A mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems. - Paul Erdos As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. - Albert Einstein 2.1 wiratlds aA aoubdi Aeelai aeurdar oe N, Z, Q e*A Rel row sl oi, aud mal SA 3 AY ara at AA WAY Aue oe Aou doll ads aruried ot 22-9. aud aruridet gavel uy As aa HA Baa ad anilaasdan Bee aout 2 aeal, agueid aud As aa Bad aellseelet Bard war val sil oval, wud Me 2 a Baas b? — dae <0 da, ad Rad whee a2 +bxtc=0,a,bce€ RaFt 0A ads Gea well. Ger al r+ 1=0A RA Ga vl. wa arupdd aby Anau x2 ads amu aul la wei Rear aed WB. ardaai weet aud lyn ands aur Rea waiag tl a ale wai alsaaled AS usu vat, oud dae aside aaa Heiden (850 A-D.) var dre vie ‘UlBiciaue aad ad aa yell Ged sil B. ards eaurerd Rede Adl a ad AR 2 Bell arawil, oueowsl, qyousie, ouousie Fd Ass Bum dou ZA cua sl user WA a wld Gua Rai wa cumua ABs Bari MUA yaiotd 23. du tat 1A 242 aivenribed o1e (set of complex numbers) sda B AA AA war Ca cala 8. 2.2 AAR XR WA vise doar aise advan at C Amat M2 Ud areas aU R el Agi KIA. RX RA avealds Aouaidell ryt Asad ae 8, RXR= (@,b)|ae R BER MUNA R X Rel A gail apace dau Be aa WA gous cara see, Q) Word Wa=cWUls=dARXRAUA aA @ 5) > ( d wut WA, WH, a=, b= d= (= d) 2 aata-2Geter a2, (1, 0) = (sinx + cos?s, logl) Yea, (1, 4) # 4, 1) Q) wae RXR A a | b) WL, dad aad DA wud eumua dA MA : @A)+6ad-@teb+d Getwa ad, (5, 2) + @ 3) = (5 +2,2+3)=(7, 5) GB) youse RX RUA wad G, 6) WG, dd youste DA wud auvua SDA HA. (@ be, d) = (ac — bd, ad + be) Gewsee Alls, (5, 22, 3) = (5 X 2-23, 5X3+2X2=(4, 19) wa Ct Fuel aa 1 RX RA aise aeurdedl ova 48 B aa adc ad sala 8. ‘wna JA oud ase aeaur z ad called. 2.3 ase dead nga ABs yaa ARAL WA ousted Bard RA ae Ri algae, 4, yx HA Ror aerviiel al sua sl aaj AH. ou Baeh RA om Cri va suv atoll aU BA La aU VEE, spain Rael Ba fda qtrily war BB: (0) aignatd Ram : A aise seal aa aise aia dud. Raigty,Eec VWy,Ec mr Pea a2 dai ver sda 83 C uz ara) A Rea d. @ sel Rwtigtgagty Vygec @ Wd Ra: Gtyty=ytGQt+y) Vpwwec 4) aa WE Dis aoaty wid : aise aval O = (0,0) Ad HA D3 AA z+O“72=-OFz Wz € C.0= (0, 0)A ura weed Asn 2s } yra aise au sd O. ara WIA Asn a2s O aria B Aw aula sf este, war A, (a 6) +») = (@ 6) Vea, ble C ad atx=a bty=b x= 0, y= 0. 2M, ( y) = (0, 0) adil, (a, b) + (0, 0) = (a, 6). 