a, b, c) 3a2 – 9ab = 3a(a – 3b)
3. (b, c) 2a2 + 11a – 21 = 2a2 + 14a – 3a – 21
ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
= 2a(a + 7) – 3(a + 7) = (2a – 3)(a + 7)
1. (b) On dividing, we get
4. (b, c, d) 5. (a, c, d) 6. (a, b, c)
5x2 – 9x + 3
Passae Based Questions :
2x2 + 7x – 1 10x4 + 17x3 – 62x2 + 30x – 3
1. (a) 8a2 – 22ab + 15b2 10x4 + 35x3 – 5x2
= 8a2 – 10ab – 12ab + 15b2 – – +
= 2a(4a – 5b) – 3b(4a – 5b) –18x3 – 57x2 + 30x – 3
3 2
= (4a – 5b) (2a – 3b) –18x – 63x + 9x
+ + –
2. (d) Product = 10(–17) = – 170
6x2 + 21x – 3
Sum = – 83
6x2 + 21x – 3
10a2 – 83a – 17 – – +
= 10a2 – 85a + 2a – 17 = 5a(2a – 17) + 1 (2a – 17) 0
= (2a – 17) (5a + 1)
3. (b) The product is (–36). \ 10x4 + 17x3 – 62x2 + 30x – 3 = (2x2 + 7x – 1) (5x2 – 9x + 3)
The sum is –35. So the numbers are – 36 and 1.
2. (c)
2x2 – 36x + x – 18 = 2x(x –18) +1(x – 18)
= (x – 18) (2x + 1) 2y3+ 5 y2+ 2y – 7
3y2 + 5 6y5+ 15y4 + 16y 3+ 4y +2 10y – 35
Assertion & Reason : 5 3
6y + 10 y
– –
1. (a) Factors of 5xy = 1, 5xy, 5, x, y, 5x, 5y,
15y4 + 6y 3+ 4y2 + 10y – 35
2. (a) 16x2 – 81 = (2x)4 – (3)4 = ((2a2)2 – (3)2)2 15y4 + 25 y2
– –
= (4x2 + 9) (4x2 – 9)
6y3– 21y2+ 10y – 35
3. (d) Common factor of 7x, 21x2, 14xy2 is 7 x 6Y3 + 10 y
– –
Integer Type Questions : – 21y2– 35
– 21y2– 35
+ +
38a3 b3 c2 - 19a 4 b2c = 38a3 b3c2 - 19a 4 b2 c 0
1. (2)
19a 2 bc 19a 2 bc 19a 2 bc 3. (a) 3x2 + 5x – 7
= 2ab2c – a2b 4. (b) 3y2 + 3y + 2

2. (4) x 6 = x 6 - 2 = x4 Þ a = 4
x2
 Chap
ter
Introduction to Graphs
15

Any complicated information when represented in the from of a graph becomes simple to understand. Graph is a pictorial way
of representing relationships between various quantities.
Earlier, we have learnt about some types of graphs namely a bar graph, a pictograph and a histogram. In this chapter, we will learn
about line graphs and linear graphs.
 EBD_7034
328 Mathematics
LINE GRAPH Y
A line graph displays data that changes continuously over periods
16
of time. It uses points connected by lines to show how something
changes in value as the time passes. 14
For example: 12
The following table shows the number of runs scored per over by a
10

Runs scored per over

cricket team.
Over number 1 2 3 4 5 8
Runs scored per over 8 13 10 5 15 6
Here, horizontal axis (i.e. x-axis) shows the over number and vertical
4
axis (i.e. y-axis) shows runs scored per over. The information given
can be shown in a line graph which is shown below : 2

X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6
Over number
ILLUSTRATION : 1
The given line graph shows the distance travelled by a motorcyclist from a city A to B at different times. These two cities are
500 km apart. Study the graph and answer the following :
(i) What information is given on the two axes? Y
500
(ii) From where and when did the motorcyclist begin its journey?
450
(iii) How far did the motorcyclist go in the first hour?
400
(iv) How far did the motorcyclist go during 3rd hour?
350
distance from A (in km)

(v) When did the motorcyclist reach city B.

300
SOLUTION : 250
(i) The horizontal (x – axis) shows the time. The vertical (y – axis) 200
shows the distance of the motorcylist from city A.
150
(ii) The motorcylist started from city A at 9 a.m.
100
(iii) The motorcyclist travelled 50 km during the first hour.
(iv) During 3rd hour (i.e., from 11 a.m. to 12 noon) motorcyclist 50
covered 150 km (300 – 150 = 150). X
O 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4
(v) The motorcyclist reach city B at 4 p.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. noon p.m. p.m. p.m. p.m.
ILLUSTRATION : 2 Time

Following table gives the temperature at 12 : 00 noon on seven successive days in a city:

Day ( November ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(
Temperature in°C ) 14 18 14 16 20 15 18

Plot a graph to illustrate this information.

SOLUTION :
Here number of days is an independent variable and temperature is dependent variable. So, we take number of days on x-axis and
temperature on y-axis. Let us choose the following scale :
On y-axis : 1 unit = 2°C
Now, we plot each ordered pair (1, 14), (2, 18), (3, 14), (4, 16), (5, 20), (6, 15) and (7, 18). These points are joined to get the graph
representing the given information as shown in the below figure.
Introduction to Graphs 329
Y
20
18
16
14
12

Temperature (in °C)

10
8
6
4
2
X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Day (November)

LINEAR GRAPHS +ve Y-axis

A linear graph is a graph that is a whole unbroken live. In order to draw such graphs we
3
have to locate some points on the graph sheet.
2
We know, what is a number line. On the number line, distances from a fixed point are
marked in equal units positively in one direction and negatively in other direction. The 1
–ve X-axis +ve X-axis
point from which the distances are marked is called the origin O.
O
To locate a point on a plane we require two such number lines, both perpendicular to –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
each other and meeting each other at origin or zero. One number line is kept horizontal
–2
marked XX ' and other perpendicular marked YY '. Numbers are written on both of
them just as written on number line. –3

XX ' is called X-axis and YY ' is called Y-axis. –ve Y-axis

From the fig, it is clear that positive numbers lies on OX and OY, OX and OY are called positive direction of X-axis and Y-axis
respectively. Similarly OX ' and OY ' are called negative direction of X-axis and Y-axis respectively..
Here we see that the two axis divide the plane into four parts, these parts are called quadrants.
The two axes (plural of axis) are called co-ordinate axes.
Y Y

Q A
II I

X' X
O X' X
O P

III IV

Y'
Y'
I II
Let us take a point A in XY-plane as shown in fig. II and draw two perpendicular AP and AQ on X and Y – axis respectively.
Distance AQ = OP is called x-co-ordinate or abscissa of point A and distance AP = OQ is called y-co-ordinate or ordinate of point P.
The abscissa and ordinate of a point taken together is known as co-ordinate of a point. Thus if OP = x and OQ = y then ( x, y ) are co-
ordinates of point A. Note that ( x, y ) ¹ ( y, x) .
 EBD_7034
330 Mathematics
Now, we know about the co-ordinates of a point.
Y

(–, +) (+, +)

X' X
O

(–, –) (+, –)

Y'
III
The fig. III shows the sign of the co-ordinates of a point in different quadrants.
We can clearly see from figure that
(a) All the points in first quadrant have both abscissa and ordinate positive.
(b) In second quadrant abscissa is negative and ordinate is positive.
(c) In third quadrant both abscissa and ordinate are negative
(d) In fourth quadrant abscissa is positive and ordinate is negative.

NOTE : The order of x and y are important. So (x, y) is an ordered pair..

CO-ORDINATES OF ORIGIN
Origin is the point of inter-section of X–axis and Y–axis. Now the distance of origin from both the axes is zero, so origin has zero
abscissa and zero ordinate. Therefore the co-ordinates of origin is (0, 0).
ILLUSTRATION : 3
Locate (2,1) , ( -2, 3), ( -3, - 3), (2, - 3) on graph paper.
SOLUTION :
Let A, B, C, D respectively denote the points (2,1) , (-2,3) , (-3, -3 ) and (2, -3) .

Y
B (–2, 3)
3

1 A (2, 1)

X¢ X
O
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1

–2

–3
C (–3, –3) D (2, –3)
Y¢

(i) As abscissa and ordinate of point A are both positive, So A lies in the first-quadrant.
(ii) For point B abscissa is negative and ordinate is positive. So point B lies in second quadrant.
(iii) For point C both abscissa and ordinate are negative, so it lies in third quadrant.
(iv) For point D, abscissa is positive and ordinate is negative, so it lies in fourth quadrant.
Introduction to Graphs 331

ILLUSTRATION : 4
Find out the quadrants in which the following points lie : (a) A = (3, -4) (b) B = (-3,4) (c) C = (-3, -4)
SOLUTION :
(a) Point A lies in 4th quadrant, since its abscissa is positive and ordinate is negative.
(b) Point B lies in second quadrant, since its abscissa is negative and ordinate is positive.
(c) Point C lies in third quadrant since its abscissa as well as ordinate both are negative.

NOTE : The process of marking a point with given co-ordinates in the cartesian plane is known as plotting a point.

ILLUSTRATION : 5 Y
Plot the following set of points on graph paper. 4 (2, 4)

(a) ( -3,2) , ( -1, 2) , (1, 2) , (3,2) 3

(1, 2)
(–1, 2) (3, 2)
(–3, 2) 2
(b) (2,4), (2,1), (2, -1) , (2, -3)
1 (2, 1)
What do you observe?
X' X
SOLUTION : –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
(a) After plotting the points we observe the following –1 (2, –1)
(i) Ordinate of all points is ' 2 ' –2

(ii) After plotting the points, if we join them, we get a straight line, parallel to –3 (2, –3)
X-axis which is at a distance of 2 units form X-axis we can represent this line by –4
y =2 Y'

(b) After plotting the set of points we observe that

(i) Abscissa of all points is 2.
(ii) By joining all the points, we get a straight line which is parallel to Y – axis and at a distance of 2 units form Y – axis.
We can represent such line by x = 2 .

