MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

A matrix is a set of real or complex numbers or elements arranged in rows and columns to
form a rectangular array. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers that can be enclosed with
brackets

A matrix having m rows and n columns is called an m n that is ‘m by n’ matrix and is

A matrix is indicated by writing the array within brackets.

Example 8.1

* + is a , i.e ‘2 by 2’ matrix, where 7,6,8 and 5 are the elements of the matrix.

Note that, in describing the matrix, the number of rows is stated first and the number of
columns second.

Consider the following: * +

The matrix has 2 rows and 2 columns of elements.

It said to have an order of 2 2 two by two in which

3 2 3 2 First raw

4 5 4 5 Second raw

First Column -- Second Column

Similarly [ ]

Is a matrix of order 3 3, that is 3 rows and 3 columns.

So the matrix [ ] is of order 3 2

And the matrix * + is of order 2 by 3

A matrix with only one raw of elements is called a raw matrix. The matrix ( 2 3 4) for
example, is a raw matrix and has an order 1 3. We can use curly bracket { } is the same
column matrix.
Similarly, a matrix with only one column of elements is called a column matrix

Example 8.2

[ ]3 1 or 3 by 1

We can use a simple raw matrix in stating the X- and Y- coordinates of a point relative to the
X- and Y- axes.

For example, if p is the point (3,5) then the 3 is the x-coordinate and the 5 the y- coordinate.
In matrices generally, however, no commas are used to separate the elements.

Single Element Matrix

A single number may be regarded as a [ ] matrix, i.e having 1 raw and 1 column.

Double Suffix Notation

Each Element in a matrix has its own particular ‘address’ or location which can be defined by
a system of double suffixes, the first indicating the raw, the second the column.

8.2 MATRIX NOTATION

A matrix will be denoted by a bold face capital letter, while the elements of the matrix are
denoted by small letters with suffixes which uniquely defined the exact position of each
element in the array.

A= [ ]

The element is the first raw and first column

The element is the first raw and second column

The element is the first raw and third column

The element is the second raw and first column

The element is the second raw and second column

The element is the second raw and third column

The element is the third raw and first column

The element is the third raw and second column

The element is the third raw and third column

If A = [ ]

Find (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Solution

Aij, is the element in the ith raw and jth column,

Hence

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

EQUAL MATRICES

Two matrices are said to be equal if corresponding elements throughout are equal. Thus, the
two matrices must also be of the same order.

Given =* + and =[ ]

if and only if, , and , ,

So, if [ ] =* +

Then 4; 6; 5; 2; etc.

Therefore, if (aij) = (xij) then aij = xij for all Values of i and j

Example

If [ ]=* +, find the values of x and y

Solution

Since the two matrices are equal, their corresponding element are equal Hence:

x = 5 and y =

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES

When two matrices are of the same order, their corresponding elements can be added to
obtain a new matrix.

The sum of two matrices A and B of the same order is a third matrix C whose elements are
formed by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
Given that =* +, and =[ ]

=* ++ [ ]=[ ]

Similarly, A-B is a third matrix whose elements are formed by subtracting the elements of the
matrix B from the corresponding elements in the matrix A.

Given that =* +, and =[ ]

Then =* + [ ] [ ]

Example

If A= * + and B= * + find

(a) (b) (c)

Solution

(a) * + * +=* += * +

(b) * + * +=* += * +

(c) * +-* +=* += * +

Note that

Example

Let = * +, B=* +

Show that

Solution

=* ++ * +=* +=* +

= * ++* +=[ ]=* +

Hence
This property is true of matrix addition in general, and it is called the commutative property
of addition of two matrices.

We simply say that the two matrices A and B are commutative, with respect to the operation
of addition and we write

Example

Let * +, * + and * +

Show that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

Solution

(A + B) +C = (* + * +)+* +

=* ++* +=* +

A + (B + C) = * ++( * + * +)

= * ++* +=* +

Hence (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)

This property is true of addition of matrices.

It is called the associative property of addition of matrices.

MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

1. Scaler Multiplication

To multiply a matrix by a single number (i.e a scaler), each individual element of the
matrix is multiplied by that factor:

Example

4 * +=* +

That is in general, if ( )=( ).

It also means that, in reverse, we can take a common factor and of every element-not just one
raw or one column as in determinants.

Therefore, * + can be written as 5 * +

Two matrices can be multiplied together only when the number of columns in the first is
equal to the number of rows in the second.

Example

If A= (aij) = * + and B= (bi) = [ ]

Then A.B = * + [ ]

=[ ]

Let =* +, and =[ ]

The product of the matrices A and B written A.B or AB is a matrix:

C = [* +]

Such that

[* +] [[ ]] * +

The Matrix is defined if and only if the number of columns in the matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the matrix

If is defined, the matrices A and B are said to be conformable for multiplication.

Example

If = * + B= [ ] find A.B
Solution

=* +. [ ] = * +

=* + = * +

Example

If = (aij)= [ ] and B= (bij) = * + find AB

Solution

=[ ]. * +

=[ ]

=[ ]= [ ]

Note that multiplying a (3 x 2) matrix and a (2 x 4) matrix gives a product matrix of order (3
x 4).

That is order (3 x 2) x order (2 x 4) --- order (3x4).