5) wRaUML wi AM aired alter : weds aise area z= (@, 6), A ait aise ven Ca, 8) WA’ BA c+ Ca, +) = 0. mu aise de Cu, HA —z @ calaa B WLATA ara ube RAM diva Bd. ANA AT ase SA, z+ Cz) = (@, b) + Ca -b) (a + (Ha), b + (-b)) 0 © aan Al BH au B) ai, =z) +2 =O auud wid sl WA 3 weds 2 | C M2 Ad RAM dieu —z Aa d. aise aio, 2Ba, 8) A (@ HA dard wan HA AAA sea 8. agus RAM Bau ald gato wer AB: (1) aignatd Peni: A alse aeuadl ayousie aise atten du 8. BAB ye C Vine € C Pani, yousie Wa C ue ReGen B. @ seh Rati gg =a7 Wg eC B) Fad Pat s (2:25 = Geez) Vey ty E C (4) yous wet Asn 2s) alma ; aise dea (1,0) AD aA Bb FAL al, )=z=(,02 Wee c z= (a, b) Adi, 2(1, 0) = (a, bY(1, 0) = (a - 0, 0 + b) = (@, b) =z aefl, (1, Oe == a(1, 0) = (1, Oe =z GL, 0) A gyouste WZ Asn a2s 48 B, yousre wd As azs (1,0) HI d. ©) yusr wel aad aeud wear ae ics dea 2 = ]@ BA aoa aise aieu (ate zip) wrest tp wtp) =a, 0) ie ao eta cid salam B wa AA zl cued ain sda B. (C1, 0) A yousiz ARAL AsH wes B). (a, 6) #0, 0) dal + 6 # 0. ane = (wip gety] cat Z peed rings) ey ee ee ep te (ome bs Re +53) -(4 Fee are) aul, 21 +z = (1, 0) aul MA Fuels ype dsr seas © C AZ AD ond air 3. 21 AL a va cata B.qeuste ABA ead aeurlen Rea eel sia sl HB A zyzy = 0 dl 2, = 0 UAL zy sed!) ©) Rouved Par: AS wa ae aise aeewrh 2, zy, 25 WI @ 1G +2) = 4% + 4% ©) Gy + aes = 485 + ts 24 Cat Guia dB R own Wael wes a2 aioe A als austell Bs Heya ASO. F ase ada (a Bal b= 0 dey dal aise areata wt R’ a call. au, R= ((, 0)| ae R}. we BIR CCR AL AUS wat @ vedi (a, 0) 21° (b, 0) 12, OM @O=6)Ga=b 2) @H+6,0-@t+h, HER GB) @ 6, 0) = (ab, 0) € RY au, Rell AS wt A ase areude) ara aA qeuse Ri» B. aul, Ril A aeuri (a, 0) AA (6, 0) dL ara 3 Yousia sari as AMA A A sHyse vise wa aeuiall a WA BAL % BRUM B qyousie seared WB. syst Weel ofleo adv dl ya wv WB, wu, Cell ass RAL wor aaneT tel QouUsia AZ aignetet Frid Wed UH B. (a, 0) Neel aise amen vue dl aiadlas aioe Fa y ad B. dell BUA (a, 0) Aa ell aia arid salei HA (@, 0) = a elle, (4, 0) = 4, 0, 0)=0 AAR. BL MS LUA ERs UALS ha aA aise eho (a, 0) A AS adler. del WA RAR ald pill as du R'= RCC. WH HAN CZ CQOCRCC. A, (0, 0) = 0, ara 2 azz 425, (1, 0) = 1 qyusiz W2 azar aes HA, 2.5 Use dend a +b eaguai Agua (a, 0) Aa AX] amreuell aUMd AWS war aise aoa (a, b)A As mee raguai calle, wet AVL As Hertel ase aeu @, 1) AL wR Aad AA au aBevii / a cule, aw, a WU i=, Dd. 68, 2 = (0, 190, 1) = (0-0 — 1+1, O°1 + 1-0) = (CA, 0) = 1. Sa. 1737 ai PSEA (Euler) war amd Bea 1 vy sil, wal 2=—-1. 1= (0, 1) A seus eeu (imaginary number) 48 8. BGA =O +O.) = (@ 0) + 0, 1X6, 0) @, 16, ) = @-0,0+ 5) = 0, 5) satis 6 @ Drath au, Weds aie dea (a, 6) Lat ib agual eal asi d, wal a bE RZ =-1, aise dew 28C= (a+b | a be R sqousie Rds ste Geet wedl, ib = bi. at bia bi als ws all asa Gera alld, (3, 5) = 3 + Si, (0, 7) = 0 + Ti, (5, 0) = 5 + 01-5 aise atta z= a+ bi Mi aA eA aURALAs oUt (real part) 53.8. AA wemi Re(e) a cal d, bAzA seus Out (imaginary part) 48 8. AA aBerl Im(z) 2 ealaa v. MUM, z = a + ib = Re(z) + ilm(z). Gelsea Ale Wz = 3 + 2i, A Re(z) = 3 2A Im(z) = 2. md IMAL 3 ase dea zd avas Hi seukis our A adilas dail » 3. A AS tise aud ands our qr da set seis cut yaa da, dl a aise deur ye seus au (purely imaginary number) s8aa 8. Gewea Ad, 91 = 0 + OF A ya sles eu 8. 