Collection Preservation and Packaging - Forensic Evidence Management

Collection, Preservation, and Packaging:
Forensic Evidence Management 4

Amandeep Kaur, Faray Jamal, Shikha, Aadya Ramesh,
Aarshaa Sojan, and Devika Dileep
Abstract
Evidence can be any object which helps in establishing a crime or provides a link
between the crime scene, victim, or perpetrator. It can be of any category such as
physical, biological, or trace depending upon the nature of the material. All
evidences at the crime scene should be collected and packaged in such a way
which helps in minimizing degradation and contamination. Whenever possible,
evidences should be submitted in sealed containers using an evidence tape for the
sealing. Each piece of evidence should be packaged separately. Specific
techniques and procedures must be followed during collection and packaging to
maintain the credibility of the evidence. The evidences which are fragile and may
be lost with time, must be collected first. Most of the evidence is collected in
paper bags or envelopes. Leakproof containers must be used for liquid evidence.
Wet evidence must be dried before packaging to avoid any contamination. Along
with the evidence found, control samples of the same must be collected using the
same protocol simultaneously for the purpose of analysis and comparison in the
laboratory. The initials of the officer and the date should be mentioned accurately.
An evidence log and chain of custody must always be attached. Evidence might
lose its evidentiary value if there is anomaly in its collection, preservation, and
packaging.
Keywords
Perpetrator · Degradation · Contamination
A. Kaur (*) · F. Jamal · Shikha · A. Ramesh · A. Sojan · D. Dileep

Department of Forensic Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte 51

Ltd. 2021
J. Singh, N. R. Sharma (eds.), Crime Scene Management within Forensic science,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4091-9_4
52 A. Kaur et al.
4.1 Introduction
Scientific criminal investigation involves searching for the truth and solving the
crimes that occurred with the help of scientific techniques. For this to be realistic, the
evidentiary clues obtained at the primary or at the secondary crime scene should be
handled with extreme care. The current criminal justice law requires that the proof of
the facts to prove a suspect guilty, should be beyond any reasonable doubt. As the
scientific field has progressed and advanced in recent years, the evidences needed to
prove the integrity and truth of a fact have increased considerably. To make sure that
the evidences submitted before the court of law are admitted and defend the
credibility of the investigators, the evidences should be meticulously collected,
packaged carefully, and preserved without fault. The general requirements to be
known while handling a crime scene have been taught to the first-responders and the
investigating officers. Whenever the commission of a heinous crime or any other
crime has been reported, the responding officers must make sure that the primary
crime scene that contains many of the crucial evidences are secured and documented
well before any evidences recollected. The first-responders must always make sure
first that the victims or people present at the crime scene are safe and then the crime
scene should be secured followed by careful documentation and proper collection of
evidences. The scientific evidences submitted in the court of law must be reliable,
objective, convincing, and verifiable for it to be admissible. For all these criteria to
be fulfilled, the evidences must be handled with utmost care. Evidences are of a
very sensitive nature and can lose their integrity once tainted or tampered with.
Contaminated evidences may result in false positives or false negatives which may
in turn result in the incrimination of the innocent and acquittal of the guilty. The
handling of crime should not be delayed and the scene of occurrence should be
promptly examined. As the dictum goes, the success and failure of any investigation
begins and ends at the scene of the occurrence. The scene of crime cannot be
preserved forever and the evidences change with time. There are chances that the
transient evidences may be lost, other sensitive evidences may be lost due to
carelessness or ignorance, and there are also chances of the evidences being tam-
pered. The opportunity to examine the scene to the fullest may only arise once, so the
optimal utilization of the same is of utmost importance. The crime scene should be
processed diligently. No valuable evidences should be lost as the fate of people is
tied to the successful investigation. A standard operating procedure must always be
formed and the details regarding the scene search and evidence collection should be
planned carefully. The investigators must ensure that there is minimum disturbance
to the scene of crime and the evidences therein. All the evidences should be properly
identified, photographed, sketched, marked, tagged, and labeled and packaged
properly. All evidences should be preserved well and caution should be taken, so
as to not alter the evidences while in transit to the forensic lab. The evidences should
all be recorded in the evidence log long with the collector’s name, details of each
evidence, and other details. The chain of custody must be properly followed and
kept, so as to ensure the admissibility of the evidences in the court of law and
4 Collection, Preservation, and Packaging: Forensic Evidence Management 53
maintain its integrity. Everything done at the scene and everything that happens to
the evidences should be recorded and documented.
4.2 General Instructions
The process of collection of evidence should be detailed enough to include as many

relevant clues as possible but at the same time, sufficiently selective not to hinder the
laboratory analysis. Investigators should handle and process evidence using methods
that averts any changes in it during transportation from the crime scene to the
laboratory. Changes might come to light through contamination, rupture, evapora-
tion, scratching or bending by accident, or inappropriate or inattentive packaging.
• Always non-shedding clothes must be worn to a crime scene along with

non-powdered gloves and expendable lab coats to package evidence. The use
of latex gloves or expendable forceps for collecting evidence can avert such
issues.
• Any tool that is non-disposable must be cleaned or sanitized after every use.
• Evidence should not be moved until the officials have documented the precise
location and semblance in notes, sketches, and photographs.
• Evidence always keeps up the quality when preserved in its initial condition as it
was obtained from the crime scene.
• Whenever evidence is submitted in the court as an exhibit, the officials should
establish the continuity of possessions of the evidence, which in legal terms is
known as the chain of custody which means that the investigator should account
for each and every official who handled or examined the evidence. Failure to
provide the evidence’s chain of custody might lead to significant questioning with
respect to the authenticity and integrity of the evidence and its subsequent
analysis.
• Clinging to standard protocols in documenting the position of evidence, labeling
it for the purpose of identification, and accurately filling the forms for evidence
submission for the purpose of laboratory analysis are the accurate methods for the
evidence to withstand inquiries about what happened to the evidence from the
time it was found at the crime scene to its submission in court.
• Once an investigator selects a particular container for evidence collection, they
must labeled it for its identification. Containers for evidence packaging usually
contain a preprinted identification form on them; if not, the collector should attach
a tag to the container.
• All evidence packages’ openings should be sealed with evidence tape. The
official who packaged the evidence should mention their initials and the date of
collection on the tape seal.
• Anyone who detaches the evidence for the purpose of analysis or observation at
any stage must try to avoid tampering the original seal so that the labeling on the
seal will not be lost.
54 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.1 Pill boxes of

different sizes and shapes for
the packaging of different
trace evidences
Also, anyone who reseals the packaging must record their initials and the date of
packaging on the new seal. Usually, the detail of the evidence that is used to prove
the chain of custody shows the collector’s initials, location of the evidence, and
the date of collection.
• Transfer of evidence to any other individual should be noted down in notes and
other appropriate forms. Also, all individuals who possess the evidence must
maintain a record of its acquisition and disposition.
• All individuals involved in the collection, preservation, and packaging of the
evidence should testify in court regarding the same. Therefore, to evade any
confusion and to maintain integrity of the evidence at all times, the handling of
evidence should be kept to a minimum. Whenever a delay occurs in handling the
evidence, the official should store the evidence securely with only limited access
by any personnel (Figs. 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 4.5).
4.3 Biological
4.3.1 Body
• Human: Normal, Skeletal, Charred, etc.
4.3.1.1 Collection
• The body is to be handled only by the medical examiner or appropriate authorized
personnel from the medical examiner’s office. The body should not be moved and
should be documented by photography, videography, note-making, and sketching
before being handled.
Fig. 4.2 Non-metal tweezers

with smooth or rubber tips
used at crime scenes for
collection of trace or delicate
evidences
Fig. 4.3 Ziplock plastic bags

in different sizes for pack-
aging purpose
• The body should not be cleaned or tested for fingerprints or GSR, etc., at the scene
but details like state of rigor/livor mortis, body temperature, visual anomalies,
etc., should be noted.
• Avoid causing further damage to the body during removal from the scene, though
it may be unavoidable in cases of bodies at mass disasters or fire incidents.
• In case of bodies at a CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear)
disaster, the bodies must be stripped of all personal effects and both the body and
personal effects need to be separately decontaminated with sodium hypochlorite
at a site removed from the disaster zone. The decontaminated body must then be
double-bagged in leakproof body bags or special CBRN bags and stored in
refrigerated repositories.
56 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.4 Paper bags of

different sizes used to pack
evidences, especially those
stained with body fluids
Fig. 4.5 Steps involved in

preparing a paper bindle for
packaging of trace evidence
collected from a crime scene
4.3.1.2 Preservation
• The body must be transported to the lab within an hour of initial assessment of the
body by the medical examiner.
• Care must be taken to preserve trace evidence that may be present on the body
like hair strands or GSR, etc.
4.3.1.3 Packaging
• Paper bags are used to enclose each of the hands and the head, secured with
adhesive tape or twine at the wrists and neck, respectively.
• The body may be either encased in a body bag with a zipper or it may be wrapped
in a clean, unused plastic sheet about 2 m2. The body is gently placed in the
middle of the sheet and the edges are tightly wound around the body and secured
with adhesive tape to securely encase the body along with all the trace evidence
on it.
• Alternatively, cling film may also be used to wrap the bodies, especially in mass
disaster zones as an adequate number of body bags may not be readily available.
4.3.2 Animal Carcass
4.3.2.1 Collection
• The carcass should first be placed on a taped-down butcher paper or white roll
sheet and combed gently to collect any trace evidence present. This may also be
done on live animals. Alternatively, a special evidence vacuum may be used for
the same.
• The body is refrigerated if it is not in advanced stages of decomposition or if it is
for a short time duration.
• For longer storage periods and decomposed carcasses, freezing is preferred.
4.3.2.3 Packaging
• Paper bags are used to enclose the feet of the animal, which is secured with
zip-ties or rubber bands.
• Bags of cloth/plastic are used to wrap the head, which is secured with adhesive
tape or string.
• The entire carcass is then encased in a sterile white sheet before being placed in a
body bag.
4.3.3 Body Fluids
• Blood.
4.3.3.1 Collection
• Wet stains need to be air-dried before collection of entire object (if portable).
• For stains on large immovable objects, the stained area is gently cut out or
removed using other appropriate methods.
• Another option is to use sterile cotton swabs dampened with biological grade
distilled water, to swab the stain. At least two swabs are collected for a stain and
they are labeled and packed separately.
• The stain on immovable objects may also be scraped off if possible.
• Control samples taken from a person are collected in EDTA or ACD tubes, from
cardiac cavity, thoracic cavity, and blood clots if any.
58 A. Kaur et al.
• Stained objects or dry scraping are kept at room temperature (37 C) for transport.
• Liquid blood, such as control samples, are stored at 4 C for a short term or at
20 C or 80 C for a longer period, with EDTA as a preservative. For DUI
cases, the vacutainers contain potassium oxalate as the anticoagulant and sodium
fluoride as the preservative.
4.3.3.3 Packaging
• Paper bags or cardboard boxes are used to package the bloodstained object and
swabs. The objects must be immobilized so that evidences like fingerprints or
other trace/impression evidences are not destroyed.
• Smaller paper bindles are used for packaging the dry blood scrapings.
• EDTA tubes may be either packed in special cool-boxes or packed in a plastic bag
and then placed in a cooler for transport.
• For body fluid to be submitted for toxicological analysis, it is collected in 10 mL
vacutainers (grey or red top) (Figs. 4.6, 4.7, and 4.8).
4.3.4 Semen
4.3.4.1 Collection
Fig. 4.6 Body fluid

