below query is used to check the statistics details of database

ecomm=> select * from pg_stat_database

datid | datname | numbackends | xact_commit | xact_rollback | blks_read |
blks_hit | tup_returned | tup_fetched | tup_inserted | tup_updated | tup_deleted |
conflicts | tem
p_files | temp_bytes | deadlocks | checksum_failures | checksum_last_failure |
blk_read_time | blk_write_time | stats_reset
-------+---------------+-------------+-------------+---------------+-----------
+-----------+--------------+-------------+--------------+-------------
+-------------+-----------+----
--------+------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------
+---------------+----------------+-------------------------------
0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 324 |
40338179 | 82313007 | 8437599 | 1176 | 58 | 717 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
0 | 0 | 2022-02-28 16:26:39.925653+00
16384 | cloudsqladmin | 2 | 7938774 | 7 | 3223 |
176152704 | 229740925 | 101627423 | 269 | 644863 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
794.653 | 0 | 2022-02-28 16:26:40.492001+00
14053 | template0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
0 | 0 |
14054 | postgres | 0 | 731226 | 16 | 1841 |
91874969 | 151870671 | 45657107 | 0 | 34 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
633.951 | 0 | 2022-02-28 16:26:39.925596+00
1 | template1 | 0 | 104003 | 0 | 847 |
4020904 | 64404985 | 582417 | 0 | 37 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
143.855 | 0 | 2022-02-28 16:26:41.062925+00
16467 | ecomm | 283 | 1497748 | 5310 | 2966 |
104583362 | 230358329 | 50121057 | 10391 | 3023 | 6217 |
0 |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
749.956 | 0.031 | 2022-03-14 16:22:32.359998+00
(6 rows)

Check the table statistics:

-----------------------------
select * from pg_stat_all_tables;

ecomm=> select * from pg_stat_all_tables;

relid | schemaname | relname | seq_scan | seq_tup_read
| idx_scan | idx_tup_fetch | n_tup_ins | n_tup_upd | n_tup_del | n_tup_hot_upd |
n_live_tup | n_d
ead_tup | n_mod_since_analyze | last_vacuum | last_autovacuum |
last_analyze | last_autoanalyze | vacuum_count | autovacuum_count |
analyze_count | autoa
nalyze_count
-------+--------------------+----------------------------+----------+--------------
+----------+---------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------------
+------------+----
--------+---------------------+-------------+-------------------------------
+--------------+-------------------------------+--------------+------------------
+---------------+------
-------------
2615 | pg_catalog | pg_namespace | 110295 | 661578
| 1248753 | 571865 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
1 |
6 | 8 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
13916 | pg_toast | pg_toast_13914 | 0 | 0
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
2840 | pg_toast | pg_toast_2619 | 0 | 0
| 2117 | 2143 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
0 |
5 | 10 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
13906 | pg_toast | pg_toast_13904 | 0 | 0
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
3598 | pg_toast | pg_toast_3596 | 0 | 0
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
2966 | pg_toast | pg_toast_2964 | 0 | 0
| 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0 |
0 | 0 | | |
| | 0 | 0 | 0 |
0
18234 | ecomm | CUST_COSTALLOC_PREF_VAL | 276 | 2767
| 491 | 151 | 48 | 0 | 36 | 0 |
12 |
38 | 28 | | |
| 2022-04-18 05:39:24.821774+00 | 0 |

below tables will fetch details same as above 2 queries

------------------------------------------------------------
Check the system table statistics:
select * from pg_stat_sys_tables;

Check the index statistics:

select * from pg_stat_all_indexes;
Check the user functions statistics:
select * from pg_stat_user_functions;

to get details of database size, table, index, tablespaces sizes

------------------------------------------------------------------------
table size:
-----------
select pg_relation_size('address');

SELECT pg_size_pretty (pg_relation_size('address'));

SELECT pg_size_pretty (pg_total_relation_size ('address'));

the following query returns top 5 biggest tables in the ecomm database
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT relname AS "relation",pg_size_pretty (pg_total_relation_size (C .oid)) AS
"total_size"
FROM pg_class C LEFT JOIN pg_namespace N ON (N.oid = C .relnamespace) WHERE nspname
NOT IN ( 'pg_catalog','information_schema')
AND C .relkind <> 'i' AND nspname !~ '^pg_toast' ORDER BY pg_total_relation_size (C
.oid) DESC LIMIT 5;

