LIGHT

SCES3383 GENERAL
PHYSICS
REFLECTION OF LIGHT
-PLANE MIRROR-
 What is reflection of light?

When a ray of light approaches a smooth polished surface and the

light ray bounces back, it is called the reflection of light. The
incident light ray that land on the surface is reflected off the
surface. The ray that bounces back is called the reflected ray. If a
perpendicular were drawn on a reflecting surface, it would be
called normal. The figure below shows the reflection of an incident
beam on a plane mirror.
 Laws of reflection

The laws of reflection determine the reflection of incident light rays on reflecting
surfaces, like mirrors, smooth metal surfaces and clear water. Let’s consider a plane
mirror as shown in the figure above. The law of reflection states that
The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal all lie in the same plane
The angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
 Regular/ Specular reflection

Specular Reflection refers to a clear and sharp reflection, like the ones you get in a mirror. A mirror is
made of glass coated with a uniform layer of a highly reflective material such as powder. This reflective
surface reflects almost all the light incident on it uniformly. There is not much variation in the angles of
reflections between various points. This means that the haziness and the blurring are almost entirely
eliminated.
 Diffused Reflection

Reflective surfaces other than mirrors, in general, have a very rough finish. This may be due to wear
and tear such as scratches and dents or dirt on the surface. Sometimes even the material of which
the surface is made of matters. All this leads to a loss of both the brightness and the quality of the
reflection.

In the case of such rough surfaces, the angle of reflection when compared between points is
completely haphazard. For rough surfaces, the rays incident at slightly different points on the
surface is reflected in completely different directions. This type of reflection is called diffused
reflection and is what enables us to see non-shiny objects.
 Multiple Reflection

A single image is formed when an object is placed in front of a mirror. What happens if we use two
mirrors? Since reflective surfaces such as mirrors are very good at preserving the intensity of light in
a reflection, a single light source can be reflected multiple times. These multiple reflections are
possible until the intensity of light becomes low to the point that we cannot see. This means that we
can have almost infinite multiple reflections. We can also see an image in every individual reflection.
This means that each image is the result of an image or an image of an image.
 Multiple Reflection

The number of images we see depends on the angle between the two mirrors. We see that as we go on
decreasing the angle between the mirrors, the number of images increases. And when the angle
becomes zero, i.e., when the mirrors become parallel, the number of images becomes infinite. This effect
can be easily observed when your barber uses another smaller mirror to show you the back of your
head. When this happens, not only do you see the back of your head, but you also see innumerable
images of yourself. The variation of the number of images of an object placed between two mirrors with
the angle between the mirrors can be described by a simple formula:
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
I)CONVEX LENS
2)CONCAVE LENS
WHAT IS REFRACTION?

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes

from one medium to another. The bending is caused
due to the differences in density between the two
substances. Refraction of light is one of the most
commonly observed phenomena, but other waves like
sound waves and water waves also experience
refraction. Refraction makes it possible for us to have
optical instruments such as magnifying glasses,
lenses and prisms. It is also because of the refraction
of light that we are able to focus light on our retina. REFRACTION IN NATURE
 EXAMPLE:
CAUSES OF REFRACTION

Change of Speed Results

in Change in Direction
A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an
angle into a medium of different refractive
indices. This change in speed results in a
change in direction. As an example,
consider air travelling into water. The speed The refraction of light in glass is shown in the figure above.
of light decreases as it continues to travel When light travels from air into glass, the light slows down
at a different angle. and changes direction slightly. When light travels from a
less dense substance to a denser substance, the refracted
light bends more towards the normal line. If the light wave
approaches the boundary in a perpendicular direction, the
light ray doesn’t refract despite the change in speed.
 LAWS OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT

1 2 3
FIRST LAW OF SECOND LAW OF
SNELL’S LAW
REFRACTION OF LIGHT REFRACTION OF LIGHT
It states that the incident ray, It states that the ratio of the Snell’s Law states that for the light
refracted ray, and normal to the sine of the angle of incidence (i) if given colour and for the given pair
interface at the point of and the sine of the angle of of media, the ratio of the sine of the
incidence all lie in the same refraction (r) is constant. It is angle of incidence to the sine of the
plane. given as, Sin i / sin r = Constant angle of refraction is constant. It
gives the degree of refraction and
also tells the relation between the
angle of incidence, the angle of
refraction and the refractive index
of media. Sin i / sin r = μ = constant
where, μ is the refractive index of
the medium
 REFRACTION OF LIGHT IN LIFE
1

A swimming pool always looks shallower than it really is because the light coming
from the bottom of the pool bends at the surface due to refraction of light.