ILLUSTRATION : 6
Find out coordinates of the points P, Q, R, S, T from the following graph.
Y
6

5 P

S 2

1
T
X' X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1

R –2

–3

–4 Q

–5

–6
Y'
 EBD_7034
332 Mathematics
SOLUTION :
(i) To locate P, we have to move 6 units rightward on x–axis and 5 units upward in vertical direction, Therefore coordinates of
P are (6, 5).
(ii) Point Q lies downward 4 units from origin, therefore coordinates of Q are (0, –4).
(iii) Point R corresponds to – 6 units on x-axis and –2 units on y-axis, therefore coordinates of R are (–6, –2).
(iv) Point S corresponds to – 2 units on x-axis and 2 units on y-axis, i.e., coordinates of S are (–2, 2).
(v) Since point T lies on x-axis. Therefore, coordinates of point T are (4, 0).
ILLUSTRATION : 7
Plot each point. Connect the points in order i.e., A to B, B to C and so on. A (2, 3), B (5, 3), C (5, 5), D (2, 5).
SOLUTION :
Y
6
D (2, 5) C (5, 5)
5

3
A (2, 3) B (5, 3)
2

X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6

CONNECTING TOPICS

GRAPH OF A LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

Consider a linear equation x + 2 y = 5 in two variables x and y.. We can say that (1, 2) is a solution of this equation because by
putting x = 1 and y = 2 in L.H.S. we get the result equal to R.H.S.
L.H.S. = 1 + 2 ´ 2 = 5 = R.H.S.
Similarly, (5, 0) is also a solution of equation x + 2 y = 5 . In fact we can get many more solution of given equation by choosing some
value of x and getting corresponding value of y from the equation. For example, let x = 2 now, by putting x = 2 in x + 2 y = 5 we
get
3
2 + 2y = 5 Þ 2y = 3 Þ y =
2
æ 3ö
\ ç 2, ÷ is also a solution of given equation. This way we can go on finding many solutions of a linear equation in two variables.
è 2ø
We can say that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions. The following table shows some of possible
solutions of equation x + 2y = 4

x 0 2 4 –4 . . . . . . . . . . . .

y 2 1 0 4.............
Introduction to Graphs 333

Now, plot the above points (0, 2) , (2,1) , (4, 0) , (-4, 4) ... on XY – plane.

Y
(–4, 4)
4
(1, 3)
3
2
(0, 2) (2, 1)
1
(4, 0)
X' X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
–1
(6, –1)
–2
–3

–4

Y'

It we join any two of the plotted points, we get a straight line. We also observe that the other two points also lie on the line. Let us
take another point on the line (6, -1) ,which lies on the line. We observe that it is also a solution of the given equation.
Now take a point (1,3), which does not lie on the line say. We see that (1,3) is not a solution of given equation x + 2 y = 4 so, we
observe the following :
(a) Every point whose co-ordinates satisfy the given equation lie on the line.
(b) Every point on the line given a solution of given equation.
(c) Any point which does not lie on the line, is not a solution of the given equation.

SOLUTION OF A LINEAR EQUATION OF ONE VARIABLE

The value of variable which satisfy a given equation is called solution of the equation. The solution in also known as Root of the
equation. e.g. for linear equation 2 x - 8 = 0 , x = 4 is a solution or root, because by putting x = 4 in the equation, both sides of
the equation become equal. In other words,
x = 2 satisfies equation 2 x - 8 = 0
ILLUSTRATION : 8
Verify that x = 3 is a solution of equation 3x + 5 = 14
SOLUTION :
If x = 3 is a solution of the given equation then by putting x = 3 in the given equation will make both sides of equation
equal
\ Put x = 3 in the equation, we get
L. H. S. = 3 ´ 3 + 5 = 9 + 5
= 14 = R H S
Hence x = 3 is a solution of 3x + 5 = 14

NOTE : Solution of an equation is also known as root of the equation.

ILLUSTRATION : 9
Verify that x = 2 is a solution of 2x + 3 = 5x - 6
SOLUTION :
By putting x = 2 , we get
L. H. S. = 2 x + 3 = 2 ´ 2 + 3 = 7
R. H. S. = 5 x - 6 = 5 ´ 2 - 6 = 4
So x = 2 is not a solution of 2 x + 3 = 5 x - 6
 EBD_7034
334 Mathematics

1. The given table shows the quantity of petrol and its cost.
No.of litres of petrol 5 10 15 20
Cost of petrol in RS. 300 600 900 1200
Sol. Let us take a suitable scale on both the axes.
Y

1300
1200 . (20, 1200)

1100
1000
900 .
(15, 900)
800
700
600 . (10, 600)
Cost (in Rs.)

500
400
300 . (5, 300)
200
100
X
5 10 15 20 25
Litres

2. Plot each of the following points on a graph paper :

(i) A (5, 2) (ii) B (–2, 4)(iii) C (–4, –6) (iv) D (4, –3)
Sol. Let XOX’ and YOY’ be the coordinates axes.
Y
6
5
.
B (–2, 4) 4
3
2 .
A (5, 2)

X' . O
1
1 2 3 4 5
X
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 6

.
–2
–3 .
D (4, –3)
–4
.
C (–4, –6)
–5
6

Y'
(i) On x-axis take 5 units to the right of the y-axis and then on the y-axis, take 2 units above the x-axis. Thus, we get the point
A (5, 2).
(ii) On the x-axis, take 2 units to the left of the y-axis and then on the y-axis, take 4 units above the x-axis. Thus, we get the point B (–2, 4).
Introduction to Graphs 335

(iii) On the x-axis, take 4 units to the left of the y-axis and then on the y-axis, take 6 units below the x-axis. Thus, we get the point
C (–4, –6).
(iv) On the x-axis take 4 units to the right of the y-axis and then on the y-axis, take 3 units below the x-axis. Thus we get the point
D (4, –3).
3. The sales of a shopkeeper in the week of january 2012, are given below :
Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sales ( in ` ) 5000 5100 4900 5600 5800 5300 5100
Draw a graph representing the above data.
Sol. In order to represent the above data graphically, we represent dates on x-axis and sales (in `) on y-axis. 1 unit on Y-axis represents
a scale of ` 200.
The ordered pairs (1, 5000), (2, 5100) etc are plotted as points and are joined by the line segments as shown in below figure which
gives the required graph.
Y

5800 .
5600 .
5400 .
. . . .
Sales (in Rs.)

5200

5000

4800
1 Jan

2 Jan

3 Jan

4 Jan

5 Jan

6 Jan

7 Jan
Dates of Jan. 2012
4. Write down the co – ordinates of the following points A, B, C and D marked on the graph paper shown in below figure.
Y
8

.
7
6
B

.
5
4
3 A
2
1
X' X
O
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
–2

.
–3
–4

.
C
–5
–6
D

Y'
Sol. Clearly, the distance of A from y – axis is 2 units and that from x – axis is 3 units. Since A lies in the first quadrant, so, its
co-ordinates are (2, 3).
Point B lies in the second quadrant and its distance from y and x–axis are – 4 and 5 units respectively. So, its co–ordinates are
(–4, 5).
Clearly, point C lies in the third quadrant and its distance from y and x – axis are –5 and –6 units respectively. So, its co–ordinates
are (–5, –6).
Clearly, point D lies in the fourth quadrant. The distance of D from y –axis is 3 units and from x – axis is –5 units. So, the
co–ordinates of D are (3, –5).
 EBD_7034
336 Mathematics
5. Plot the points A (3, 0), B (5, 0) and C (8, 0). What do you observe? Where do they lie? Also, plot the points P (0, 2), Q (0, 5) and
R (0, 9). Do they lie on x – axis ?
Sol. The points A, B, C, P, Q and R are plotted on the graph paper as shown in figure below. Clearly, points A, B and C lie on x-axis
and point P, Q and R lie on y – axis.
Y
10
9 R(0, 9)

8
7
6
5 Q(0, 5)

4
3
2 P(0, 2)
1
A(3, 0) B(5, 0) C(8, 0)
X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
6. Draw a quadrilateral LMNO where L (5, 9), M (8, 9), N (7, 6) and O (5, 6).
Sol. Let us mark the coordinates of L (5, 9), M (8, 9), N (7, 6) and O (5, 6) on a graph sheet. Join LM, MN, NO and OL to obtain the
desired quadrilateral.
Y
10
L M
9
8
7
6
O N
5
4
3
2
1
X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
7. The graph shown in fig exhibits the rate of interest on fixed deposits upto one year announced by the Reserve Bank of India in
different years. Read the graph and find.
(i) In which period was the rate of interest maximum?
(ii) In which period was the rate of interest minimum?
Sol. In the graph, we find that years are represented on x – axis and the rate of interest per annum along y – axis. From the graph, we
find that
(i) The rate of interest was maximum (12%) in 1996.
Introduction to Graphs 337

(ii) The minimum rate of interest was 6.5% in the year 2002.
Y

..
14

12
.. . .
Rate of interest per annum . .. .
10

6
.
4

2
X
1993
1992

2001
1994

1995

1998

2002
1997

1999

2000
1996
Year
8. The perimeter P and sides of a square are connected by the relation P = 4s.
Draw the graph of this relation on the graph paper.
Sol. The values of P for different values of s are given in the following table :

Sides ( s ) : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Perimeter : 4 ´ 1 = 4 4 ´ 2 = 8 4 ´ 3 = 12 4 ´ 4 = 16 4 ´ 5 = 20 4 ´ 6 = 24 4 ´ 7 = 28
P = 4s

Let us take s on x-axis and P on y-axis. 1 unit on y-axis represents 4 units of perimeter.
Plot the points (ordered pairs (1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 12), (4, 16), (5, 20), (6, 24) and (7, 28) on the graph paper and join them to get the graph
representing the given relation as shown in fig.

.
32

.
28

.
24

.
20
Perimeter (P)

16

12 .
8 .
4 . X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Side (s)
 EBD_7034
338 Mathematics

1. Identify where these points lie.

Fill in the Blanks :
Column-I Column-II
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an Points Axis
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (A) (2, 3) (p) y–axis
1. The relaton between dependent and independent variables (B) (2, 0) (q) 1st quadrant
is shown through a ––––––––––.
2. The process of fixing a point with the help of the coordi- (C) (0, 3) (r) origin
nates is known as ––––––––––– of the point. (D) (0, 0) (s) x–axis
3. We need ––––––––––– coordinates for representing a
point on the graph sheet.
4. The point where the two axes intersect is called the
Very Short Answer Questions :
––––––––––––.
5. For the point (5, 2), the distance from the x – axis is DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
––––––––– units.
1. The line graph shows the monthly expenditure of the the
6. To draw the graph of a line, the least number of points
Vasu family. Find the difference between their highest and
required is _______.
7. (0, –3) lies on ______. lowest monthly expenditure.
8. –––––––––––– are used to represent quantitative data.
9. In the coordinate of a point, first entry is always
–––––––––– coordinate and second entry is always
600
–––––––– co-ordinate.
Expenditure (Rs.)

10. Sum of Abscissa and ordinate of (7, 3) is –––––––– 500

400
True / False : 300
200
DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your 100
answer as true or false. 0
1. A line graph can also be a whole unbroken line.
April

June
May
Mar
Feb

2. The points (3, 5) and (5, 3) represent the same point.

Jan

3. In the point (2, 3), 3 denotes the y-coordinate. Month

4. The y-coordinate of any point lying on the x-axis will be
zero. 2. The line graph shows that price of chickens in towns M
5. The distance of the point (3, 5) from the y-axis is 5. and N. On which days are the price of chickens the same in
6. Points whose x and y coordinates are equal, lie on a line both the towns?
passing through the origin.
7. Data represented in a circular form is called a line graph.
8. The graph of a linear equation is always a straight line.
Chicken (Rs.)

