SOUND

Group memberS:
1. Iqbal Hakim Bin Mohamad
2. Eleanor Anak Ajis
3. Esther Martha Anak Merekus
TOPIC OUTLINE
Today's Discussion

1. SOUND WAVE
2. PRESSURE IN
AND ITS
SOUND WAVES
PROPERTIES

3. SOUND QUALITY IN THE

PRODUCTION OF MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
 SOUND
Sound is produced when an object’s vibrations move
through a medium until they enter the human
eardrum.
Produced in the form of a pressure wave
When an object vibrates, it causes the surrounding
air molecules to vibrate, initiating a chain reaction
of sound wave vibrations throughout the medium

INTRODUCTION
 HOW WE CAN
HEAR A SOUND
SOUND WAVE
AND ITS
PROPERTIES
Amplitude and loudness
Frequency and pitch
Resonance
 AMPLITUDE & LOUDNESS

PROPERTIES OF
SOUND WAVE

FREQUENCY & PITCH RESONANCE

 AMPLITUDE AND
LOUDNESS
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of the
medium from its rest position, caused by the
passage of the sound wave.
Amplitude is measured in decibels (dB) and
determines the volume or loudness of the sound
wave.
Higher amplitudes produce louder sounds, and
lower amplitudes produce quieter sounds.
AMPLITUDE AND
LOUDNESS
 FREQUENCY & PITCH
Frequency and pitch describe the same thing, but from different
viewpoints.
While frequency measures the cycle rate of the physical waveform,
pitch is how high or low it sounds when you hear it.
This is directly related to frequency: the higher the frequency of a
waveform, the higher the pitch of the sound you hear.
Think of the sound of a car or motorcycle engine accelerating. As the
engines turns faster (at a higher frequency) the engine makes a
higher-pitched sound.
FREQUENCY & PITCH
RESONANCE
Resonance is a phenomenon that occurs when a vibrating system or
object, such as a string or a column of air, is subjected to a periodic
external force at a particular frequency known as its natural
frequency.
When the frequency of the external force matches the natural
frequency of the vibrating system, the amplitude of the vibration
increases, resulting in a phenomenon known as resonance.
 RESONANCE
Resonance can occur in a variety of objects and
structures, such as musical instruments, rooms, and
even the human vocal tract.
When sound waves of a particular frequency enter an
object or structure that has a natural frequency that
matches the frequency of the sound waves, the
amplitude of the sound waves increases due to
resonance.
 RESONANCE
For example, when a guitar string is plucked, it
vibrates at its natural frequency, which is
determined by its length, tension, and mass per unit
length.
When the sound waves produced by the vibrating
string enter the sound hole of the guitar, the air
inside the guitar resonates at the same frequency,
resulting in a louder and richer sound.
People who are not very good at singing sound much better while singing in the
shower because the pure notes emitted are resonated in the shower cubicle. The
bathroom is enclosed space and sometimes small; as you sing the sound waves hit
the walls more frequently causing the wall to vibrate since the walls are parallel to
each other. The reflected sound hit each other, thereby causing the wall to vibrate
at your natural frequency and the louder sound is transmitted.
SOUND QUALITY
IN THE
PRODUCTION OF
MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS
 WHAT IS THE QUALITY OF SOUND IN
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS ?

Sound quality is a crucial factor in the production of musical

instruments. The quality of sound produced by an instrument
depends on a variety of factors such as the materials used,
the craftsmanship and design of the instrument, and the
technique and skill of the musician.
 EXAMPLE
The sound quality of a stringed The sound quality of a wind
instrument such as a violin or instrument such as a trumpet or
guitar depends on the type of saxophone is influenced by the
wood used for the body and the materials used, the design of
quality of the strings. the instrument, and the skill of
A well-crafted instrument made the musician.
from high-quality materials can The quality of sound produced
produce a rich, warm, and by a wind instrument is affected
resonant sound, while a poorly by factors such as the shape of
made instrument may produce a the instrument's mouthpiece, the
dull or harsh sound. quality of the reed, and the
player's breath control.
DIFFERENCES IN QUALITY OF SOUND
 SUMMARY
Overall, in the production of musical instruments,
manufacturers strive to achieve the highest possible
sound quality by using high-quality materials,
employing skilled craftsmen and designers, and
carefully testing and tuning each instrument to
ensure it produces the desired sound. Many
instrument makers also work closely with
professional musicians to refine their designs and
improve the sound quality of their instruments.
PRESSURE IN
SOUND WAVE
 SOUND PRESSURE