68 cise deur a + bi eagMai da cud APs Barrie al sale. © aise dual ata: 8 ae deal z= a+ bi AD =e + di Wt DA RAG D=C Adaz=c ae b = a. Az=a+ bi= 0+ 01 Aza } (0,0) da, da=O0 nud =0. Geee 1: A 3x + Gx — y= 4+ (OH), wixye RAxwAAy DA Ga: wel 3x + Gx — y= 4 + CO. Dat bi-ctdida=cau bad. aurll 3x = 4, 3x — y = —6, avilsrell Gadi, x = 4, y = 10 © aise dead eral ; dB 2, =a + BF at zy = 0 + ai A ase HUB B. 2, = (a b) Wey = (6 d) HAA ARAL A UA AH: AtQ=GHDECGCA=@tebtd=atctbtAHi Getwra ae, 2 + 2V2) + (3 + V2) = 2-3) + QV? + V2¥ -1 432i © aise aboard aman : fad 3 2 A 2 A ase aoe B, AD cata) — AA youd oweuRa ad + 4-474 +) Wd 3, 2-@ 02-6 D =2= (Ce -d) 7H t Ce) =@b)+Ce-d =@-¢b-d =@- )+6-ai Geeea all, 2 + V3i) — 3 + 2V31) = (3) + WB - 2V3)4 =5- Vi© aise aad qausee + ud 32, =a + FA = + did aise awd B. @ b= d 24%, > (ac — bd, ad + be) sett, = (ae — bd) + (ad + boi Gesee a2, 2 + V3INR-3 + V3 = 2 x 3) — V3 V3) + OVS + V3 x C3) = (6-3) + V3 —3V3) =-9 — J37 ours. Peer dea gered FEL dal auyd @ dlavd geuste sll aug gu aa ar, © aise aieaeied ouousie : fu Bay A gy A se Soul 8, and zy #0, AL cuouse ZA UA cursus a B = 4b) _ a _ ti ris (ate tty) « Fie ~ Fe Gensee ah, SOE = (6 + 3110 + 89! - ao -8i) = 64390 = 60-4 301 ~ 481 ~ 247 Ts @=-) in anal aie aeuatu yas aii HZ aud ataise Feed act O a vdlacdl ade), aU nel MA 3? =—1, #=@P=CIP=1, 6 =4, 6-12, ae wl, P= -1,P =, 4-1 LP =4rt=1 a 94/4) A 2 2 Geen 2: Bre aa: | +0) T GP +P +P eas. -[eesagy =i CaHPo-4 2 0] aise dew 2(i) BARE P + At PPT + B+ 999 + 1000 -i+ DG =0+0+.40=0 aise aval argue ava: WM z= (a d)=at bi d acl ame asz AU a — bi = (a, -b) aS ourmuRa we B, dd Wari TQ calla 8. BWA AML 3 oF = (a + bla — bi) = a? — BP = a? + 0 2H, AMAL UES Z A aAdUsLES lB calc asiel. i+ 1) t.4 G- 1-44 1) (250 Se yy waned $4 ad 8, 27 = a + 6 ads aon dauell suwd aie aaa Za wa sav Be gF aizdlas an or, ach awd au aserir Beais Gerseed ae awa. Gewwea 3: LA aula a + aguai eald, a be R (2-80 + 8iy asi OTE Oot OT O Tretamme = 87+ 81) _ 4-4 164 — 56 — Hi Ba: a = Mitel sei eal @=-) C+ idl argera aise den ad yatai WA curtail) @ cya ® -ee =i @=-) 2 a21 14 cos + isind ® Treost=en0 ~ Trea am0 X Treas amT _ 1s e050 + isin Ti cosy sin 1+ cos6 + isind = Ty c0s% + 2c080 + sin) 1+ cos + isin® 2+ 26088 Ls cos0 = rveas + aoa -dtigttts Gewea 4 : Aad wiles x, ye RDM + ny a siy+i egy - Bt @a: a4 + 209+ By +02 +0" B+ 1B - dF Gea (iA oUA GB + DB —) B geri) 3x + (x= 2) + Be — 2) — x + by — (1 = 3y) + Dy +301 — By] = + DE (4x + 9y = 3) + 2x = Ty — 3) = 107 ax + 9y —3 = 021 2x3 = 10 (aise aieaaiedl aoa) 4x + 9-3 = 0A 2x — Ty 13 =0 Gurl wile asad Gadi, x= 3, y= -1 ay+ai @ ea-aey 7? iyGx + y) — Gy + 4ifix + 1) = 0 (GA ouy (e+ NEx + y) BW yaai) (By + 4x) + Gay +9? = xy — 4) = 0 +10 (By tax) +i? 4) =0+ 0 yt 4x=0 LY -4=0 (a + bi = 0 = a =0,6=0) Psa owtly= 22, yr2ndx= FZ au y=-2 4 x=. hao {(.2).-4.-2)} 0. 1, eae aise outa a + bi agua eald @ W2-9- i V20 @ @-3-2+9 @ G+0G-a(b+4i) © FE (@-39d Gud 48) aise aud,2 142i GO) at @ a-9 48-1? + JG - i) @ Ge J (0) Wr ian - GB — a Ada awilactiel x, ye Re: () x + 4yi=xity +3 Q) G+ Six +B -2y +? + 61-0 @ Aptprits (@) (4 + 2x) — G2 + yp) = GB - 5) + (1 +29) (3) Gx = 2yN(2 + HP = 100 + Aad aise ariel aad aise een And + 3-2 @4tv we we-3ar OA acted 3, (1) Re(iz) = —Im(2) (2) Amie) = Re(e) asta 3 se aia 2 = 1 FA aller 22 — 22+ 2= Od Ba B. * aigotg aise ete au aise aval aunis wagee aise tia: Nd mele MAG A c= a + bid Z =a bi Gast al, ()az=3451A T=3-57 @Az=S-3AT=543i @ Az2=3=3+0d F=3-01-3 @Az=3=04+3 a rigtig aoaurdel Beals yor uRewd itd, AS wor ag aise aioe 2, 25, 2) ele ovoid wea Hua B a @=z @ = = Re) @ 55 - me @ c= FerzAanads seu d. ©) Tazz A ye seus aoa d, © atm=7,4%, O 4m = 2% @) (B)-S.wwgee @ Guat eet auc ae B, aie, aVA Beaus gstoT aka HAL : wa 3z-a+ib 30 oaa-2Q) z+ Z=at ib +a— ib = 2a = 2Ree) (@= Ret) = Re(z) = at ib — a+ ib = 2ib = 2i Ime) (b= Im(2)) (G) 2= 2 at ib=a- ib b=-b 2b-0 b= 0. aun, 2= Feo 2B aras aoa B. aise dard suis: asa abe 2 = a + ib oD Mins, AA Ye wR WD = eA seis = fo? +6. zt tunis WBA we | | 3. ele Yao wi reat bi wind TMA 3, | 2] A aids ada Bw] z| 20 Vee Cc. Genwea af, B= 3 +47 dN a, |z|= J9416 = J25 =5 A sands du du ed 32-4401) a,| 2) = Ve =[a) vai cd amis | 2] Daw aieud aris BWA aed avtis | a | A aaaks oud wis B. (UWA mal J} AT wor ands ava a ad fa? =| a). aie deur wiaiba gael : @ |z|=0e72=0 (2) | | 2 | Rete) | 21 2 | Umea) | @ @=\eP @leI=12| © |zl=1=21 © £- FF, migeo © laalelallal ® [=i mig eo ® latelsigitial (Pade var) (eu a2 Pela 2) 0) ) 44-2121 a I-lell sad und Gut QA Bears yettoll anal + () |z|=0 Jeri -0@ 2 +P =-0ea-00ub=-07=0 @ [2 P= a + B= (Ree)? + (Im(z)? > (Rele)? |z| 2] Re) |. Aw DA | 2] >| Ime) | @) 2% =(a + ibXa — ib)= 2 + =| 27 @ Iz|=la+ibl= frre mA Z| =|a- bi |= fa? +b) = fever all z|=1 2). aise dew 3OMETAeACORCTS) = G2) Ge) = @q) Gm) =14, Pla P * lanl =la lle! © 1a +2 P= 6 +2Xq +a) 1 +e +212 + 2 ly Pty Ptag + am 2, P+ | 2)? + 2Re(zz) Sly P+inPtAallg! ly Ptl_Pt+A4 lle! =i tle 1? # latel Sin itla! (10) zz) - 2 ty = 2 2 lacatal=inlsin-altls! * lylolalSla72/ ae My /-|41S1_-% al wig ly |-12/Mtatlel—lyl=|lal—-lei| Chae Raja|=aor—a eo [lal-lel[Sla-21 WA% [4 -Hl2[lyl-lal|. Gewsea 5 : lAd{| aeauriidl aaqerg ase alma aan ais aM + (1) @ — 37? @) Gha (1) 2-39 =4- 121-9 - 12 c= BHP oll gta, aise Wu 5 + 127 B HA |Q-3)7 |=|2-3/P 449-13 att @ w3.