168 2/ Basic Suuctures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums, and Matrices f) the sequence whose nth term is the largest integer ‘whose binary expansion (defined in Seetion 4.2) has bits (Write your answer in decimal notation ) 2) the sequence whose lerms aze constructed sequen- tially a follows: start with 1, then ada 1, then multiply by 1, then add 2, then multiply by 2, and so on 1b) the sequence whose mth term isthe largest integer k such that 1 = 7. Find atleast thee different sequences beginning with the terms 1, 2, 4 whose terms are generated by a simple for- mula of rule 8, Find atleast three different sequences beginning with the terms 3, 5,7 whose terms are generated by a simple for- rula ort Fring tne first five tems ofthe sequence defined by each of these recurrence relations and inital conditions 3) dn = 6ae-1, 40 pat + Baya, 49 = 1 a = mays + n*ay—2,.a9 = 1, ay = 1 ©) ay = dyn + dys, a9 = 1, ay = 2,02 =0 10, Bind the first six terms of the sequence defined by each of these recurrence relations and initial conditions 8) ay = —2ap b) a, = ay 245.3" form a) Find ap, ay, a, a3, and ay b) Show that a; = Sa; — 600, a3 = Sa — Gay, and ‘ag = Sa — 6a, ©) Show that ay = Say—1 ~ 6dy-2 forall integers m with n=2 12. Show thatthe sequence (ay) isa solution ofthe recurrence relation ay = —3ay-1 + 4ay_2 if a) a, = 0, b) ay =1 ©) ay = (4) @) ay = 2-4)" +3. 43. Is the sequence {ay} a solution of the recurrence relation (y= 8dy—) — 16dy-3 if a) a, = 0? b) a= 9) a2 @ a, = 3" ©) a sna"? 1) ay = 2.4% 43nd"? Bae = 4"? by ay = m4 14, For each of these sequences find a recurrence relation satisfied by this sequence. (The answers are not unique because there are infinitely many different recurrence relations satisfied by any sequence ) a) on =3 b) ay = 2n ©) ay =2n +3 @) a= 3" gan 0) ay =m on Bante bb) ay =n! 15. Show thatthe sequence (a,) isa solution ofthe recurrence elation dy = ayy + 2ayea + 2m — 9if a) a =—n +2 b) ay = S(—1) =n 42. 16 18, ws. 20, a 22, ©) ay = SD" $2" 42. @) ay =7-2" 042. Find the solution to eachof there recurrence relations with the giveninitial conditions. Use aniteratve approach suc as that used in Example 10. 8) ty = —ty-3,.00 = 5 by ay = dy + 3,09 = 1 ©) ty = ayy =m a9 = 4 ) ay = 2aq-1 = 3,09 = 1 ©) ay = (+ Dagat, a0 £) ay = 2nayat, ao =3 B) dy = ayaa bm = Led 7 Find the solution o etch ofthese recurrence relations and initial conditions. Use an iterative approach such as that used in Example 10. 8) ay = Bayt, a9 = 2 ) ay = ay +2, a9 = 3 ©) ay = ayy +m a9 = 1 A) ay = any +20 +3, 09 = ©) ay = 2-1 — Lay 1) ay =3Bap-1 + Lag =I 8) ay = dy—t, ao = 5 Bb) ay = 2nd. a9 = 1 ‘A person deposits $1000 in an account that yields 9% interest compounded annually. a) Setup a recurrence relation forthe amount inthe ac- ‘count at the end of years. ») Find an explicit formula forthe amountin the account atthe end of m years ©) How much money will the account contain after 100 Suppose that the number of bacteria in a colony triples every hour, a) Setup arecurrence relation forthe number of bacteria after n hours have elapsed, by If 100 bacteria are used to begin a new colony, how ‘many bacteria will be inthe colony in 10 hours? ‘Assume that the population of the world in 2010 was 6.9 billion and is growing at the rae of 1.1% a year fa) Set up a recurrence relation for the population of the world n years after 2010. by Find an explicit formula for the population of the world n years after 2010, ©) What will the population of the world be in 2030? 'A factory makes custom sports cars at an increasing rate Ta the first month only one car is made, in the second rroath two cars ate made, and so on, with n cars made in the nth month. a) Set up a recurrence relation for the number of cars produced in the first m months by this factory ) How many cars are produced in the fst year? ©) Find an explicit formula for the number of cars pro- duced in the frst months by this factory. ‘An employee joined company in 2009 with a starting salary of $50,000. Every year this employee receives a rajse of $1000 plus 5% of the salary ofthe previous year.24. 2s, 77 #28, 2. a) Setup a recurrence relation forthe salary of this em- ployee m years after 2009, 'b) What will the salary of tis employee be in 2017? ©) Find an explicit formula for the salary of this em- ployee m years after 2009, . Find a recurrence relation forthe balance B(k) owed at the end of & months on a loan of $5000 at arate of 7% if a payment of $100 is made each month, (Hint: Exe press BG) i tems of BG ~ 1); the monthly interest is (0071284 =) 4) Finda recurrence relation forthe balance B(R) owedat theendot k months onaloanatarate of itapayment is made on the loan each month, (Ulint: Express BG) in texms of B(k—1) and note that the mostly interest rate i /12] 'b) Determine what the monthly payment P should be so thatthe loan is paid off after 7 months For each ofthese lists of integers, provide a simple for aula or sue that generates the terms of an integer se- «quence that begins with the given lit, Assuming that your formula orrule is comet, determine the next thee terms ofthe sequence 8) 1.0,1,1,0.0,1,1,1.0,0,0,1 b)12,2.3.4.4,5,6.6.7.8,8 ©) 1.0.2,0,4,0,8,0,16,0, 4) 3.6. 12,24, 48,96, 192, ©) 15,8,1,~6,—18,-20, 27, £) 3.5.8, 12. 