PostgreSQL database size

-------------------------
SELECT pg_size_pretty ( pg_database_size ('ecomm') );

ecomm=> SELECT pg_size_pretty ( pg_database_size ('ecomm') );

pg_size_pretty
----------------
11 MB
(1 row)

SELECT pg_database.datname,pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(pg_database.datname)) AS
size FROM pg_database;

ecomm=> SELECT
pg_database.datname,pg_size_pretty(pg_database_size(pg_database.datname)) AS size
FROM pg_database;
datname | size
---------------+---------
cloudsqladmin | 8305 kB
template0 | 8033 kB
postgres | 8185 kB
template1 | 8177 kB
ecomm | 11 MB
(5 rows)

PostgreSQL index size

---------------------
SELECT pg_size_pretty (pg_indexes_size('contact'));
PostgreSQL tablespace size
---------------------------
SELECT pg_size_pretty (pg_tablespace_size ('pg_default'));

ecomm=> SELECT pg_size_pretty (pg_tablespace_size ('pg_default'));

pg_size_pretty
----------------
43 MB
(1 row)

===================================================================================
================

The following query returns the active connections:

----------------------------------------------------

ecomm=> \d pg_stat_activity
View "pg_catalog.pg_stat_activity"
Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default
------------------+--------------------------+-----------+----------+---------
datid | oid |
| |
datname | name | | |
pid | integer | | |
usesysid | oid | | |
usename | name | | |
application_name | text | | |
client_addr | inet | | |
client_hostname | text | | |
client_port | integer | | |
backend_start | timestamp with time zone | | |
xact_start | timestamp with time zone | | |
query_start | timestamp with time zone | | |
state_change | timestamp with time zone | | |
wait_event_type | text | | |
wait_event | text | | |
state | text | | |
backend_xid | xid | | |
backend_xmin | xid | | |
query | text | | |
backend_type | text | | |

SELECT pid, usename, client_addr FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname ='ecomm';

To terminate the active connections to the dvdrental database,

--------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT pg_terminate_backend (pid) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname = 'ecomm';

find the activities associated with the database by querying the pg_stat_activity
view
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname = 'ecomm';
ecomm=> SELECT * FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE datname = 'ecomm';
datid | datname | pid | usesysid | usename |
application_name | client_addr | client_hostname | client_port |
backend_start |
xact_start | query_start | state_change
| wait_event_type | wait_event | state | backend_xid | backend_xmin |
query | backend_type
-------+---------+--------+----------+-----------------------------
+--------------------------+--------------+-----------------+-------------
+-------------------------------+------
-------------------------+-------------------------------
+-------------------------------+-----------------+------------+--------
+-------------+--------------+---------------------
------------------------------------+----------------
16467 | ecomm | 524363 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 524361 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 524509 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 524510 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 524511 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 524825 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
| |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege> |
16467 | ecomm | 525016 | 17952 | ecomm_api | PostgreSQL
JDBC Driver | | | |
|
 | |
| | | | | |
<insufficient privil
ege>

terminate the active connections by issuing the following query:

-----------------------------------------------------------------
SELECT pg_terminate_backend (524363) FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE
pg_stat_activity.datname = 'ecomm';

===================================================================================
==============================

