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Lec01 introductionToAI

The document discusses the fundamentals of artificial intelligence including definitions of AI, major approaches to AI like acting humanly, thinking humanly, thinking rationally and acting rationally. It also covers the history and evolution of AI and current capabilities of AI systems.

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Augustin Tadiamba Pambi
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45 views11 pages

Lec01 introductionToAI

The document discusses the fundamentals of artificial intelligence including definitions of AI, major approaches to AI like acting humanly, thinking humanly, thinking rationally and acting rationally. It also covers the history and evolution of AI and current capabilities of AI systems.

Uploaded by

Augustin Tadiamba Pambi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fundamentals of

Artificial Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence


What is Artificial Intelligence?

• The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when
performed by people.
• The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of intelligent
behavior.

• Views of AI fall into four categories:


• Systems that act like humans
• Systems that think like humans
• Systems that think rationally
• Systems that act rationally
Acting humanly: The Turing Test

• Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing (1950), was designed to provide a satisfactory
operational definition of intelligence
• Can machines think?  Can machines behave intelligently?
• Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game

• Suggested major components of AI system: knowledge representation, automated


reasoning, natural language understanding, machine learning.
Thinking humanly: Cognitive Science

• The field of cognitive science brings together computer models from AI and
experimental techniques from psychology to construct precise and testable theories
of the human mind.
• Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
• What level of abstraction? Knowledge or Circuits?
• How to validate? Requires:
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down), or
2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)
• Both approaches (Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now distinct
from AI.
• Both share with AI the following characteristic: the available theories do not explain
anything resembling human-level general intelligence
Thinking rationally: Laws of Thought

• Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?


• Development of various forms of logic:
• notation and rules of derivation for thoughts.
• may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization
• Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI
• Main obstacles to this approach.
• First, it is not easy to take informal knowledge and state it in the formal terms required by
logical notation, particularly when the knowledge is less than 100% certain.
• Second, there is a big difference between solving a problem “in principle” and solving it in
practice.
Acting rationally: The rational agent approach

• An agent is just something that acts.


• A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or, when there is
uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
• In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was on correct inferences.
• Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a rational agent, and
• There are also ways of acting rationally that cannot involve inference.
• Rational behavior: doing the right thing
• The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available
information
• Doing the right thing doesn't necessarily always involve thinking but thinking should be in the
service of rational action
Acting rationally: Rational agents

• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts


• This AI course concentrates on general principles of rational agents and on
components for constructing them.
• Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions:
f : P* → A
• For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of
agents) with the best performance.

• Computational limitations can make perfect rationality unachievable


 Design best program for given machine resources
Foundations of AI

• Many disciplines contribute to a foundation for artificial intelligence.


• Philosophy: logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system
• Mathematics: formal representation and proof, algorithms, computation,
decidability, probability
• Psychology: phenomena of perception and motor control
• Economics: formal theory of rational decisions
• Linguistics: knowledge representation, grammar
• Neuroscience: how the brain works
• Computer engineers provided powerful machines that make AI applications
possible.
• Control theory: designing devices that act optimally on the basis of feedback
from the environment
History of Artificial Intelligence

1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain


• The first work that is now generally recognized as AI.
1950 Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence"
• Turing introduced the Turing Test, machine learning, and reinforcement learning.
1950s Early AI programs:
• Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist
1956 Dartmouth meeting: Birth of “Artificial Intelligence"
• McCarthy, Minsky and others come together to study artificial intelligence.
1958 McCarthy defined the high-level language Lisp,
• Lisp was to become the dominant AI programming language
1965 Robinson’s discovery of the resolution method
• a complete theorem-proving algorithm for first-order logic
History of Artificial Intelligence

1966-74 AI discovers computational complexity


• Neural network research almost disappears
1969-79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980-88 Expert systems industry booms
1985-95 Neural networks return to popularity
1987- AI adopts the scientific method
• Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), Bayesian network formalism for uncertainty, data mining
2001- Availability of very large data sets
The State of The Art

• What can AI do today?


• Robotic vehicles: driverless robotic cars
• Speech recognition
• Autonomous planning and scheduling: NASA’s Remote Agent program
became the first on-board autonomous planning program to control the
scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
• Game playing: IBM’s DEEP BLUE became the first computer program to
defeat the world champion in a chess match
• Spam fighting
• Robotics
• Machine Translation

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