-3F @=-) meee =A 245i * SimA| 2 |= PF = VO Last foro eae | 2 |= Ta = SE = 32 oaa-2Geet 6: Wz =x + yi WA | 3z| Gha : al | 3z)=|2-4| ce [384 3yi| =| @—4) + yi] of = Yaa vy? f+ P= —4P +P? 92 + 92 = 22 — Be + 16 + 92 2 BP + Be + 87 = 16 o tty te=2 Gewsea 7: A zy = 3 + 47 AA z, = 12 — Sic as 3 — 4) daa sl 22+ 2 tx=2 QO =a Olatyl 562 +33? = J3136+ 1089 = Ja225 ~ 65 (ay wea) al, | zy || zy | = 5413 = 65 sar | zz) 1 = 12) [1 22 | tell asta 3 Gewra 8: (1) Mz] CMAlZ+3/S8, A] z—2 [Al Asar dal tay Bad al AE CH 2—4/S4 Afr F 1] row cou yer Bad DA Gha : (1) wl | z+3/ 0) r= {Pay > re fen = [2/4 cand = 2. aise aha, 2 = x + iy 2 = r(cosO + i sin®) AQUA Add YAlX 2434 (Polar Form) skua 8.0 A zch Aas (Argument) 62 8, AA aor arg(z) ad cular B. sine AA cosine Riri suadl dave x= eos 2A y = rsinO xf wUtit 8 del G oll aell Badd AA, audi eds O Az vil Salis B. x= reosO Ly = rsin® 4 wate sel O ofl atte Gd ae < @ < mai uadl da a Baad 2a ya Deis 36 afi -2,(Principal argument) sda 8. wr wa AS we ase aur au gala eaguai ead CAR arg@ A ya dois v ade. A aaa ealda «DA a we arg@ oi al arg) ya Bios, wad A arp(e) el Gd AMA cad Gig PG, yd MUL Ace sei AG Bad BU ag BSA, mand iiedsd 3, aise aiveu o-d dois cuvaa al, (4 2) ju ano |B, a yo ae t= A reg ROH) “a, a y 0 MB ZB Ay Oy> 0d, 00Aor MAY eA casos =, since = O 0 dav, PCO) Rd aeEeHi B. O=n-a=n-5=28 24 ee 2094 2 (cos 2+ isn 2B) 8, |s|=7=2,am2=6= 26 (x)= ¥31y1=0 x <0 day <0 dial, PO) alm ai d, sm 6 4 gat aq 2 (co -$5) +88) . adil, | 2] =r = 2, argz = 0 = =, (@) walez=1 ati xeLys-l r=|z|=fo1=7 1 056 = Je 22 sind = FE 0801 = Je, sind = Je dxl=hiyl=) a5 x > Ody <0 dal, PB) agl ari d. 8=--a £4 yet aagu JZ (cos(—F) + n(-3)) afl, | z| = r= V2, argz = 0 = 2, (5) WAS z= 3. wl z= + Maar <0, auell def ella 293% z= 3(cost + isint) aH. awl, | z |= 3, arg z= O= 1. 38 oaa-210. u. 12. 13, 14, 15. (©) WAL Es = 2 AL z= 0+ fy ay <0. au Ad Yl 2a oH) a -§) ae all, | z| = 2, arg z= @ =-E () WA RZ = 1. Wz =x + 0 dax> 0. aul ad Mela 2934 1(cos0 + isind) WA. all, | (WA 3s = 24 als = 0+ yay > 0, aUll Ad AL 2agU 2(cosE + isin) ave, all, |z| = 2, arg z= 0= E. larg z uta 2.2 AAA aie seas ati aan PA Aas AED : i (asi? oF off o8-) ot y2 (©) V2 + 32 Wz = 342i, ci fldi wReu asd, @ lzl=1Z] @-1z1SRe@) S]z] on=b Bz = 3422, idl lett WReU asta : Mate =%,4+% Q4-2-%-% Oa BrA yar ase dou dy, ad oad 3 = @t Rat Pe =F aud aad BaP + P= 