to get details of no of rows for all the tables in database

------------------------------------------------------------------------
ecomm=> select n.nspname as table_schema,
ecomm-> c.relname as table_name,
ecomm-> c.reltuples as rows
ecomm-> from pg_class c
ecomm-> join pg_namespace n on n.oid = c.relnamespace
ecomm-> where c.relkind = 'r'
ecomm-> and n.nspname not in ('information_schema','pg_catalog')
ecomm-> order by c.reltuples desc;
table_schema | table_name | rows
--------------+----------------------------+------
ecomm | CONTACT | 208
ecomm | CUST_CONTACT_RELATION | 152
ecomm | CA_CATEGORY_VAL | 62
ecomm | CUSTOMER | 55
ecomm | CA_CATEGORY | 54
ecomm | CUSTOMER_PROFILE | 52
ecomm | PURCHASE_ORDERS | 35
ecomm | CUST_COSTALLOC_PREF_VAL | 10
ecomm | CONTACT_CA_RSTR | 5
ecomm | ULTIMATE_ADDRESS | 0
ecomm | CUST_COSTALLOC_PREF | 0
ecomm | CUST_ORDAPPR_PREF | 0
ecomm | CUST_ORDAPPR_PREF_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_ROLE | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_PROFILE | 0
ecomm | CUSTOMER_SEGMENT | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_BASIC_ATTR | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_BASIC_ATTR_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_SHIP_PREF_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_SHIP_PREF | 0
ecomm | COMMON_CONTACT_INFO | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_FLAGS | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_ORD_PREF_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_ORD_PREF | 0
ecomm | CUSTOMER_SEGMENT_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_CA_DEFAULTS | 0
ecomm | CA_UPLOAD | 0
ecomm | ORDERS | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_COSTALLOC_ATTR | 0
ecomm | PO_ORDER_HISTORY | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_COSTALLOC_ATTR_VAL | 0
ecomm | CUST_BASIC_PREF_VAL | 0
ecomm | CONTACT_FLAGS_VAL | 0
ecomm | AUDIT_DATA | 0
 ecomm | MSG_AUDIT | 0
ecomm | COMMON_ADDRESS_INFO | 0
ecomm | BILLING_ADDRESS | 0
ecomm | CUSTOMER_FLAG_VAL | 0
ecomm | CUSTOMER_FLAG | 0
ecomm | CUST_BASIC_PREF | 0
ecomm | SHIPPING_ADDRESS | 0

performance tunning
==============================

pg_stats_statements
---------------------
It simply tracks execution statistics of SQL statements and can be an easy way to
find poor performing queries.

SELECT *
FROM
pg_stat_statements
ORDER BY
total_time DESC;

SELECT sum(total_time) AS total_time,

sum(blk_read_time + blk_write_time) AS io_time,
sum(total_time - blk_read_time - blk_write_time) AS cpu_time,
sum(calls) AS ncalls,
sum(rows) AS total_rows
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE dbid IN (SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname=current_database());

WITH ttl AS (
SELECT sum(total_time) AS total_time, sum(blk_read_time + blk_write_time) AS
io_time,
sum(total_time - blk_read_time - blk_write_time) AS cpu_time,
sum(calls) AS ncalls, sum(rows) AS total_rows
FROM pg_stat_statements WHERE dbid IN (
SELECT oid FROM pg_database WHERE datname=current_database())

)
SELECT *,(pss.total_time-pss.blk_read_time-pss.blk_write_time)/ttl.cpu_time*100
cpu_pct
FROM pg_stat_statements pss, ttl
WHERE (pss.total_time-pss.blk_read_time-pss.blk_write_time)/ttl.cpu_time >= 0.05
ORDER BY pss.total_time-pss.blk_read_time-pss.blk_write_time DESC LIMIT 1;

missing index
---------------

SELECT
relname,
seq_scan - idx_scan AS too_much_seq,
CASE
WHEN
seq_scan - coalesce(idx_scan, 0) > 0
THEN
'Missing Index?'
 ELSE
'OK'
END,
pg_relation_size(relname::regclass) AS rel_size, seq_scan, idx_scan
FROM
pg_stat_all_tables
WHERE
schemaname = 'public'
AND pg_relation_size(relname::regclass) > 80000
ORDER BY
too_much_seq DESC;

ecomm=> SELECT
ecomm-> relname,
ecomm-> seq_scan - idx_scan AS too_much_seq,
ecomm-> CASE
ecomm-> WHEN
ecomm-> seq_scan - coalesce(idx_scan, 0) > 0
ecomm-> THEN
ecomm-> 'Missing Index?'
ecomm-> ELSE
ecomm-> 'OK'
ecomm-> END,
ecomm-> pg_relation_size(relname::regclass) AS rel_size, seq_scan, idx_scan
ecomm-> FROM
ecomm-> pg_stat_all_tables
ecomm-> WHERE
ecomm-> schemaname = 'public'
ecomm-> AND pg_relation_size(relname::regclass) > 80000
ecomm-> ORDER BY
ecomm-> too_much_seq DESC;
relname | too_much_seq | case | rel_size | seq_scan | idx_scan
---------+--------------+------+----------+----------+----------
(0 rows)

