The 3 main PrivateIP ranges are: TCP

Application
HTTP FTP SMTP 10.0.0.0/8 network Transmission Control Protocol
172.16.0.0/12 designed to send data packets over
Presentation
JPEG GI, AMPEG
192.168.0.0/16 internet, it is widely being used for

Session.
Apple Talk WinSock
L is asceloin ive heaoler/Htp/DVS reliablity, integrity
Is a value in the IP to identify how long
the packet was in the network and TCP Header
Transport
TCP, UDP SPX whether to accept or discard it.
header is 20 bytes, it contains number of
field, 10 mandatory fields and additional
Network
E ICMP, IPX (Touter)
TTL=0meanIn DNS means do not
cache this record
optional field

Data Link Source port, Dest port, Check Sum, flag,

Ethemet,ATM (Switch bridge) DNS Basic Records: icte/vexelu.cat seq number
A-> Address PTR->IP => hostname

Physical
Ethenet Token Ring (hup.repeater
CNAME-> Domain name to DN
TCP Flags
MX-> mail exchange
control bits that indicate different
Open System Interconnection is a NS-> nameserver records
connection states or information about
AAAA-> IPVv6
reference model for how applications how a packet should be handled.
can communicate over a network. #Tuenonte
ace Route Flag Description
traceroute-> Linux-> UDP RG Th* value ofthe urgentpointer field is valid

traceroute-> Windows-> ICMP ACK The value of the aknow ledgmeni held is vald

List of HTTP status codes: MA 30 nopPs PSH

RST
Push the dat
The connectiom must be reet

SYN| Synehrnize secquence nunuberr dunng connection

HTTP Status Codes What happen when entergoogle.com? FIN Tenninatethe connection

CWR Congestion Window Reduced

Code Descriphion Code Descriphon DAS
ECE ECN Echo (Explicit Congestion Notification)
200 OK 400
Bod Request
201 reated 401 Unauthorized Server
MSS-> Maximum Segment Size
Accepted Forbidden
browser
301 Moved Permanently 404 Not Found parameter of the options field of
303
SeeOther 410
Cone the TCP header that specifies the largest
Not Modificd 500 InternalServer Erro amount of data, specified in bytes, that
307 Temporary Redirect 503 Service Unavailable Traceroute Command computer or communications device can
CwNo0ASaytanind.er
ecs

504: Gatewaytimeout | 502: Bad gateway 26.7.14.tataide.co. in t14.97.26.161 receive in a single TCP segment

HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

MTU-> Maximum Transmission Unit
Is a communications protocol used to
it defines the maximum size of a packet
send and receive webpages and files on
that can be transferred in one frame ove
the Internet okesh Singh
network. how
afvene byey m ethert
an Covwtam w oo
Linux Network Commands: e e hws
3-way handshake "3 Flags
Ping emgtet
SYN-> SYN_ACK-> ACK
Host
Netstat
- to ch6 open pots tulpm ln p NAde.sa, io
I14,99,8,.14?1

at in..na.tateide,vo.Lo (i4.thsio
Tcpdump teaiate.
UDP
Traceroute i-14a.24.7.14.tataia.in- in i4.97.26 .1481

User Datagram Protocol, is

Ifconfig (ifup & ifdown) connectionless IP,
eiet
Route UDP is faster than TCP in terms that no
Nslookup /frvte-eth recovery is required
ptable
whois network-xcripts
iP
letdpottg/metwak| adevicas
DROP does nothing at all with the packet.
.. REJECT differs to DROP that it does
Header is 8 bytes
send a packet back, but the answer is as
UDP Header: Source port, Dest port,
ete hovts if a server is located on the IP, but does
Check Sum, length
telnet t o che ogenparls not have the port in a listening
state. IPtables will sent a RST/ACK in case ICMP
ICr Prntol
IatornetConirlesag
of TCP or with UDP an ICMP destination

tupluapi shva
f da á conto» P
wetyiut port unreachable.

