Antennas Concepts

part2

Assiut University, Electrical engineering

department Comm. Section
Introduced by Eng. Abdu-Allah Mahfouz
Directivity
In the previous section we recognize the directivity concept and we
told that it is a comparison between the antenna and the isotropic
point source.
The antenna also may be compared to dipole instead of isotropic
point source 𝐷 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑠 = 1.64𝐷 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐷 𝑑𝐵𝑑 = 𝐷 𝑑𝐵𝑖 − 2.15𝑑𝐵
Antenna polarization
It depicts the orientation of the electric field lines transmitted or
received by the antenna.

𝑇𝑥 𝑅𝑥
𝑇𝑥 𝑅𝑥
There is common field component
Full transmission and reception since two between 𝑇𝑥 and 𝑅𝑥 but the reception
antennas are aligned in the same direction and transmission are less
Antenna polarization
The factor that represents the polarization matching is called polarization loss factor 𝒑𝒍𝒇.
𝑝𝑙𝑓 = 𝜌𝑤 . 𝜌𝑎 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜌𝑤 is a unit vector in the transmitted wave direction and 𝜌𝑎 is a
unit vector in the field alignment of the 𝑅𝑥 antenna
 If 𝜌𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑓 = 1.
 If 𝜌𝑤 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌𝑎 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑓 = 0.
 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑓 ∈ [0,1]
Types of polarization
 Linearly polarized (vertical or horizontal).
 Circularly polarized (in which the resultant field rotates with time on a circle locus)
 Elliptically polarized (the general case )
Polarization types
• We assume the radiated fields are two orthogonal components 𝐸𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦
or even 𝐸𝜃 , 𝐸𝜙 .

