Sheet 4

Design problem.
Array factor for N isotropic point sources.
Dipole Analysis.
Array of dipole using pattern multiplication principle.
Additional topics:-
 Hertzian dipole analysis
 Center offset feeding Dipole Analysis
 Circular loop analysis
 Ground effects.
Design problem
North
Design Specs:
 4 vertical tower that may be
considered as 4 isotropic
point sources. Null
 Maximum radiation at Northeast . West East

 Two nulls at West and Southwest.

 Pattern approximately uniform
in first quadrant.

South
Design problem
Design parameters:
 Feeding current
The design requirement that all magnitude currents are equal
 Orientation ‘geometric arrangement’ of 4 towers
 The phase of each element.
 Spacing between elements.
Design problem
We need to acheive 3 main requirements: North
 max 𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 0
 Null 𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 135𝑜
 Null 𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 180𝑜
If 𝐸 = 𝑓 𝑑, 𝛿 West
Null
East
 Is one function able to fullfil 𝝋 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝑜
3 requirements? No, Why?

South
Design problem
Hence we have to put far field equation as follow:
𝐸 = 𝑓1 𝑑, 𝛿1 . 𝑓2 𝑑, 𝛿2
We must note that the design parameters become 𝑑, 𝛿1 , 𝛿2
Three design parameters can acheive the 3 main requirements
Now, What do 𝛿1 , 𝛿2 mean?
It simply means that we don’t have one array but we have two
identical arrays but one of them lead the other by phase shift 𝛿2
as follow
Design problem
1,2 consist array where 2 leads 1
by phase shift 𝛿1 𝑏

3,4 consist array where 3 leads 4

𝑎 4
by phase shift also 𝛿1
3
But 3,4 array leads 1,2 array by phase
2
shift 𝛿2 1
Design problem
We’ll call 1,2 or 3,4 as primary array
with arry factor 𝑏
𝛽𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 +𝛿1
𝐸1,2𝑜𝑟3,4 = 2𝐸𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑎 4
3
2𝛽𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 +𝛿2
𝐸𝑎,𝑏 = 2𝐸1,2𝑜𝑟3,4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 1
The total field is 𝐸𝑎,𝑏
𝛽𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝛿1 2𝛽𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝛿2
𝐸𝑎,𝑏 = 4𝐸𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 2
Design problem
Now, we can fulfill the 3 conditions
𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 135𝑜 𝑎𝑡 𝜑 = 180𝑜
 𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = 0 1 𝛽𝑑
 − + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎  −𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎
2
 2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = 0 2 𝛽𝑑  −2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏
−2 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏
2

We have only 4 probabilities 1-a-b , 1-b-a , 2-a-b , 2-b-a Why?

Design problem
1st trial 1-a-b
𝛽𝑑
 𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = 0 1 , − + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎 , −2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏 Check equation
2
 Solving 1 , 𝑎 𝛿1 = −1.84 , 𝛽𝑑 = 1.84 hence 𝛿2 = 0.538 2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2
 2nd trial 1-b-a st
1 trial = 4.22
𝛽𝑑 2nd trial = 2.22
 𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = 0 1 , −2 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏 , −𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎
2
 Solving 1 , 𝑎 𝛿1 = −1.57 , 𝛽𝑑 = 1.57 hence 𝛿2 = −0.92
 3rd trial 2-a-b
𝛽𝑑
 2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = 0 2 , − + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎 , −2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏 Check equation
2
 Solving 2 , 𝑏 𝛿2 = −1.57, 𝛽𝑑 = 0.785 hence 𝛿1 = −2.586 𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1
3rd trial = -1.8
 4th trial 2-b-a 4th trial = −1.3
𝛽𝑑
 2𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿2 = 0 2 , −2 + 𝛿2 = −𝜋 𝑏 , −𝛽𝑑 + 𝛿1 = −𝜋 𝑎
2
 Solving 2 , 𝑏 𝛿2 = −1.84 , 𝛽𝑑 = 0.92 hence 𝛿1 = −2.22
Design problem
The best trial gives the closest value to zero ‘check equation’.
4th trial achieved that hence we need the spacing between elements
2𝜋
is 𝑑 = 0.92  𝑑 = 0.146𝜆 𝐼 𝑒 −𝑗4.06
𝜆 0

 𝛿1 = −2.22 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗1.84
𝛿2 = −1.84 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗2.22
𝐼0 4
3
2
1
Design problem
Array of point sources