T5.1KE a-1.
r o t t ado,iozaojetmk eth
 netstat Huge pages
Linux Run Level: Capable of producing information related to HugePagesmakes it possible for the
etc/inittab Set Linux Runlelvel network connections, routing tables, operating system to support memory pages
Files is in /etc/rc.d/re interface statistics etc greater than the default (usually 4KB)
netstat-Ipn | grep 8080
Run
Level
Name Description Superblock
Virtual Memory/Pagingin Linux
The part of the hard disk that is used as virtu
meta data information about the filesystem memory is called the swap space. Linux ca
D Halt Shuts down all services when the
5ystem will nor be rebooted such as filesystem UUID use either a normal file in the filesystem or
Used for system maintenance.
df-h
dumpe2fs mount_polntigrep-Isuperb separate partition for swap space. .. Pagin
Single User | no Networking capabuities. Is usually more efficient, and that i
inode what Linux does, but tradition
maintenance index node contains metadata information
systemtortesting
and

2 MultiUser Used
MultiUser
NO NedwoVK S U P O T
(file size, file type, etc.) for a file system
Linux terminology talks about swappin
object (like a file or a directory) anyway. Pani clon sBorts dl 7«d sto
| operations Text Mode
3 Multiuser
Network Support
Non-Graphical
for server systems.

An inode is a data structure on a traditional

Custom Mode, used by SysAdmin Unix-style file system such as UFS or ext3.
An inode stores basic information about a 14% %CPU Csed by Ur Precms
regular file, directory, or other file system
5 Graphica/
X11
Graphical login with same
isability of Run Level 3.
object.
9.23: CPL sed by *yatew Pree

G24oitd P l in ufte tair

6 Reboot
Shuts down all servlces when
the system is being rebooted. df-i (system global) 35.7wa: CPl ailioz Surl10

Is-i/stat
0.0%s: %CPU Csd by Softuraeaternpts
0,1%at: Steal timef Read belis d a i a
ower ONREtn

BIOS/System
u limit
System Startup/Harctware initilazation User limits such as processes, open files
Boot loader Stage 1 MBR loading letc/security/limits.conf ProcessesS
Boot loader Stage 2 0 sched / swapper
Linux OS
Sympolic link vs Hard Link 1 init
Kernel Sympolic is like shortcut In -s
Hard link map to the exact file (new) > In Note [kthreadd]> Kerenl Core
INI Process Run levels

ToCheckIs-ali
Dser commands

fstab
File permissions:
4 read/2 write /1 execute
Is where we put the permanent
configuration to mount a device or NFS.
775public will have read + execute
1775 rwx:g&u+ rx:all + parity check
RAID
Chmod to change permissions
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks List hard disk using:
Isblk | df-h | Is-s/dev/sd* | fdisk chmod 777 /test-R
Raid Level|Protection Disks NoFT
Stripping None Chown to change ownership/ chgrp
var chown-R user:group /test
Mirroring Contains files to which the system
Stripe with P |3

Stripe with IP4 writes data during the course of its Symbolic Mode
MrorOr SPR4 2 operation. var/log/messages /v/cache Operator | Desc. u User/owner
10 Adds
g Group
Difference betweenload averageand cPULoad: Removes o Other
Load average is the median cpu work in 1, 5 or Sets
ovemide
a | All
15 minutes while the CPU load is the current
CPU load currently uUser/owner

Raid 0 Raid 1

Raid 5 Raid
 A Cogele outan a Orack wtnc t kto
prooluction outgt tht as a oM
Wa to act jwnekatuh a co -o poott te wor bete
the vespowble act team CC "CowCaln q
to hmt
all t h Tea to acsooist the be recow fi

allsorviue ba

Cuta thet i) Cowglainmn

ubo ot rtot h
CAM
Can u teaesu th
artorw Mow Taky en hewei
o-15 miws ate o lo
pa
At wa stT a

fa me
optiminer
w t Mau
vesiom o tCytou

amd
ob aleauy Senilt all uyce
OOw
N Cogla sh do n e wclhy
w to a ne
all daty all
wEi
eett
as
ay ll aaj al
ell

o test to olocpdft a all

aurtor dft
atour al
Comwniariuns
teota
wvelw
r e l t teas

OraceMad Coul eyiteto dan releai

wvolvel in 1e wteral fiw the bake
testin durubaye to the cuvtomary
dre.
fagt
anel 2
Suppor yters
 a t n AVS

,Ceded EC2 Di Orucle DIS in)ton f in ley th 010is)

Suppr wle Jlere pprouh uppor

DeroData Cebei Sites (io e)
bruca aPsernte vat ofmdby Amao
to cut qw nuwlt tre cewohx
siwy Co Se
Soiovs d a ) *Hl as all deeloptiob for clertlopu
o c i t l pt form
Av kea i) r 6 2o19

Drn
TTM treu uhphe whte pags rowliy-Orak