Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

WEEK-9
Cauchy Integral Formula (CIF) & Cauchy’s Residue Theorem (CRT)
Cauchy-Integral Formula:

z
If a function f ( z ) is analytic within and on a simple contour C and if 0 is any point interior to C then,

First form of Cauchy Integral Formula:

f ( z)
∮ z−z dz=2 π if ( z 0 )
C 0

Second form of Cauchy Integral Formula:

f ( z) 2 πi n−1
∮ n
dz=
( n−1 ) !
f ( z0 )
C ( z−z 0 )
f ( z)
z
∮ z−z dz=0
If 0 is not an interior point of the contour C then C 0 .

Definition of Singular point (of an analytic function):

A point at which an analytic function f ( z ) is not analytic, i.e. at which f ' ( z ) fails to exist, is called a
singular point or pole (if order 1) or singularity of the function.

Residue Finding Method:

If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at pole or has singularity at z= a of
order 1, then

Re s( a )=lim ( z−a ) f ( z )
z→a

If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at pole or has singularity at z= a of
order m, then

1 d m−1
Re s(a )=lim {( z−a)m f (z )}
z→a ( m−1)! dz
m−1

Cauchy Residue Theorem:

If f ( z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except at a finite number of n singular points
a 1 , a2 , a3 , . . ., a n inside C, then
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

∮ f ( z )dz=2 πi [ Re s ( a 1) +Re s ( a2)+.. .+Re s ( a n) ]

C

ez
∮ dz
( z−2 ) ;where C is the circle |z|=3.
Example : Evaluate by CIF C

Solution: For singular point,

z−2=0

⇒ z =2

The point z=2 lies inside the circle |z|=3.

∴ f ( z )=e z
f ( z)
∮ ( z−2 ) dz=2 π i f (2 )
C =2 π i e 2
By CIF,
e2 z
∮ ( z−2 )3
dz
|z|=3.
Example 3: Evaluate by CIF C where C is the circle

Solution: For singular point,

z−1=0

⇒ z =1

The point z=1 lies inside the circle |z|=3

∴ f ( z )=e 2 z
f (z)
∮ ( z−1 )3 dz= 22π!i f 2(1 )
By CIF, C

sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ ( z−1 )( z−2) dz |z|=3.
Example 4: Evaluate by CIF C , where C is the circle
Solution: For singular point, ( z−1)( z−2)=0
⇒ z =1 , 2

Both the points z=1 and z=2 lies inside the circle |z|=3 .
∴ f ( z )=sin π z 2 +cos π z 2 .
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

By CIF, C
f (z)
C
f ( z) −1
∮ ( z−1 )( z−2) dz=∮ ( z−1)( z−2) dz =∮ f ( z) ( z−1 +
1
) ( z−2 )
C
[dz
]
f ( z) f (z)
=− ∮ dz +∮ dz
C ( z−1) C ( z−2 ) =−2 π i f (1 ) + 2 π i f (2) =4 π i .

sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ (z−1)( z−2 )2 dz |z|=3.
5: Evaluate by CRT C , where C is the circle
Example

Solution: For singular point, ( z−1 ) ( z−2 )2=0

⇒ z =1 , 2
Singular point z=1 is a pole of order one/simple pole and singular point z=2 is a pole of order 2. Both

the points z=1 and z=2 lies inside the circle |z|=3 .

Residue at the point z=1 is, Res ( z=1 )=lim

z →1
❑

¿ lim ❑=−1
z→1

Residue at the point z=2 is,

lim 1
z →2 d
Res ( z=2 )= ❑
( 2−1 ) ! dz
lim d
z →2
¿ ❑
dz
¿ lim ❑
z→2

¿ 4 π −1 .
So by CRT we know,
sin π z 2 +cos π z 2
∮ (z −1)( z−2 )2 dz=2 πi ( Res( z=1)+Res (z=2)) =2 πi {−1+( 4 π −1) }=2 πi(4 π −2).
C

dz
∮ z 3( z 2+2 z+2)
Example: Evaluate the contour integral C by CRT where C is the circle|z|=3.
1
3 2
Solution: The poles or singularities of z ( z +2 z+ 2) are as follows:
2
A pole of order 3 at z=0 and two simple poles where ( z +2 z+ 2)=0 i.e., z=−1±i . All this poles lie
inside the contour C.
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

Residue at the point z=0 of order 3 is given by

Re s( z=0 )=lim
1 d2 3
z→0 2 ! dz
2
z . 3 2
1
{
z ( z + 2 z +2 ) }
=lim
1 d −(2 z +2 )
2
z→0 2 dz ( z +2 z+2 ){
2 }
=lim
d
2 {
−( z+1 )
z→0 dz ( z +2 z+ 2)
2 }
=lim
z→0 { −( z 2 +2 z +2)2 +( z+ 1).2 .( z 2 +2 z+ 2).( 2 z +2)
2
( z +2 z +2)
4 }
1
=
4
Residue at the point z=−1−i is,

Re s( z=−1−i)= lim ( z+1+i).