Remember broadside array the

maximum radiation is normal
to array axis
Array of point sources

Remember binomial array the

maximum radiation is normal
to array axis but the beam is
broader and no minors

The feeding current magnitudes

follow binomial coefficients
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑁−1 = 𝐶𝑟𝑁−1
1: 7: 21: 35: 35: 21: 7: 1
Array of point sources

Remember end-fire array the

maximum radiation in the
direction of array axis
Array of point sources

Remember end-fire with

increased directivity array the
maximum radiation in the
direction of array axis but the
beam is narrower
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
It is the simplest wire antenna.
The procedure of dipole analysis or any driven wire antenna analysis
is as follow:
 Evaluate magnetic vector potential A
𝜇𝐼 𝑑𝑙 −𝑗𝛽𝑅
𝐴=‫׬‬ 𝑒
4𝜋𝑅
 The vector A has the same direction of 𝐼
 We need the far-field components 𝐸𝜃 , 𝐸𝜑
 𝐸𝜃 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜃 , 𝐸𝜑 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜑
 To get both 𝐴𝜃 , 𝐴𝜑 we project A onto 𝑎𝜃 , 𝑎𝜑 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝜃, 𝜑 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
 𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴. 𝑎𝜃
 𝐴𝜑 = 𝐴. 𝑎𝜑
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
• 𝐴𝜃 = 𝐴. 𝑎𝜃 𝐴 𝐴𝜃 𝐴𝜑

• 𝐴𝜑 = 𝐴. 𝑎𝜑 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑥 cos 𝜑 cos(𝜃) −𝐴𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑

𝑦
𝜑
𝑦
𝜌 𝜑
𝑥
𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑦 sin 𝜑 cos(𝜃) 𝐴𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑
𝜌
𝑥
𝑧
𝑟

𝐴𝑧 −𝐴𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝜃 𝜌 0
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
It is assumed that the wire is very thin hence we assume the current
distribution on the wire is pure standing wave or sinusoidal.
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝛽(ℎ − 𝑧 ))

𝐼𝑚 sin 𝛽 ℎ − 𝑧 , 𝑧 > 0
=ቊ
𝐼𝑚 sin 𝛽 ℎ + 𝑧 , 𝑧 < 0
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
Assume the dipole is oriented in z-axis direction
 𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 − 𝑧 𝑎𝑧 . 𝑎𝑟 𝒉
𝒁
 𝑎𝑧 . 𝑎𝑟 = cos θ i. e. R = 𝑟 − 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
𝜇𝐼 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽(𝑟−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)) 𝑅
 𝐴𝑧 = ‫ ׬‬4𝜋(𝑟−𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)) 𝑑𝑙
 In far-field 𝑟 ≫ 𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) hence we can 𝑟
neglect (𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)) from denominator but we 𝟎
can’t neglect it from phase because it forms the
far-field pattern