The formation of a rainbow is an example of refraction as the sun rays bend

through the raindrops resulting in the rainbow.

When white light passes through a prism it is split into its component colours –
red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet due to refraction of light.
 CONVEX LENS
This type of lens is thicker at the centre and thinner at the edges.
An optical lens is generally made up of two spherical surfaces. If those
surfaces are bent outwards, the lens is called a biconvex lens or simply a
convex lens. These types of lenses can converge a beam of light coming
from outside and focus it to a point on the other side. This point is known
as the focus and the distance between the centre of the lens to the
focus is called the focal length of the convex lens.
 USES OF CONVEX LENS

Used in Magnifying Glasses Used in Cameras Used in Microscopes

One of the most direct and simplest uses of a Convex lenses are used widely in the Microscopes use a convex lens to
convex lens is in a magnifying glass. As the camera, focusing on an image and generate extremely magnified
light rays enter the convex lens of the magnifying it. Almost all lenses of images of very small objects.
magnifying glass, it becomes focused on a cameras consist of a convex lens Simple microscopes mostly
specific focal point in front of the centre of followed by a concave lens followed by a consist of three lenses. The lens at
the lens. Once the magnifying glass is at the second convex lens. The first lens the end of the simple microscope
optimal distance, the focal point will reach controls the magnification level of the produces an inverted and
the object. Therefore maximum image by moving away from or towards magnified image.
magnification of the object will be generated the object
 CONCAVE LENS

A concave lens is a lens that diverges a straight light beam from the
source to a diminished, upright, virtual image. It can form both real and
virtual images. Concave lenses have at least one surface curved inside. A
concave lens is also known as a diverging lens because it is shaped round
inwards at the centre and bulges outwards through the edges, making
the light diverge.
 USES OF CONCAVE LENS

Used in Telescope Used in Eye Glasses Used in Peepholes

Concave lenses are used in telescopes Concave lenses are most commonly used Peepholes or door viewers are
and binoculars to magnify objects. As to correct myopia which is also called security devices that give a
a convex lens creates blurs and nearsightedness. The eyeball of a person panoramic view if objects
distortion, telescope and binocular suffering from myopia is too long, and outside walls or doors. A
manufacturers install concave lenses the images of faraway objects fall short concave lens is used to
before or in the eyepiece so that a of the retina. Therefore, concave lenses minimize the proportions of
person can focus more clearly. are used in glasses which correct the the objects and gives a wider
shortfall by spreading out the light rays view of the object or area.
before it reaches the eyeball. This enables
the person to see far away objects more
clearly.
 LENS FORMULA
The lens formula is used to identify the nature and the
position of the image formed by the concave lens. The
lens formula is expressed as follows:

where f is the focal length, v is the distance of the image

from the centre and u is the distance of the object from
the centre.
Similarly, the magnification of the image is given by the
equation,

where M is the magnification, hi is the height of the image

and ho is the height of the object.
MICROSCOPE
AND
TELESCOPE

01
 Microscope and Telescope.

Microscopes and telescopes are The invention of these devices

major instruments that have led to numerous discoveries in
contributed hugely to our disciplines such as physics,
current understanding of the astronomy, and biology, to
micro- and macroscopic worlds. name a few.
Microscope
Microscopes are scientific instruments
that allow us to see objects that are too
small to be seen with the naked eye.
The first microscope was invented in
the late 16th century, and since then,
microscopes have been used in a wide
range of scientific fields.

There are several different types of

microscopes, including compound
microscopes, stereo microscopes,
optical microscope and electron
microscopes. Each type of microscope
uses different technology to magnify
objects and reveal their hidden details.
RS LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Optical
Microscope
 RS

Optical microscope.
The optical microscope,
also referred to as a light
Optical microscopes are Basic optical
microscope, is a type of
the oldest design of microscopes can be very
microscope that
microscope and were simple, although many
commonly uses visible
possibly invented in complex designs aim to
light and a system of
their present compound improve resolution and
lenses to generate
form in the 17th century sample contrast.
magnified images of
small objects.
 RS

Optical microscope.