unused index
------------------
SELECT
indexrelid::regclass as index,
relid::regclass as table,
'DROP INDEX ' || indexrelid::regclass || ';' as drop_statement
FROM
pg_stat_user_indexes
JOIN
pg_index USING (indexrelid)
WHERE
idx_scan = 0
AND indisunique is false;

ecomm=> SELECT
ecomm-> indexrelid::regclass as index,
ecomm-> relid::regclass as table,
ecomm-> 'DROP INDEX ' || indexrelid::regclass || ';' as drop_statement
ecomm-> FROM
ecomm-> pg_stat_user_indexes
ecomm-> JOIN
ecomm-> pg_index USING (indexrelid)
ecomm-> WHERE
ecomm-> idx_scan = 0
ecomm-> AND indisunique is false;
index | table | drop_statement
-------+-------+----------------
(0 rows)

explain plan for query:

=============================
ecomm=> EXPLAIN (analyze) SELECT relname,relpages,reltuples FROM pg_class WHERE
reltuples>10000;
QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
Seq Scan on pg_class (cost=0.00..23.04 rows=1 width=72) (actual time=0.120..0.120
rows=0 loops=1)
Filter: (reltuples > '10000'::double precision)
Rows Removed by Filter: 564
Planning Time: 0.111 ms
Execution Time: 0.133 ms
(5 rows)

ecomm=> EXPLAIN (analyze, buffers) SELECT r.relname, a.attname FROM pg_class r JOIN
pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid=r.oid
ecomm-> WHERE a.attnum>0 AND NOT attisdropped;
QUERY PLAN
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------
Hash Join (cost=28.67..167.34 rows=2884 width=128) (actual time=0.284..3.778
rows=2887 loops=1)
Hash Cond: (a.attrelid = r.oid)
Buffers: shared hit=96
-> Seq Scan on pg_attribute a (cost=0.00..131.05 rows=2884 width=68) (actual
time=0.007..2.596 rows=2887 loops=1)
Filter: ((NOT attisdropped) AND (attnum > 0))
Rows Removed by Filter: 1200
Buffers: shared hit=80
-> Hash (cost=21.63..21.63 rows=563 width=68) (actual time=0.268..0.269
rows=564 loops=1)
Buckets: 1024 Batches: 1 Memory Usage: 64kB
Buffers: shared hit=16
-> Seq Scan on pg_class r (cost=0.00..21.63 rows=563 width=68) (actual
time=0.005..0.149 rows=564 loops=1)
Buffers: shared hit=16
Planning Time: 0.574 ms
Execution Time: 4.014 ms
(14 rows)

long running and idle applications;

====================================
SELECT COALESCE(now() - query_start, '0 seconds'::INTERVAL) AS duration, *
FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE state != 'idle'
 AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
ORDER BY 1 DESC, backend_start;

ecomm=> SELECT COALESCE(now() - query_start, '0 seconds'::INTERVAL) AS duration, *

ecomm-> FROM pg_stat_activity
ecomm-> WHERE state != 'idle'
ecomm-> AND pid != pg_backend_pid()
ecomm-> ORDER BY 1 DESC, backend_start;
duration | datid | datname | pid | usesysid | usename | application_name |
client_addr | client_hostname | client_port | backend_start | xact_start |
query_start | state_change |
wait_event_type | wait_event | state | backend_xid | backend_xmin | query |
backend_type
----------+-------+---------+-----+----------+---------+------------------
+-------------+-----------------+-------------+---------------+------------
+-------------+--------------+-
----------------+------------+-------+-------------+--------------+-------
+--------------
(0 rows)