Sound pressure refers to the pressure changes created by a sound

wave as it travels through a medium, such as air, water, or solids.
These pressure changes are what allow us to hear sounds.
Sound pressure or acoustic pressure is the local pressure deviation from
the ambient (average or equilibrium) atmospheric pressure, caused by
a sound wave.
Sound pressure is usually measured in units of pascals (Pa) or decibels
(dB).
 WHAT CAUSES SOUND
PRESSURE ?
Sound is produced by vibrating objects and reaches the listener's ears
as waves in the air or other media.
When an object vibrates, it causes slight changes in air pressure.
These air pressure changes travel as waves through the air and
produce sound.
The human ear can perceive a wide range of sound pressure levels,
from the faintest whisper at around 20 dB to the threshold of pain
at around 120 dB.
SOUND PRESSURE

The human ear can respond to minute pressure variations in the air if they are in the audible
frequency range, roughly 20 Hz - 20 kHz.It is capable of detecting pressure variations of less than
one billionth of atmospheric pressure.
 EXAMPLE OF SOUND
PRESSURE
Here are a few more examples of sound pressure levels (SPLs) for various types of sounds:
1. Whispering - around 30 dB SPL
2. Normal conversation - around 60 dB SPL
3. Busy traffic - around 80-85 dB SPL
4. Rock concert - around 100-110 dB SPL
5. Chainsaw - around 115 dB SPL
6. Jackhammer - around 120 dB SPL
7. Shotgun blast - around 140 dB SPL

As you can see, the sound pressure level of a sound can vary greatly depending on its source
and proximity to the listener. It is important to protect your ears from prolonged exposure to
sounds above 85 dB SPL to prevent hearing damage.
COMPRESSIONS AND
RAREFACTIONS
Sound pressure levels can have both positive and negative values,
corresponding to compressions and rarefactions in the medium,
respectively.
Compression happens when molecules are densely packed together.
Alternatively, rarefaction happens when molecules are distanced from
one another.
As sound travels through a medium, its energy causes the molecules
to move, creating an alternating compression and rarefaction pattern.
COMPRESSIONS AND
RAREFACTIONS
As the wave passes, the molecules become energized and move from
their original positions. After a molecule passes its energy to nearby
molecules, the molecule’s motion diminishes until it is affected by
another passing wave. The wave’s energy transfer is what causes
compression and rarefaction.
During compression there is high pressure, and during rarefaction there
is low pressure. Different sounds produce different patterns of high-
and low-pressure changes, which allows them to be identified.
COMPRESSIONS AND
RAREFACTIONS
 SOUND PRESSURE

The frequency of a sound wave is The speed of sound in a medium is

related to the rate at which the also related to its pressure. In
pressure variations occur. Specifically, general, the speed of sound is
the frequency of a sound wave is higher in media with higher
the number of complete cycles of pressure, since the pressure helps
to transmit the wave more
compression and rarefaction that occur
efficiently. The speed of sound in
per second. This is often measured
air, for example, is roughly 343
in hertz (Hz).
meters per second at standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
SUMMARY
In summary, the physics of sound waves is
closely related to pressure variations in a
medium. The amplitude, frequency, and speed
of sound are all determined in part by the
pressure changes that the wave generates as
it propagates through the medium.
 TIME FOR
QUESTIONS!
 THANK
YOU FOR
LISTENING
See you guys again in the next session