Scribd
Upload
29 views13 pages

Lecture 5 Probability (Sample Space and Events)

1. The document discusses key concepts in probability and statistics including sample space, events, and operations on events like union, intersection, and complement. 2. A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment and can be represented numerically, categorically, or as a statement. 3. An event is a subset of the sample space and the complement of an event contains all elements not in the event. 4. The intersection of events contains elements common to both events, while the union contains all elements in either event. Mutually exclusive events have no elements in common.

Uploaded by

test 2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views13 pages

Lecture 5 Probability (Sample Space and Events)

1. The document discusses key concepts in probability and statistics including sample space, events, and operations on events like union, intersection, and complement. 2. A sample space is the set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment and can be represented numerically, categorically, or as a statement. 3. An event is a subset of the sample space and the complement of an event contains all elements not in the event. 4. The intersection of events contains elements common to both events, while the union contains all elements in either event. Mutually exclusive events have no elements in common.

Uploaded by

test 2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

ENGINEERING DATA ANALYSIS

Probability and Statistics for Engineers and


Scientists, 3rd edition
By: Ronald E. Walpole
Raymond H. Myers
I. Sample Space
➢ In the study of statistics, basic concern is the presentation and
interpretation of chance outcomes that occur in a planned study or
scientific investigation.
Example: An Engineer may record the number of accidents that occur at an
intersection of a highway hoping to justify the installation of traffic light,
or an engineer might classify items coming off an assembly line as
“defective” or “nondefective”.
➢ Two kinds of data statistician usually is dealing namely; numerical data
(those representing counts or measurements, example of this is that count
of the number of accidents at a certain intersection), or categorical data
(those that can be classified according to some criterion, example is that
classifying items as defective or nondefective).
➢ Recording of information whether it be numerical or categorical is called
observation.
 The process that generates a set of data is referred to by the statistician as
experiment or statistical experiment.
Example: tossing a coin( two possible outcome, Heads or Tails), tossing a
die(possible outcomes, 1,2,3,4,5,6).
➢ Definition : The set of all possible outcomes of a statistical experiment is
called the sample space and is represented by the symbol S.
Each outcome in the sample space is called an element or a member
or a sample point. If the sample space has a finite number of elements,
members are listed separated by a comma and enclosed by brackets. Thus
the sample space when a coin is tossed is written as:
S = { H, T } where “H “ heads and “T” Tails
EXAMPLE No.1 : Consider an experiment of tossing a die. The sample space
if we are interested in the number that shows on the top face is
S = {1 ,2,3,4,5,6 }
If we are only interested whether the element number is even or odd then
S = { even, odd }
If we are interested of listing all possible even element numbers then
S = { 2,4,6 }
If we are interested of the list of odd element numbers then
S = { 1,3,5 }
➢ In some experiment it will be convenient if the elements is written first
using tree diagram before listing it in the proper format shown above.

EXAMPLE No. 2: An experiment consists of flipping a coin and then flipping


it a second time if a head occurs. If a tail occurs on the first flip, then a die
is tossed once.
Tree Diagram:
Second outcome Sample point
First outcome H HH

H T HT
1 T1
2 T2
3 T3
T 4 T4
5 T5
6 T6
Therefore the sample space can be written as
S = { HH, HT, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 }
EXAMPLE No.3: Suppose that 3 items are selected at random from a
manufacturing process. Each item is inspected and classified as defective,
D, or nondefective, N.
D DDD
D N DDN
D DND
D N N DNN
D NDD
D N NDN

N D NND
N N NNN
THUS, S = { DDD,DDN,DND,DNN,NDD,NDN,NND,NNN }
➢ Some sample spaces with large or infinite number of sample points are best
described by a statement or rule.
EXAMPLE No. 4: If the possible outcomes of an experiment are the set of
cities in the world with a population over 1 million, the sample space is
written as :
S = {x/ x is a city with a population over 1 million}, read as S is
the set of all x such that x is a city with a population over 1 million. This is
using a statement.
EXAMPLE No. 5 : If S is the set of all points (x,y) on the boundary or the
interior of a circle of radius 2 with center at the origin then,
S = {(x,y)/ x2 + y2 < 4}, this is using the rule.
II. Events
➢ Definition : An event is a subset of a sample space. This can be a null set,
part of the sample space or all of the elements of the sample space.
EXAMPLE No.1 : if we are interested in event A that outcome when a die is
tossed is divisible by 2, thus A = {2,4,6}

EXAMPLE No.2 : If we are interested in the event A that the outcome when a
die is tossed is greater than 6 then A = Ø. Note that null set is always a
subset of the sample space.

EXAMPLE No.3 : Given the sample space S = { t/ t > 0}, where t is the life in
years of a certain electronic component, then the event A that the component
fails before the end of the fifth year is the subset A = {t/ 0< t < 5}.
 Definition : The complement of an event A with respect to S is the set of all
elements of S that are not in A. We denote the complement of A by the
symbol A’.
EXAMPLE No.4: If S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and A = {1,3,5} then A’ = {2,4,6}
EXAMPLE No.5: If S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} and A = Ø then A’ = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
➢ Definition : The intersection of two events A and B, denoted by the symbol
A  B, is the event containing all elements that are common to A and B.

EXAMPLE No. 6: Let M = {a,b,c,d,e} and N = {a, e, i, o, u} then


M  N = {a, e}
EXAMPLE No. 6: Let M = {a,b,c,d,e} and N = {r, s, t, u} then
M N = Ø
 In certain statistical experiments, it is by no means unusual to define two
events A and B that cannot both occur simultaneously. The events A and B
are then said to be mutually exclusive.
 Definition: Two events A and B are mutually exclusive if AB = Ø, that is
A and B have no elements in common.



EXAMPLE No. 7: Let M = {a,b,c,d} and N = {r, s, t, u} then
M  N = Ø, in this case M and N are mutually exclusive.
➢ Definition: The union of two events A and B denoted by the symbol A  B,
is the event containing all elements that belong to A or B or both.
EXAMPLE No. 8: Let A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {5,6,7,8} then
A  B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}
➢ EXAMPLE No. 9: Let A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {1,2,3,4} then
A  B = {1,2,3,4}
EXAMPLE: If M={x/ 3<x<9 } and N={y/ 5<y<12 }, then
M  N = {z/ 3< z <12 }.
➢ The relationship of events and the corresponding sample space can be
illustrated by means of Venn Diagram where the sample space is the rectangle
and the events are represented by circles drawn inside the rectangle.
EXAMPLE: 


A B = 1, 2
S B C = 1, 3
B
A  C =1,2,3,4,5,7

7 2
6
B’ A = 4, 7

A
1 3 A B C=1
4444
(A B) C’ = 2,6,7
5 C

You might also like