1 2, MA z, Al asa Paw BF BA] zy, [=| 4) A z= 2, wba aa 23? zt) Al mihi 53, a + zat) 4 aise ao 2 = a + ib MR, arg MzreC[z/s3 dadjpl+z24+ 2s] near Bra aed () Az=at MA z—1]=| 2-2], d abla 330? +) = da @ Wze Cd, wWj2z-3) =| 32-2), ch wa sb] z] = 1. @) Az Cay, Wj2—1/=)2-2), a ala 3] z/=1. wuBia 52 3 aise de -3 + 27 A 1 + 47 srai GorBigel ay dws 8. avai -2 +31, -2 — Fa 4 — 7 A euies 2ughai cald aA alia sai 3 a stdin Buieti RuARigad 8. Bel muti 4 A yo Alatis SE dla Adl aise aioe alt. B 2, WA zy Allee oiqsig aise ada DM al (I — Siz — 2 da B (a+ iy =x + iy DY, Ad aula HI + y= (2 + BY, as a = Tidy, dz, WA =xti da, dxt yl Gra dd. * aise dew 392.8 se dead aly Bat bP=zext+5,d what bi z=xt id vy sy. wal dzaxtiy Wl ds alyn aise teu at bd. (A wa wa dl) + iby (@ = B) + Qabyi @- Rox WA dub =y @ PP vga? = fxr y? = 171 @ wd Gi @ A’ Gi) WR 2e? =| z | + RAAB a= x+y xtiy wb 4 = fee By > 0, da HA HHA Hee aHUAL HA et i =) rt pat aya t EP ye) Ay <0, awh AM Ds HH OA ofA ww dH fi jx) xt ipai astyn 4 = -\5) a 68, UD ait of eds aise aoa A aly HA B. Gere iL: el aruwiai alyn Ana (1) 3-7 2) 7+ 247 Gha : (1): WB z= V3 — 1 Wl x = VF ay =-1<0 lel = fate? = JOT =2 f weed mat AI y 0 fe sy = (97576 = 25 7 ad MAA TAF Ay > 0, de diet wai wy ae Si - ( P=, PT a, 7+ dial wyatt YO ti 5) = 444398. \ Gere 12 : ell eeurdai aatyn aM 2 (1) 1 @)-1 Gi =F () wl bz=1 oo flaw ded alyn at ibd. (a+ ib =1 @— B+ 2abi = = 140% 40 oaa-2@ — B= 1, 2ab = 0. 2ab = 0 wel a= 0 mUaL b= 0. weil 2 = 1. wid © R dal a wa vel 2ab = 0 veel b= 0. WH a? — B= 14 b= 0 Adi, aa a=H a+ib=4i Tati aslya +1 8. a= @ wiez=-Ladszd ab at od. oat iby =-1 @ — B+ abi = 1 @ — = -1, 2ab = 0 2ab = 0 walla = 0 sMal b= 0 reid b= Ol 2 = -1 Fae RAL ase well a= 0M =I b=4 lai lyn £7 8. % auvell wReU yr aad B, sae} 2 = =1) we wd 2 = -1, Aw Mai aly tai ai lyn £37 ® wal Bid alga a + ibd. (a+ iby @— P+ iad =i @ — = 0 wa 2ab=1 a= b mNat a= —b Wig a = 6 Weel 2a? = 1 tRBL 3 Zab = 1 a AHA AAA a= BWA Ie = a= tg tu a=) daul b= a7 ( ® 2 = i MUM (3) G4 a? — 8? = 0, 2ab = -1 a= al a=—b Raab ae= 19 an wa b tl 2a? = 1 b= Je wal a=, b= ~ini hyn af pf) a sai aby, a ise aed 412.9 vse oly uriadi Raid weed PUA Raid wlseeled Hou dl oii. wh RAas aga da Aed 3D 20 da cud dati Geel aal #2 udl. cd amd aiqne wad van aul Wy. D< 0 day? UU Bald whee aw? + bx +0= 0,4, bc E Ra #0 oi Ga wad D = —4ac <0 da et Anaad wet 521A athxte =t (@2 + abx + ac) 1 [lor vue HF] Wa? + bxte= 0d (ar+ a, B? - dae < 0. (ax +B) asly 3 PM 6 asiya 8, @ ivan z = bt ifsac—F aso) a aa, AD <0 da, dia + bxte= Oi ale Mewar yoy Waa : aise ayaa WA Ds daar As sai aad aaa eds vigudla alseAr vdeorni wes Ds aise ole du d. Gewseat 13 : Gel: (1) 2 +3 = 0 2) A+ x+1=0 (3) EP — Y2x + 3V3 =O. Gla 21) P+3=0 o 3 oo xs ty3i Q) wh a=2,b=1,c=1 B= 4ac=1 = 46261 =-7<60 o uila Ba, x = @G) adh a= V3, b= -¥2, 6 = 303 B= dac = 2 — 443 «33 = 2-36 =-34 <0 ride @a, x= AWD LE 1 2.10 Loti any wa 328 1g anya 8. 