In high-power A range of objective

The object is placed on a microscopes, both lenses with different
stage and may be eyepieces typically show magnification are
directly viewed through the same image, but with usually provided
one or two eyepieces on a stereo microscope, mounted on a turret,
the microscope. slightly different images allowing them to be
are used to create a 3-D rotated into place and
effect. providing an ability to
zoom-in.
RS LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Types.
There are two basic types of optical microscopes:
simple microscopes and compound microscopes.
A simple microscope uses the optical power of
single lens or group of lenses for magnification. A
compound microscope uses a system of lenses
(one set enlarging the image produced by
another) to achieve much higher magnification of
an object.
 Simple microscope

A simple microscope uses a lens

or set of lenses to enlarge an
object through angular
magnification alone, giving the
viewer an erect enlarged virtual
image. The use of a single convex
lens or groups of lenses are found
in simple magnification devices
such as the magnifying glass,
loupes, and eyepieces for
telescopes and microscopes.
 Compound microscope
A compound microscope uses a lens close
to the object being viewed to collect light
(called the objective lens) which focuses a
real image of the object inside the
microscope (image 1). That image is then
magnified by a second lens or group of
lenses (called the eyepiece) that gives the
viewer an enlarged inverted virtual image
of the object (image 2). The use of a
compound objective/eyepiece combination
allows for much higher magnification.
Common compound microscopes often
feature exchangeable objective lenses,
allowing the user to quickly adjust the
magnification.
RS LIGHT MICROSCOPE

Application of
microscope.
 In Pathology and By Scientists
Medicine
The greatest contribution of
microscopes is in the field of
The microscope can be found
healthcare. They are used to in every biological laboratory
diagnose diseases by getting a and research center. They are
larger view of the blood sample, used by scientists to study
making it easier to detect parasites,
microorganisms, cells,
bacteria, etc. Researchers also use
it to study harmful microorganisms crystalline structures and
and their effect on the human body, molecular structures.
to find the cures for various
diseases.
 In Forensic Science In Education

Microscopes are found among

In crime scenes, criminals
various other optical
usually erase proof of their
identification. In such cases,
instruments in every science
microscopes help forensic laboratory in colleges,
doctors to examine organs, schools and universities.
bones and other parts of the Because of its excellent
body to know the cause of usage, it is one of the most
death. They can also be used to widely used devices among
simplify complex evidence. students.
Telescope
Telescopes are scientific instruments
that allow us to see objects that are too
far away to be seen with the naked eye.
The first telescopes were invented in
the early 17th century, and since then,
telescopes have been used to explore
the universe.

There are several different types of

telescopes, including refracting
telescopes, reflecting telescopes, and
radio telescopes. Each type of telescope
uses different technology to collect and
focus light or other electromagnetic
radiation.
Reflecting
telescope.
 Reflecting telescope, also called a reflector, is a
telescope that uses a combination of curved mirrors
that reflect light and form an image of a distant
object.

In astronomy, it is used to examine the visible region of

the electromagnetic spectrum as well as the shorter
DEFINITION (ultraviolet) and longer (infrared) wavelength regions
adjacent to it.

Reflecting telescope is so-called because

the primary mirror reflects the light to a
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focus instead of refracting it.
 The primary mirror
usually has a concave
A secondary curved
spherical or parabolic mirror, in
shape and inverts the combination with an
image at the focal eyepiece, is used to
plane. observe the image.
 types of
Reflecting
telescope.
 Newtonian Telescope.