9. The process of fixing a point with the help of the

Price of

coordiantes is known as plotting a point in the plane.

Match the Columns :

DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in two 0

Day
columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D ....) in
Thurs
Tues
Wed

column I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s ....) in

Sat
Fri

column II. Key: ... Town M

–– Town N
Introduction to Graphs 339

3. On the Cartesian plane, PQR is a right-angled triangle. 6. Given below is the distance vs time graph d = 5t.
Read the graph carefully where d is distance and t is time
y and answer the questions given below :
Y

R(–5, 3) 45
40
35
.
30
.

Distance (in metres)

25
.
P Q(–2, 1)
x
20
.
..
15
O
10
5
X
Find the coordinates of P. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (in second)
4. Observe the adjoining graph and answer the following
(i) Find the distance covered when time is 3 sec.
questions :
(ii) Find the distance covered in 5 seconds.
Y (iii) Find the time in which the body covers 30m .
8 7. Plot the following points on a graph paper :
7 (i) (3, 2) (ii) (2, 2)
6
Short Answer Questions :
5
4 DIRECTIONS : Give answer in two to three sentences.
3
1. Write the x and y coordinates for the following points.
2
1 (i) A (–3, 2) (ii) B (2, –1)
X (iii) C (0, –7)
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. Plot the following points :
(5, 0) (5, 1) (5, 8). Do they lie in a line? What are your
Changes in y when x changes from 0 to 2. observations?
5. What is the information given by the graph shown below? 3. The maximum temperature on 10 days of June, 2002, in Delhi
is given below :
Y
Days 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
105 Max. Temp. ( in °C) 40.5 41 39 40 42 43 44 40 38 39
104
Temperature (in °F) ®

103 Draw a graph representing the above data.

102 4. Simple intreset on a certain sum is Rs. 40 per year. Then,
101 S = 40 × x, where x is the number of years.
100
99 (a) Draw a graph of the above function.
98
(b) From the graph find the value of S, when
X
O 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00 21.00
9.00 (i) x= 5 (ii) x = 6
Time (in hours) ®
 EBD_7034
340 Mathematics
5. Given below is the temperature chart of a patient. 3. Observe the given graph which shows the distance
travelled by a car after certain hours and answer the
Y
following given question :

105
Y

104 350
103
300
102
Temperature (in °F)

Distance (in km) travelled

101 250
100 200
99
150
98
97 100
X
O 50
8:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00
24:00

X
Time (in hours) O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (in hours)
(i) Find the temperature of the patient at 12 : 00 hours
and 18 : 00 hours. (i) What is the scale on the vertical and horizontal lines?

(ii) At what time is the temperature (i) highest? (ii) lowest? (ii) How much distance is covered after 3 hours?

(iii) Find the distance covered between 1 hour and 4 hours.

Long Answer Questions :
(iv) Can you tell from the graph, the distance covered by
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences. the car between 3 hours and 5 hours?

1. Following is the cost of rice per kg : 4. Find the co-ordinates of points A, B, C and D in figure.

Weight ( kg ) 10 15 20 25 Y
Cost 500 750 1000 1250 5
(i) Plot this information on a graph paper. 4
C
(ii) What will be the cost of 12 kg rice? Find the solution 3
using graph.
2
(iii) How much rice can be purchased for Rs. 1500 ? Find A B
the solution using the graph. 1
D
2. Plot the following points in a rectangular coordinate plane: X
O 1 2 3 4 5
(0, 0), (1, 1), (3, 3), (6, 6), (8, 8), (–1, –1), (-4, -4).
(i) What is the position of all the points? Do they lie in a
straight line?

(ii) What is the relationship between x-coordinates and

y-coordinates?
Introduction to Graphs 341

(c) How much did Plant A grow during the 3rd week?
Text-Book Exercise :
(d) How much did Plant B grow from the end of the 2nd
1. The given graph (Fig) represents the total runs scored by week to the end of the 3rd week?
two batsmen A and B, during each of the ten different (e) During which week did Plant A grow most?
matches in the year 2007. Study the graph and answer the (f) During which week did Plant B grow least?
following question. (g) Were the two plants of the same height during any
Batsman A Batsm an B week shown here? Specify.
3. Use the tables below to draw linear graph.
140 (a) The number of days a hill side city received snow
120 different years.
Runs scored ®

100 Year 2003 2004 2005 2006

80 Days 8 10 5 12
60 (b) Population (in thousand) of men and women in a village
40 in different years.
20 Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
0 Number of Men 12 12.5 13 13.2 13.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of Women 11.3 11.9 13 13.6 12.8
Matches ® 4. Plot the following points and verify if they lie on a line. If
they lie on a line, name it.
(i) What information is given on the two axes? (i) (0, 2), (0, 5), (0, 6), (0, 3.5)
(ii) Which line shows the runs scored by batsman A? (ii) A (1, 1), B (1, 2), C (1, 3), D (1, 4)
(iii) Were the run scored by them same in any match in (iii) K (1, 3), L (2, 3), M (3, 3), N (4, 3)
2007? If so, in which, match?
(iv) W (2, 6), X (3, 5), Y (5, 3), Z (6, 2)
(iv) Among the two batsmen, who is steadier? How do
you judge it? 5. Draw the line passing through (2, 3) and (3, 2). Find the
2. For an experiment in Botany, two different plants, plant A coordinates of the points at which this line meets the
and B were grown under similar laboratory conditions. their x-axis and y-axis.
heights were measured at the end of each week for 3 weeks. 6. Write the coordinates of the vertices of each of these
the results are shown by the following graph. adjoining figures.
Y
14 10

12 9
M
Plant B 8
10
S L
Height (in cm)

7
8 nt A
Pla 6
6
5
4 R K
4
2 C B
3
P
Start 1 2 3 2
Weeks
1
Q
(a) How high was Plant A after (i) 2 weeks (ii) 3 weeks? A
X
(b) How high was Plant B after (i) 2 weeks (ii) 3 weeks? O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 EBD_7034
342 Mathematics
7. A bank gives 10 % Simple Interest (S.I) on deposits by (a) the value of p when q = 3
senior citizens. Draw a graph to illustrate the relation (b) the value of q when p = 8
between the sum deposited and simple interest earned. 4. Study the graph given below of a person who started from
Find from your graph his home and returned at the end of the day. Answer the
(i) The annual interest obtainable for an investment of questions that follow.
` 250 Y
(ii) The investment one has to make to get an annual
24
simple interest of ` 70
B C
8. Ajit can ride a scooter constantly at a speed of 30 km/hour. 20

Distance travelled (in km)

Draw a time – distance graph for this situation. Use it to
find 16
(i) the time taken by Ajit to ride 75 km.
12
1
(ii) the distance covered by Ajit in 3 hours. 8
2
9. A courier – person cycles from a town to a neighbouring
4
suburban area to deliver a parcel to a merchant. His
A D
distance from the town at different times is shown by the X
following graph. O 10 12 2 4 6 8 10
AM PM PM PM PM PM
(a) What is the scale taken for the time axis?
Time
(b) How much time did the person take for the travel?
(c) How far is the place of the merchant from the town? (a) At what time did the person start from his home?
(d) Did the person stop on his way? Explain. (b) How much distance did he travel in the first four
(e) During which period did he ride fastest? hours of his journey?
(c) What was he doing from 3 pm to 5 pm?
(d) What was the total distance travelled by him
22
20 throughout the day?
18 (e) Calculate the distance covered by him in the first 8
16 hours of his journey.
(f) At what time did he cover 16 km of his journey?
Distance (in km)

14
12 (g) Calculate the average speed of the man from
10 (a) A to B (b) B to C
8 (h) At what time did he return home?
6 5. Locate the points A(1, 2), B (3, 4) and C (5, 2) on a graph
4
sheet taking suitable axes. Write the coordinates of the
2
fourth point D to complete the rhombus ABCD. Measure
8 a.m. 9 a.m. 10 a.m. 11 a.m. 12 noon the diagonals of this rhombus and find whether they are
Time equal or not.
6. The graph given below gives the actual and expected
Exemplar Questions : sales of cars of a company for 6 months. Study the graph
and answer the questions that follow.
1. Plot the given points on a graph sheet and check if the Y
points lie on a straight line. If not, name the shape they
form when joined in the given order. 250 Actual sales
(a) (1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8). Expected sales
(b) (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 1). 200
Number of cars sold

(c) (4, 2), (2, 4), (5, 4).

150
2. The cost of a note book is Rs 10. Draw a graph after making
a table showing cost of 2, 3, 4....... note books.Use it to find 100
(a) the cost of 7 notebooks.
(b) The number of note books that can be purchased 50
with Rs. 50.
3. Plot a line graph for the variables p and q where p is two X
O Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
times q i.e., the equation is p = 2q. Then find
Months
Introduction to Graphs 343

(a) In which month was the acual sales same as the

100
expected sales?
80

Distance from A (km)

(b) For which month(s) was (were) the difference in actual
and expexted sales the maximum? 60
(c) For which month(s) was (were) the difference in actual
40
and expected sales the least?
20
(d) What was the total sales of cars in the months – Jan,
Feb and March? 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6
am am am am am am am pm pm pm pm pm pm pm
(e) What is the average sales of cars in the last three
months? Time
(f) Find the ratio of sales in the first three months to the 8. Write the coordinates of all the points in the given graph.
last three months.
.
8—
A
7. A man started his journey on his car from location A and 7—
came back. The given graph shows his position at different 6—
times during back. The given graph shows his position at
5— . . .
E I F
different times during the whole journey.
(a) At what time did he start and end his journey? 4— D . . .
L J . B

(b) What was the total duration of journey? 3—

H
. . . K G
2—
(c) Which journey, forward or return, was of longer
duration? 1— . C
(d) For how many hours did he not move? O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6. The abscissa of the point (–3, –2) is

Single Option Correct :
(a) –3 (b) –2
(c) –5 (d) –1
DIRECTIONS : This section contains 30 multiple choice 7. The point (3, 0) lies on
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of
(a) x-axis (b) y-axis
which ONLY ONE is correct.
(c) both axis (d) None of these
1. The number of coordinate axes is 8. To draw the graph of a line, the least number of points
(a) 1 (b) 2 required is
(c) 4 (d) 3 (a) One (b) Two
2. The point where both axes meet is called (c) Three (d) Four
(a) Origin (b) Abscissa 9. Do the points (2, 3) and (3, 2) have the same location on
the graph?
(c) Ordinate (d) Quadrant
(a) sometimes (b) No
3. The y-axis is a
(c) Yes (d) None of these
(a) Horizontal line (b) Vertical line
10. If a point is taken on y-axis, x-coordinate of this point is
(c) Oblique line (d) Vertical segment ___________.
4. The coordinate of origin is (a) 0 (b) 4
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 0) (c) 3 (d) 5
(c) (0, 0) (d) (0, –1) 11. Which of the points below is a point on the
5. The ordinate of the point (–4, 3) is x-axis?
(a) –4 (b) 3 (a) (–5,0) (b) (0, 5)
(c) 0 (d) –1 (c) (–5, 3) (d) (3, –5)
 EBD_7034
344 Mathematics
12. Which of the points below is a point on the y-axis?
(a) (7,0) (b) (6, –5)
(c) (3, 12) (d) (0, 11) 6
13. In the diagram, the coordinates of Q are (4, 3).
5 IV
y