−𝒉
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
𝜇𝐼𝑚 sin(𝛽(ℎ− 𝑧 )) 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟+𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)
 𝐴𝑧 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑧
4𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 ℎ 𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 𝑑𝑧
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 ‫׬‬−ℎ
sin(𝛽(ℎ − 𝑧 )) 𝑒
4𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝐼𝑚 0 ℎ
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟
[ ‫׬‬−ℎ sin 𝛽 ℎ+𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬0 sin 𝛽 ℎ − 𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑑𝑧]
4𝜋𝑟
 Changing variables
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 ℎ
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 [‫׬‬0 sin 𝛽 ℎ − 𝑧 ( 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
)𝑑𝑧 ]
4𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 ℎ
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 [2 ‫׬‬0 sin 𝛽 ℎ − 𝑧 cos(𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )𝑑𝑧 ]
4𝜋𝑟
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
 sin 𝛽 ℎ − 𝑧 cos 𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
0.5(sin 𝛽ℎ − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + sin 𝛽ℎ − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
𝜇𝐼𝑚
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒
−𝑗𝛽𝑟 ℎ
[‫׬‬0 sin 𝛽ℎ − 𝛽𝑧 + 𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
ℎ
𝑑𝑧 + ‫׬‬0 sin 𝛽ℎ − 𝛽𝑧 − 𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑑𝑧]
4𝜋𝑟
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 cos 𝛽ℎ−𝛽𝑧+𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 cos 𝛽ℎ−𝛽𝑧−𝛽𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 |0ℎ + |0ℎ
4𝜋𝑟 𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝛽 −𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝛽
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 cos 𝛽ℎ −cos 𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 cos 𝛽ℎ −cos(𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 )
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 [ − ]
4𝜋𝑟 𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝛽 𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝛽
𝜇𝐼𝑚 1 1
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟
[cos 𝛽ℎ − cos 𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ] [ − ]
2𝜋𝑟 𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 −𝛽 𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 +𝛽
Analysis of Dipole Antenna
𝜇𝐼𝑚 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 cos 𝛽ℎ −cos 𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 𝐴𝑧 = 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 −𝛽 sin2 (𝜃)
 𝐸𝜃 = −𝑗𝜔𝐴𝜃 = 𝑗𝜔𝐴𝑧 sin 𝜃
 𝐸𝜑 = 0
𝜔𝜇
 Note that =𝜂
𝛽
−𝒋𝑰𝒎 𝜼 −𝒋𝜷𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒉 −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜷𝒉𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
 𝑬 𝜽 = 𝐄𝐓 = 𝒆
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
 Note also the overall length of dipole 2h not h
 𝜆
Calculating of Radiation resistance for dipole
2
−𝑗𝐼𝑚 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽ℎ −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝐸𝜃 = ET = 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝜆 𝜋
For ℎ = 𝑜𝑟 𝛽ℎ =
4 2 𝝅
−𝒋𝑰𝒎 𝜼 −𝒋𝜷𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
 𝑬𝑻 = 𝒆
𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) 2
𝝅
𝑟2 𝐼𝑚2 𝜂 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝜽
2 𝟐
 But 𝑈𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝐸𝑇 = 2
2𝜂 8𝜋 2 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝐼𝑚 𝜂
 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 2
8𝜋 𝝅
2𝜋 𝜃=𝜋 𝐼𝑚 𝜂2 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝟐
 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ‫=𝜙׬‬0 𝑑𝜙 ‫=𝜃׬‬0 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8𝜋2 2𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝝅
𝐼2 𝜂 𝜃=𝜋 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚
‫=𝜃׬‬0 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 sin(𝜃)
 𝜆
Calculating the Radiation resistance for dipole
2
2
𝝅
2 𝜂 𝜃=𝜋
𝐼𝑚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝜃
4𝜋 𝜃=0 sin(𝜃)
This integral can be integrated numerically using quad function in MATLAB
 quad(f,a,b)where a,b are upper and lower limits of the integration
 f=@(th)(cos(0.5*pi*cos(th))).^2./sin(th);
 I=quad(f,0,pi)=1.2188
2𝜂
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑚 2
 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 1.2188 = 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑
4𝜋 2
 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 60 × 1.2188 = 73.13 Ω
 This value is the same 𝑅𝑖𝑛 if the feeder is in the maximum current position else
73.13 𝜆
 𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 2 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
cos 𝛽𝑧 2
 𝜆
Calculating the Directivity of the dipole
2
𝐼2
𝑚𝜂
4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 8𝜋2
𝐷 = = 4𝜋 × 𝐼2 𝜂 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟒
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑚 1.2188
4𝜋
𝝀
To summarize the dipole
𝟐
 Maximum radiation occurs at the dipole
broadside direction.
 There is null at the dipole axis
 𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 73.13
 𝐷 = 1.64
 For completeness 𝑋𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 42Ω (from near
field calculations)
Radiated field measurement
We can detect the radiated field intensity away from the antenna with
knowledge of the total radiated power at certain location 𝑟.
𝜆
For Example assume the monopole which mounted on ground plane we
4
can deduce that
6.15 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
 𝐸𝑇 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑚𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
2
𝑟
𝐼 𝜂 1.2188
 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑚
4𝜋 2
4𝜋×2
 𝐼𝑚 = 𝑃
1.2188𝜂 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝐼 𝜂 𝜂 4𝜋×2 1000 𝑚𝑣
 But |𝐸𝑇 | 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = 𝑚 = 𝑃 ×
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋𝑟 2 1.2188𝜂 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1600 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
 𝑟 is substituted in miles
Pattern Multiplication Principle
If we have array of identical elements with number N, we find only
far-field equation of individual element then multiply it in Array factor
which represent the far-field of N isotropic point sources taking into
account the characteristics of far-field radiation.
Broadside, end-fire, Binomial represent the far-field characteristics as
for array axis
Array of Dipoles
If you have N dipoles oriented in Z-axis are placed along X-axis. Find
all space E-field.
 If they are fed according to binomial distribution.
 They are fed to give max directivity in elevation plane.
 They are fed to give max directivity in X-axis.
Array of Dipoles
−𝑗𝐼𝑚 𝜂 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽ℎ −𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽ℎ𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
The far-field of dipole is ED = 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
𝑁−1 𝜓𝑥
𝜓𝑥
 For binomial distribution 𝐴𝐹 = 2𝑁−1 𝑒 𝑗 2 cos 𝑁−1 (
2
) , 𝜓𝑥 = β𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin 𝜃
To get max directivity in elevation plane specially Y-axis the array must be
broadside hence the Array Factor
𝑁𝜓𝑥
𝑁−1 𝜓𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑗 2 2
𝜓𝑥 , 𝜓𝑥 = β𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin(𝜃)
sin
2