SELECT
pid,
now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start AS duration,
state,
query
FROM pg_stat_activity
WHERE state ='active' AND query NOT ILIKE '%pg_stat_activity%' AND (now() -
pg_stat_activity.query_start) > interval '5 seconds'
ORDER BY duration desc;

ecomm=> SELECT
ecomm-> pid,
ecomm-> now() - pg_stat_activity.query_start AS duration,
ecomm-> state,
ecomm-> query
ecomm-> FROM pg_stat_activity
ecomm-> WHERE state ='active' AND query NOT ILIKE '%pg_stat_activity%' AND (now() -
pg_stat_activity.query_start) > interval '5 seconds'
ecomm-> ORDER BY duration desc;
pid | duration | state | query
-----+----------+-------+-------
(0 rows)

Creating a List of PostgreSQL Tables from ecomm

ecomm=> SELECT
ecomm-> table_schema, table_name
ecomm-> FROM
ecomm-> information_schema.tables
ecomm-> WHERE
ecomm-> table_schema <> 'information_schema'
ecomm-> AND table_name NOT LIKE 'pg_%'
ecomm-> ORDER BY
ecomm-> table_schema,
ecomm-> table_name;
table_schema | table_name
--------------+----------------------------
ecomm | AUDIT_DATA
 ecomm | BILLING_ADDRESS
ecomm | CA_CATEGORY
ecomm | CA_CATEGORY_VAL
ecomm | CA_UPLOAD
ecomm | COMMON_ADDRESS_INFO
ecomm | COMMON_CONTACT_INFO
ecomm | CONTACT
ecomm | CONTACT_BASIC_ATTR
ecomm | CONTACT_BASIC_ATTR_VAL
ecomm | CONTACT_CA_DEFAULTS
ecomm | CONTACT_CA_RSTR
ecomm | CONTACT_COSTALLOC_ATTR
ecomm | CONTACT_COSTALLOC_ATTR_VAL
ecomm | CONTACT_FLAGS
ecomm | CONTACT_FLAGS_VAL
ecomm | CONTACT_ORD_PREF
ecomm | CONTACT_ORD_PREF_VAL
ecomm | CONTACT_PROFILE
ecomm | CONTACT_ROLE
ecomm | CONTACT_SHIP_PREF
ecomm | CONTACT_SHIP_PREF_VAL
ecomm | CUSTOMER
ecomm | CUSTOMER_FLAG
ecomm | CUSTOMER_FLAG_VAL
ecomm | CUSTOMER_PROFILE
ecomm | CUSTOMER_SEGMENT
ecomm | CUSTOMER_SEGMENT_VAL
ecomm | CUST_BASIC_PREF
ecomm | CUST_BASIC_PREF_VAL
ecomm | CUST_CONTACT_RELATION
ecomm | CUST_COSTALLOC_PREF
ecomm | CUST_COSTALLOC_PREF_VAL
ecomm | CUST_ORDAPPR_PREF
ecomm | CUST_ORDAPPR_PREF_VAL
ecomm | MSG_AUDIT
ecomm | ORDERS
ecomm | PO_ORDER_HISTORY
ecomm | PURCHASE_ORDERS
ecomm | SHIPPING_ADDRESS
ecomm | ULTIMATE_ADDRESS

Querying to Check PostgreSQL Open Connections

ecomm-> COUNT(*) as connections,

ecomm-> backend_type
ecomm-> FROM
ecomm-> pg_stat_activity
ecomm-> GROUP BY
ecomm-> backend_type
ecomm-> ORDER BY
ecomm-> connections DESC
ecomm-> ;
connections | backend_type
-------------+----------------
293 |
1 | client backend

hit ratio:
============

SELECT
sum(heap_blks_read) as reads,
sum(heap_blks_hit) as hits,
ROUND(
sum(heap_blks_hit) / (sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read)),
4
) as hit_ratio
FROM
pg_statio_user_tables;

ecomm=> SELECT
ecomm-> sum(heap_blks_read) as reads,
ecomm-> sum(heap_blks_hit) as hits,
ecomm-> ROUND(
ecomm(> sum(heap_blks_hit) / (sum(heap_blks_hit) + sum(heap_blks_read)),
ecomm(> 4
ecomm(> ) as hit_ratio
ecomm-> FROM
ecomm-> pg_statio_user_tables;
reads | hits | hit_ratio
-------+-------+-----------
38 | 67616 | 0.9994