Q(4, 3) 4 II

3 III
x
O
2
I
T 1

What are the coordinates of T? 1 2 3 4 5 6

(a) Figure III (b) Figure I
(a) (6, –3) (b) (8, –6)
(c) Figure IV (d) Figure II
(c) (10, –6) (d) (12, –9)
5. In the diagram, PQRS is a parallelogram.
14. A point both of whose coordinates are negative will lie in y
__________ quadrants.
(a) I (b) III
(c) IV (d) II R
S(2, 3)
15. Point (0, –7) lies
(a) on the x-axis (b) in the second quadrant
(c) on the y-axis (d) in the fourth quadrant

More than One Option Correct : O P(1, 0)

x
Q(5, 0)

DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions. The coordinates of R are not equal to
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONE (a) (5, 2) (b) (5, 3)
OR MORE may be correct. (c) (6, 2) (d) (6, 3)
1. The x-axis is also known as 6. The distance of the point P(4,3) from the origin is not equal to
(a) 5 (b) 4
(a) Abscissa (b) Horizontal axis (c) 7 (d) 3
(c) Ordinate (d) Vertical axis 7. The diagram shows a straight line MN.
2. The y-axis is also known as y
(a) Abscissa (b) Horizontal axis
M
(c) Ordinate (d) Vertical axis 6
3. Which of the following statements is true?
(a) The x-coordinates of all points to the right of the 4
y-axis are positive
(b) The y-coordinates of all points above the x-axis are
positive 2
N
(c) The y-coordinates of all points below the x-axis are
positive
x
(d) The x-coordinates of all points to the left of the y-axis O 2 4 6 8 10
are negative
4. Which of the following figures is/are not formed by joining Which of the following coordinates lie on the line MN?
(a) (1, 6) (b) (3, 5)
the points (1,1), (3,0), (4,2) and (2,3)
(c) (4, 5) (d) (7, 3)
Introduction to Graphs 345

1. Assertion : Coordinate of a point on the y-axis is (0, y)

Passage Based Question :
Reason : Abscissa (x-axis) is 0 on y-axis.
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the 2. Assertion : In a Distance-Time graph, time represents the
following questions. independent variable.
PASSAGE - I Reason : Time is represented on y-axis and is dependent
on x-axis.
The following graph shows the temperature forecast and the
actual temperature for each day of a week. 3. Assertion : P(5, 4) is at 5 units from y-axis.
Forecast Actual Reason : Abscissa is the distance of a point from y-axis.

40 Multiple Matching Questions :

35
DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B,
Temperature (°C) ®

30
C and D) given in Column-I and four statements (p, q, r, s, t) in
25 Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
20 matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
15 1. Column-I Column-II
10 (A) y-axis (p) (4, 3)
5 (B) both the axes (q) (2, 0)
0 (C) origin (r) (0, 4)
Mon T ue Wed T hu Fri Sat Sun (D) x-axis (s) (0, 0)
Days ® (t) (–5, 0)
1. On which days was the forecast temperature same as the
actual temperature? Integer Type Questions :
(a) Tuesday, Friday, Saturday
(b) Monday, Friday, Sunday DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
(c) Tueday, Wednesday, Thursday to each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from
(d) Tuesday, Friday, Sunday 0 to 9.
2. What was the maximum forecast temperature during the
1. If the co-ordinates of the two points are P(–2, 3) and Q(–3, 5),
week?
then. Find (abscissa of P) – (abscissa of Q)
(a) 25°C (b) 30°C
(c) 35°C (d) 32.5°C 2. The line graph shows the sale of dolls by Suhas from
3. On which day did the actual temperature differ the most Monday to Saturday on a particular week. Given that cost
from the forecast temperature? of one doll is ` 35, Amount Suhas receive from the sale of
(a) Wednesday (b) Thursday dolls on Saturday is 700 k. `. Find the value of k.
(c) Saturday (d) Monday

Assertion & Reason :

DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion 40

followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the question
Sale of dolls

on the basis of following options. You have to select the one that 30
best describes the two statement.
20
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the
correct explanation of assertion. 10
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
Thurs

(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Mon
Tues
Wed

Sat
Fri

(d) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

 EBD_7034
346 Mathematics
3. Coordinate of a point A is (1, 2). Coordinate of a point B is 4. Coordinate of a point A is (–5, 2). Coordinate of a point B
(3, 4). Find the product of abscissae of A and ordinate of is (8, 0). Find the sum of Abscissae of A and Abscissae
point B. of B.
5. Find distance of the point (3, 4) from y-axis

ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
Long Answer Questions : 3. Give the geometric representation of y = 3.
4. Solve each of the following system by graphing :
DIRECTIONS : Give answer in four to five sentences.
(a) x – 2y = 2 (b) x + 2 y = –4
1. Write an equation of line parallel to y - axis
2. Find the value of ‘p’, if x = 2 and y = 1, is a solution of the x+y=5 2x + 4 y = 8
equation 2x + 3 y = p
Introduction to Graphs 347

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

(ii) When t = 5 sec, then d = 25 m

(iii) When d = 30 m, then t = 6 sec.
7.
Fill in the Blanks : y
1. graph 2. plotting 4
3. pair of 4. origin 3
(2, 2)
5. 2 6. two 2 (3, 2)
7. y-axis. 8. graphs 1
9. x;y 10. 10 x
O
1 2 3 4
True/False :
1. True 2. False Short Answer Questions :
3. True 4. True 1. (i) A. x = –3, y = 2 (ii) B. x = 2, y = –1
5. False 6. True (iii) C. x = 0, y = –7.
7. False 8. True 2. Yes, they lie in a line parallel to y-axis.
9. True 3. In order to draw the required temperature-time graph, we
represent dates of the month on x-axis and maximum
Match The Columns : temperature on y-axis. We assume the following scale:
1. (A) ® (q); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (p); (D) ® (r) On X-axis, 1 unit = 1 day and on Y-axis, 1 unit = 1°C.
(A) (2, 3) lies in the1st quadrant We plot the ordered pairs (1, 40.5) (2, 41) ...., (10, 39) as
points and join them by line segment to obtain the required
(B) (2, 0) lies on x-axis.
graph as shown in the below figure.
(C) (0, 3) lies on y-axis.
Y
(D) (0, 0) lies on origin Temperature – Time graph

Very Short Answer Questions :

45
44
. .
.
1. Month with highest expenditure = February 43
Month with lowest expenditure = April

.. .
42
Difference in expenditure = 600 – 200 = ` 400
41
.
Temperature (in°C)

2. Price of chickens in towns M and N are same on Tuesday.

. .
40
3. – 4 Perpendicular distance of P from x-axis is 1

.
Perpendicular distance of P from y-axis is 5 39
But P lies in the II quadrant 38
\ Co-ordinates of P are (–5, 1)
37
4. –4, Graph decreases steadily from 8 to 4
X
0
5. x-axis shows time (in hours) and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
y-axis shows Temperature (in °F)
Days of June 2002
6. From the graph, it is clear that :
(i) When t = 3 sec, then d = 15 m
 EBD_7034
348 Mathematics
4. The given function is S = 40 × x 2. (i) The points are at same position from both the ordinate
Putting x = 1, 2, 3, 4 successively and getting the axes. Yes, they are in straight line.
corresponding value of S, we get the table given below. (ii) Relationship betweeen x and y:
x = y, i.e., x – y = 0.
x 1 2 3 4
3. (i) On vertical scale : 1 cm = 50 km,
S = 40 ´ x 40 80 120 160 on horizontal scal : 1 cm = 1 hr.
Along the x-axis : Take 1 unit = 1 year. (ii) 100 km
Along the y-axis : Take 1 unit = ` 10. (iii) (125 – 50) = 75 km
Now, on a graph paper, plot the points (iv) 100 km.
4. A (1, 2), B (2, 2), C (4, 4), D (5, 1).
A(1, 40), B(2, 80), C(3, 120) and D(4, 160)
Join them successively to get the required line graph,
shown below.
Y
Text-Book Exercise :

240 1. (i) The horizontal axis (or the x – axis) indicates the
F(6, 240)
matches during the year 2007. The vertical axis (or the y –
Scale: 1 small unit = 10 units

200 axis) shows the total runs scored in each match.

E(5, 200)
S = 4 × x (Simple interest)

(ii) The dotted line shows the runs scored by Batsman A.

160
D(4, 160) (iii) During 4th match they have scored the same 60 runs.
120 (This is indicated by the point at which both graph meet).
C(3, 120) (iv) Batsman A has great “peak” but many deep “valleys”.
80 He does not appear to be consistent, on the other hand B
B(2, 80)
has never scored below a total of 40 runs, even though his
40
A(1, 40) highest score is only 100 in comparison to 115 of A. Also
X A has scored a zero in two matches and in a total of 5
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 matches he has scored less than 40 runs. Since A has a lot
x (years) ups and down, B is a more consistant and reliable batsman.
From the graph, we see (i) x =5 then S = 200 2. (a) (i) 7 cm (ii) 9 cm
(ii) x = 6 then S = 240 (b) (i) 7 cm (ii) 10 cm
5. (i) The temperature of the patient at 12:00 hours is 100°F (c) 2 cm (d) 3 cm
and at 18:00 hours the temperature is 98°F. (e) Second week (g) At the end of the 2nd week
3. (a) Y
(ii) The maximum temperature of the patient is 104°F at
14:00 hours and the minimum temperature of the patient 14
is 98°F at 18:00 hours. 12
10
Long Answer Questions : 8
Days

1. (i) 6
Y 4
1750 2
O X
1500 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
1250 Y ----------Women, _____ Men
(b)
1000 16
Number of men and women
Cost (in Rs.)

