Member Stiffness Factor :

The member stiffness factor (K) of a structural member is a measure of its

resistance to bending. It is calculated by multiplying the modulus of elasticity
of the material (E) by the moment of inertia of the cross-section (I) and
dividing by the length of the member (L).

K = EI/L

Fixed-End Moments (FEMs) :

Fixed-end moments are the moments that would exist at the ends of a member
if it were fixed at both ends and subjected to the applied loads. FEMs can be
calculated using a variety of methods, such as the moment distribution
method and the slope-deflection method.

Sign Convention :

The sign convention for moments in structural analysis is as follows:

• Counterclockwise moments are positive.

• Clockwise moments are negative.

Carry-Over Factor :

The carry-over factor (CF) is a factor that is used to calculate the moment at
one end of a member due to the moment at the other end. The CF depends on
the type of support at the end of the member. For example, the CF for a fixed
end is 1/2, while the CF for a hinged end is 0.

Joint Stiffness Factor :

The joint stiffness factor (KT) is the sum of the member stiffness factors for
all members that are connected to the joint.
KT = K1 + K2 + K3 + ...

Distribution Factor (DF) :

The distribution factor (DF) is a factor that is used to distribute the moment
at a joint to the members that are connected to the joint. The DF depends on
the relative stiffness factors of the members.

Member Relative-Stiffness Factor :

The member relative-stiffness factor (KR) is a measure of the relative stiffness

of a member compared to the other members that are connected to the joint.

KR = K/KT

Slope-Deflection Method :

The slope-deflection method is a method of structural analysis that is used to

calculate the moments and slopes at the ends of members in a structure. The
method is based on the principle that the slope and deflection at the end of a
member are proportional to the moments at the ends of the member.

Degrees of Freedom :

The degrees of freedom of a structural member are the number of

independent ways in which the member can move. For example, a beam has
two degrees of freedom, rotation at each end.

Member stiffness used :

is used in the moment distribution method to analyze statically indeterminate

structures by determining how the unbalanced moment at a joint is
distributed to the members connected to that joint. The more stiff a member
is, the more moment it will take.
Advantages and disadvantages of indeterminate and determinate structure:

Indeterminate structures:

Advantages:

• Stronger and stiffer: Indeterminate structures are generally stronger and

stiffer than determinate structures of the same size and weight. This is
because they have more constraints, which helps to distribute loads more
evenly and reduce stresses.

• More resilient: Indeterminate structures are also more resilient to damage

than determinate structures. If one member of an indeterminate structure
fails, the other members can still support the load.

• Can be more efficient: Indeterminate structures can be more efficient in

terms of material usage than determinate structures. This is because they can
be designed with fewer members, while still maintaining the required strength
and stiffness.

Disadvantages:

• More complex to design and analyze: Indeterminate structures are more

complex to design and analyze than determinate structures. This is because
there are more unknown forces and deformations to be determined.

• More expensive to construct: Indeterminate structures can be more

expensive to construct than determinate structures. This is because they
require more precise fabrication and erection methods.

Determinate structures:

Advantages:

• Simpler to design and analyze: Determinate structures are simpler to design

and analyze than indeterminate structures. This is because there are no
unknown forces or deformations to be determined.

• Less expensive to construct: Determinate structures are less expensive to

construct than indeterminate structures. This is because they require less
precise fabrication and erection methods.

Disadvantages:

• Less strong and stiff: Determinate structures are generally less strong and
stiff than indeterminate structures of the same size and weight.

• Less resilient: Determinate structures are also less resilient to damage than
indeterminate structures. If one member of a determinate structure fails, the
entire structure may collapse.

• Can be less efficient: Determinate structures can be less efficient in terms of

material usage than indeterminate structures. This is because they often
require more members to achieve the required strength and stiffness.

Which type of structure is better?

The best type of structure for a particular application depends on a number of

factors, including the required strength and stiffness, the budget, and the
complexity of the design. In general, indeterminate structures are a better
choice for applications where high strength, stiffness, and resilience are
required. Determinate structures are a better choice for applications where
simplicity and cost are the primary concerns.

Here are some examples of indeterminate structures:

• Continuous beams and frames

• Bridges

• Buildings
• Aircraft

• Ships

Here are some examples of determinate structures:

• Simply supported beams

• Cantilever beams

• Three-hinged arches

• Trusses with no redundant members

Engineers use their judgment and experience to select the best type of
structure for each application.

Statically Indeterminate structure :

that a structure of any type is classified as statically indeterminate when the

number of unknown reactions or internal forces exceeds the number of
equilibrium equations available for its analysis.

Methods of Analysis :

When analyzing any indeterminate structure, it is necessary to satisfy

equilibrium, compatibility, and force-displacement requirements for the
structure. Equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure
at rest, and compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the
structure fit together without intentional breaks or overlaps. The force-
displacement requirements depend upon the way the material responds

forced method :

This method was one of the first available for the analysis of statically
indeterminate structures. Since compatibility forms the basis for this method,
it has sometimes been referred to as the compatibility method or the method
of consistent displacements.This method consists of writing equations that
satisfy the compatibility and force-displacement requirements for the
structure in order to determine the redundant forces.

The displacement method of analysis :

is based on first writing force-displacement relations for the members and

then satisfying the equilibrium requirements for the structure. In this case the
unknowns in the equations are displacements.Once the displacements are
obtained, the forces are determined from the compatibility and
forcedisplacement equations

Procedure for Analysis :

Principle of Superposition
Compatibility Equations
Equilibrium Equations

Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacements; Betti’s Law :

When Maxwell developed the force method of analysis, he also published a

theorem that relates the flexibility coefficients of any two points on an elastic
structure—be it a truss, a beam, or a frame. This theorem is referred to as the
theorem of reciprocal displacements

The force method :

is very useful for solving problems involving statically indeterminate frames

that have a single story and unusual geometry

Composite structures :

are composed of some members subjected only to axial force, while other
members are subjected to bending.

Symmetric Structures :

A structural analysis of any highly indeterminate structure, or for that

matter, even a statically determinate structure, can be simplified provided the
designer or analyst can recognize those structures that are symmetric and
support either symmetric or antisymmetric loadings
Procedure for Analysis :

Assume that all joints at which the moments in the connecting spans must be
determined are initially locked.Then:

1.Determine the moment that is needed to put each joint in equilibrium.

2.Release or “unlock”the joints and distribute the counterbalancing moments
into the connecting span at each joint.
3.Carry these moments in each span over to its other end by multiplying each
moment by the carry-over factor

‫الهياكل المحددة بشكل ثابت هي هياكل يمكن فيها تحديد جميع القوى المؤثرة على الهيكل باستخدام‬
‫معادالت التوازن الساكن‬. ‫وهذا يعني أن هناك ما يكفي من المعادالت المستقلة لحل جميع القوى المجهولة‬.

‫الهياكل غير المحددة بشكل ثابت هي الهياكل التي توجد فيها قوى مجهولة أكثر من المعادالت المستقلة‬
‫للتوازن الساكن‬. ‫وهذا يعني أنه من غير الممكن حل جميع القوى باستخدام معادالت التوازن الساكن فقط‬.

‫الطرق التقليدية المستخدمة‬/

Force method
Displacement method
Method of sections