collection tools: syringes of
different volumes.
Fig. 4.7 Infusion set used for

blood collection from infants
Fig. 4.8 Various blood

collection containers
(vacutainers) with different
preservatives depending on
the analysis to be conducted in
the future
• Liquid samples, such as control samples, are stored at 4 C for a short term or at
20 C or 80 C for a longer period, without any addition of preservatives.
4.3.4.3 Packaging
• Paper bags or cardboard boxes are used to package the stained object. The objects
must be immobilized so that evidences like fingerprints or other trace/impression
evidences are not destroyed.
• Smaller paper envelopes are used for packaging the swabs.
60 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.9 Semen collection

container for standard samples
Fig. 4.10 Used condom as

an evidence with semen sam-
ple, helpful in obtaining DNA
of the person involved
• Liquid samples, such as control samples are collected in plastic, leakproof

containers.
vacutainers (grey or red top) (Figs. 4.9 and 4.10).
4.3.5 Urine
4.3.5.1 Collection
• At least 50 ml of control sample is collected.
• Samples are stored at 4 C for a short term or at 20 C or 80 C for a longer
period, without any addition of preservatives.
• Liquid samples, such as control samples, are kept refrigerated.
4.3.5.3 Packaging
• Liquid samples, such as control samples, are collected in plastic leakproof
containers.
vacutainers (grey or red top) (Fig. 4.11).
Fig. 4.11 Sterile containers

for collection of standard
urine sample
62 A. Kaur et al.
4.3.6 Saliva
4.3.6.1 Collection
• Control samples may be collected as a liquid or with a cheek swab, which is
particularly useful for DNA analysis.
• Liquid samples, such as control samples, are kept refrigerated.
4.3.6.3 Packaging
• Liquid samples, such as control samples, are collected in leakproof containers
made of glass.
vacutainers (grey or red top) (Fig. 4.12).
Fig. 4.12 Swab kit for

buccal swab collection.
Similar swabs are used for
collection of body fluid stains
from the crime scene
4.3.7 Vaginal Fluid
4.3.7.1 Collection
• Control samples may be collected by swabbing the vaginal walls, which is to be
done only by an authorized medical personnel and with the consent of the person.
• Control samples are kept refrigerated.
4.3.7.3 Packaging
4.3.8 Vitreous Humor
4.3.8.1 Collection
• Samples may be collected using a 14 or 16 gauge needle and syringe by the
medical examiner for toxicological analysis in suspected cases of poisoning.
4.3.8.3 Packaging
• Sample collected from each eye is stored separately in leakproof containers.
4.3.9 Sweat
4.3.9.1 Collection
64 A. Kaur et al.
• Stained objects are kept at room temperature (37 C) for transport.
4.3.9.3 Packaging
4.3.10 Tears
4.3.10.1 Collection
• Stained objects are kept at room temperature (37 C) for transport.
4.3.10.3 Packaging
4.3.11 Feces
4.3.11.1 Collection
• Moldy samples are usually not collected.
• Samples are immediately frozen.
4.3.11.3 Packaging
• Smaller paper envelopes are used for packaging the swabs and scrapings
(Fig. 4.13).
4.3.12 Bile
4.3.12.1 Collection
• Bile is collected from the gall bladder by an authorized medical personnel using a
syringe.
• 10–20 mL is collected.
Fig. 4.13 Stool/faeces

collection container, used
specially in medical
institutions
66 A. Kaur et al.
4.3.12.3 Packaging
• Sample is packed in leakproof plastic containers.
4.3.13 Body Parts
4.3.13.1 Hair/Fur
Collection
• Samples may be collected using plastic tweezers or by using adhesive evidence
collection lifters/adhesive tape.
• If the hair strands are found affixed/embedded in dried blood or soft material,
carefully pack the entire substrate.
• Control samples should be collected for each color, from different locations on
the body, present with an intact root. They can be collected by plucking or gentle
massaging to dislodge loose hair.
• For humans, control samples are taken from the head and pubic region (in sexual
assault cases) around 50–100 and 30–60 strands, respectively. Before collecting
hair from the pubic region, it should be coxed to collect any other traces that may
be present.
• For animals, 10–20 strands are collected from dorsal and ventral body areas, the
tail/mane, and the neck (guard hair).
Preservation
• Samples are stored at room temperature (37 C).
Packaging
• Sample is packed securely in coin envelopes or druggists’ fold and then placed in
larger envelopes (Fig. 4.14).
4.3.13.2 Feather
Collection
• It is collected using soft-tip tweezers.
• Control samples are collected from different regions of the bird’s body.
Fig. 4.14 Hair strand is a

common trace evidence useful
for DNA and toxicological
analyses
Preservation
• Samples are stored at room temperature, without any addition of preservatives.
Packaging
• They are packed in resealable plastic bags or paper bags.
4.3.13.3 Nails
Collection
• Scrapings are collected using a scalpel or evidence scraper.
• Entire nail/claw may be removed by cutting it off at the base, especially from the
deceased.
Preservation
• Samples are stored at room temperature (37 C).
Packaging
• Sample is packed securely in coin envelopes or druggists’ fold and then placed in
larger envelopes (Fig. 4.15).
4.3.13.4 Tissue/Organs/Fetal Remains
Collection
• Samples are collected from the body only by a medical examiner, unless found
mutilated, i.e., outside the body at a scene of crime.
• Three-layer adhesive tape may be used to recover shed epithelial cells from a
surface, mostly one that is nonporous.
68 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.15 Nail clippings

collected as evidence
• Skin tissue with a radius of 2–4 cm is collected around the area of any puncture
marks or chemical burns, when appropriate.
Preservation
• Samples are frozen immediately without preservative for DNA analysis.
• Samples for toxicological analysis are frozen with either saline or, very rarely,
formalin as a preservative.
• Tape lifts are stored a room temperature.
Packaging
• Sample is packed securely in sterile, leakproof plastic containers and then placed
in a cool-box.
• Tape lifts are pasted on appropriate backing material and then packed in paper
envelopes.
4.3.13.5 Bones/Teeth
Collection
• For toxicological analysis, bones from skeletal remains may be collected as
crushed particles. Synovial fluid and bone marrow may also be extracted for
the same.
• When entire unsaved bone is collected, femur is preferred.
• Teeth may be collected from a body, for analysis. Usually, molars are considered
appropriate for the same.
• Entire nail/claw may be removed by cutting it off at the base, especially from the
deceased.
Preservation
• Samples are air-dried.
• No preservative is added nor are they cleaned or bleached.
Packaging
• Sample is wrapped in brown paper/cloth before being packed in cardboard boxes.
• If the sample is wet, it is packed in leakproof containers.
4.3.13.6 Stomach Contents
Collection
• For toxicological analysis, the distal and pyloric ends of the stomach are clamped
and it is cut open to collect the contents.
• Entire content is collected and any distinctive odors are noted, except in cases of
suspected gaseous poisoning.
Preservation
• Samples are collected without addition of any preservative.
• It is refrigerated if immediate testing is not carried out.
Packaging
• Sample is collected and stored in leakproof plastic containers.
4.3.13.7 Plant Evidences: Pollen, Leaves, Wood/Woodcraft, etc.
Collection
• For macroscopic plant material, sufficient representative sample is collected from
the bulk.
• Pollen can be collected from a surface using adhesive tape or adhesive evidence
collectors.
• Control samples for pollen may be directly taken from the plant or it may also be
collected as pollen present in soil or water. 15–20 grams of soil is collected from
the top 1 cm layer of soil. For samples of water, 0.5–1 L is collected.
Preservation
• Dry samples are stored at room temperature (37 C).
• Moist/wet samples are frozen though samples of water may be preserved by
adding alcohol/phenol.
Packaging
• Adhesive collectors are packed in paper envelopes.
• Soil and water samples are packed in sterile, leakproof glass or plastic containers.
• Macroscopic plant material is air-dried and loosely packed in paper bags
(Fig. 4.16).
70 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.16 Plant evidences are