15
750
14
500 13
12
250
11
X
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 10
Weight (in kg) X
O 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(ii) ` 600 (iii) 30 kg. Year
Introduction to Graphs 349

4. (i) These lie on a line. The line is y-axis. (iv) These lie on a line. We can name it as XY or WY or YZ
Y etc.
Y

6 (0, 6)
(2, 6)
6
5 (0, 5) W (3, 5)
5
X
4 4
(0, 3.5)
3 (5, 3)
3
Y
2 (6, 2)
2 (0, 2) Z
1
1
0 X
X 1 2 3 4 5 6
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Note that in each of the above cases, graph obtained by
(ii) These lie on a line. The line is AD. (You may also use joining the plotted points by a line. Such graphs are called
other ways of naming it). It is parallel to the y – axis. linear graphs.
5. The line will cut x-axis at (5, 0) and y-axis at (0, 5)
Y
Y

6 6
5 5 (0, 5)

4 (1, 4) 4
3 (1, 3) 3 (2, 3)

2 (1, 2) 2 (3, 2)

1 (1, 1) 1
(5, 0)
X X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 O 1 2 3 4 5 6
6. O(0, 0), A(2, 0), B(2, 3), C(0, 3), P(4, 3), Q(6, 1), R(6, 5),
(iii) These lie on a line. We can name it as KL or KM or
MN etc. It is parallel to x – axis. S(4, 7), K(10, 5), L(7, 7), M(10, 8)
7.
Y
Sum deposited Simple int erest for a year
100 ´ 1 ´ 10
` 100 ` = ` 10
6 100
200 ´ 1 ´ 10
5 ` 200 ` = ` 20
100
4 ) ) ) )
1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3 300 ´ 1 ´ 10
( ( ( ( ` 300 ` = ` 30
3 100
K L M N
2 500 ´ 1 ´ 10
` 500 ` = ` 50
100
1
` 1000 ` 100
0 X We get a table of values.
1 2 3 4 5 6
 EBD_7034
350 Mathematics

Deposit (in ` ) 100 200 300 500 1000 Join the points. We get a linear graph.
Annual S.I. (in ` ) 10 20 30 50 100 (a) Corresponding to 75 km on the vertical axis, we
Scale : 1 unit = ` 100 on horizontal axis; 1 unit = ` 10 on get the time to be 2.5 hours on the horizontal
vertical axis. axis. Thus 2.5 hours are needed to cover 75 km.
Plot the points : (100, 10), (200, 20), (300, 30), (500, 50) etc. 1
(a) Corresponding to ` 250 on horizontal axis, we (b) Corresponding to 3 hours on the horizontal
2
get the interest to be ` 25 on vertical axis. axis, the distance covered is 105 km on the
(b) Corresponding to ` 70 on the vertical axis, we vertical axis.
get the sum to be ` 700 on the horizontal axis.
9. (a) 4 units = 1 hour

.
Y
100
1
(1000, 100) (b) 3 hours
90 2
80 (c) 22 km
Annual Simple Interest (in Rs)

70
(d) Yes; This is indicated by the horizontal part of the
60
50 . (500, 50)
graph (10 a.m. - 10.30 a.m.)

..
40 (e) Between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m.
30 (300, 30)
Exemplar Questions :
20
10 . (200, 20)
(100, 10)
X
1. (a) Yes, they lie on a straight line
0 100 200 300400500 600700 800 900 1000
(b) No, square
Deposits (in `) (c) No, triangle
8. Hours of ride Distance covered 2. (a) Rs. 70 (b) 5
1 hour 30 km 3. (a) p = 6 (b) q = 4
2 hours 2 ´ 30 km = 60 km 4. (a) 10 a.m. (b) 16 km
3 hours 3 ´ 30 km = 90 km (c) not travelling (d) 40 km
4 hours 4 ´ 30 km = 120 km and so on. (e) 24 km (f) 2 p.m.
(g) 4 km/h, 0 km/h (h) 10 p.m.
We get a table of values.
5. D (3, 0) Yes
Time (in hours) 1 2 3 4
6. (a) April (b) March
Dis tan ce cov ered (in km) 30 60 90 120
(c) April (d) 75 + 100 + 75 = 250
Scale : Horizontal : 1 unit = 1 hour
125 + 100 + 150
Vertical : 1 unit = 10 km (a) = 125 (b) 250 : 375 = 2 : 3
3
Plot the points : (1, 30), (2, 60), (3, 90), (4, 120).
7. (a) 5.30 a.m. and ends at 6 p.m.
Y
(b) 12 hours 30 min.
150 (c) forward journey was of longer duration.
(d) 6 hours
120 (4, 120)
8. (A) (4, 7) (B) (7, 4)
90 (3, 90) (C) (4, 1) (D) (1, 4)
60 (E) (3, 5) (F) (5, 5)
(2, 60)
(G) (5, 3) (H) (3, 3)
30 (1, 30)
(I) (4, 5) (J) (5, 4)
X
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 (K) (4, 3) (L) (3, 4)
Introduction to Graphs 351

QP = QR 2 + PR 2 = (4)2 + (3) 2

Single Option Correct : = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5

1. (b) 2. (a) 7. (a, b, d) (3, 5), (1, 6), (7, 3)
3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (b) 6. (a) Passage Based Questions :
7. (a) PASSAGE
8. (b) A line is formed by joining minimum two points.
Days Forecast Temp. Actual Temp. Difference
9. (b) Location of both points are different.
Mon. 15 17.5 2.5
10. (a) The x-coordinate of a point lies on y-axis is 0 for
Tues. 20 20 0
example (0, 3) lies on y-axis.
Wed. 25 30 5
11. (a) y co-ordinate of a point on x-axis is zero.
12. (a) x-co-ordiante of a point on y-axis is zero. Thurs. 15 22.5 7.5
13. (b) Co-ordinates of T are (8, –6) Fri. 15 15 0
14. (b) Abscissa and ordinate of a point are negative in III Sat. 25 30 5
quadrants. Sun. 35 35 0
15. (c) Point (0, –7) lies on the y-axis. 1. (d) On Tuesday, Friday and Sunday, the forecast and
actual temperature are same.
More than One Option Corrrect :
2. (c) Maximum forecast temperature is 35°C on Sunday.
1. (a, b) 2. (c, d)
3. (b) On Thursday, the difference between the actual and
3. (a, b, d) y-cordinates of all the points below the x-axis are
forecast temperature is maximum.
negative.
4. (a, c, d) Figure II, III, IV are not formed by the given Assertion & Reason :
co-ordinates.
5. (a, b, c) Opposite sides of parallelogram are equal 1. (a) On y-axis the abscissa of every point is 0.
Length of PQ = (abscissa of Q) – (Abscissa of P) \ Coordinate of all points on y-axis are of the form (0, y)
=5–1=4 \ Assertion and reason both are true and reason
\ Length of SR = 4 correctly explains assertion
Þ abscissa of R is 6 2. (c) In distance time graph, time is independent variable
Ordinate of R from X-axis = 3 and distance depends on time.
\ Coordinates of R are (6, 3) \ Time is plotted on x-axis, distance on y-axis.
6. (b, c, d) Assertion is true, reason is false.
Y
3. (a)
P(4, 3) y
(0,3)
5
4 P(5, 4)
3 5 units
2 4 units
X’ X 1
Q (0, 0) R(4, 0) x
O
1 2 3 4 5 6
Abscissa is the distance of a point from y-axis

Multiple Matching :
1. (A) ® (r), (s); (B) ® (s); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q), (s), (t)
Y’
 EBD_7034
352 Mathematics

Integer Type Question :

4. (a)
1. (abscissa of P) – (abscissa of Q) Y
5

x+
= (–2) – (–3) = 1 4

y=
2. Amount received = ` 1400 = 700 × 2 Þ k = 2 3
)
(4,1

5
2
3. Abscissae of A is 1
1
Ordinate of B is 4. X¢ X
–5 – 4 –3– 2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
So, 1 × 4 = 4. 2 –1
2y= – 2
4. Abscissae of A + Abscissae of B = – 5 + 8 = 3. x– –3
5. The distance of point (3, 4) from y-axis = 3. –4
–5
Y¢
ADVANCED EXERCISE
BASED ON CONNECTING TOPICS
(b) Y
1. x = 3 is the line parallel to y-axis. 5
2. p=7 4
3. 3
Y 2 2x
+4
y=
1 8
(0, 3) X¢ X
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
–1
–2 x+
2y
X¢ X –3 =–
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4
–4
Y¢ –5
Y¢
 Chap
ter Playing with
16 Numbers

In earlier classes, you have studied various types of numbers such as natural numbers, whole numbers, integers and rational
numbers and their properties, In this chapter, we will explore numbers in more detail and learn about making and solving the
mathematical puzzles. We shall also deduce the divisibility test rules of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11 for two-digit and three-digit
numbers expressed in general form.
 EBD_7034
354 Mathematics
NUMBERS IN GENERAL FORM
General form of any two digit number (ab) is 10 × a + b, Where a is tens place digit and b is units place digit.
Consider 58 = 50 + 8 = 10 × 5 + 8
General form of any three digits (abc) number is 100 × a + 10 × b + c,
Where a is hundreds place digit, b is tens place digit and c is units place digit.
Let us expand a 3-digit number say, 541
541 = 100 × 5 + 10 × 4 + 1
NUMBER GAMES
Using the general form of two digit and three digit numbers, we can formulate certain mathematical tricks. Look at the few number
games given below:
Trick 1
(i) Think of any two digit number.
(ii) Add the reverse of the two digit number to the original number.
(iii) The result is divisible by 11.
ILLUSTRATION : 1
(i) Let the number be 34
(ii) Reversed number + original number = 34 + 43 = 77
(iii) 77 is divisible by 11
SOLUTION:
(i) Let the number be 10a + b
(ii) Reversed number + original number = (10 b + a) + (10 a + b)
= 11a + 11b = 11(a + b)
(iii) Clearly, 11(a + b) is divisible by 11.
Trick 2
(i) Think of any three digit number.
(ii) Subtract the reversed number from the original number.
(iii) The result is divisible by 99.
ILLUSTRATION : 2
(i) Let the number be 362
(ii) Original number – reversed number = 362 – 263 = 99
(iii) 99 is divisible by 99
SOLUTION:
(i) Let the number be 100a + 10b + c
(ii) Original number – reversed number
= (100a + 10b + c) – (100c + 10b + a)
= 99a – 99c
= 99 (a – c)
(iii) Clearly, 99 (a – c) is divisible by 99
CRYPTARITHMS
In this section we well see mathematical puzzles in which the digits are replaced by letters in an arithmetic calculation. The objective
of the puzzle is to break the code used.
Cryptarithm Rules
· Each letter represents a unique digit.
· The first digit of a number cannot be zero. For example, twenty five can be only written as 25 not 025.
NOTE : Cryptarithms may have several solutions.
Playing with Numbers 355

ILLUSTRATION : 3
Find the value of A and B if 41 A
+ B 4
5 1 2
SOLUTION:
Form ones column A + 4 gives a number whose ones digit is 2. So, A = 8. The value of B can be obtained by solving 2 + B is a
number whose ones digit is 1. So, B = 9

418
+ 94
______
512

ILLUSTRATION : 4
Solve the Cryptarithm :
B A
× B 3
5 7 A
SOLUTION:
Here, we have to find the values of A and B.
Since ones digit of 3 × A is A. Therefore, A = 0 or A = 5.
Now, BA ´ B3 = 57A …(i)

Þ BA ´ B3 is a three digit number between 500 and 600.

