Introduction — Artificial Intelligence a Modern Approach Russell and Norvig: 1 C1SC4/681 Introduction to Artificial intelligence“The exciting new effort to make computers think ... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense” (Haugeland, 1985) “[The automation of] activities that we asso- ciate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning * (Bellman, 1978) “he study of mental faculties through the use of computational models” (Chariak and McDermott, 1985) “The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act” (Winston, 1992) “The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when per- formed by people” (Kurzweil, 1990) “The study of how to make computers do ‘things at which, at the moment, people are better” (Rich and Knight. 1991) “A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of computational processes” (Schalkolf, 1990) “The branch of computer science that is con- cemed with the automation of intelligent behavior” (Luger and Stubblefield, 1993) Figure 1.1 Some definitions of Al. They are organized into four categories: Systems that think like humans. Systems that think rationally. Systems that act like humans. ‘Systems that act rationally. CISC4/681 Introduction to Artificial IntelligenceWhat is Al? Views of Al fall into four categories: Thought Rational Processes Thought a Processes TEL} Act Act 1B) Leela UigThinking humanly: cognitive modeling * Cognitive Science — must figure out how human's think — [introspection — experimental investigation] — Express these theories as computer programs * How to validate? Requires 1.Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down) 2. a identification from neurological data (bottom- up —Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brainActing humanly: Turing Test * Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": * Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game ESS oar~ * Interrogator asks questions of two “people” who are out of sight * 30 minutes to ask whatever he or she wants * Task: to determine only through the questions and answers which is which * Computer deemed intelligent if interrogator can't distinguish between person and computer. Artificial intelligence is the enterprise of constructing an artificat that can pass the Turing textActing humanly: Turing Test (cont) — ca a What major components were important - Natural language processing — Knowledge representation — Automated reasoning — Machine learning What additional for total Turing Test — Computer vision — Robotics Note: looking at I/O behavior onlyThinking rationally: "laws of thought" Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes? Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern Al Problems: 1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation 2. Some knowledge is very hard to encode — informal, uncertain 3. In practice, computationally intractableActing rationally: rational agent Correct thinking is good but: — Sometimes you must do something and there is no provably correct thing to do — Sometimes you must react quicker without time for reasoning Rational behavior: doing the right thing The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information Doesn't necessarily involve thinking — e.g.,Acting rationally: rational agent (cont) Rational behavior: doing the right thing The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information Doesn't necessarily involve thinking — e.g., blinking reflex — but thinking should be in the service of rational action This is the view taken by the book. Rational agents An agent is an entity that perceives and acts This course is about designing rational agents Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions: [f e* > al Caveat: computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable > design best program for given machine resources For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performanceAl prehistory Philosophy Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system foundations of learning, language, rationality Mathematics Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability Economics utility, decision theory Neuroscience physical substrate for mental activity Psychology phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques Computer building fast computers engineering Control theory design systems that maximize an objective function over time Linguistics knowledge representation, grammarAbridged history of Al 1943 1950 1956 1952—69 1950s 1965 1966—73 1969—79 1980-- 1986-- 1987-- 1995-- McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted Look, Ma, no hands! Early Al programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning Al discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears. Early development of knowledge-based systems Al becomes an industry Neural networks return to popularity Al becomes a science The emergence of intelligent agentsState of the art Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades No hands across America (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an Al logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans