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Lab 1

The document discusses measurement, instrumentation and measurement systems. It defines measurement and instrumentation, describes common measurement units and applications of measurement systems. It also discusses the key elements of measurement systems, different types of instruments, sources of error in measurements and provides examples of each topic.

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19 views20 pages

Lab 1

The document discusses measurement, instrumentation and measurement systems. It defines measurement and instrumentation, describes common measurement units and applications of measurement systems. It also discusses the key elements of measurement systems, different types of instruments, sources of error in measurements and provides examples of each topic.

Uploaded by

tanoliammar03
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEASUREMENT AND

INSTRUMENTATION
LAB
Engr. Mushaf Ur Rehman Khan
Lab Engineer
Mechanical Department UET Mardan
Measurement:
Measurement is a technique in which the properties of an object are determined by
comparing them to a standard quantity

Instrument:
A tool or implement, especially one for precision work.

Instrumentation:
Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments, used for indicating,
measuring and recording physical quantities.
Measurement Units
Measurement Units:
■ Standard Units:
The standard unit of measurement is a value that is fixed and cannot be changed.
Derived Units:
The quantities derived from the fundamental quantities are referred to as derived quantities. The
units used to measure these derived quantities are referred to as derived units
Measurement System Applications
Measurement System Applications:
1. To measure the physical quantities such as length, volume and mass in terms of standard
units.
2. Second application can be monitoring functions to take some prescribed action. Example
thermometer, barometers, electric meters, automotive speedometer, fuel gage. Another
example is of chemical processes.
3. Use a part of feedback control system.
Elements of Measurement Systems
Elements of Measurement Systems:
Primary Use to improve
sensor the signals
Types of instruments
Types of instruments

1. Active and Passive instruments


2. Null-type and deflection-type instruments
3. Analogue and Digital Instruments.
4. Indicating instruments and Instruments with signal output.
Active and Passive Instruments:
Active means that some component inside requires power, either a battery or an
external voltage source for working. “Passive” just means that no components inside need to be
powered.

Example of Passive are Liquid level indicator, flow indicator etc.


Examples of Active instruments are voltmeter, Glass thermometer, ammeter etc
Deflection type Instruments:
The mentioned pressure gauge is the best example of deflection type instrument where
the quantity measured is displayed in terms of the amount of movement of the pointer.

Null type instrument:


Dead weight pressure gauge is the type of Null type instrument. Dead weights are put
on top of the piston until downward force balances the fluid pressure. Weights are added until
the piston reaches a datum level, known as the null point. Pressure measurement is made in
terms of the value of the weights needed to reach this null position.
Analogue Instruments.
Analogue instrument gives an output that varies continuously as the quantity being
measured changes. Same example of pressure gauge. So a analogue instrument like a pressure
gauge needle can have infinite number of positions with in its range of movement.

Digital Instruments:
A digital instrument have finite number if values. The rev counter is the example of a
digital instrument.
Indicating instruments
Which gives an audio or visual indication(digital or analogue) of the magnitude of the
physical quantity measured. All types of Null type and most of passive type instruments.

Instruments with signal output:


An instrument that gives signal type output. Signal is proportional to the quantity being
measured Is used as a part of automatic control systems. Voltage, Current, optical signals are
the forms of measured signals. Examples are thermocouple , light depended resistor.
Error in Measurements
Error:
Errors is the difference between the target true value and the measured value, or
between the reference value and the measured value.

Type of Errors:
1. Systematic error
2. Random error
Systematic Error:
Systematic error is a consistent or proportional difference between the
observed and true values of something (e.g., a mis calibrated scale consistently
registers weights as higher than they actually are).
When the output reading is on the one side either positive or negative. Error
caused by system disturbance, the effect of the environmental changes, poor cabling,
uncalibrated instruments, problem in manufacturing of the equipment etc.

Random Error:
Random error is a chance difference between the observed and true values
of something (e.g., a researcher misreading a weighing scale records an incorrect
measurement).
The End

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