In this kind of reflecting telescope, a plano-

concave primary mirror deflects the incoming
light to a diagonal secondary mirror. The light
is then reflected towards the side of the
telescope, where the eyepiece is located. This
design is usually used in smaller telescopes.
 Cassegrain Telescope.

n this kind of reflecting telescope, the primary

mirror is still plano-concave, but the secondary
mirror is plano-convex. It reflects light through a
hole in the primary mirror’s center. The reflected
light is then collected by the eyepiece located behind
this hole. More astronomical reflecting telescopes use
this design, often called Cassegrain focus.
 LIGHT

APPLICATION AND INNOVATION OF LIGHT IN LIFE

LASER
L lIGHT

A AMPLIFICATION BY

S STIMULATED

E EMISSION OF

R RADIATION
 Aplication of laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emiision of Radiation. Optical electronic
device that generates an intase (very narrow) beam of single colour
(monochromatic) light by pumping (amplifying) photons with more energy
through collisions with other photons, Laser beams can travel vast distance
without dispersion and can carry enormous amountus of energy (100 million
watts per square centimeter and more)

Laser are sources of light with a very special properties.

 Aplication of laser
Laser is used in different aspects like:
1. Science and tecnology
2. Medicine
3. Industry
4. Defence and space science
5. Military
6. Energy Technology
 Science and Tecnology

Laser helps in the study 'Brownian Motion' of

particles.
 Science and Tecnology

He-Ne laser proved that velocity of light in all direction is

same
The rate of rotation of the earth is measured accurately
by He-Na laser
 Science and Tecnology

Laser helps in counting number of atom in substances

Laser are used to separated isotopic species from the
mixture of isotopes of element in a substance.
The nature of plasma of matter is studied with the help
of lasers.
Lasers are also used to attain hight temperatures, which
cause thermonuclear.
Laser are also used in holography which is a special
three dimensional photography.
 In industry

Welding & Cutting of metal

Laser are widely used in manufacturing (industry), e.g. for
cutting, drilling, weilding, cladding, soldering (brazing),
hardening, ablating, surface treatment, marking,
engraving, micromachining, pulsed laser deposition, etc.
 In industry

Barcode scanners
Introducing lasers to the retail industry was a
masterstroke, with barcode scanners optimising it like
never before. The reason being is that they scan products
and store the information on them, meaning that they can
help count stock levels as well as track customer habits –
an essential aspect of retail.
 In medical
We really do live in an age of modern marvels, as new technologies are
helping shape the world around us. One of the biggest impacts that lasers
have had in the real world can be found in the medical sector, as they
have been used for a number of purposes, including treating cancers,
diagnosing diseases and making highly precise incisions.

That’s the real attraction with these types of lasers. The fact that they can
deliver light energy with mathematical precision to almost any area of the
body is life-changing. Lasers are improving the accuracy of healthcare and
reducing the amount of time spent per patient, making it a much more
beneficial operation.
 In medical

Use for the treatment of detached retinas.

Use in performing blodless surgery
Use for the treatment of human and animal cancers and skin
tumtors.
OPTICAL
FIBER
 INNOVATION
Friday, August (1970 )– Three Corning scientists made a discovery that forever changed the
communications landscape. Since the 1960s, scientists around the globe had been looking at ways to
replace the copper wire infrastructure used to transfer data and voice. On August, Doctors Donald Keck,
Robert Maurer, and Peter Schultz produced a fiber sample measuring between 16 and 17 decibels (dBs)
of light loss – lower than the 20 dB attenuation target scientists predicted could enable reliable
transmission. The first low-loss optical fiber, it was a bright spot of light that transformed the world.
 History of Optical Fiber Innovation

From a Single Strand Of Glass The Evaluation Of Optical Fiber The Journey to 1 Bilion

Fifty years ago, a single strand Optical fiber goes faster and further Since its invention in 1970, Corning
of glass and a bright spot of than anyone could imagined, and it optical fiber has been deployed in
light set the world on an epic carries more information. Today, its hundreds of thousands of network
path of continuous innovation. capacity and capabilities are across the globe, from long-haul
virtually unlimited. and submarine networks to fiber to
the premises networks and data
centers.
 OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber is the technology associated
with data transmission using light pulses
traveling along with a long fiber which is
usually made of plastic or glass. Metal
wires are preferred for transmission in
optical fiber communication as signals
travel with less damage. Optical fibers are
also unaffected by electromagnetic
interference. The fiber optical cable uses
the application of total internal reflection
of light. The fibers are designed such that
they facilitate the propagation of light
along with the optical fiber depending on
the requirement of power and distance of
transmission.
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER
-REFRACTIVE INDEX-

