Earth Science

EARTH SCIENCE
Big Bang Theory - cosmological model that explains how the universe began
- began nearly 13.7 billion years ago
- massive explosion of extremely hot bubble
Cosmic Egg - also known as “primeval atom” is the extremely hot bubble
 After the explosion, the universe was born in just a second and time, space, and matter
was formed.
 Continues to expand in a phenomenal rate and continues to expand until today
 As the universe cool down, the energy converted into particles of matter and anti-
matter.
> The difference between matter and antimatter is that it has different electric charge,
which is opposite from two forms of matter. When this two collide, the particles destroy
each other, with a huge energy release.
MATTER - electrons, protons, and neutron

ANTIMATTER - positron, antiproton, antineutron
> After just a second, the universe already grown into 100 billion kilometers and is called
enough to form more stable particles called protons and neutrons.
> After 3 minutes, the temperature fell below 1 billion degrees celcius that allowed
protons and neutrons to come together and form its first atom.
HYDROGEN - first atom formed by neutrons and protons.
> Millions of years passed, hydrogen gas clumped together and gravity started to put it
under pressure. Which results for stars and galaxies to form. Their radiation began
dissolving the stable hydrogen gas into plasma that allowed visible light to pass and finally
formed light.
FRIEDMANN UNIVERSE THEORY
Closed Universe - results to “The Big Crunch”,

where the expansion of the universe will slow
down until it reaches the maximum size. Then
will collapse recoil to itself,which results for
another big bang to happen.
The Big Crunch Theory - Alexander Friedmann, Russian Physicist (1992)
Open Universe - galaxies will continue racing outward and therefore the universe will
continue to expand until all stars dies off.
THE BIG BANG THEORY

Georges H.J. Lemaitre (Belgian Priest, Cosmologist) - proposed that the universe expands
Edwin Powell Hubble (American Astronomer) - provides evidence on expanding of universe
Drawbacks of the BBT
Singularity - area predicted to be in the core of a black hole

with very high temperature and density.
Nucleosynthesis - nuclear reaction that results to formation of elements

- creation of new atomic nuclei, the centers of atoms that are made up of
protons and neutrons
- first occurred within the few minutes of Big Bang
- Hydrogen and Helium led to formation of stars and galaxies then planets,
comets, and asteroids
STARS AND GALAXIES PLANETS, COMETS, AND

UNIVERSE ASTEROIDS
Nebular Hypothesis - where solar system was
originated from a nebula
- proposed/developed by German
Philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1755)
- modified by Pierre Laplace (1796)
Nebula - giant gas of cloud and dust in space

- as nebula collapses into a disk, it spins
faster and heat up
- then, PROTOSUN (baby sun) will be
formed at the center
Planetisimals Form - within the thin swirling disk from chunks of rocks
- located outside the nebula
CHUNKS OF ROCKS - building blocks of the solar system
PLANETS
Planet - a celestial body distinguished from the fixed stars by having an apparent motion of
its own
Solar System - a group of planets and other bodies that revolve around a star
Milky Way Galaxy - where our planetary system is located at the galaxy’s outer spiral arm
form
INNER PLANETS (Terrrestrial) - smaller, rockier, and denser, these planets are:
 Mercury
 Venus
 Earth
 Mars
OUTER PLANETS (The Gas Giants) - mostly gas, dencities, and huge, these planets are:
 Jupiter
 Saturn
 Uranus
 Neptune
Earth is a special planet because of the existence and amount of liquid water it
contains. -Geoffrey William Marcy
Goldilocks Planet - “just right” planet

- derived from the story “Goldilocks and the Three Bears”
- Earth’s position, size, and water (9.807 m/s^2)
Jupiter - “big brother”
- blocking earth from debris, shield smaller planets
- 24.79 m/s^2 gravity, has a gravitation 2.5 times greater than Earth
Moon (Friendly Moon) - stabilizes our planets rotation, preventing

drasticmovements of the poles that could cause
massive changes in climate
EARTH’S SUBSYSTEM
System - entity that consists of interrelated parts or components

- relies on the interaction among a vast combination of factors that
enable it to support life
4 SUBSYTEM OF EARTH
 HYDROSPHERE
 ATMOSPHERE
 GEOSPHERE/LITHOSPHERE
 BIOSPHERE
1. HYDROSPHERE -

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EARTH SCIENCE

MATTER - electrons, protons, and neutron

HYDROGEN - first atom formed by neutrons and protons.

FRIEDMANN UNIVERSE THEORY

Closed Universe - results to “The Big Crunch”,

THE BIG BANG THEORY

Drawbacks of the BBT

Singularity - area predicted to be in the core of a black hole

Nucleosynthesis - nuclear reaction that results to formation of elements

STARS AND GALAXIES PLANETS, COMETS, AND

Nebula - giant gas of cloud and dust in space

Goldilocks Planet - “just right” planet

Moon (Friendly Moon) - stabilizes our planets rotation, preventing

System - entity that consists of interrelated parts or components

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