often parts of a plant like
pollen (left) or wood pieces
(right), Pollen grains, a trace
evidence, is useful in
identifying the geographical
locations involved in a crime
4.3.13.8 Entomological Evidence
Collection
• Eggs and larvae of an entomological species, most commonly the blowfly, can be
collected using forceps. A paint brush moistened with water may also be effective
for the same.
• If maggots of different ages/sizes are present, both should be collected with
attention to the larger ones.
• Sampling must be done from different sites and samples from each site (ideally
50–100 in number) should be stored separately.
• Adult flies can be collected using an insect net or a moistened paint brush.
Preservation
• Eggs are preserved in 75–95% alcohol or 50% isopropyl alcohol. They may also
be stored on damp cloth with sufficient fee (like beef liver) if there is a long wait
before testing.
• Larvae and maggots are preserved by immersing them in very hot (but not
boiling) water and then placed in 70% alcohol. Half of the entire sample must
be kept alive.
• Adult flies do not require any preservation, though is valued, they may be
preserved in alcohol.
• Diptera and Coleoptera specimens are directly preserved in alcohol, as they
cannot be kept alive for long periods of time. They are much harder to feed
because they require their food to be at a certain level of decomposition.
Packaging
• All specimens are collected in glass vials/containers.
• For eggs, the vial is secured with a damp towel at the opening, held on with a
rubber band.
• For live specimens, plastic urinalysis vials may be used with a damp paper towel
at the bottom and only a few specimens at the bottom of the container. Since they
require air, dry paper towels secured with rubber bands are more appropriate lids
than the supplied lid.
• Adult flies can be kept in containers with supplied lids or dry paper towels.
• Live beetles are mostly predators and hence should not be packed together in a
single container.
• Empty pupal cases are collected in containers packed with paper towels for
cushioning them against any impact.
• The vials must be stored upright in cardboard boxes for transportation.
4.3.13.9 Microbes
Collection
• For transportable objects, entire substrate is collected.
• For large bulky samples, a representative sample or a small portion of the object is
collected by vacuuming, filtration, or by water sample collection.
• Microbes, which are trace materials, are also collected by swabbing or wiping the
surface with dry/moistened swab/wipe.
• Sample collection devices also include particulate air vacuums, filters, and
aspirating needles.
Preservation
• Samples are mostly dried and frozen or preserved on ice though certain samples
may be stored at room temperature.
• Preservative techniques vary from sample to sample.
Packaging
• Packaging depends on the particular sample, in general, they are stored in paper
packets or airtight plastic containers which prevent external influences/contami-
nation (Fig. 4.17 and Table 4.1).
4.4 Physical
4.4.1 Paint and Ink
4.4.1.1 Collection
• For transportable objects, entire object containing paint smear is collected.
• Paint chips can be collected by hand or using soft-tipped forceps.
72 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.17 Biological evidences, especially those from human sources, are packed in containers as
mentioned above and then packed in biohazard bags such as these or tagged with a biohazard tape
• Loosely attached chips can be collected by lifting, prying, or dislodging the paint
by gently hitting the opposite side of the surface.
• Do not use strong adhesive tape for lifting.
• Standard samples for paint are collected from undamaged areas of object with
emphasis on proving and collecting all the layers of the paint. This can be done
using a scalpel.
• Pens contain ink may also be collected for comparison.
• No preservatives are required. Just airtight, leakproof conditions.
4.4.1.3 Packaging
• Paint chips or paint in a solid form are packed in spill-proof pillboxes. Druggists’
fold is also used to store paint chips though it is not widely approved.
• Liquid paint/ink may be stored in leakproof metal paint cans or glass containers.
They are then packed in cardboard or wooden box with sufficient padding to
prevent breakage.
Table 4.1 Biological evidences, especially those from human sources, are packed in containers as
mentioned above and then packed in biohazard bags such as these or tagged with a biohazard tape
S. no Evidence Preservation Packaging
1 Human body Transport within the hour of Paper bags to cover hands and
finding the body head, body bag with zipper or
plastic sheet or cling wrap for
body
2 Animal carcass Refrigerate only in early Paper bags for feet, plastic/cloth
decomposition stages or for bags for head
short duration Sterile white sheet to wrap
Freeze for longer periods entire carcass
3 Blood Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
object or dry scraping, 4 C for stained objects, dry scrapping
short-term and 20 C for vacutainers for liquid samples,
long-term storage of liquid swab kit for swabs, then packed
sample EDTA or potassium in paper bags
oxalate for liquid sample
4 Semen Room temperature, for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
object, 4 C for short-term and stained objects,
20 C for long-term storage of Leakproof plastic containers for
liquid sample liquid samples,
Swab kit for swabs, then packed
in paper bags
5 Urine Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
object, 4 C for short-term and stained objects,
20 C for long-term storage of Leakproof plastic containers for
liquid sample liquid samples,
in paper bags
6 Saliva Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
object/swabs, liquid samples stained objects,
are refrigerated Leakproof glass containers for
liquid samples,
in paper bags
7 Vaginal fluid Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
object, stained objects
Liquid samples are refrigerated Swab kit for swabs, then packed
in paper bags
8 Vitreous humor 4 C for short-term and 20 C Leakproof container
for long-term storage
9 Sweat Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
objects stained objects
in paper bags
10 Tears Room temperature for stained Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
objects stained objects
in paper bags
11 Feces Immediately frozen Paper bags/cardboard boxes for
stained objects
(continued)
74 A. Kaur et al.
Table 4.1 (continued)

S. no Evidence Preservation Packaging
Paper bindles for dry scrapping
in paper bags
12 Bile 4 C for short-term and 20 C Leakproof container
for long-term storage
13 Hair/fur Room temperature Coin envelope/druggists’ fold,
then placed in larger paper bag
14 Feather Room temperature Plastic resealable bags
15 Nails Room temperature Coin envelope/druggists’ fold,
then placed in larger paper bag
16 Tissue/organs/ Frozen immediately for DNA Leakproof plastic container and
fetal remains analysis placed in cool-box(for
Saline or formalin as transport). Tape is pasted on
preservative for toxicological backing and packed in paper
sample envelopes
Room temperature for tape
(epithelial cells)
17 Bones/teeth Air-dry and do not clean/bleach Wrapped in brown paper/cloth,
then packed in cardboard box.
Leakproof containers for wet
samples
18 Stomach Refrigerate if not immediately Leakproof plastic container
contents tested
19 Plant evidences: Room temperature for dry Paper bags for macroscopic
pollen, leaves, sample material
wood/wood- Freeze moist/wet samples Glass/plastic containers for soil/
craft, etc. Alcohol/phenol for preserving water sample
water samples Paper envelopes for adhesive
collectors
20 Entomological Differs from sample to sample Glass containers packed upright
evidence though alcohol is a common in sturdy nonmetal boxes
preservative
21 Microbes Dry and freeze/store on ice Paper packets or airtight plastic
room temp. for certain samples containers
• While packaging depends on the particular sample, in general, they are stored in
paper packets or airtight plastic containers which prevent external influences/
contamination (Fig. 4.18).
4.4.2 Glass
4.4.2.1 Collection
• In cases where it is possible that all the fragments of glass may be pieced back
together, it is imperative to collect all the fragments.
Fig. 4.18 A paint chip
• Both sides of the laminated glass as found in windshields are collected separately.
• For particles embedded in the clothing of a person, the clothes are carefully
collected.
• Tiny glass particles present inside a vehicle can be collected using special
vacuuming devices.
• Standard samples, around 1 sq.in. should be from the residual glass at a point
closest to the breakage.
• Do not process broken glass fragments for latent prints.
• Avoid chipping.
4.4.2.3 Packaging
• Each piece/object containing glass particles should be separately packed in paper,
and then securely packed in a wooden/cardboard box with sufficient padding.
• Smaller fragments are packed in film canisters or plastic pill bottles. Paper bindles
and glass/metal containers are not used for packing glass evidence.
• The larger glass pieces can be secured between sheets of plywood or sturdy
cardboard.
• Do not place any heavy objects at the area of impact.
4.4.3 Soil
4.4.3.1 Collection
• Collect soil samples as quickly as possible as they are transient evidence. In case
of impression of footwear or tire, document with photography/videography
before collection.
76 A. Kaur et al.
• Soil adhering to portable objects should not be removed. The soil should be
allowed to air-dry and the object collected in its entirety.
• Soil present on a vehicle or between tire treads should be allowed to dry before
scraping it carefully to maintain the integrity of the layers of soil formed.
• Collect 1–2 tbsp of control samples from the scene of crime, possible entry and
exit points, possible secondary locations for comparison. Control samples should
be collected from the same depth as from where the suspected sample may have
originated from, usually the topsoil layer.
• No preservatives are required. Just airtight, leakproof conditions.
4.4.3.3 Packaging
• Specimens are collected in plastic containers, each labeled with the site of
collection.
• For objects with soil adhered to it, air-dry the sample, wrap it in paper and then
pack it in a paper bag/cardboard box.
4.4.4 Fiber/Clothes (of Victim/Suspect)
4.4.4.1 Collection
• Individual fibers are picked up using plastic forceps though in some cases
adhesive tape lifts may also be used.
• Whenever possible, it is preferable to collect the entire garment/textile on which
the fibers are present or may have originated from.
• Car seats should be carefully covered with polyethylene sheets to protect fiber
evidence.
• No preservatives are required for transport. Just airtight, leakproof conditions.
4.4.4.3 Packaging
• Fibers are packed in paper bindles or druggist fold or in plastic pill bottles, before
placing in a larger paper bag.
• Clothing is packed in paper bags, with each article of clothing packed separately
(Fig. 4.19).
4.4.5 Tools: Knives, Hammer, Ax, Saw, etc.
4.4.5.1 Collection
• Handle the tool wearing gloves and if possible handle the tool at points where the
possibility of obtaining a fingerprint may be less.
• Make silicone casts of tool mark, if feasible (Fig. 4.20).
Fig. 4.19 Fiber strand which

may be collected using
forceps or tape lift
Fig. 4.20 Sharp tools like

knife are kept in padded
containers
• No preservatives but, airtight conditions are required.
4.4.5.3 Packaging
• Tool ends are wrapped in paper/paper bags such that none of the trace evidence or
marks are affected, contaminated, or tampered with. Secure the bag with tape
ensuring it is not on the cut end.
• Place the wrapped tool evidence in a study box and pack it appropriately to
prevent any jostling during transport.
78 A. Kaur et al.
4.4.6 Cordage: Wires, Rope/Cloth (Strangulation)
4.4.6.1 Collection
• If knots are present, do not untie them. Collect the cordage as it is, with the knots.
• In cases where it needs to be cut, do not cut at the knots. Reattach the cut ends
with cable ties.
• Collect fibers using tape lift or forceps.
• No preservatives but, airtight, leakproof conditions are required.
4.4.6.3 Packaging
• Cordage is packed in paper bags or resealable plastic bags.
• Seal edges with adhesive tape.
4.4.7 Ballistics
4.4.7.1 Firearm
Collection
• After noting down details about the firearm, handle it by the edge of the trigger
guard or the checked grip.
• Unload the firearm and empty the chamber but do not disassemble the firearm.
Note the position of hammer and safety, number and location of fired and unfired
ammunition, chamber position, etc.
• If the firearm was recovered from water, do not dry/clean it.
• All firearm attachments must be collected like silencer, scopes, etc.
Preservation
• Precautions must be taken to avoid rusting of the firearm, when possible.
• It is forbidden to make any marks on the firearm or the ammunition. Any labeling
needs to be done on the container or on an attached label tag.
• Avoid stuffing/corking the barrel. It will contaminate the trace evidence print in
the barrel.
• Weapons recovered from water should be kept submerged in a container
containing the same water, during transport.
Packaging
• Wrap the firearm in a clean cloth/paper and then pack in a sturdy box with
sufficient padding material to protect from damage due to jostling.
• Wrap attachments in a similar manner but distinctly and in separate boxes.
4.4.7.2 Projectiles (Bullets/Pellets): Fired/Un-Fired
Collection
• Collection of bullets lodged in a target should be carefully extracted by gently
breaking away the surrounding structure and without directly touching the pro-
jectile with any tool.
• Projectiles lodged in a body are removed by the authorized medical personnel
using their fingers instead of a tool, so as to preserve the markings on the bullet.
Preservation
• The projectiles must not be cleaned. Any trace material present on it must be
preserved as it is.
Packaging
• Wrap the projectile in soft tissue paper and then pack properly into a pill box or
match box. Avoid using cotton or gauze as padding.
• If the projectile is wet, do not use plastic containers.
• Mark the container as containing ammunition.
4.4.7.3 Casings
Collection
• Empty casings can be collected from the scene by hand or by using rubber-tipped
forceps.
Preservation
• Care must be taken to prevent any damage or formation of additional striations/
marks on the casing.
• In cases where there may be chances of recovering a print, do not unload
cartridges from the gun.
Packaging
• Each casing should be individually wrapped in paper bags and then packed in a
rigid box with sufficient padding material to protect from damage due to jostling
or friction.
4.4.7.4 Documents: Normal, Burnt/Charred,