Linearly Polarized Circularly Polarized Elliptically Polarized

 Phasor representation of the time-harmonic field

Remember: Any radiation field is assumed to be alternate with time in sinusoidal

fashion but the time dependency isn’t stated clearly in equations but we use
phasor form instead.
Phasor Form Time Form
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑦 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥0 cos(𝜔𝑡)𝑎𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦0 cos(𝜔𝑡)𝑎𝑦
 In case the both components have the same phase it is intentionally omitted from the phasor
form equation.
𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑎𝑦 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥0 cos(𝜔𝑡)𝑎𝑥 − 𝐸𝑦0 sin(𝜔𝑡)𝑎𝑦
 This equation can be rewritten in phasor form without 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 as follows 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑥0 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑗𝐸𝑦0 𝑎𝑦 .
This equation says that the component in y direction leads the components in x direction by
𝝅/𝟐 assuming 𝐸𝑥0 , 𝐸𝑦0 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔
Polarization types
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙𝑥 , 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑦0 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙𝑦
The two components are periodic and 𝐸𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝐸𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝛿 = 𝜙𝑦 − 𝜙𝑥 , hence we
can rewrite them as follows:
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸𝑥0 cos 𝜔𝑡 , 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑦0 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝛿
 If 𝛿 = 0 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐸𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑃
𝜋
 If 𝛿 = , 𝐸𝑥0 = 𝐸𝑦0 , 𝐸𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 ⇒ 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑃
2
𝜋
 If 𝛿 ≠ 𝑜𝑟 ≠ 0 regardless Ex0 , Ey0 ⇒ 𝐸𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝑃
2
Note: Elliptically polarized is the general case includes both linearly polarized and
circularly polarized
Elliptically polarized type
There are some definitions concern EP type
 𝑨𝑹 indicates the amount of field rotation
𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝐴𝑅 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
 𝐴𝑅 ∈ [1, ∞[
 𝐴𝑅dB = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐴𝑅
 𝑻𝒊𝒍𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝝉 𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
 The equation of that slanted ellipse is
𝑎𝐸𝑥2 − 𝑏𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦 + 𝑐𝐸𝑦2 = 1
1 1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2 2
,𝑐 = 2
𝐸𝑥0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿 𝐸𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛿
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿
,𝑏 = 2
𝐸𝑥0 𝐸𝑦0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
Elliptically polarized type
Givens: 𝐸𝑦0 , 𝐸𝑥0 , 𝛿 = 𝜙𝑦 − 𝜙𝑥 ∈ [−𝜋, 𝜋]
Required: AR , 𝜏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Solution :
−1 𝐸𝑦0 𝜋
𝛾= tan ,𝛾 ∈ [0, ]
𝐸𝑥0 2
 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝜏 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜖 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
 𝐴𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜖
Note If one of the ellipse axis coincides with
the principle axis we don’t use the previous steps.
Elliptically polarized type
Sense of rotation means the electric field rotation either CW or CCW.
It may be CW if the rotation is noted from side and may be CCW if it is noted from
another side.
 Example: 𝐸𝑦
𝜋 position 2
 𝐸 = 0.5cos(𝜔𝑡)𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝜔𝑡 + 3 𝑎𝑦 ,
 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑍 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝜔𝑡 = 0
 It is clear it is elliptically polarized field
 At 𝜔𝑡 = 0 ⇒ 𝐸 = (+, +) 𝐸𝑥
𝜋
 At 𝜔𝑡 = 2 ⇒ 𝐸 = (0, −) 𝜋
position 1
 The field rotates CW if it is noted from position 1 and rotates 𝜔𝑡 =
2
CCW if it is noted from position 2.
 We always consider the antenna as transmitter hence
the sense of rotation is CCW for this example. 𝑧
𝑝𝑙𝑓of CP antennas
Remember
 we always consider antenna in 𝑇𝑥 mode
 𝑝𝑙𝑓 = 𝜌𝑤 . 𝜌𝑎 2
 𝑝𝑙𝑓𝑑𝐵 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑝𝑙𝑓
To write the unit vector for the CP antenna electric field properly or
incident wave we need to know:
 The propagation direction.
 The sense of rotation.
Example
 Assume a CW circularly polarized antenna receives wave propagates in
+ 𝑣𝑒 𝑍 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. The antenna in 𝑇𝑥 mode emits fields in – 𝑣𝑒 𝑍 direction
𝑝𝑙𝑓of CP antennas (contd.)
Example (contd.)
 We know it is CP antenna hence we know that there is a field component
𝜋
leads the other by .
2
1
 Hence 𝜌𝑎 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑗𝑎𝑦 position 2
2
1 𝐸𝑦
 Note 𝜌𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝜌𝑎 = 1
2
 The sign is added according to sense of rotation 𝜔𝑡 = 0
and propagation direction. position 1
𝐸𝑥
 In this example the sign will be +Why? 𝜋
𝜔𝑡 =
 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝜌𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛. 2
Antenna as circuit element
 Antenna is a dual element i.e. it transmits and also receives hence it has two
equivalent circuits one for transmitting mode and other for receiving mode.
Antenna as circuit element
Antenna equivalent in receiving mode consists of:
 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑉𝑇
 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑅𝑟
 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑅𝐿
 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑋𝐴
Note 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿
Antenna equivalent in transmitting mode consists of
 The same as equivalent in receiving mode except there is no induced voltage
at antenna terminals due to external field.
What is the meaning of 𝑅𝑟 in the receiving mode?
 It represents reradiation or scattering occurs during reception.
Max power transfer and simple power analysis

We always aim to achieve maximum power transfer:

 To the antenna if it is in transmitting mode.
 To the terminated load in receiving mode.
Matching condition in receiving mode Matching condition in transmitting mode
 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑟 & 𝑋𝐴 = −𝑋𝑇  𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑔 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑟 & 𝑋𝐴 = −𝑋𝑔
2
1 ∗ VT 2 1 Vg
 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑉𝑇 𝐼𝑇 =  𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝑔 𝐼𝑔∗ =
2 4𝑅𝐴 2 4𝑅𝐴
2 2
1 2 VT 2 VT 2 1 2 Vg Vg
 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 R T = =  𝑃𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 R g = =
2 8𝑅𝑇 8𝑅𝐴 2 8𝑅𝑔 8𝑅𝐴
1 2 VT 2 𝑅𝑟 2
 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐼𝑇 R r = 2  𝑃𝑟 =
1 2
𝐼𝑔 R r =
Vg 𝑅𝑟
2 8𝑅𝐴 2 2
8𝑅𝐴
1 2 VT 2 𝑅𝐿 2
 𝑃𝐿 = 𝐼𝑇 R L = 2  𝑃𝐿 =
1 2
𝐼𝑔 R L =
Vg 𝑅𝐿
2 8𝑅𝐴 2
2 8𝑅𝐴
Antenna equivalent areas
They are used to describe the power capturing characteristics of the
antenna when a wave impinges on it.
𝑃𝑇 VT 2
 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑒𝑚 = =
𝑊𝑖 8𝑅𝐴 𝑊𝑖
𝑃𝑟 VT 2 𝑅𝑟
 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝑠 = = 2
𝑊𝑖 8𝑅𝐴 𝑊𝑖
𝑃𝐿 VT 2 𝑅𝐿
 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐿 = = 2
𝑊𝑖 8𝑅𝐴 𝑊𝑖
 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴𝐶 = 𝐴𝑒𝑚 + 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝐿
𝐴𝑒𝑚
 𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜀𝑎𝑝 =
𝐴𝑝
Relation between 𝐴𝑒𝑚 , 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜆2
𝐴𝑒𝑚 = 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥
4𝜋
 This equation says that the more 𝐴𝑒𝑚 the more 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 at the same frequency.
We knew from sheet1 that 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜂𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝜂 may take antenna losses only into account, hence it is called antenna efficiency or
may take overall system losses, hence it is called system efficiency.
Sources of losses:
 Impedance mismatch.
 Polarization mismatch
 Conduction losses.
 Dielectric losses.
 𝜂𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1 − Γ 2 ∗ 𝑝𝑙𝑓 ∗ 𝜂𝑐 ∗ 𝜂𝑑
 If one of these losses neglected the corresponding efficiency factor is replaced by 1
Friis transmission equation
It relates the power received to the power transmitted between two
antennas separated by a distance 𝑅 ∈ 𝑓𝑎𝑟 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒.
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑊𝐴𝑒𝑚𝑅𝑥
𝐺𝑡 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑟
2 𝑊=
𝜆2 𝜆 4𝜋𝑟 2
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑊 𝐺𝑟 = 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝑃𝑟
4𝜋 4𝜋𝑅 𝑃𝑡
𝑅
This formula is called Friis formula.
Note Gt , Gr are called system gains since they contain all R x and Tx losses .
Effective length 𝑙𝑒
It is used to determine the voltage induced on the open circuit
terminals of the antenna when a wave impinges it.
𝑽𝑶.𝑪 = 𝑬𝒊 . 𝒍𝒆
Note: It is defined for both wire antennas and aperture antennas.
 Consider a plane wave propagates in free space of electric field strength 𝑬𝒊
impinges antenna of 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑨𝒆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝒍𝒆 . Find the
relation between 𝐴𝑒 and 𝑙𝑒 .
Effective length 𝑙𝑒 and effective area 𝐴𝑒
 Let 𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝐴 + 𝑍𝑇
𝑉𝑂.𝐶
𝐼 =
𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝐴
2
1 2 𝑉𝑂.𝐶 2 𝐸 𝑖 𝑙𝑒2
 𝑃𝑇 = 𝐼 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅 = 𝑅
2 2 𝑍𝑡 2 𝑇 2 𝑍𝑡 2 𝑇
𝑃𝑇 𝑍𝑇 𝑽𝑶.𝑪
 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑖 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑊𝑖
1 𝑖 2
 𝑊𝑖 = 𝐸
2𝜂
2
𝐸 𝑖 𝑙𝑒2 2𝜂
 𝐴𝑒 = 𝑅𝑇 ∗ 2 In case of lossless antenna and maximum power
2 𝑍𝑡 2 𝐸𝑖
transfer condition
𝐴𝑒 𝑍𝑡 2 𝐴𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴𝑒𝑚 , 𝑍𝑡 = 2𝑅𝑟
 𝑙𝑒 =
𝑅𝑇 𝜂
𝐴𝑒𝑚 𝑅𝑟
𝑙𝑒 = 2
𝜂
Keywords in this section
Antenna Polarization
 LP, CP, EP
 PLF
 AR for EP type
Circuit model for the antenna
 𝑅𝐴 = 𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝑙
 𝑋𝐴
Antenna equivalent apertures (Areas)
 𝐴𝑒 , 𝐴𝑠 , 𝐴𝑙 , 𝐴𝑐
System Gain
Friis Formula
Effective length