Step Index Fiber Graded Index Fiber

It consists of a core surrounded by The refractive index of the optical fiber

the cladding, which has a single decreases as the radial distance from
uniform index of refraction. the fibre axis increases.
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER
-MATERIALS USED-

Plastic Optical Fibers Glass Fiber

The polymethylmethacrylate is It consists of extremely fine glass fibers.

used as a core material for the
transmission of light.
 TYPES OF OPTICAL FIBER
-MADE OF PROPAGATION OF LIGHT-

Single-Mode Fibers Multimode Fiber

These fibers are used for long- These fibers are used for short-
distance transmission of signals. distance transmission of signals.
 The application and uses of optical fibers
Medical Industry Communication
Because of its extremely thin and In the communication system,
flexible nature, it is used in various telecommunication has major uses
instruments to view internal body of optical fiber cables for
parts by inserting into hollow spaces transmitting and receiving purposes.
in the body. It is used as lasers It is used in various networking fields
during surgeries, endoscopy, and even increases the speed and
microscopy and biomedical accuracy of the transmission data.
research.

Industries
Lightening Decorations These fibers are used for imaging in
hard-to-reach places such as they
By now, we got a fair idea of what is are used for safety measures and
optical fibre and it also gives an lighting purposes in automobiles
attractive, economical and easy both in the interior and exterior. They
way to illuminate the area and that transmit information at lightning
is why it is widely used in speed and are used in airbags and
decorations and Christmas trees. traction control.
REMOTE
SENSING
 Remote sensing.
Remote sensing is the acquisition Remote sensing is used in
of information about an object or numerous fields, including
phenomenon without making geophysics, geography, land
physical contact with the object, surveying and most Earth science
in contrast to in situ or on-site disciplines.
observation.

it also has military, intelligence,

The term is applied especially to
commercial, economic, planning,
acquiring information about Earth
and humanitarian applications,
and other planets.
among others.
 Remote sensing.
In current usage, the term remote It includes the surface and the
sensing generally refers to the use atmosphere and oceans, based on
of satellite- or aircraft-based propagated signals (e.g.
sensor technologies to detect and electromagnetic radiation).
classify objects on Earth.

It may be split into "active" remote

sensing (when a signal is emitted and "passive" remote sensing
by a satellite or aircraft to the (when the reflection of sunlight is
object and its reflection detected detected by the sensor).
by the sensor)
 REMOTE SENSING CAN BE DIVIDED
INTO TWO TYPES OF METHODS:
PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING AND
ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING.

PASSIVE REMOTE SENSING ACTIVE REMOTE SENSING

Passive sensors gather radiation that is Active collection, on the other hand, emits
emitted or reflected by the object or energy in order to scan objects and areas
surrounding areas. Reflected sunlight is whereupon a sensor then detects and
the most common source of radiation measures the radiation that is reflected or
backscattered from the target. RADAR and
measured by passive sensors. Examples
LiDAR are examples of active remote
of passive remote sensors include film
sensing where the time delay between
photography, infrared, charge-coupled
emission and return is measured,
devices, and radiometers. establishing the location, speed and
direction of an object.
Lidar sensor.
Radar sensor.
 The application and uses of remote
Observing climate
sensing. Collecting earth’s
changes pictures from space
Satellites such as CERES, MODIS, Many space organization has a
AMSRE, TRMM, and MOPITT has made collection containing images of
it possible to observe climate earth. Interesting patterns of earth’s
changes from up above the skies. It geometry including atmosphere,
is also possible to compare past oceans, land, etc can be seen in it.
climate situation with the current EO-1, Terra, and Landsat are used to
one. collect this data.

Crop production
forecasting
Drought Monitoring Remote Sensing is used to predicting
Remote sensing technology is used to crop production and yield over a
monitor the weather patterns given field and determine how much
including the drought patterns over a of the crop will be harvested under
given area. The information is used to the specific conditions. The
forecast the rainfall patterns of an researcher can predict the crop
area and also tell the time difference quantity that will be produced in
between the current and the next given farmland over a given period
rainfall which can be helpful to keep of time.
track of the drought.
RIMBERIO CO

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