What are the two structural systems that use angled members?

trusses
angled frames - which can be
broken down into an inclined
beam
Can you apply loads directly along the length of a truss member?
No - bcs loads must be applied at the JOINTs only.
Point loads only - kN not kN/m

What is WT?
To build a true truss, joist are
Tributary added to control load path.
Width... Wt for
joint C = 2.5m
Why is WT particularly important for true trusses?
m
2.5 1.2
Because the load has to be applied at m 5 5 kN/m
the joints - cannot use the distributed 4.0
load on members as it creates C
bending. Trusses have no shear or B B'
bending stresses. Loads must be A
applied at joints to stay true to the 6.0 m
pure T/C axial loads.

What are the WT for joint A, B and C?

C = (1.25+1.25) =2.5m .. .A=2m ...

B=(2m+1.25m)=3.25m
How are frames different than (true) trusses?
Frames are made with inclined beams that have V,M and axial
forces. Trusses have only axial loads.

After we look at VMN diagrams for frames, we will look at

deflections for trusses. Then we will be comparing similar
layouts - same loads, same geometry - on trusses and frames.
Redraw the truss given so it is ready to find the internal force.
(1) Need loads at joints only.
m
(2) Find support reactions. 2.5
m 5 kN/m
4.0
C
B
A
Fa= Wt*kN/m 6.0 m
Fa= 2m*5 kN/m =10 kN

Fb=3.25m* 5kN/m=16.25m 12.5

16.25 Fc 16.25
Fc=2.5m*5kN/m=12.5 kN
Fb 10kN
Fb
10kN
Fa Fa

m C
6.5 B
A
6.0 m
P(total)= 10*(2)+16.25*(2)+12.5
= 65 kN Ay Ay
Horizontal Projected
Length = 6m for each
angled member

Find reactions first by simply using the truss' similarity, use one resultant load at the center of the truss and
divide by two.

Fr= 5kN/m * (6.5m*2)=65 kN

Ay= 32.5 kN

If you did Fr = 5kN * (6m*2)= 60 kN and Ay=30 kN, you used the projected horizontal length, not the actual
length of the load. Think of roofing, the material must cover the longer angled lenght and therefore the
d
weight of the roof material must be multiplied by the length of the roof, not the horizontal length.
e l ate t
r s
r u ss e ju ed
t
f o r T w! Wtribu
it n o is
a t's t for get d ads. re
Secondly use the Wt of each joint to find the resultant load at each joint. Th nten to nt lo pa
co eded poi com s.
For A, Wt = 4m/2 so Fa= 5 kN/m*2m=10 kN ne ds to e can ame
loa w w & fr
For B, Wt = 4m/2 +2.5m/2 so Fb= 5 kN/m*3.25m= 16.25 kN No sses
For C, Wt = 2.5m/2 * 2 so Fc = 5kN/m *2.5m=12.5 kN tru
 Let's say you're a designer and your client (architect) doesn't want
any members blocking the view. How can this be done?
Frame

For this class we need to keep it determinate, we have a

couple of options.
m
2.5
m 5 kN/m
4.0
C

2.5 m
F
A
6.0 m theta = 22.62'

We're going to move forward with the more common symmetrical system. Because there's no vertical
legs, you would also this a beam system. The inclined beam provides a nice intro to angled frames as we
can focus just on the angled member portion.

Find Ay & Fy.... A& F are pins and C has an internal pin.
We know Ay=Fy and Ax=Fx because of symmetry. Ay & Fy will still be 32.5 kN.

What are Ax & Fx?

Can we solve for them?
Double check the system is determinate...
3*m<r
3*2=6
5 kN/m
Cx

2.5 m
Cy

6m

Sum Moments at Internal Pin C 32.5 kN

-(5 kN/m* 6.5m * 3)+ 32.5 kN*6m - Fx*(2.5m)=0
Fx =39 kN= Ax Thrust is developed in angled members - there's no horizontal load acting on the
system - we still have horizontal rxns due to the angled beam redirecting the global
load into thrust (horizontal load).
If we section the beam, what internal forces do we have? How
does this differ from a truss?
M,V & N

There is one key assumption about the orientation of the load on

a beam to find bending, axial and moment in a member.

What orientation must the load be? T/C

90' to the longitudinal

axis Beam Internal
Forces
Truss Internal
Forces
 The next step in finding the shear, moment and axial force for angled beams and
frames is to translate the load to the local x' and y' directions. These correspond to
the wb and wa loads.

Try to find the wb and the wa for the example at hand.

wb

wa

Global or Local Global or Local

orientation? orientation?

Let's look at the translation of a gravity load to the wb and wa

of angled beam given. Theta = 22.62' y'

(1) Draw a FBD that includes both the global and local axis y
with the global load. 5 x'

(2) Draw a triangle so that the hypotenuse is the global

(resultant) load and the wb and wa, the local orientations, are 22 x
the components of it.

(3) Using the known geometry, determine wb and wa by

using trig functions.

For this example,

wb = 5 kN/m *cos 22.62' = 4.61 kN/m
wa = 5 kN/m * sin 22.62' = 1.92 kN/m

Once we have translated the loads, we can move

onto creating our VMN force diagrams.

Load
Shear Moment
5m m
3.2 4. 3 8 kn*
2
4.6
15 kN

22' -15
1.9
Ax=39kN
5m
3.2
32.5 kN *cos 22.62' - 39 * sin 22.62'=
29.99 kN - 15kN = 15 (y') 32.5