3-1 B-1=0@- De +r+=0 paloma 2 +r+ za lemaz=— i 1+ V3 =~ V3i aap, Loti ayer 1, ESS, SE a. Iti aetyore oneal : (1) Loi oA stares erry Asef af ose d, ¢ ye 7 1G ge = / = da - 205143) = \ ) dsocct wa 3 @ = 5 adil, (02? = of = OF = ©, at, HAI BEY I, , @ 8. BNA AS ala ALB 1 -tr adA enya aeawil oa B. 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WRU Z = 22 aad wet sel aur aise ada o, 1, —L + 84-8 HAL 3+ 2isin® s > a a a Geusear 15: A HE aay coat da A Oe R aM cea ado A. hey = Rb zsin® _ 3 2isind 1+ 2isind 5 aisind ~ Taisind * 1 2isind _ 3 Gisind + 2isin0 + 47?sin?0 ~ 1 4sin70 _ Be4sin’O | __gsind = Tyasintd * T+ asin UU wel AA} A aise au ards amu du di adi seas ous 0 wa. sind + asin®@ = sin® = 0 O = kn, ke Z, aueil dy 228 = 3 Pe 1. dl sould wou aaguad guiae 42 : 2s P ( 43) [8] @ (e-r¥) ba unis edd. 3. AS ua A aise aud z, A 2 AB aba 2 3, Re(z1z,) = Re(z,)Re(2)) — Im(z,)Im(z,). 44 oaa-219. 20, 2. Aza xtypwrw=t 7+ 2 WOM Re(f(z)) WA Im(f (rl Baa a at Bl 2-1) = 2+ i] ol Big QoviPigaiel wae adl aA -1 eral Wu cela 8. wlBid QL | QF + 5V2 —D| = VBj 2245), Bay HA zy Rit aise aber DA aa [zy |= 1 a + Gia al RTO + TH 1 PO, Babe RASA Gd Bru agua eal, Bet oP aati ad aia 244 4=4e2—, ). GAL: (1) 2 = 2 + $= 0 (2) 27x? - 10x +1 = 0 () 21x? — 28 + 10 = 0 J. ArE CML) Z| S2cd]z—3 Ml xem dee ite Breil aed 23 — DAB Mette 3 2? — Gz + 13 = 0, BU Rell 24 — 423 + 6? — dz + 17 Bara abe, 2 (LEE = 1 na ac ll se ae DEL, et, m € N. Tt) 2B = 9 = SF ay, a aba 60.3 02 +P = FEE awe 5. wala | z | 1+ 2i 4 wotut sai zl Baa adel, 5. ase abound a, 2p, 25 A amy Peer BEDBIEA CXL a | 2, |= | 2p |= L2y], A Mad Bz tz+2, 70. etic % musics aaigheati aise aul z, iz WA z+ ize tet Brdlerd dren 4] 2? da. Ea add 2) w |= 1 2A anaks aoa de, Bea HS 44s, a ocd BA 4+ 923 + 3522 — 2 + 164 = 0. Bro xt iy a wba 52 |x) +] y |S Meh oA aud eRe Beier Ej AA A GA rudar Red @, (&), (©) HAL @) Aid DOU Rae wale sl i av @ 2-4) <|2-2] 0 Ba. Oo (@ Ree) >0 Ree 3 (A) Ref) > 2 Q@)al|z-1P= @L+P=1 sews ma © awRs a I2xF3=0 P+, al ausles aug 24 at WB GB) Al2F4L SH Ale HL | AGH HEL on B, Oo Oo O 0 (@6 (b) 0 @4 (4) As aise dour septa abou ZLB, @ a alse adn on om OFT EMER AO wD. @t @)-1 @o @r aise dew 45© FH A oa. oOo @s+ki OS-H @s-# = @St+h OD Axtiy= EP oy APE H oOo @1 1 ©o @2 ) BA + = (1 — 9 eH Al ya wigs HU WWW. B. oO @4 ws @2 @12 (0) ausies ough aise ava EF gaat. amet 8. oO (@) we (b) Gddla © eda @ ag (10) arg(-1) oO @o wn oF o> (11) sinx + icos2x AA cosx — isindx A sola wprs ase ea da, ad... oO @x=mkeZ (b)x=0 ©@x=(k+4)mRkeZ @ AA AS x a HA. (12) HAs aise een olen arai da, dl ddl signe eu... anal da? oOo (@) wee (b) Geta © ad @agt (03) BA wustis 2 aA pu Deis 2E du del aise au... 8. oO @A1+W3 1-3 t+ @i-8 (14) 1 = 3 A yp Satis... 