z→−1−i { 3
1
z ( z+1+i)( z+1−i) }
= lim
z→−1−i { 3
1
z ( z+1−i) }
=
{ 1
3
(−1−i) (−2i)
=
1
}{
4 (−1−i) }
1
= (−1+i)
8
Residue at the point z=−1+i is,

Re s( z=−1+i )= lim ( z+1−i ).

z →−1+i { 3
1
z ( z+1+i )(z +1−i) }
= lim
z→−1−i { 1
z 3 ( z +1+i) }
=
{ 1 1
}
(−1+i)3 (−2 i) = 8 (−1−i)
So by CRT we know,
dz
∮ z 3( z 2+2 z+ 2) =2 πi ( Res (z=0 )+ Res(z=-1-i )+ Res( z=-1+ i))
C
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

1 1 1
=2 πi( + (−1−i )+ (−1+i))
4 8 8 =2 πi ( 0 )=0 .

Example: (Try it yourself)

z 3−z 2 + z−1
∮ z 3+ 4 z dz
Evaluate the contour integral C by CRT where C is

(a) The circle |z|=1.

(b) The circle |z|=3.

Exercise Set 02
1. Evaluate the followings applying Cauchy’s Integral Formula (CIF) and also Cauchy’s
Residue Theorem (CRT) if possible:
dz
∮ z-3i C |z|=π
(a) C the circle .
1
∮ z ( z−1 ) dz C −1 ±i , 2± i
(b) C , the boundary of the rectangle with vertices .
z
∮ ez dz C |z|=2
(c) C consists of .
(d) Evaluate the integrals throughout the contour as given in the figures:
z 2z-1
∮ ( 2z-i )3 dz ∮ z 2 -z dz
(i) C (Fig. 1), (ii)(Fig. 2), (iii) C (Fig. 3).

Fig:1 Fig:2 Fig:3

dz
∮ z2+1 C |z +i|=1 |z−i|=1
(e) C , is the contour as (i) , (ii) .

2 z 3 +z 2 +4
∮ z 4 +4 z 2 dz C |z +2 i|=1
(f) C , the circle .
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

sin πz 2 +cos πz 2
∮ ( z−1)( z−2) dz; C
(g) C where is the circle

(i)|z−1|=0.5, (ii)|z−2|=0.7 , (iii)|z|=3.

sin 2 z
∮ ( z+π/6)3 dz; C
C where is the circle
(h)
−2 z
∮ ( ez +i)2 dz C :|z +i|=0.5
C
(i) ,
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

Laurent series expansion

Example: Obtain Laurent series expansion of when

,
Solution: (i) Since 1<|z|<2
1 |z|
<1 and <1
|z| 2

<1 and |z| <1

1
∴
|z |
2
2

1
Let (1+ z ¿¿ 2)(z+ 2)= Az+ B + C ¿
2
1+ z z +2

∴ 1=( Az+ B ) ( z+ 2 )+ C(1+ z 2 )

1
At, z=−2 , 5 C=1 ∴ C= 5

2 −1
Equating coefficients of z ; A+ C=0 ∴ A=−C= 5

2
Equating coefficients of z ; 2 A+ B=0 ∴ B=−2 A= 5

1
∴
−1 2 1
z+
5 5 5
(1+ z¿ ¿ 2)(z +2)= + ¿
1+ z 2
z+ 2

2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1+ z 2 5 1+ z2 5 z +2

2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1 5 1 5 z
z 2 (1+ ) z 2 (1+ ) 2(1+ )
z
2
z
2
2
−1 −1 −1
2 1 1 1 1 z
¿ 2
(1+ 2 ) − (1+ 2 ) + (1+ )
5z z 5z z 10 2

¿
2
5z (
2
1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+∞
z z z )
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

−1
5z ( 1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 + …+∞
z z z )
2
+1 z z
(1− + −…+ ∞)
10 2 4

which is the required Laurent series.

|z| 2
(ii) For |z|>2 we have 2 >1 <1
|z|
1
Also | 2| <1
z

1
∴
2 1 1 z 1 1
(1+ z¿ ¿ 2)(z +2)= − + ¿
5 1+ z 2 5 1+ z2 5 z +2

2 1 1 z 1 1
¿ − +
5 1 5 1 5 2
z 2 (1+ ) z 2 (1+ ) z (1+ )
z
2
z
2
z
−1 −1 −1
2 1 1 1 1 2
¿ 2
(1+ 2 ) − (1+ 2 ) + (1+ )
5z z 5z z 5z z

¿
2
5z (
2
1 1 1
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+∞ −
z z z
1
5z
1 1 1
) (
1− 2 + 4 − 6 +…+ ∞ +
z z z
1
5z
2 4
1− + 2 −…+ ∞ .
z z ) ( )
which is the required Laurent series.

Exercise (need to be solved)

z
f ( z)=
1. Expand ( z−1 )(2−z) in a Laurent series valid for

.
1
f ( z)=
2. Expand z (z −2) in a Laurent series valid for