Handwritten/Typewritten/Printed
Collection
• Documents are picked using rubber-tipped forceps, especially fragile ones like
charred or ancient documents.
• Exemplars or standard samples are collected from suspected authors by asking
them to write a text containing similar words as the questioned document on a
material with a writing instrument same/similar as that of the questioned
80 A. Kaur et al.
document. The exemplar must be signed by the writer and a witness. The process
is repeated several times for the same text using the same materials by the same
author.
• Typewriter ribbons that contain carbon copy of the typed text can be collected to
link a document to a typewriter. Exemplars are taken after replacing the ribbon
and typing a document of all the characters possible on the typewriter.
• Exemplars of photocopies can be taken by creating photocopies with/without
document and with/without the cover down. This helps identify individualistic
trash marks if any.
• Burnt/charred documents must be handled with extreme care, so as to prevent
further damage.
Preservation
• Do not create any marks, folds, cuts, tears, or stains on the document.
• Solution of polyvinyl acetate in acetone may be used to stabilize burnt document.
Else the charred document could be encapsulated in polyester film or between
cotton layers in a rigid box.
• Keep the documents away from moisture, humidity, and excessive sunlight.
• The document should be stored in an airtight container with silica gel desiccant or
lump of quicklime or a crystal of thymol or pentachlorophenol. Glue or adhesive
is protected by 0.5% of Santobrite.
• Water, salt, and acid should never be applied to the blood-stained document as
they may remove the blood stains.
Packaging
• Pack in celluloid map-case/polythene envelopes/cellophane folders and then in a
manila folder.
• Burnt documents are packed in polyester film or between layers of cotton in a
container.
• Documents suspected to contain indented writings should be kept in a shallow
box (Fig. 4.21).
4.4.7.5 Printers, Typewriters
Collection
• Printer and typewriters are packed as a whole, if required to be tested.
• Parts of the typewriter like thimble, ribbon, etc., are also collected.
Preservation
• Care must be taken to prevent any damage to the mechanical parts of the
equipment.
Packaging
• Pack in a sturdy box with sufficient padding material to protect from damage due
to jostling.
Fig. 4.21 Partially burnt

document as an evidence
collected and packaged in a
transparent folder
4.4.7.6 Adhesive Tape
Collection
• If adhesive tape is found adhering to a portable object, collect entire object as
evidence.
• If the object is too large to be transported or is a live being, gently peel the
adhesive tape, so as to not leave the collector’s prints on the tape.
Preservation
• It is important to ensure that the tape does not fold unto itself while collection,
packaging, or transport.
Packaging
• The object with adhesive tape sticking to it is packed in wax-lined box or boxes
lined with slick paper.
• When the tape itself is collected, it is mounted on wax or cellophane sheets and
then securely packed in a pill box or paper bag.
4.4.8 Impressions (Latent/Visible/3D)
4.4.8.1 Toolmarks
Collection
• For 3D prints, casts may be developed after photographing the marks, using
liquid silicone. A minimum of two casts are to be made, if feasible.
• If the object containing the tool mark is portable, the entire object is collected.
82 A. Kaur et al.
Preservation
• Avoid matching a suspect tool to the impression, so as to avoid any changes/
alterations.
Packaging
• Cover the marks on the object with paper to prevent further etching and then
securely pack in a rigid container using newspaper layers. Avoid using
plastic bags.
4.4.8.2 Fingerprint, Foot Print, Palm Print, Lip Print, Ear Print
Collection
• For 2D prints, photograph, with scale, at an oblique angle to ensure clarity of
detail.
• If the object containing the tool mark is portable, collect the entire object.
• For latent prints, chemical or physical visualizing methods are employed before
tape lifting or photographing the visualized impression.
Preservation
• Ensure individual items are packed separately and eliminate any risk of abrasion
to the surface of the object.
• Coated lift backings or fixed photographic papers are utilized for tape lifting.
• Ensure removal of air bubbles while lifting a print.
Packaging
• For portable objects, wrap in cellophane before packing in a rigid cardboard box
with support or in a paper bag.
• Lifted prints are packed in paper envelopes and sealed.
• Plastic containers may be used for objects that were retrieved from water
(Fig. 4.22, 4.23, 4.24, and 4.25).
4.4.8.3 Tire Marks
Collection
detail.
• Impressions in dust can be lifted using an ESDA, which transfers the print to a
Mylar sheet by using electrostatic charging. Gelatin lifters may also be used for
lifting impressions from smooth nonporous surfaces.
• For 3D prints, casts may be developed after photographing the marks, using
Plaster of Paris (PoP) or dental stone. A minimum of two casts are to be made, if
feasible. Snow Impression Wax is used to cast impressions made in snow. Snow
impressions are first coated with 2–3 layers of Snow Impression Wax before
pouring Class 1 dental stone to develop the cast.
Fig. 4.22 Latent fingerprint

collected using powder
method and preserved
Fig. 4.23 Plastic fingerprint

with identifiable ridge
characteristics on a substrate
Preservation
• Photography must be done at various angles to document the impression before
lifting of casting.
• The cast should be allowed to dry for 24–48 hours before transporting it to the
laboratory.
• Electrostatic lifts are preserved by placing it in a paper file folder and then packing
it in a shallow photographic paper box.
84 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.24 Lip print as an

evidence on substrate at a
crime scene
Fig. 4.25 Footwear print

collected on a paper and
preserved by photography
both with and without scale
Packaging
• Air-dry the casts before wrapping it in bubble wrap and then pack in a paper bag.
4.4.8.4 Footwear Impression
Collection
detail.
• Impressions in dust can be lifted using an ESDA, which transfers the print to a
Mylar sheet by using electrostatic charging. Gelatin lifters may also be used for
lifting impressions from smooth nonporous surfaces..
• For 3D prints, casts may be developed after photographing the marks, using PoP
or dental stone. A minimum of two casts are to be made, if feasible. Snow
Impression Wax is used to cast impressions made in snow. Snow impressions
are first coated with 2–3 layers of Snow Impression Wax before pouring Class
1 dental stone to develop the cast.
Preservation
• Photography must be done at various angles to document the impression before
lifting of casting.
• The cast should be allowed to dry for 24–48 hours before transporting it to the
laboratory.
• Electrostatic lifts are preserved by placing it in a paper file folder and then packing
it in a shallow photographic paper box.
Packaging
• Air-dry the casts before wrapping it in bubble wrap and then pack in a paper bag
(Fig. 4.26 and Table 4.2).
4.5 Chemical
4.5.1 Drugs/Poisons/Medicines
4.5.1.1 Collection
• Sterile tweezers are used to collect the evidence.
• Determine the exact number of pills, capsules, baggies, marijuana cigarettes, etc.,
before packaging.
• Medicines found in bottles or boxes should be left as such in those containers that
are then marked and sealed. The information on the prescription label might be
significant.
• Moist evidence is air-dried before being sealed in the collection bags.
• Liquid samples are refrigerated and others are stored at room temperature.
4.5.1.3 Packaging
• Paper containers or envelopes are used for loosely packaging nonliquid
evidences, while plastic containers are avoided to prevent the environmental
contamination and/or deterioration.
86 A. Kaur et al.
Fig. 4.26 Steps involved in preparation of cast of footwear print at a crime scene using plaster of
Paris for preservation of the same
• Liquid evidences are packaged in sterile, leakproof glass stoppered bottles and
sealed with adhesive tape and wax.
• Heat-sealed KAPAK bags are used to package drugs like PCP.
• When possible the drugs and their packing materials should be separated and then
packed individually. The packaging may be forwarded to examine for latent
prints (Fig. 4.27).
4.5.2 Drug Paraphernalia: Beakers, Containers, Packets, Tubing,

Syringe, Spoon
4.5.2.1 Collection
• Sterile tweezers are used to collect the evidence.
• Medicine bottles or boxes should be collected as such since the information on the
prescription label might be significant.
• Empty liquid from smoking devices into a separate container.
Table 4.2 Steps involved in preparation of cast of footwear print at a crime scene using plaster of
Paris for preservation of the same
S. no. Evidences Preservation Packaging
1 Paint and ink – Pillboxes or paper bindles for
paint chips.
Metal or glass containers for
liquid samples
2 Glass Avoid chipping or Paper bags for objects with glass,
processing fragments then packed in rigid boxes with
for latent prints at scene padding
Plastic pill boxes for small
fragments plywood sheets/sturdy
cardboard for securing large
fragments between them.
3 Soil – Plastic container
Paper bags for objects containing
soil on it
4 Fiber/clothes Car seats are covered Paper bindles or plastic pill
(of Victim/suspect) with polyethylene bottles and then placed in paper
sheets bags
5 Tools—knives, – Wrap in paper and pack in a rigid
hammer, axe, saw, etc. nonmetal box with padding
6 Cordage—wires, rope/ – Paper or plastic bags
cloth(strangulation)
7 Firearm Prevent rusting. Wrap in cloth or paper and pack
Avoid marking directly in a rigid nonmetal box with
on the firearm or padding
cocking the barrel
8 Projectiles (bullets/ Do not clean. Preserve Wrap in a soft tissue paper and
pellets): fired/unfired trace evidence print on pack in match box with padding
it
9 Casings Preserve potential Wrap individually in a paper bag
prints by not touching and then pack in a rigid nonmetal
them container
10 Documents: normal, Polyvinyl acetate Celluloid map-case/polythene
burnt/charred, solution for burnt envelope/cellophane folder and
handwritten/ documents then packed into manila folder
typewritten/printed Store with desiccant polyester films or cotton layers
like silica gel for burnt documents
11 Printers, typewriters Avoid damage to parts Rigid box with padding
12 Adhesive tape Prevent tape from Wax lined boxes OR
folding unto itself Mounted on wax/cellophane
sheet and packed in paper bags
13 Toolmarks Do not attempt to Cover mark with paper then pack
directly match tool to in a rigid box with newspaper
mark padding
14 Fingerprint, footprint, Avoid air bubbles while Paper packaging.
palm print, lip print, ear tape lifting prints. Cellophane wrapping and
print Avoid smudging of packing in a cardboard box with
print padding for portable objects with
(continued)
88 A. Kaur et al.
Table 4.2 (continued)