If B = 1, then BA ´ B3 can have maximum value 19 × 13 = 247. Therefore, B ¹ 1. If B = 3, then BA ´ B3 can have minimum value
30 × 33 = 990. Therefore, B ¹ 3. Thus, we have B = 2.
Putting B = 2 in (i), we get
2A ´ 23 = 57A
Þ (20 + A) × 23 = 500 + 70 + A
Þ 460 + 23A = 570 + A
Þ 22A = 110
Þ A=5
25
´ 23
Hence, A = 5 and B = 2 and,
575

TESTS OF DIVISIBILITY
In this section we will learn how to check the divisibility by numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Let us learn how these work.
DIVISIBILITY BY 2
A given number is divisible by 2, if its unit digit is any of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e.g. 4268134 is divisible by 2, while 31267429 is not.
Explanation of the rule :
Consider a three digit number, cba = 100c + 10b + a
Also, 100c + 10b + a = 2 (50c + 5b) + a
Clearly, 2 (50c + 5b) is divisible by 2
Thus, for a number to be divisible by 2, a has to be either 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8.
 EBD_7034
356 Mathematics
DIVISIBILITY BY 3
A number is divisible by 3, if sum of its digits is divisible by 3 e.g. 252771 is divisible by 3 as sum of its digits (2 + 5 + 2 + 7 + 7 + 1 = 24)
is divisible by 3.
Explanation of the rule :
Consider a three digit number, cba = 100c + 10b + a
Also, 100c + 10b + a = (99 + 1)c + (9 + 1)b + a
= 99c + c + 9b + b + a
= 3 (33c + 3b) + a + b + c
Clearly, 3 (33c + 3b) is divisible by 3
Thus, for a number to be divisible by 3, (a + b + c) should be a factor of 3.
DIVISIBILITY BY 4
A number is divisible by 4 if the last two digits of the number is divisible by 4 or the number ends with ‘00’. e.g. 213428 is divisible by
4 as last two digits is 28 which is divisible by 4. Again, 1246800 is also divisible by 4 as the number ends with 00.
DIVISIBILITY BY 5
A number is divisible by 5 if its unit place digit is either 0 or 5. e.g. 123465 and 1243950 are both divisible by 5 while 214672 is not
divisible by 5.
Explanation of the rule :
Consider a three digit number, cba = 100c + 10b + a
Also, 100c + 10b + a = 5 (20c + 2b) + a
Clearly, 5 (20c + 2b) is divisible by 5
Thus, for a number to be divisible by 5, a has to be either 0 or 5.
DIVISIBILITY BY 6 AND 8
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3 both. e.g., 254784 is divisible by 6 because it is an even number and hence divisible
by 2, also the sum of digits i.e., 2 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 8 +4 = 30 is divisible by 3. Hence the number is divisible by 6.
214351 is not divisible by 6 because it is not divisible by 2.
A given number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by last three digits of the number is divisible by 8 or the number ends with ‘000’
e.g., 342840 is divisible by 8 because 840 is divisible by 8. 29342000 is also divisible by 8.
DIVISIBILITY BY 9
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of digits of the number is divisible by 9. e.g. 284796 is divisible by 9 because sum of digits 2 + 8
+ 4 + 7 + 9 +6 = 36 is completely divisible by 9.
Explanation of the rule :
Consider a three digit number, cba = 100c + 10b + a
Also, 100c + 10b + a = (99 + 1)c + (9 + 1)b + a
= 99c + c + 9b + b + a
= 9 (11c + b) + a + b + c
Clearly, 9 (11c + b) is divisible by 9
Thus, for a number to be divisible by 9, (a + b + c) should be a factor of 9.
DIVISIBILITY BY 10
A number is divisible by 10 if the unit place digit of given number is ‘0’ e.g., 21380, 3142900 are divisible by 10, whereas 214385, 329212,
46843 are not divisible by 10.
Explanation of the rule :
Consider a three digit number, cba = 100c + 10b + a
where a is the ones digit, b is the tens digit, c is the hundreds digit.
Since 10b, 100c, are multiples of 10, they are divisible by 10,
Hence, a number is divisible by 10, if its ones digit is 0.
Playing with Numbers 357

DIVISIBILITY BY 11
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits in the odd places and the sum of the digits in the even places
is either O or completely divisible by 11. e.g., 6584919 is divisible by 11 because. (Sum of digits at odd places) – (Sum of digits at even
places)
Þ (6 + 8 + 9 + 9) – (5 + 4 + 1)
Þ 32 – 10 = 22, which is divisible by 11.
ILLUSTRATION : 5
Which of the following numbers are divisible by 3?
(a) 21436925 (b) 5875203
SOLUTION:
(a) Sum of digits of 21436925 = (2 + 1 + 4 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 2 + 5) = 32, which is not divisible by 3, hence 21436925 is not divisible by 3.
(b) Sum of digits of 5875203 = (5 + 8 + 7 + 5 + 2 + 0 + 3) = 30
30 is divisible by 3, hence 5875203 is divisible by 3.
ILLUSTRATION : 6
Is 60643824 divisible by 24?
SOLUTION:
A number is divisible by 24 if it is divisible by both 3 and 8.
Digits sum of 60643824 = (6 + 0 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 2 + 4) = 33
33 is divisible by 3, hence 60643824 is divisible by 3.
Number formed by last 3 digits of 60643824 i.e., 824 is divisible by 8 and hence 60643824 is divisible by 8.
\ 60643824 is divisible by both 3 and 8. Hence it is divisible by 24.
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358 Mathematics

1. If 24x is a multiple of 3, where x is a digit, what is the value of x?

Sol: It is given that 24x is a multiple of 3.
\ 2 + 4 + x is a multiple of 3
Þ 6 + x is a multiple of 3.
Þ 6 + x = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, .... …(i)
But, x is a digit of the number 24x.
\ x can take values 0, 1, 2, 3, ...., 9
Þ 6 + x can take values 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, ...., 15 …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
6 + x = 6 or, 9 or, 12 or, 15
Þ 6 + x = 6 or, 6 + x = 9 or, 6 + x = 12 or, 6 + x = 15
Þ x = 0 or, x = 3 or, x = 6 or, x =9
Hence, x = 0, 3, 6, 9.
1AB
2. If + C C A and there is no carry on addition, then the value of B is _____.
697
Sol. The given conditions are as follows:
B +A= 7 …(i)
A+C =9 …(ii)
1+ C= 6 Þ C=5 …(iii)
Putting the value of C from (iii) to (ii), we get
A+5=9 Þ A=4
Putting A = 4 in (i), we get
B+ 4= 7 Þ B=3
3. Solve the following cryptarithm

A B
× 6
B B B

Sol. We have,
A B
´ 6
B B B

This means that 6 × B is a number having its ones digit as B. Such values of B are 2, 4, 6 and 8, because 6 × 2 =12, 6 × 4 = 24,
6 × 6 = 36 and 6 × 8 = 48. So, we have following cases:

Case I When B = 2
In the case, we have

AB ´ 6 = BBB
Playing with Numbers 359

Þ A2 ´ 6 = 222 Þ (10A + 2) × 6 = 222

Þ 60A + 12 = 222 Þ 60A = 210
7
Þ 2A = 7 Þ A = , which is not possible.
2
Case II When B = 4
In this case, we have
AB ´ 6 = BBB

Þ A4 ´ 6 = 444 Þ (10A + 4) × 6 = 444

444
Þ 10A + 4 = Þ 10A + 4 = 74
6
Þ 10A = 70 Þ A =7
A = 7 and B = 4 is the required solution.

Case III When B = 6

In this case, we have
AB ´ 6 = BBB

Þ A8 ´ 6 = 888 Þ A8 = 148

This is not possible as LHS is a two digit number and RHS is a three digit number.
4. Write the following numbers in expanded form and then do the same for the number you get by reversing the digits
(i) 71 (ii) 68 (iii) 432 (iv) 667
Sol. (i) ab = 71 = 7 × 10 + 1 × 1

ba = 17 = 1 × 10 + 7 × 1
(ii) ab = 68 = 6 × 10 + 8 × 1

ba = 86 = 8 × 10 + 6 × 1
(iii) abc = 432 = 4 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 2 × 1

cba = 234 = 2 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 4 × 1

(iv) abc = 667 = 6 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 7 × 1

cba = 766 = 7 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 6 × 1

5. Without performing actual division, find the remainder left when 192837465 is divided by
(i) 9 (ii) 11
Sol. (i) Any natural number n, can be written as n = a multiple of 9 + Sum of the digits of n
\ 192837465 = a multiple of 9 + (1 + 9 + 2 + 8 + 3 + 7 + 4 + 6 + 5)
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 9 + 45
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 9 + 9 × 5
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 9
So, The remainder left when 192837465 is divided by 9 is zero.
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360 Mathematics
(ii) Any odd digit natural number n can be written as
n = a multiple of 11 + Sum of its digits in odd place – Sum of its digits in even places
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 11 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) – (9 + 8 + 7 + 6)
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 11 + 15 – 30
Þ 192837465 = a multiple of 11 – 15
Þ 192837465 = a multiple 11 – 2 × 11 + 7
Þ 192837465 = (a multiple of 11) + 7
So, the remainder left when 192837465 is divided by 11 is 7.
6. Put the value of star so that the number is
(i) divisible by 3
925*6
(ii) divisible by 3
824*67
Sol. (i) * = 5 (ii) * = 3
(Answer may vary)
7. If 13p4 is a multiple of 6 where p is a digit, what might be the value of p?
Sol. p = 4
Playing with Numbers 361

Fill in the Blanks : 1. Match the following cryptarithms:

Column-I Column-II
DIRECTIONS : Complete the following statements with an
appropriate word / term to be filled in the blank space(s). (A) 3 1 A (p) A = 6, B = 1
1. 3845 is divisible by _______. + 1 A 3
2. 78024 is divisible by 24 since it is divisible by 3 and _____. 5 0 1
3. The digit which can replace * in the number 29 * 2 is
______, so that it is divisible by 9. (B) B 9 (q) A = 9
4. 3134673 is divisible by 3 and _______. + 4 A
2 B A 5
+A B (C) (r) A = 5, B = 1
5. If then A = ________ and B = ________. 9 A 5
8 A
+ 9 4 A
6. 1 x 35 is divisible by 9 if x = ________. 1A 4 4
7. A number is divisible by 11 if the differences between the
sum of digits at its odd places and that of digits at the even (D) A (s) A = 8
places is either 0 or divisible by ________.
+A
8. A 2-digit number is divisible by 11, if its two digits are
_______. +A
9. The example of a number which is divisible by 2 but not by BA
4 is ______.
True / False : Very Short Answer Questions :