17,23, 30.38, 47 2) 216,54, 128, 250, 432, 686, hy 2.3, 7,25, 121, 721, $041, 40821 For each of thes ists of integers, provide a simple for mula or rule that generates the terms of an integer se- «quence that begins withthe given list, Assuming that your formula orrule is conect, determine the net thee terms ofthe sequence. a) 3.6.1, 18.27, 38,51, 66,83, 102 by 7.11, 15, 19,25, 27.31, 35,38, 43, ©) 1.10, 11, 100, 101, 110,111, 1000, 1001, 1010, 1011. @) 1,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3.5,5,5.5,5,5.5, ©) 0,2, 8,26, 80, 242, 728, 2186, 6560, 19682, £) 1.3.15, 105,945, 10395, 135135, 2027025, saasouns, 8) 1,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0.1,1,1,1,1 By 2.4, 16,256, 65536, 294967296, Show that ay denotes the nth positive integer thats not aperfectaquate then gy = n-+ (i), where (x} denotes the integer closest to the real nuber x Letaybethenthtermof he sequence 1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4, 4,5,5,5,5,5,6,6,6,6.6,6,..., constructed by including theintegerkexactly times: Show thatay = [Vr $] What are the values ofthese sums? a» Seen » en! © Sart oys 2.4 Sequences and Summations 169 30, Whatare the values of these sums, where = (1,3, 5.7)? or b) Le 9 yay aya S31. What is the value of each of these sums of terms of a ‘geometric progression? : : » yaa » Sy ‘ ‘ 9 Ses! ® Seay @rnd te vate ofeach of hee sams » Savevy — w Ser—-2 8 Sev43.% ao Lat—2h Geonpure cach ofthese double sums ay vara bY Var 34. Compute each ofthese double sums aeee-p wy vere ops oyeer 38. Show that S°5_s(aj—ay-1) = dy — ao, where (4,4), ---. ty is & sequence of real numbers. This (ype cof sun i called telescoping 36, Use the identity 1/(k( +19) = 1/k— 1/41) and Broreise 35 to compute Yf_ 1/(kk + 1)) 37, Sum both sides of the identity 2 - (k— 1)? = 2-1 fom k = 1 0k = n and use Exercise 3510 find 4) afommula for S22 = 1) (the sum ofthe first n odd natural mamber). 1) a formula for fk #38, Use the technique given in Exercise 35, together withthe sesult of Exercise 37, (o detive the formula for °f_ #? siven in Table 2 [int: Take ay = &° inthe telescoping som in Exercise 35) Find )°} jook. (Use Table 2.) Find 2k? (Use Table 2) a, Find a formola for Y integer. "olVR), when m is postive 142, Find a formula for SP [YE], when m isa postive inte There ie also a special notation for ucts, The product of Anis represented by [| aj, read as the prod vet from j = mto j =n ofa,170 2/Basic Swuctures: Sets, Functions, Sequences, Sums, and Matrices @ Wa are te values ofthe flowing rode? 4. apes using product notation a) E208 b) Ts! © TES 1 4 2 43. Find S49 i! Recall thatthe value ofthe factorial function ata positive ine tegern, denoted by n!, is the product ofthe positive integers . from I ton, inclusive, Als, we specify that 0! = 1 46, Find TT} 0! Cardinality of Sets DEFINITION 1 DEFINITION 2 Introduction In Definition 4 of Section 2.1 we defined the cardinality ofa finite set as the number of elements in the set, We use the cardinalities of finite sets to tell us when they have the same size, or when cone is bigger than the other, In this section we extend this notion to infinite sets. That is, we will define what it means for two infinite sets to have the same cardinality, providing us with a way to measure the relative sizes of infinite sets, ‘We will be particularly interested in countably infinite sets, which are sets with the same cardinality as the set of positive integers. We will establish the surprising result that the set of rational numbers is countably infinite. We will also provide an example of an uncountable set ‘when we show thatthe set of real numbers is not countable. ‘The concepts developed in this section have impertant applications to computer science. A. function is called uncomputable if no computer program can be written (o find all its values, even with unlimited time and memory. We will use the concepts in this section to explain why uncomputable functions exist, ‘We now define what it means for two sets to have the same size, or cardinality. In Section 2.1, wwe discussed the cardinality of finite sets and we defined the size, or cardinality, of such sets. In Exercise 79 of Section 2.3 we showed that there is a one-to-one correspondence between any ‘wo finite sets with the same number of elements. We use this observation to extend the concept of cardinality to all sets, both finite and infinite. ‘The sets A and B have the same cardinality if and only if there is a one-to-one correspondence from A to B. When A and B have the same cardinality, we write |A| = |B For infinite sets the definition of cardinality provides a relative measure of the sizes of two sets, rather than a measure of the size of one particular set, We can also define what it means for one set to have a smaller cardinality than another set. If there is a one-to-one function from A to B, the cardinality of A is less than or the same as the cardinality of B and we write [Al < |B]. Moreover, when |A| = |B| and A and B have different cardinality, we say that the cardinality of A is less than the cardinality of Band we waite [Al < |B Countable Sets We will now split infinite sets into two groups, those with the same cardinality as the set of natural numbers and those with a different cardinality