prints.
Plastic packaging for objects
retrieved from water
15 Tire marks Air-dry casts. Paper packaging.
Store electrostatic lifts Cellophane wrapping and
in paper packing in a cardboard box with
padding for casts
16 Footwear impressions Air-dry casts. Paper packaging.
Store electrostatic lifts Cellophane wrapping and
in paper packing in a cardboard box with
padding for casts
Fig. 4.27 Marijuana is one

of the most commonly seized
drugs, especially from
individual youth users
• Moist evidence is air-dried before being sealed in the collection bags.
• Liquid samples are stored at room temperature in airtight conditions.
4.5.2.3 Packaging
• Syringes are packed in specialized syringe safety containers which are plastic
cylinders with a Styrofoam bottom on to which the needle of the syringe is
embedded.
• Packing materials are carefully packed in paper envelopes, so as to not smudge
any latent prints that may be present.
• Glass items are packed carefully in cardboard boxes, with appropriate amount of
padding.
• Paraphernalia-like tubes and spoons are air-dried and packed in paper bags.
4.5.3 Arson/Explosion: Accelerants, Residue, Parts of Explosive
4.5.3.1 Collection
• Appropriate PPE should be worn by the collector, such as TYVEK® suit with
latex or chloroprene gloves and sterile tools should be used to collect the
evidence.
• Explosives residue can be deposited on metal, plastic, wood, paper, glass, cloth,
and other surfaces. Residue may be deposited due to handling, storing, or
initiating an explosive.
• Collect control samples from the blast zone.
• The fragile evidences should be collected first before the bigger and heavier ones.
The investigator may also start collection from the top and then move on to the
bottom layers.
• Some explosives residue is water-soluble and must be protected from moisture.
• Volatile residue that evaporates quickly should be collected immediately in
airtight containers.
• Do not contaminate explosive residue evidence, especially with any unburnt/
unused explosives.
4.5.3.3 Packaging
• Airtight containers of metal or glass or heat-sealed or resealable nylon or Mylar
bags may be used to pack explosive residue, fire debris, or flammables. Ziplock
storage bags are not suitable for shipping or storing explosives residue evidence,
though plastic bags may be used to collect dry powder.
• The metal containers may be further packed in a wooden box with appropriate
amount of cushions.
• The inflammable volatile liquids found in open cans must be collected in a clean,
sterile, leak-proof glass vial with an airtight seal to prevent any loss.
• Large evidences like upholstery, wooden objects, etc., that cannot be packed in
cans are wrapped using heat-sealed KAPAK plastic.
• Do not fill the containers all the way to the top and use packing material to prevent
breakage or detonation due to shock.
• Pack each piece of evidence separately, so as to prevent cross-contamination
during storage or transport.
• Special labeling must be done to notify the recipient lab personnel of the
dangerous content.
90 A. Kaur et al.
4.5.4 GSR
4.5.4.1 Collection
• Approved laboratory-issued GSR kits are used for the collection.
• In case of collecting sample from a corpse, the hands may either be swabbed at the
crime scene or the hands may be wrapped with paper bags to prevent loss of trace
evidence during transport.
• Determine the exact number of pills, capsules, baggies, marijuana cigarettes, etc.,
before packaging.
• Moist evidence like GSR on clothes is air-dried before being sealed in the
collection bags.
• Do not cut through bullet holes, if present.
• Avoid shaking wringing the clothes.
4.5.4.3 Packaging
• Paper containers or envelopes are used for packaging nonliquid evidences, while
plastic containers are avoided to prevent the environmental contamination and/or
deterioration.
• Liquid evidences are packaged in sterile, leakproof glass bottles.
• Fold and wrap the clothes flat in paper bags such that no residue is lost. Only one
item should be packed per paper bag.

1 Drugs/poisons/medicines Air-dry moist samples. Paper bags or heat-sealed
Refrigerate liquid samples KAPAK bags
Glass vials for liquids
2 Drug paraphernalia: beakers, Air-dry moist samples. Paper bags.
containers, packets, tubing, Store liquid samples at Plastic container with
syringe, spoon room temperature styrofoam base for
syringes.
Cardboard box with
padding for glass objects
3 Arson/explosion: Protect from moisture Metal/glass airtight
accelerants, residue, parts of containers or nylon/
explosive Mylar resealable bags.
Leakproof glass
containers for volatile
inflammable liquids
4 GSR Air-dry residue on clothes Paper bags
4.6 Cyber and Digital
• The crime scene must be secured by the first responder to avoid any loss of
evidences. No further opportunity to operate any systems should be given to any
users nor should any help be accepted from them in documentation process and
the search for the evidences.
• The investigator should search and identify the evidences and make sure that the
scene is documented before the items are collected.
• Detailed information about the devices collected its physical condition and
characteristics including the make and model, its operational state, and any
marks or damage must also be included in the documentation.
• Written notes, sketches, photos, and videos of the crime scene and evidences are
also required to document the evidences.
• Sometimes due to the size of the devices or complexity of the system, hardware,
or software the digital evidences may not be collected. In these cases live
acquisition is used to collect the volatile and nonvolatile evidence. Important
items including the online credentials, passwords all are collected and the actions
taken by the collector are documented.
• The validity and reliability of the tools and techniques must be ensured and their
limitations must be taken into consideration before their use.
• The evidences along with their connecting cords and powering cords are labeled,
packaged, and transported back to the forensic lab.
• After being recorded and inventoried, the evidences are stored in a safe evidence
locker away from dust, other contaminants, humidity, and extreme temperatures.
4.6.1 Computer and Parts
4.6.1.1 Collection
• The first responders must check for any ongoing activity and operational state of
the computers. This can be done by just moving the mouse around.
• Document initial condition of devices, such as the programs running and status of
the device.
• No status change should happen to computers.
• Do not charge the devices.
• If a device is found OFF then it is collected as such and remains OFF and if they
are found ON then the volatile evidence like the temporary files, cache, registry,
and such are preserved before powering the device down.
• All the communication systems of the device should be disabled and placed away
from its cell tower.
92 A. Kaur et al.
• Volatile evidences should be collected with respect to its volatility, as in the most
volatile evidence should be collected first and so forth. The most volatile
evidences include cache, registry, routing table, process table, memory, tempo-
rary file systems followed by less volatile evidences like disks, remote logging
and monitoring data, network topology, physical configuration, archival media,
and so on.
• Any passwords, PINs, associated cords, cables, peripherals are all collected.
• If the system is ON and a destructive software is running the power supply must
be cut off immediately.
• Create hash values of the data stored on hard disk, RAM, and external memory
devices. Create forensic image of the evidence. Utilize write-blockers to prevent
loss and alteration of data during the copying process a hash value of the image is
created that is checked against the initial hash value to ensure integrity of the data.
• Exposure to moisture, static electricity, and extreme temperatures should be
avoided.
4.6.1.3 Packaging
• Antistatic packaging like paper bags, envelopes, and cardboard boxes are used to
pack digital devices. Plastic should be avoided to ensure that no electricity,
humidity, or condensation is present. Faraday cages may also be used to store
the hard drive, memory devices, etc., to prevent the tampering of stored data due
to external signals.
4.6.2 Phones, Tablets, and Parts
4.6.2.1 Collection
• Check for any ongoing activity and operational state of the device, if the device is
turned on.
• Document initial condition of devices, such as the programs running and status of
the device.
• No status change should be permitted.
• Do not charge the devices.
• Remove the battery if possible.
• Imaging of memory is done using physical and logical extraction.
• Do not activate the phone, if found turned off. If turned on, turn off the device to
prevent loss/overwriting of data. This also prevents any auto-updation, remote
data destruction, or usage of the device.
• The device should be stored in Faraday cages. This helps prevent the tampering of
stored data due to external signals.
4.6.2.3 Packaging
• Antistatic packaging like paper bags, envelopes, and cardboard boxes are used to
pack digital devices. Plastic should be avoided to ensure that no electricity,
humidity, or condensation is present. Faraday cages may also be used to store
the hard drive, memory devices, etc., to prevent the tampering of stored data due
to external signals.

1 Computers and Disconnect from power source Antistatic packaging and
parts Keep away from magnetic or heat rigid cardboard boxes
sources and moisture or
Faraday bags
2 Phones, tablets, Disconnect from the power source Antistatic packaging and
and parts Keep away from magnetic or heat rigid cardboard boxes
sources and moisture or
Faraday bags
4.7 Case Study 1
4.7.1 O J Simpson Case
4.7.1.1 Case
The criminal case of People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson is a
classic example of why collection, preservation, and packaging procedures of
evidence is crucial for the delivery of justice. Criminalists often cite this as an
example of what NOT to do during evidence handling.
Brown and Ron Goldman were found at 12:10 a.m. on June 13, 1994, stabbed to
death outside her condominium in Brentwood, Los Angeles. The suspect was former
NFL player turned actor, O.
J. Simpson, who was tried and eventually acquitted on two counts of murder of
his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ron Goldman.
4.7.1.2 Initial Evidences Recovered

A bloody glove was found at the condo which was identified as belonging to O. J.
Simpson, which led to him being the lead suspect for the double murders. He was
formally charged 4 days later on June 17.
Brown was suspected to be the intended target and killed first as the soles of her
feet were clean, without any blood on them, despite the copious amounts of blood on
the scene. She had multiple stab wounds to her head and neck and a few defensive
wounds on her arms. She had a large bruise on her upper back along with a final deep
cut on her neck which severed her carotid artery. Investigators deduced that the killer
placed his foot on the back of the face-down Nicole Simpson, grabbed her hair to
pull back her head, and then slit the throat. The cut nearly decapitated her and was
deep enough to expose her larynx and make an incision on the C3 vertebra.
94 A. Kaur et al.
Goldman’s body was found nearby with similar multiple stab wounds to the body
and neck with only a few defensive wounds, indicative of a short struggle.
A blue knit cap, a glove (Aris Isotoner light leather glove in XL), and an envelope
containing glasses were found near Goldman’s body, which were presumed to
belong to the assailant. There was a track of bloody shoe prints leading from
the scene to the back gate, with a few drops of blood beside the prints, indicating
that the assailant may be bleeding from their left hand. An analysis of the stride
pattern of the prints indicated that it was more likely that the assailant was walking
away instead of running away from the scene.
After Simpson came under the radar as the lead suspect, his room at the O’Hare
Plaza Hotel was searched and this recovered broken glass and bloody bedsheets from
the hotel room. The manager of the hotel at the time recalled Simpson asking for a
BandAid for his finger, the night of the murder.
The matching glove to that found at the crime scene was found at Simpson’s
house and had hair and fiber traces consistent with Brown, Goldman, and Simpson.
It also had fibers from a 93–’94 Ford Bronco and fur from Brown’s dog, an Akita.
Simpson’s car, a Bronco, was parked at Rockingham in a seemingly haphazard
manner and also had some blood traces on the door.
Hair strands were found on both the bodies, the gloves, and the blue knit cap.
Tests determined that they were consistent with that of Simpson’s.
As an example of Locard’s principle, hair and clothing fibers belonging to
Goldman were found on Brown and those consistent with Brown were found on
Goldman. This further asserted the theory that the assailant first stabbed and killed
Brown, then Goldman, and returned to Brown to slash her throat.
Hair was found on the glove which was consistent with Brown’s and it was
determined that they were torn out and not shed naturally, giving rise to the
prosecution claim of the assailant pulling Brown’s head by her hair to slash her
throat.
Dark blue cotton fibers were found on both bodies, consistent with the shirt
Simpson was wearing earlier as told by Keto Kaelin, a witness who was with
Simpson earlier that night. He had changed the shirt sometime later as when he
answered the door for his limo driver he was wearing a different shirt. The shirt that
left the fibers at the scene was never found. Another set of fibers were found at the
scene which were identified as only being used in the’93–’94 Ford Bronco, i. e., the
same model as Simpson’s car.
Store receipts were obtained from Ross cutlery indicating a purchase of a 12-inch
stiletto knife by Simpson, 6 weeks before the murder. After the knife was recovered,
it was tested and found to be congruous with the wounds sustained by both the
victims. Further testing revealed that oil was still present on the knife, similar to that
used on new cutlery hence signifying the knife was never used.
In a testimony by an FBI expert, William J. Bodziak, it was stated that the bloody
shoe prints, at the scene and in the car were identified as made by a pair of size
12 Bruno Magli Italian shoes, which were rare, expensive, and custom-made.
The size was accordant with that of Simpson’s footwear and these shoes were sold
in the US only in Bloomingdales. Only 29 pairs were sold that year and one was sold
in the same store that Simpson frequents for buying shoes. The testimony also stated
that the prints were made by a single person despite the two tracks of shoe-prints.
4.7.1.3 Evidence Mishandling

Despite the strong evidential case against Simpson, he was acquitted of the crime in
criminal court as the defense counsel led by Cochran was able to successfully
convince the jury of reasonable doubt regarding the collection, preservation, and
packaging of the evidence as well as their reliability.
The crime scene technicians admitted to not following protocol while processing
the scene.
• Gloves were not changed between the processing of different evidences.

• Evidences were packaged in plastic bags instead of the recommended paper
packaging.
• Evidences were stored for unto 7 h without refrigeration, as required for
evidences containing DNA, such as blood/bloodstains. The defense argued that
this could cause contamination of the killer’s DNA by bacterial growth.
• When first responders arrived on the scene, no care was taken to preserve the
scene as it is. Officers and crime scene technicians trampled all over the scene,
leaving their own prints and trace evade.
• The bodies of the victims were covered with a sheet to protect their modesty
before the Chief Medical Examiner arrived, which is a violation of the protocol.
• Blood sample collected from Simpson was not properly labeled or cataloged. This
fact, along with the result that two samples from the 108 DNA evidence samples
said to have been collected from the scene had EDTA (a blood preservative),
provided the defense a physical evidence to the allegation that the police were
trying to frame the defendant.
This led the jury to acquit Simpson of the murder in criminal court though he was
later sentenced to a 33.5 million dollar penalty in a civil suit filed by Goldman’s
father.
4.7.2 Case Study 2 Aarushi Talwar Case
4.7.2.1 Case
The double murders of the 13-year-old Aarushi Talwar and the 45-year-old Hemraj
Banjade on May 15, 2008, remains unsolved to this day. The highly publicized case
remains unsolved due to inefficiencies in the investigation, one reason being the
mismanagement of evidence.
The young girl’s body was discovered first, on the morning of May 16th, at which
point of time Hemraj, the live-in servant of the Talwars, was missing and hence
considered to have committed the murder and run off. His partially decomposed
body was recovered from the terrace of the house, the very next day, which was one
of the first instances where investigators failed to properly conduct their duties.
96 A. Kaur et al.
The discovery of Hemraj’s body led to the suspicion of murder shifting to

Aarushi’s parents, Dr. Rajesh Talwar and Mrs. Nupur Talwar. Multiple theories
arose regarding the reason for the murder, including the father catching them in an
“objectionable” position, or the father’s alleged affair leading to a blackmail by the
servant and a confrontation with the daughter.
When the case was later transferred to the CBI, due to the heavy publicizing and
sensationalizing of the case by the media, the Talwars’ personal assistant and two
other domestic help, Krishna Thadaraj, Rajkumar, and Vijay, were put under
suspicion of attempted sexual assault of the girl and subsequent murder of the
witness, i. e., Hemraj. They were subjected to the widely criticized “Narco-analysis”
interrogation but were released as no solid evidence was found to tie them to the
murders.
The investigation was handed over to a different team a year later in 2009. It cited
Dr. Rajesh Talwar as the singular suspect on the basis of the circumstantial evidence
but did not charge him due to the absence of sufficient physical evidence. Owing the
same, they recommended closing the case, which was opposed by the parents who
also claimed the suspicion on the father as “baseless.” This led to the rejection of the
closure request by a special CBI court. Which ordered proceedings against the
Talwars.
The parents were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in November
2013, which when challenged by them in Allahabad High Court, did not hold up and
they were acquitted in 2017. This decision was challenged by the CBI in Supreme
Court on March 8, 2018, and to date remains unsolved.
4.7.2.2 Initial Evidences Recovered

On the morning of May 16, 2008, Aarushi’s corpse was transported from the house
for an autopsy by two officers from the UP police. Her paternal uncle and his driver,
Dinesh Talwar and Umesh Sharma, respectively, accompanied them.
Aarushi was found on her bed which was hence blood-soaked. A cut-out of a
portion of the stained mattress along with the bed linen and her clothes were also
collected.
Hemraj’s body was partially decomposed when the police found it a day later on
the terrace, next to the external AC unit, covered by a panel from the roof cooler,
with bloody drag marks leading to it.
The blood trail along with the abrasions and contusions on his elbows, indicated
that he had been dragged along for at least 20 ft., postmortem. Experts from FSL
Gandhinagar and CBI CFSL surmised the pooling of the blood near the AC unit and
the drag marks were due to a blood-soaked body being dragged after being placed in
a bedsheet. This led to the theory that Hemraj was killed elsewhere and his body was
moved to the terrace to keep it hidden. This could not be supported by physical
evidence as UV Light testing by the CBI did not yield bloodstains anywhere except
the terrace.
Blood traces were found on the staircase on May 17th, which were assumed to
have come from the mattress that the cleaners were trying to dump on the terrace.
The bedsheet, of the bed on which Aarushi’s body was discovered, was found to
have a circular wet patch at a place where her pelvic was positioned, which was
determined to not be urine. No such wet spots/marks were present on her pajamas
nor was urine or any other fluid present in her underwear. The pajamas and the
underwear were haphazardly worn, indicating that they were pulled up and/or down.
The CBI postulated that the pajamas were pulled down, the pelvic are cleaned and
the lower garments pulled up afterwards.
Autopsy reports stated that both the victims were killed between 12 am and 1 am
on May 16th. The autopsy also stated that death was due to a blow from a heavy,
blunt object which left a “U/V shaped” scar. Post this, their throats were slit and there
were no signs of asphyxia.
While examining Hemraj’s body, it was noticed that his penis was swollen when
it was discovered. Dr. Naresh Raj stated in court that it could be attributed to Hemraj
either being engaged in sexual intercourse or just about to engage in one,
perimortem. The defense argued that the swelling of penis after death was normal
as cited in a medical book.
Examination of Aarushi’s body by Dr. Dohre revealed “very strange” findings.
There were no signs of rape but her vaginal orifice was “extraordinarily dilated” and
“unduly large,” such that the mouth of her cervix was visible. This could have been
done only if the vagina was manipulated while rigor was setting in. White discharge
was present in the vagina but none were found on her underwear. Her hymen was
ruptured but it was an old tear. These observations were not mentioned in the
original report as the doctor felt that they were his “subjective findings.” The
doctor’s examination concurred with CBI’s theory that the girl’s private parts were
cleaned postmortem.
Aarushi’s body had undigested food in her stomach. Hemraj did not have any
food in his stomach, just 25 ml of liquid. This meant that he did not eat dinner, which
was corroborated by the finding of his untouched dinner in the kitchen on the 16th
morning.
On the Talwars’ terrace, a smudged bloody palm print was found on the wall.
Though the blood was identified as belonging to Hemraj, the print could not be
positively matched to him or anyone else involved.
A size 8 or size 9 bloody shoe print was also photographed on the terrace.
In a description of Hemraj’s room, as per a statement by K K Gautam, there were
3 glasses in the room (1 empty and 2 containing some liquor) and 3 bottles: one of
Sprite, a Kingfisher beer, and a Sula whiskey. Hemraj’s DNA was found on the beer
bottle though investigations intimated that he was a teetotaler.
At the house, there was a Ballantine’s bottle on the table with bloodstains on
it. The blood was determined to have belonged to Aarushi and Hemraj though no
useable prints could be lifted from the bottle. The Scotch whisky bottle came from a
mini-bar concealed behind a wooden panel, so it appeared that the person who took it
out, knew the house well.
Almost a month later on June 14, 2008, when the Noida Police, carried out a raid
of Krishna Thadaraj’s living quarters, a purple pillow cover and a khaki were seized.
The pillow cover was a crucial evidence and was analyzed by both CBI CFSL, New
98 A. Kaur et al.
Delhi and CDFD (Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics), Hyderabad. The
CDFD report stated that Hemraj’s DNA was present on the pillow cover.
This “clinching piece of evidence” was an indication of Krishna’s presence in the
flat during the time of Hemraj’s murder. “Hemraj’s blood got embossed on the hair
of Krishna which in turn got embossed on his purple colour pillow cover which was
admittedly seized from Krishna’s premises,” the court noted. While Krishna was
arrested a month after the incident, he was released when the CNBI filed the closure
report.