DIRECTIONS : Read the following statements and write your DIRECTIONS : Give answer in one word or one sentence.
answer as true or false. 1. In a two-digit number, the digit in the units place is four
1. If a number is divisible by 8, it must be divisible by 4. times the digit in the tens place and sum of the digits is
equal to 10. What is the number?
2. The number formed by writting a non-zero digit six times
2. Check whether 923 is divisible by 11.
(e.g., 888888) is always divisible by 11.
3. Number 90 is divisible by which numbers?
3. If a number is divisible by 3 and 6, it must be divisible by
18. 4. If 21y5 is a multiple of 9, where y is a digit, what is the
4. If a number is divisible by 15, it must be divisible by 5 value of y?
and 3. 5. If the division N ¸ 5 leaves a remainder of 2, what might
5. A two-digit number ab is always divisible by 2 if b is an be the ones digit of N?
even number.
Short Answer Questions :
6. If 213x 27 is divisible by 9, then the value of x is 0.
7. If N ¸ 5 leaves remainder 3 and N ¸ 2 leaves remainder 0, DIRECTIONS : Give answer in 2-3 sentences.
then N ¸ 10 leaves remainder 4.
8. If a number is prime, it is not even. 1. Test the divisibility of 2346501 by 11.
2. If 24a is a multiple of 5, where a is a digit, what is the value
Match the Columns : of a?
3. Find the value of y in each of the following:
DIRECTIONS : Each question contains statements given in
(i) y 8 5 y .(ii) y 9 y 9
two columns which have to be matched. Statements (A, B, C, D)
in column-I have to be matched with statements (p, q, r, s) in + 1 9 1 5 + 5 y 7 y
column-II. 9 y y 2 8 y 0 1
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362 Mathematics
4. Write the number 927643 in the expanded from 7. In the given multiplication, the value of A is
5. Put the value in the star so that the numbers are divisible A B
by 11. ´ 5
6 2 6 * 7. CAB
6. Without performing actual division, find the remainder when
8. A three-digit number 42x is divisible by 9. Find the value
9249826 is divided by 11.
of x.

Text-Book Exercise :
C B A
1. Write the following in the usual form. + C B A
4. Find A, B and C :
(i) 10 × 5 + 6 (ii) 100 × 7 + 10 × 1 + 8 1 A 3 0

(iii) 100 × a + 10 × c + b 5. Find the value of k where 31k2 is divisible by 6.

2. Find the value of the letters in each of the following and 6. A three-digit number 2 a 3 is added to the number 326 to
give reasons for the steps involved. give a three-digit number 5b9 which is divisible by 9. Find
the value of b –a.
(i) 3 A
7. Find A, B, C and D : 8 A B C
+ 2 5
-A B C 5
B 2
D 4 8 8
(ii) 1 2 A 8. Let E = 3, B = 7 and A = 4. Find the other digits in the sum.
+ 6 A B B A S E
A 0 9 +B A L L
G AM E S
3. Check the divisibility of 152875 by 9. 9. Find the value of the letters in each of the following:
4. Check the divisibility of 2146587 by 3. P Q
5. If 31z5 is a multiple of 3, where z is a digit, what might be the ´ 6
values of z? Q Q Q
Exemplar Questions : 10. If 123123A4 is divisible by 11, find the value of A.
1. Suppose that the division x ¸ 5 leaves a remainder 4 and HOTS Questions :
the division x ¸ 2 leaves a remainder 1. Find the ones digit
1. If 31z5 + 51z3 is divisible by 3, where z is a digit less than 5,
of x.
then the values of z are ___.
2. Find the least value that must be given to number a so that 2. Find what @ and # stand for in each of the following.
the number 91876a2 is divisible by 8. (i) 1 @ 0 # 3 = 4 (ii) 2 @ 2 # 4 = 5
1 P (iii) 3 @ 3 # 3= 30 (iv) 5 @ 5 # 3 = 28
´ P (v) 2 @ 5 # 3 = 30 (vi) 2 @ 3 # 2 = 64
3. If where Q – P = 3, then find the values of P and Q. 3. What is the value of the digit a if the number a37382 is
Q 6
divisible by 11?
Playing with Numbers 363

Single Option Correct: More Than One Option Correct :

DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.

DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice questions.
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which
ONE or MORE may be correct.
ONLY ONE is correct.
1. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2?
1. The generalised form of the number 234 is (a) 63 (b) 47
(a) 2 × 100 + 3 × 10 + 4 (b) 3 × 100 + 4 × 10 + 2 (c) 120 (d) 332
(c) 4 × 100 + 2 × 10 + 3 (d) None of these
2. If 273x 6 is a multiple of 3, where x is a digit, what might be
2. The number 5 × 100 + 7 × 10 + 9 in usual form is
the value of x?
(a) 795 (b) 759 (a) 0 (b) 3
(c) 579 (d) 597 (c) 6 (d) 9
3. Find the values of A, B in the following: 3. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5?
(a) 27450 (b) 28594
A B (c) 18755 (d) 18743
´ 2 4. The number 211539 is not divisible by
B 02 (a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 3 (d) 9
(a) 5, 1 (b) 5, 5 5. Which of the following numbers is divisible by 5?
(c) 1, 1 (d) 1, 5 (a) 2035 (b) 490
4. Which of the following numbers is not divisible by 22? (c) 32100 (d) 123456
(a) 200 (b) 40 6. Which of the following numbers is not divisible by 11?
(c) 66 (d) 83 (a) 303457 (b) 25679
5. If the number 1 x 8 is divisible by 3, then x is equal to (c) 890612 (d) 23456
(a) 0 or 3 or 6 or 9 (b) 4 7. If a number is divisible by 12, then it is divisible by
(c) 5 (d) 7 (a) 3 (b) 2
6. If the three-digit number 6 y 8 is divisible by 9, then the (c) 8 (d) 4
value of y is 8. The digit, which can not replace * in 26 * 84 so that it is
(a) 1 (b) 2 divisible by 3, is
(c) 3 (d) 4 (a) 0 (b) 1
7. Find the value of A in the following: (c) 2 (d) 4
9. Which of the following numbers is not divisible by 3
1 A and 2?
´ A (a) 1023 (b) 1032
A 9 (c) 4029 (d) 2512

(a) 1 (b) 2 Passage Based Questions :

(c) 3 (d) 4
8. Which of the following numbers is not divisible by 10? DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
(a) 120 (b) 340 following questions.
(c) 760 (d) 1246 PASSAGE
9. If P ÷ 2 leaves a remainder of 1, what might be the ones digit Solve the game of addition.
of P? 1. Find the value of R :
(a) 2 (b) 7
2 1 R
(c) 4 (d) 8
10. If a number divided by 5 leaves remainder 1, what might be +1 R 3
the ones digit of number? 3 6 8
(a) 6 (b) 2 (a) R = 2 (b) R = 4
(c) 5 (d) 0 (c) R = 6 (d) R = 5
 EBD_7034
364 Mathematics
2. Solve the cryptarithm Multiple Matching Question :
AB + BA = DAD
(a) A = 2, B = 9, D = 1 (b) A = 1, B = 9, D = 2 DIRECTIONS : Following question has four statements (A, B,
C and D) given in Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s, t) in
(c) A = 2, B = 8, D = 1 (d) A = 9, B = 8, D = 1
Column-II. Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
3. Solve : ON + ON = GO matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column-II.
(a) O = 4, N = 2, G = 7 (b) O = 3, G = 9, N = 4
1. Match the following
(c) O = 2, N = 6, G = 5 (d) O = 2, N = 1, G = 5
Column-I Column-II
Assertion & Reason : (A) 60643824 (p) Divisible by 2
(B) 1246800 (q) Divisible by 3
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion
(C) 6584919 (r) Divisible by 4
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select (D) 4268134 (s) Divisible by 5
the one that best describes the two statements. (t) Divisible by 11

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is Integer Type Questions :
the correct explanation of Assertion.
DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer to
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is each of the question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
not the correct explanation of Assertion. to 9.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 1. Without subtracting, 98 – 89 is divisible by
2. In the expansion of 394 = 3 × 100 + a × 10 +4, value of a is
1. Assertion : 678 is not divisible by 12.
3. 31x is divisible by 2 if x =
Reason : A number is said to be divisible by 12 if it is
divisible by 3.
4. A ´ A = 3 A when A
5. 1x3y6 is a five digit number where x, y are digits and y exceeds
2. Assertion : The generalised form of a two digit number is y
10a + b. x by 6. If this number is divisible by 18, then the value of
x
is
Reason : A number is said to be in a generalized form if it is
expressed as the sum of the product of its digit with respect
to its place values.
Playing with Numbers 365

SO L U T I ON S
Brief Explanations
of
Selected Questions

(C) We have,
9 A 5
+ 9 4 A
Fill in the Blanks :
1A 4 4
1. 5 2. 8 3. 5 4. 9
In the ones column the sum of 5 and A is 4. This means that
5. A = 6, B = 3 6. x=0 7. 11
the sum of 5 and A is a two digit number between 10 and 19
8. Same : Two digit number is divisible by 11 be it is 11, 22, 33, whose units digit is 4. Clearly, such a number is 14.
44, ...., 99 i.e. its digits are same.
\ 5 + A = 14 Þ A = 9
9. 6 : 6 is a number divisible by 2 but not by 4.
Clearly, this value of A satisfies the addition in tens and
True / False : hundreds columns.
(D) We have,
1. True 2. True 3. False 4. True
5. True 6. False 7. False A
+ A
8. False : 2 is a prime number which is even also.
A
Match the Columns : BA
1. (A) ® (s); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (q); (D) ® (r) Here, values of two letters A and B are to be found.
(A) We have, In ones column the sum of three A’s is a number whose
3 1 A ones digit is A, which is possible only when the units digit
+ 1 A 3 of the sum of two A’s is 0. This happens only for A = 0 and
A = 5.
5 0 1
If A = 0, than the sum of three A’s is 0.
Hence, we have to find the value of A which can take values
from 0 to 9. Since A + A + A = BA . Therefore, B = 0.
As A take values from 0 to 9. Therefore, A + 3 can take value This is not possible as BA is a two digit number..
from 3 to 12. Since, digit at the units place of the sum of the So, A = 5.
two digit A and 3 is 1. Therefore either A + 3 is equal of 1 or
A + 3 is a number between 3 and 12 whose units digit is 1. Q A + A + A = BA
Clearly such a number between 3 and 12 is 11. \ 3A = BA Þ 3 × 5 = 10B + A
\ A + 3 = 11 Þ A = 8 Þ 15 = 10B + 5 Þ 10B = 10 Þ B = 1
This value of A satisfies the addition in tens and hundred Hence, A = 5 and B = 1.
column. Hence, A = 8.
(B) We have, Very Short Answer Questions :
B 9 1. Let the original number be 10a + b.
+ 4 A Then, b = 4a and a + b = 10.
A 5 We put b = 4a in a + b = 10
so than a + 4a = 10, i.e., 5a = 10, i.e., a = 2.
Clearly, 9 + A is a number taking values from 9 to 18, Also, \ a = 2 and b = 4a = 8.
either 9 + A is 5 or it is a two digit number whose units digit Hence, the number is 10a + b = 20 + 8 = 28.
is 5, But, 9 + A is greater than or equal to 9. 2. 923 fails the test, because (9 + 3) – 2 = 10, which is not 0 or
\ 9 + A = 15 Þ A = 6 11. And indeed it is not divisible by 11.
3. If a number is divisible by ‘a’ and ‘b’, where ‘a’ & ‘b’ are co-
Now, considering tens column, we have
primes, then that number is divisible by ‘ab’.
B+ 4 + 1 = 6ÞB+5= 6ÞB=1 Here 2, 45; 5, 18; 9, 10 are co-primes.
Hence, A = 6 and B = 1. In each case, the product as also equal to 90.
 EBD_7034
366 Mathematics