8. @F oe oO-F oF (15) @ Ini aA 1, ©, OF Ba, dL 1 + © + w= o @!l 0 (1 @o 46 oaa-2fe + ib Amis | 2 |= for oe 8. 8. sa ax + yA dnd says As G yA ODS CA XVarLdel Big PEs ») AAD enlaarrd aud 8 aA ueuell ag wa aie B. Seat act {EF +E) y>0 4( ERE _, EEE =e = DUNS gp = =1- V5 10. Loti aeye 1, «@ = EE, qe = Eg 1, WP — dac < 0, di Bard where a? + bx +o= 0 wig bce Rax Ori My —o=- Brahmagupta was the first to use zero as a number. He gave rules to compute with zero. ‘Negative numbers did not appear in Brahmasphuta siddhanta but in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art (Jiu zhang suan-shu) around 200 BC. Brahmagupta's most famous work is his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta gave the solution of the general linear equation in chapter cighteen of Brahmasphutasiddhanta. The difference between rupas, when inverted and divided by the difference of the unknowns, is the unknown in the equation. ‘The rupas are [subtracted on the side] below that from which the square and the unknown are to be subtracted. which is a solution equivalent to x= FJ, where rupas represent constants, He further gave two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation. Diminish by the middle {number] the square-root of the rupas multiplied by four times the square and increased by the square of the middle; divide the remainder by twice the square. The middle whatever is the square-root of the rupas multiplied by the square [and] increased by the square of half the unknown, diminish that by half the unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. (‘The result is] the unknown, which are, respectively, solutions seat «= LE -8 Brahmagupta then goes on to give the sum of the squares and cubes of the first n integers. ‘The sum of the squares is that [sum] multiplied by twice the [number of] steps] increased by one [and] divided by threo, The sum of the cubes is the square ofthat {sum Piles ofthese with identical balls [can also be computed]. It is important to note here Brahmagupta found the result in terms of the sum of the first 1 integers. He gives the sum of the squares of the first natural numbers as n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 and the 2 sum ofthe cubes of the first n natural numbers as ("+2 ) aise eas “