It was stated by the CBI officials that 90% of the evidence were ruined as a result of
police negligence.
1. Blood stains present on the terrace floor and door were initially dismissed by the
police as rust.
2. The scene was not properly contained, especially the terrace, and the media were
freely moving about the crime scene before the arrival of the forensic team and
documentation and collection of important evidence by them.
3. The constable who took the first photographs of the scene, also collected
26 fingerprints from the scene, out of which 24 were improperly collected and
hence were unusable. The remaining 2 prints did not match anyone associated
with the crime. The constable also neglected to collect Aarushi’s fingerprints.
4. The person/people who found Hemraj’s body stated the presence of hair in his
mouth which was also neglected by the police. This was brought up in court by
the Talwars’ defense counsel, stating police negligence in procuring and preserv-
ing evidence that could possibly belong to the actual killer.
5. Reports of tampering with Aarushi’s vaginal swab samples arose in September
2009. The vaginal swabs were collected by Dr. Dohre (who did Aarushi’s
autopsy) and analyzed by pathologist Dr. Ritcha Saxena at Gautam Budh Nagar
District Hospital. Her report stated that the evidence was received by her
technicians, Vikas and Navneet and that the analysis showed an absence of
semen in the sample. The slides of the swabs were then stored in the lab’s steel
almirah. In 2008, the hospital’s medicolegal register went missing. In June 2008,
when the CBI asked Dr. Saxena for access to the sample, the doctor who was out
of town, guided the CBI officials over the phone to the lab. The samples were
handed off to the CBI by Chief Medical Superintendent Dr. S. C. Singhal. An
ongoing professional dispute between Dr. Saxena and Dr. Singhal was alleged to
be the reason Singhal took away Saxena’s registers.
6. The sample was then sent to CBI CFSL for analysis by Dr. B. K. Mohapatra, who
determined it to be a mix of 2 vaginal samples, one Aarushi’s and one unknown.
Further testing by CDFD Hyderabad revealed that majority of the sample did not
belong to Aarushi Talwar.
7. There was also a point of contention regarding a typographical error made by
either the CDFD or the CBI regarding the provenance of the purple pillowcase.
CBI argued that CDFD had made the error when they stated the pillowcase as
belonging to Krishna when it belonged to Hemraj. A rectification by the CDFD
after a “cryptic” and “clearly suggestive” letter from the CBI investigating officer
AGL Kaul was dismissed by the HC as the “tenor of the letter” prior to the
clarification cast a “serious shadow of doubt” on its authenticity.
4.7.3 Case Study 3 Meredith Kercher Murder Case
4.7.3.1 Case
The murder of UK-native exchange student Meredith Kercher occurred on
November 1, 2007, in Perugia, Italy. The body of the victim was found the next
day partially nude, drenched in blood, locked inside her room. She had a fatal wound
to her neck and several other insubstantial cuts and bruises.
The victim lived along with her other three roommates in a cottage near her
university. Two of her roommates were Italians while one was an American named
Amanda Knox. Since November 1 was All Saints Day in Italy and November 2 was
a day to commemorate dead relatives, most working people of Italy had these days
free of work. So only the victim was present in the room the day of the murder, while
the others went to visit their families and Amanda went to stay with her boyfriend of
the time Raffaele Sollecito, at his place. Sollecito’s apartment had some plumbing
issues due to which Knox had to return to her cottage to get the required supplies. It
was when she returned to her cottage that she felt something was off. The front door
was ajar, the bathroom that both Kercher and Knox shared had blood in the sink and
feces present in the toilet, all these raised suspicions in Knox’s mind. Initially finding
Kercher’s door closed she assumed that she must have been asleep and decided to
quietly shower and leave. Knox returned to her boyfriend’s apartment and called up
her other roommates and the pair went back to the cottage. Upon closer inspection,
they found that the window of Filomena Ramanelli’s room, one of their Italian
roommates’ was broken. They knocked on Kercher’s door but got no response.
Knox had previously tried calling Kercher’s cell phone but the calls were not
answered. Two cell phones of Kercher were found in a garden one mile away from
their cottage, when the phone rang the neighbors contacted the postal police or the
communications police. These two police officers came by the cottage at the time.
The police officers noted the presence of blood drops as told by Knox and
confirmed that Kercher’s room was indeed locked. Filomena’s friend force-opened
the door to Kercher’s room where her dead body was found under duvet partially
naked with only t-shirt present that was pulled up to her shoulders. Her clothes were
all scattered in the room towards the door and lot of blood covered her body and
around the room. Her throat was stabbed with a knife by the murderer.
The items missing from her room were the two cell phones found, around
300 euros, the house keys, and two credit cards while the valuable jewelry she had
remained untouched.
On November 5th, both Knox and Raffaele Sollecito were detained for
questioning. Raffaele Sollecito was her boyfriend of 8 days. Knox, upon detention,
implicated Patric Lumumba the owner of the pub where she worked in. But after
100 A. Kaur et al.
2 weeks in prison, his alibi was verified and he was released on November 20th. He
later sued Knox for the damages done.
Due to them being repeatedly called in for questioning the witness accounts and
alibis provided by both, varied. They both started getting false memories and
accounts about the events that transpired the day of the murder. The usage of
unethical methods of questioning led to all the events that followed including the
arrest of Lumumba. Raffaele Sollecito said that it was possible that Knox had left his
apartment in the middle of the night without his knowledge and Knox reported
having a vision of Lumumba murdering Kercher and Knox witnessing it.
Later Knox said that the officials hit her on the back of her head and denied
request for independent translators and threatened her with a 30 year jail sentence
which led to her confession of involvement in the crime on November 6th. She
signed two statements stating her involvement and was arrested and subsequently
jailed. Her boyfriend was also arrested and jailed.
In December, Rudy Guede from Ivory coast was caught without a train ticket in
Germany and was extradited to Italy. The DNA sample from Guede matched with a
vaginal swab taken from Kercher. Guede confessed to having sex with her but said
that another man killed her while he was in the bathroom.
In July 2008 the Italian police officially charged the three of them with the murder
of Meridith Kercher. Later in October, Guede was put on trial, was found guilty, and
was sentenced to 30 years of jail time. Both Knox and Raffaele Sollecito were also
tried and both were found guilty and sentenced to imprisonment for 26 and 25 years
in prison, respectively.
While the prosecutors implied all three of them in the murder, their individual
lawyers tried to form theories to help their clients. Guede claimed that he had a date
planned with Kercher on Halloween and that she was sick during the date and while
he was in the bathroom he heard a loud scream and saw an Italian guy with brown
hair running. He claimed to have tried to help Kercher but frightened by the blood,
fled the scene instead. Even though the judges did not believe his claims, his 30-year
sentence was reduced to 16.
Both Knox and Raffaele Sollecito were separately tried for murder but the
evidences against them were not as strong as that against Guede. Even though
witnesses testified of seeing them near the cottage, no one saw them enter or leave
the cottage. And the small amount of DNA evidence found against them could be
considered as contamination and those amounts would have been inadmissible
during trials in US or Britain criminal courts. Even though the shoe prints from
Guede’s shoes matched those from the crime scene none of them matched with any
pair of shoes that both Knox and her boyfriend possessed. There were eyewitness
accounts claiming to have seen them both in the street near the cottage but was later
found unreliable.
4.7.3.2 Initial Evidence Recovered

Kercher’s body was found partially naked with a pillow under her hips. Duvet
covered her body. She had several bruises on her face, several superficial cuts on
her arms, face, and hands. Three fatal wounds were present on her neck.
The victim’s bedroom was the scene of crime. The victim appeared to have been
sitting on her bed when the attack began. She appeared to have been stabbed on the
bed and struggled to move to the other side of her room where her table was. There
were blood drops on the floor and the slats of the bed had been slightly moved. By
the desk chair, bloody shoe prints, blood drops, and forcibly removed hair were
present. There was a wardrobe next to the desk. The door to the wardrobe had
aspirated blood on the front and blood smears were present on the floor in front of
it. Bloody fingerprints of the victim were found on the inside of the wardrobe,
indicting the last attempt at rising from the floor. The victim appeared to have been
dragged from the wardrobe and desk area by the perpetrators as drag marks were
present in the center of the room.
The autopsy revealed that she had been sexually assaulted several times and
stabbed. The other injuries were probably due to resistance and fight during the
assault. The autopsy also revealed that her injuries included 16 bruises and seven
cuts including several bruises and insubstantial cuts on the palm of her hand. There
were bruises on her nostrils, nose, mouth, and jaw indicating that a hand must have
been clamping over the victim’s mouth and nose. The injuries including the ones to
the genital area were indicative of the victim being immobilized during the sexual
assault.
The clothes discovered from the room included an inside-out jacket, indicting of
it having been pulled off from the victim, a pair of bloody boots, a bra with broken
straps containing aspirated blood, a t-shirt, and a sweatshirt. Even though all the
drawers were emptied and clothes were scattered about in the room, all the jewelry
were still present. The things that appeared to have been stolen were some cash, the
victim’s two cell phones, two of her credit cards, and her house keys. Other
evidences included a broken window in Romnelli’s room, a rock on the floor of
her room, and blood in several areas in the bathroom shared by the victim and Knox.
Raffaele Sollecito’s computer records showed that his computer was being used
at 9 pm and he lived almost 10 min away from the town area.
No other evidences were found from either of their houses or Sollecito’s car nor
were any fingerprints of Knox and Sollecito found in the victim’s room.
A knife was found in Sollecito’s kitchen that had the victim’s DNA on it near the
tip and the DNA of Knox on the handle. But the knife was too big to have made two
of the three stab wounds on the victim. It was also tested negative for any blood
residue.
Fingerprints were revealed using fingerprint powder. Only one fingerprint found
on a water glass found in the kitchen was found to match that of Knox out of
numerous other fingerprints. Fourteen of the fingerprints did not match with any of
the suspects. A bloody palm print on the bed pillow under the victim was found to
belong to Guede. He had a history of petty theft and break-ins. He was seen at a party
where Kercher and Knox were also present.
There were several footprints present, of which five were Nike shoe prints that
were found in the blood surrounding the victim’s body and led to the front door.
There was also one bare footprint on the bathroom mat. Even though it was
suspected that one of the footprints found on Kercher’s bed pillow, none of
102 A. Kaur et al.
Knox’s 22 pairs of shoes matched with the print found. The Nike shoes of Guede
matched the prints on the pillow when it was folded. The footprints found in the
victim’s bedroom and the ones leading outside were found to belong to Guede. The
partial bloody footprint present on the mat present in the bathroom was also said to
match Knox, but the print was vague and it also matched to Guede.
Extensive DNA analyses were done due to the high amounts of blood present in
the scene. On the victim’s purse, the sweatshirt, in the feces found in the toilet, and
on the victim’s body, Guede’s DNA was found mixed with the victim’s blood.
Touch DNA was found in the victim’s vagina, and epithelial cells, not identified as
seminal DNA, were found.
Knox’s DNA was found to be mixed with the victim’s DNA in the blood found
from the sink of the shred bathroom. Knife recovered from Sollecito’s kitchen also
contained minute samples of DNA from Knox. Minute traces of DNA of Sollecito
was found from a bra clasp that was recovered 6 weeks after the murder from the
crime scene.