To get max directivity in X-axis the array must be end-fire hence the Array Factor
𝑁𝜓𝑥
𝑁−1 𝜓𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑗 2 2
𝜓𝑥 , 𝜓𝑥 = β𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin 𝜃 − 1)
sin 2

𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝐷 𝐴𝐹
Array of Dipoles example
𝜆 𝜆 𝜋
 If 𝑁 = 4 , 𝑑 = 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝛽𝑑 = 𝜋, 2ℎ = 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝛽ℎ =
2 2 2
𝜋
𝑗𝐼𝑚 𝜂 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 3𝜓𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜓𝑥
−𝑗𝛽𝑟 2 𝑗 2
 ED = 𝑒 , 𝐴𝐹 = 𝑒 𝜓
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) sin 2𝑥
3𝜓
𝑗 2𝑥 3 𝜓𝑥
 𝐴𝐹 = 8𝑒 cos ( )
2
 𝜓𝑥 = 𝜋𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin 𝜃 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒, binomial
 𝜓𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin 𝜃 − 1 𝑒𝑛𝑑 − 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝜋
 𝜓𝑥 = 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 sin 𝜃 − 1 − 𝑒𝑛𝑑 − 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑒 increased directivity
4
Surface Array
Givens
 Surface array of 4x7 elements is designed to get
maximum radiation at –ve y axis. 𝒛
 Relatively wide pattern in the horizontal plane xy.
 Very narrow pattern in the vertical plane yz. 𝒚
 Generated wave is vertically polarized.
Required
 Express the all space field pattern in terms of 𝜃, 𝜙.
 Plot roughly the field pattern in xy and yz planes.
 Show how elements are connected for practical
achievement for this array.
Surface Array

Dipole in z direction
Surface Array
Solution
 The wave is vertically polarized hence the dipole oriented in z direction and
𝜆
assume the dipole has length of .
2
 The pattern is relatively wide in xy but it is narrow in yz hence the vertical
𝜆
array must be broadside with spacing to get uniform pattern at xy plane
2
with narrow pattern in yz plane.
3𝜆
 We can take vertical spacing to fulfil good separation between vertical
2
dipoles.
 Also the pattern has maximum radiation in –ve y axis hence we can consider
𝜆
horizontal array as endfire with spacing
4
Surface Array
𝑁 𝑦 𝜓𝑦
𝑁𝑦 −1 𝜓𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑗 2 𝜋
 𝐴𝐹𝑦 = 𝑒 2
𝜓𝑦 , Ny = 7, 𝜓𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 sin 𝜃 + 1
sin 2
2
𝑁𝑧 −1 𝜓𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑁𝑧 𝜓𝑧
 𝐴𝐹𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑗 2
𝜓
2
, NZ = 4, 𝜓𝑧 = 𝜋cos(𝜃)
sin 2𝑧

 𝐴𝐹𝑡 = 𝐴𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝐹𝑧

𝜋
−𝑗𝐼𝑚 𝜂 −𝑗𝛽𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 𝐸 = 𝐴𝐹𝑡 . 𝐸𝐷 , ED = 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
Surface Array

𝜆 3𝜆
For both vertical spacing 2 ,2
Surface Array

𝜆
For vertical spacing dz = 2
 Surface Array

3𝜆
For vertical spacing dz =
2
Surface Array

𝜆
Note: For vertical spacing dz = 2
Turnstile Antenna
It consists of two orthogonal diploes
quadrature phase feeding currents ( 900 𝒚
phase shift feeding)
 𝐸𝜃 = 𝐸𝜃𝑥 + 𝑗𝐸𝜃𝑦
 𝐸𝜑 = 𝐸𝜑𝑥 + 𝑗𝐸𝜑𝑦 𝒙
2
 𝐸𝑇 = 𝐸𝜃 2 + 𝐸𝜑
We can deduce that the generated wave is
circularly polarized.
Turnstile Antenna

 Go to the animation of the turnstile field pattern