In general, then, the product of an (l x m) matrix and an (m x n) matrix has order (lxn).

Example

Given that = [ ], B= * +

Find is defined? If it is, find it

Solution

=[ ] * +=[ ]

is a 2 x 3 matrix while A is a 3 x 2 matrix.

Hence is a 2 x 2 matrix. It is therefore defined.

Example

Let = * +, B= * +

Find (a)

(b) are two equal?

Solution

AB = * +* + = * +

BA = * +* += * +

AB ≠ BA

In general, Matrix multiplication is not commutative

Example

Let A= * +, B= * +, c= * +

Find: (i) AB

(ii) AC

(iii) A(B+C)

What do you notice about A(B+C) and AB + AC?

Solution

(i) AB = * +* +=* +

(ii) AC = * +* +=* +

(iii) A (B + C) = * +* +=* +

(iv) AB + AC = * ++* +=* +

:. A (B + C) = AB + AC

Multiplication distributes over addition in matrices. On the other hand, addition does not
distribute over multiplication in matrices in general
Example

Let A = * +, B = * +, C = * +

Find: (i) (AB) C (ii) A (BC) (iii) What do you notice

Solution

(i) AB = * +* +=* +

(AB).C = * +* +=* +

(ii) BC = * +* +=* +

A (BC) = * +* +=* +

(iii) (AB) C = A (BC)

This property of matrices is called associativity.

It follows that a matrix can be squared of it is itself a square matrix, i.e, the number of rows,
equals the number of columns

If A= * + Then

Example

A2 = * +* +=* +=* +

Remember that multiplication of matrices is defined only when the number of columns in the
first equal to the number of rows in the second.

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

If the row and columns of a matrix are interchanged i.e the first row becomes the first
column, the second row becomes the second column, the third row become the third column,
etc. Then the new matrix so formed is called the transpose is denoted by A or AT or ̌

Let A = * + and AT * +

In general, if B is an m n matrix then the transpose of B is an n m matrix.

If A = [ ], Then AT = * +

Example

Given that A = * + and [ ] find (A.B)T

Solution

* +[ ] * + * +

Example

Let * +, [ ]

Find (i) BT (ii) CT (iii) (BC) T (iv) CT.BT

(v) What do you notice about the result of (iii) and (iv)?

Solution

(i) [ ]

(ii) [ ]

(iii) * +[ ] * +

(BC)T = [ ]

(iv) [ ]. [ ] [ ]

(BC)T =

Determinant is a scalar value that can be computed from the elements of a square matrix and
encodes certain properties of the linear transformation described by the matrix. The
determinants of a matrix is denoted , or | |.
 DETERMINANTS

We observed that the common denominator of the expression of are the elements of
the matrix.

* +

The value of is called the determinant of the matrix.

We shall write the determinant A as a short form of the determinant of matrix A.

We shall denote the determinant of a square matrix by

We use two vertical and parallel straight lines instead of parentheses for the determinant of a
matrix.

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Example

Find the determinant of the following matrices.

(a) | | 7 5–

(b) | |

(c) | | 5 2–

EVALUATION OF A THIRD-ORDER DETERMINANT

To expand a determinant of the third order, we can write down each element along the top
row, multiply it by its minor and give the terms a plus or minors sign alternately;

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Then, of course, we already know how expand a determinant of the second order by
multiplying diagonally.

Example

Evaluate | |

Solution

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Example

Evaluate | |

Solution

Expand along the first row

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Let us expand along the second column.

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SOLUTION OF SIMILTANEOUS EQUATION USING DETERMINANTS

The matrix method can be employed in solving a system of linear equation in unknowns.

Two equations in two unknowns

Example

Use determinants to solve the simultaneous equations.

Solution

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Example

Use determinant to solve the simultaneous equations

Solution

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Example

Use determinants to solve the simultaneous equations

Solution

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Example

Use determinants to solve the simultaneous equations

Solution

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 BINOMIAL THEOREM

Consider the expansion of the following: Consider the array of the coefficient of a and b,
which can be display as follows:

This triangular array is called Pascal's Triangle. Each row gives the combinatorial numbers,
which are the binomial coefficients. Thus
(x + y)1 = x + y
(x + y)2 = (x + y) (x + y) = x2 + 2xy + y2
(x + y)3 = (x + y) (x + y)2= x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3
(x + y)4 = (x + y) (x + y)3 = x4 + 4 x3y + 6 x2 y2 + 4x y3 + y4
(x + y)5 = (x + y) (x + y)4 = x5 + 5 x4y + 10 x3 y2+ 10 x2 y3 + 5x y4+ y5
and so on.
In each of the equations above, the right hand side is called the binomial expansion of the left
hand side.
Example
Expand ( )4 using Pascal triangle.

Solution

The coefficients are 1 4 6 4 1.

(2 )4 = [ 4
( ]+ 4[ 3
] [ ] [ 3
]+ 4

4 3 3 4
+ 4[ ] [ ] [ )]+ )

Example

Using Pascal’s triangle to evaluate (1.01)4 correct to 5 decimal places.

(1.01)4 = (1 + 0.01)4 coefficient of (1.01)4 will be 1 4 6 4 1

Then the expansion will be:

(1 + 0.01)4 = 1+