The gross negligence that occurred at the scene of crime was severe. The scene of
occurrence was compromised as soon as the communication police showed up.
• The room of the victim was force opened and the police entered the scene without
any proper precautions or clothing or gloves, which would prevent any contami-
nation to the scene.
• The video footage taken during the crime scene processing clearly shows that the
evidences like the victim’s purse and the bloody boots have been moved. The
officers removed the duvet off of the victim and the moved evidences created new
bloodstains. They also moved a nightstand covering a crucial bloodstain from the
bedside thus obstructing proper crime scene reconstruction.
The bloodstains did not match up with the items present in the scene, so the police
came to conclusion that the scene must have been staged by the culprit.
• The bra clasp was recovered from the scene 6 weeks after the crime and had been
handled by several officers before it was finally bagged as evidence.
The forensic analysis also had severe drawbacks as the lab that performed the
analysis was not certified to conduct such analysis of DNA, much less the
touch DNA.
• The kitchen knife found from Sollecito’s apartment was tested negative for blood
but gave positive result for having been bleached. Later, it was found that the
substance present on the knife was potato starch. The knife was too large to have
inflicted the fatal wounds and the impression in blood on the bed as well.
• The mixed DNA of Knox and the victim could have very well been from the
shared use of the bathroom by Knox and the victim. The investigators could have
easily mixed them up while swabbing.
• The only indication that Sollecito was present at the crime scene was a trace
amount of DNA present on the bra clasp, which could have been the result of
mishandling of the evidence as the officials did not switch gloves or use any kind
of precaution for that matter. The DNA could also have been transferred from
other parts of the cottage or from the gloves of the officials. It was found that the
DNA analysis was not reliable and that contamination had to be the reason for the
presence of Knox’s DNA on the knife. The bra clasp also did not show any proof
of Sollecito’s DNA after analysis by independent analysts.
• The body temperature of the victim was not taken when the body was found, so
the time of death could not be accurately found. Only an estimated time of death
was determined as between 8 pm and 4 am. If the temperature reading had been
taken before November 3, like it should have been, then probably Knox and her
boyfriend could have been cleared from the charges as they had been seen in his
apartment at 8:45 pm and his computer showed activity at 9 pm.
• Several aspects of the case were criticized including the entry to the scene, safety
precautions used, and packaging and storage of evidences. The bloodied items
were packaged in plastic bags against the proper protocol.
• The state of the clasp had degraded when the independent analysts got the
evidence. The storage in the extraction buffer caused the bra clasps to rust
away making it nearly impossible to analyze.
• Several other evidences like Knox’s camera went missing and her computer was
destroyed.
Guede proceeded with an appeal against his judgment and the sentence was
changed from 30 years of imprisonment to 6 years of jail time. In December 2008,
his second appeal was held, still upholding the verdict of his guilt.
Knox and her boyfriend also appealed against their convictions with proper
documents, they were considered “presumed innocent.” The appeal began in
November 2010. The judge ruled to reexamine the DNA evidence and also granted
requestioning of the witness.
Two independent analysts from Rome’s La Sapienza University were entrusted to
reexamine the evidences. On October 3, 2011, the convictions against both Knox
and Sollecito were overturned and they were set free the same night. But Italy’s
supreme court ordered retrial and the hearing ended on January 30, 2014, with both
Knox and Sollecito being convicted guilty again and sentenced to 28 and 26 years in
prison, respectively.
Again after the retrial on March 27, 2015, the supreme court of Italy overturned
its verdict and they were set free. The case is closed now. This was a very lengthy
8-year legal saga that occupied Britain, the US, and Italy.
4.7.4 Case Study 4 Tandoor Murder Case
4.7.4.1 Case
The Tandoor Murder case or the Murder of Naina Sahni Sharma was a “landmark”
case in India which showed how with proper evidence management, the guilty is
punished and justice is delivered to the victim. It was one of the earlier cases in India
where DNA technologies played a pivotal role in the resolution of the case.
104 A. Kaur et al.
Police on a routine night patrol saw smoke coming out of a restaurant, Bagiya,
and rushed in suspecting a fire. Instead, they saw Sushil Sharma, a Youth Congress
leader and a friend of the restaurant’s owner, trying to burn something in the
kitchen’s clay oven, the tandoor. They doused the fire and saw parts of a human
torso and bones and immediately arrested the owner, Keshav Kumar while Sushil
Sharma managed to escape. The body was identified to be Sushil’s wife, Naina Sahni
Sharma.
She was killed by her husband, chopped into pieces, and then tried to be disposed
of by burning in a tandoor, because he objected to her friendship with Matloob
Karim, her classmate and fellow Congress worker. The night she was killed, July
2nd, 1995, Sushil came home to find her drinking alcohol and talking to somebody
over the phone. She hung up as soon as she saw Sushil but Sushil took up the phone
and redialed to find that she was conversing with Matloob. In a fit of rage he
killed her.
Sushil Sharma had influential contacts in high places and managed to evade arrest
for a long time, even after his initial surrender on July 10th, 1995, in Bangalore,
where he pled nonguilty. He was convicted by Trial Court (death sentence; in 2003),
the Delhi HC (death sentence upheld; in 2007), and the SC, where the SC sentenced
him to life imprisonment, years later in 2018 on October 8th. The SC initially
commuted the sentence from death penalty to life imprisonment, in 2013, stating a
lack of evidence that he chopped his wife’s body. Later a 3-judge-bench upheld the
conviction. The sentence was however reduced by the court stating that he had no
prior criminal record and that the crime was due to a tense personal relationship and
that the society at large was in no danger from Sushil Sharma.
Even without the social media frenzy that cases today are subject to, the ’95
Tandoor Murder Case was one of the most publicized murders in India, similar to the
Talwar Murder case of ’08 and the Nirbhaya Rape case of ’12.
4.7.4.2 Initial Evidence Recovered

At the scene of crime, burnt body parts and bones were recovered from the tandoor.
These were sent to the medical examiner whose autopsy report opined death due to
burn injuries.
They were sent to the lab where DNA analysis, a novel technique at the time, was
carried out. It helped to positively identify the body as Naina Sahni Sharma’s.
A black polyethylene sheet was also collected from the crime scene which had
bloodstains on it.
4.7.4.3 Evidence That Changed the Course of Investigation

The admission of DNA results in the court was what made it a landmark case for the
Indian legal system.
Furthermore, a second autopsy was conducted on the remains, which recovered
two bullets: one in the head and one in the neck, which was missed by the
incompetent initial autopsy. This conclusively proved that the cause of death was
firearm injuries and not burn injuries.
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Collection, Preservation, and Packaging:

Forensic Evidence Management 4

A. Kaur (*) · F. Jamal · Shikha · A. Ramesh · A. Sojan · D. Dileep

# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte 51

4.2 General Instructions

The process of collection of evidence should be detailed enough to include as many

• Always non-shedding clothes must be worn to a crime scene along with

Fig. 4.1 Pill boxes of

• Human: Normal, Skeletal, Charred, etc.

Fig. 4.2 Non-metal tweezers

Fig. 4.3 Ziplock plastic bags

Fig. 4.4 Paper bags of

Fig. 4.5 Steps involved in

4.3.2 Animal Carcass

4.3.3 Body Fluids

Fig. 4.6 Body ﬂuid

Fig. 4.7 Infusion set used for

Fig. 4.8 Various blood

Fig. 4.9 Semen collection

Fig. 4.10 Used condom as

• Liquid samples, such as control samples are collected in plastic, leakproof

Fig. 4.11 Sterile containers

Fig. 4.12 Swab kit for

4.3.7 Vaginal Fluid

4.3.8 Vitreous Humor

Fig. 4.13 Stool/faeces

4.3.13 Body Parts

Fig. 4.14 Hair strand is a

4.3.13.4 Tissue/Organs/Fetal Remains

Fig. 4.15 Nail clippings

4.3.13.6 Stomach Contents

4.3.13.7 Plant Evidences: Pollen, Leaves, Wood/Woodcraft, etc.

Fig. 4.16 Plant evidences are

4.3.13.8 Entomological Evidence

4.4.1 Paint and Ink

Table 4.1 (continued)

Fig. 4.18 A paint chip

4.4.4 Fiber/Clothes (of Victim/Suspect)

4.4.5 Tools: Knives, Hammer, Ax, Saw, etc.

Fig. 4.19 Fiber strand which

Fig. 4.20 Sharp tools like

4.4.6 Cordage: Wires, Rope/Cloth (Strangulation)

4.4.7.2 Projectiles (Bullets/Pellets): Fired/Un-Fired

4.4.7.4 Documents: Normal, Burnt/Charred,

4.4.7.5 Printers, Typewriters

Fig. 4.21 Partially burnt

4.4.7.6 Adhesive Tape

4.4.8 Impressions (Latent/Visible/3D)

4.4.8.3 Tire Marks

Fig. 4.22 Latent ﬁngerprint

Fig. 4.23 Plastic ﬁngerprint

Fig. 4.24 Lip print as an

Fig. 4.25 Footwear print

4.4.8.4 Footwear Impression

4.5.2 Drug Paraphernalia: Beakers, Containers, Packets, Tubing,

Table 4.2 (continued)

Fig. 4.27 Marijuana is one

4.5.3 Arson/Explosion: Accelerants, Residue, Parts of Explosive

S. no. Evidences Preservation Packaging