4. Since 21y5 is a multiple of 9. Therefore, the sum of its 3. P = 6 and Q = 9

digits is a multiple of 9. 4. A = 5, B = 6, C = 7
i.e. 2 + 1 + y + 5 is a multiple of 9 5. k is either 0 or 3, 6, 9
Þ y + 8 is a multiple of 9 6. 2
Þ y + 8 = 0, or 9 or 18 or 27, 36, …
But, y is a digit. So, y can take values 7. A = 7, B = 2, C = 3, D = 1
0, 1, 2, …, 9 8. S = 8, L = 5, M = 9, G = 1
\ y + 8 can take values 8, 9, 10, 11, …, 17. 9. P = 7, Q = 4
From (i) and (ii), we get
y+8=9 Þ y=9–8=1 10. A=4
Hence y = 1
5. The ones digit when divided by 5, must leave a remainder HOTS Questions :
of 2. So, ones digit must be 7.
1. 31z5 + 51z3 is divisible by 3
Short Answer Questions : Þ 82(2z)8 is divisible by 3 where 2z is the digit at the tens
place.
1. Not completely divisible.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible
2. a = 0, 5 by 3.
3. (i) y=7 (ii) y = 2 Þ 8 + 2 + 2z + 8 is divisible by 3
4. 927643 = 9 × 100000 + 2 × 10000 + 7 × 1000 + 6 × 100 + 4 × Þ 18 + 2z is divisible by 3.
10 + 3. Given that z < 5
So, maximum value of 18 + 2z = 26, when z = 4
5. *=6
And minimum value of 18 + 2z = 18, when z = 0
6. Remainder = 3 From 18 to 26, the numbers divisible by 3 are 18, 21 & 24.
7. 2 5 18 + 2z can have the values 18 & 24 which are divisible by 3
´ 5 for z = 0 & z = 3 respectively.
2. (i) @ = –, # = + (ii) @ = ÷, # = +
125 True
(iii) @ = raised to the power, # = +
So, A = 2, B = 5, C = 1 (iv) @ = ×, # = + (v) @ = ×, # = ×
8. Since 42x is divisible by 9, the sum of its digits, i.e. 4 + 2 (vi) @ = raised to the power, # = raised to the power
+ x must be divisible by 9. 3. a= 4
i.e. 6 + x is divisible by 9
i.e. 6 + x = 9 or 18, ________.
Since x is a digit, therefore, 6 + x = 9
or x = 3.
Single Option Correct :

1. (a) 2. (c)
3. (a) 51
Text-Book Exercise :
1. (i) 56 (ii) 718 (iii) acb ´ 2
2. (i) A = 7, B = 6 (ii) A = 8, B = 1 102
3. The sum of the digits of 152875 is 1 + 5 + 2 + 8 + 7 + 5 = 28. 4. (d) In 83, one’s digit is not divisible by 2.
This number is not divisible by 9. We conclude that 152875 5. (a) 1 + 0 + 8 = 9
is not divisible by 9. 1 + 3 + 8 = 12 ; 9, 12, 15, 18 each is divisible by 3.
4. The sum of the digits of 2146587 is 2 + 1 + 4 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 6. (d) 6 + 4 + 8 = 18 is divisible by 9.
7 = 33. This number is divisible by 3 (for 33 ¸ 3 = 11). We
conclude that 2146587 is divisible by 3. 7. (c) 1 3
5. 0, 3, 6 or 9 ´ 3
3 9
Exemplar Questions :
1. Since x ¸ 5 leaves a remainder 4, so ones digit of x can be 4 8. (d) In 1246, one’s digit is not 0.
or 9. Also, since x ¸ 2 leaves a remainder 1, so ones digit 9. (b) 10. (a)
must be 9 only.
2. a=3
Playing with Numbers 367

More Than One Option Correct : Case I : If O is 4 then N = 2 or 7.

1. (c, d) We know that a number is divisible by 2 if its units This makes ON = 42.
digit is 0 or 2 or 4 or 6 or 8. or ON = 47 (but this is not possible)
2. (a, c, d) A number is a multiple of 3, if sum of values of its 2(ON) = 2(42) = 84
digits are also multiple of 3.
Case II : If O is 3 and N cannot take any value as we cannot
Here 2 + 7 + 3 + x + 6 = 18 + x will be multiple of 3 if
x = 0, 3, 6, 9. get 3 in the units place.
3. (a, c) A number is divisible by 5 if its units digit is either Case III : If O is 2 then N = 1 or 6.
0 or 5. This makes ON = 21 or ON = 26
4. (a, b, d) 2(ON) = 2(21) = 42 or 2(ON) = 2(26) = 52
5. (a, b, c) Case IV : If O is 1 then N cannot take any value as we
6. (b, c, d) cannot get 1 in the units place. So, possible options are
7. (a, b, d) 2 × 42 = 84 with O = 4, N = 2, G = 8;
8. (a, c, d) 2 × 21 = 42 with O = 2, N = 1, G = 4;
9. (a, c, d) 2 × 26 = 52 with O = 2, N = 6, G = 5.
Passage Based Questions :
Assertion & Reason :
1. (d) Here there is only one letter R, which we need to find.
Now, R + 3 = 8 1. (c) Assertion : Correct; Reason : Incorrect.
Which is only possible when R = 5 We have, 678 is not divisible by 4 as 78 is not divisible
Also 1 + R = 6, This is only possible when R = 5. by 4.
Hence R = 5. But 678 is divisible by 3.
\ 678 is not divisible by 12.
2. (a) Clearly, AB and BA are two digit numbers
So, a number is said to be divisible 12 if it is divisible by 3
So, maximum value of their sum is 99 + 99 = 198. This means
and 4.
that the number DAD is at most equal to 198. So, D must
2. (a) Assertion : Correct; Reason : Correct.
be equal to 1. Note that D can not be zero as DAD is a Reason correctly explains assertion.
three digit number.
Multiple Matching Questions :
Now, AB + BA = DAD
Þ (10A + B) + (10B + A ) = lAl 1. (A) ® (p, q, r); (B) ® (p, q, r, s); (C) ® (q, t); (D) ® (p)
Þ 11A + 11B = lAl (A) 60643824 is divisible by 2 since it has unit’s digit 4.
Þ 11(A + B) = lAl …(i) Sum of it’s digit = 6 + 0 + 6 + 4 + 3 + 8 + 2 + 4 = 33 which is
Clearly, LHS of this equation is a multiple of 11. divisible by 3.
So, RHS must be a multiple of 11 having digits at units and It is divisible by 4 as its last 2 digits 24 is divisible by 4.
hundreds place are unity. RHS can take ten values viz. 101, (sum of digits at odd places) – (sum of digits at even places)
111, 121, 131, ....., 191. = (2 + 3 + 6 + 6) – (4 + 8 + 4 + 0)
Out of these values only 121 is a multiple of 11. = (17 – 16) = 1 which is not divisible by 11.
Therefore, A = 2. (B) 1246800 is divisible by 2 as it has 0 at unit’s place
Substituting A = 2 in (i), we get 1246800 is also divisible by 4 as it has 00 as last 2 digits.
11(2 + B) = 121 Þ 2 + B = 11 Þ B = 9 Sum of it’s digit = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 0 + 0 = 21 which is
Hence, A = 2, B = 9 and D = 1. divisible by 3.
It is divisible by 5 also as it has 0 at units place.
3. (c) Here, ON + ON = GO
(sum of digits at odd places) – (sum of digits at even places)
Þ 2 × ON = GO
= (1 + 4 + 8 + 0) – (2 + 6 + 0)
So, 2 × ON is two-digit number, it follows that ON is at = (13 – 8)
most 49 (because 2 × 50 = 100) therefore, O is at most equal
=5
to 4. We have to consider all four possibilities i.e., O is
equal to 4, 3, 2, 1. (C) 6584919 is not divisible by 264 and 5
 EBD_7034
368 Mathematics
Sum of digits = 6 + 5 + 8 + 4 + 9 + 1 + 9 = 42 which is divisible \ 98 – 89 = 9, which are divisible by 9.
by 3. 2. (9) Since 394 = 3 × 100 + 9x 10 + 4
(sum of digits at odd places) – (sum of digits at even places) Compare this with 3a4 = 3 × 100 + a × 10 + 4,
= (6 + 8 + 9 + 9) – (5 + 4 + 1) we get a = 9.
= 32 – 10
3. (0) 31x is divisible by 2 if the units digit of number is 0,
= 22 which is divisible by 11
2, 4, 6 or 8.
(D) 4268134 is divisible by 2 as units digit is even. It is not
\ 310 is divisible by 2.
divisible by 4.
4. (6) 6 ´ 6 = 36 \ A = 6.
Sum of it’s digits = 4 + 2 + 6 + 8 + 1 + 3 + 4 = 28 which is not
divisible by 3. 5. (7) 1x3y6 is divisible by 18 Þ divisible by 9
(sum of digits at odd places) – (sum of digits at even places) 1 + x + 3 + y + 6 = 10 + x + y (x + y = 8)
= (4 + 1 + 6 + 4) – (2 + 8 + 3) y- x = 6 ... (1)
[Given in the problem]
= (15) – (13) = 2
y+ x = 8 ... (2)
Integer Type Questions :
Subtracting (1) from (2)
1. (9) We know that if ab and ba are any two digit numbers. y+ x = 8
Then y- x = 6
2y = 14
ab = 10a + b and ba = 10b + a
y=7 Þ x=1
\ ab – ba = 10a + b – 10b – a y
=7
= 9a – 9b = 9(a–b) x
This shows that it is divisible by 9.