Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009 Vol I

WCE 2009, July 1 - 3, 2009, London, U.K.

Professional Ethics in Construction Industry of Pakistan

Nadeem Ehsan, Sohail Anwar, Muhammad Talha

Abstract: - This research paper addresses the ethical importance in society, engineers should have standard of
issues facing the construction industry of Pakistan. It forms a conduct to answer ethical questions [3]. The construction
framework for ethical standards in the construction industry
process involves conceptualizing, designing, managing,
by recommending concrete measures. These have been based
organizing and coordinating project requirements including
on the identification of ethical issues from the results of
time, money resources, technology and methods; these must
comprehensive and in depth research carried out through
questionnaire survey, interviews and telephonic survey of be integrated in the most efficient manner possible to
various stakeholders in sample projects, employees of each of complete construction projects on schedule, within the
them and also study of related engineering journals. Although budget, and according to the standards of quality and
Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) does provide guide lines performance specified by the project owner or designer.
on the issue but these are rarely followed in true spirit. The This demand from professional engineers to possess strong
existing standards have been compared with our socio cultural fundamental knowledge of engineering design and
traditions and with ethical standards and practices of
management principles, besides knowledge of business
developed countries. Finally, a mechanism has been
procedures, economics, and human behavior is realistic.
recommended which can deal with most of the ethical issues
Engineering, as a profession and also a business, is at the
confronting construction industry of Pakistan.
Index Terms:- Construction industry, professional ethics, sharp end of the ethical practice. Far from being a bolt on
Pakistan. extra to the ‘real work’ of the engineer, it is at the heart of
how he relates to the many different stakeholders in
I. INTRODUCTION
engineering projects.
For the building and designing professions, the
Engineers confront dozens of issues, many of
incalculable value of human life demands nothing less than
which have substantial impact on their own self or
the highest moral considerations from those who might risk
organization, as well as others involved in the project. Many
it otherwise [1]. The engineering profession since has direct
decisions have a straight forward answer determined by
effect on the lives of people, these professionals owe special
contract language or budget. Some, however, require
moral responsibility. However, it has been suggested that
entering an indistinct gray zone where the engineer must use
professionals in general tend to believe that their obligations
best judgment to devise a course of action. Ethical questions
to their clients far outweigh their responsibility to others,
raised include: what happens when professional codes and
such as public [2]. Because of their knowledge and
regulations lag behind technological innovations; what
precautions must engineers take when trying to balance the
Dr. Nadeem Ehsan is PhD in Construction Management from University
of Michigan Ann Arbor State, USA. He is teaching with Centre for benefits, new technologies bring against risks to public
Advanced studies in Engineering (CASE), Islamabad (email:
[email protected]). safety, often associated with engineering innovation and
Sohail Anwar is MSc in Engineering Management from CASE. Now he
is student of PhD in Engineering Management at CASE (Phone:
what are engineering and corporate responsibilities to the
00923335479370; email: [email protected]). public for failed innovation; and should he hold the
Muhammad Talha is MSc in Engineering Management from CASE. He
is Director in National Highway Authority of Pakistan (email: payments for the benefit of his organization. Often these
[email protected]).
challenges are managed with little or no preparation or

ISBN: 978-988-17012-5-1 WCE 2009

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009 Vol I
WCE 2009, July 1 - 3, 2009, London, U.K.

formal guidelines and sometimes with negative results. II. METHODOLOGY

Engineering ethics is attracting interest in colleges of
engineering throughout the world. Therefore, the new The objective of the present study was to

technology must address the human being as its central investigate into the current status and practices of ethics in

subject and has to be introduced by ethics [4]. construction industry of Pakistan by administering a pre-

Ethics criterion for the engineer group is necessary designed questionnaire, from the feedback of contractors,

[5]. Many American engineering professional societies have engineers and consultants in Pakistan.

prepared codes of ethics; some go back to the early decades Project managers/ contractors/ engineers/ consultants/

of the twentieth century. These have been incorporated to a architects were sampled from different locations of Pakistan

greater or lesser degree into the regulatory laws of various as the population of the study. A questionnaire consisting of

countries. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in the UK twenty questions was distributed among the sampled

has a code of ethics incorporated into its standards of population. Three options were given to the respondents i.e.,

conduct. The Canadian societies of professional engineers Yes, No and Sometimes. The feedback was analyzed and

likewise have such codes of conduct as well. In Pakistan, the tabulated using simple computer applications like MS Excel.

code of conduct is called the Pakistan Engineering Council The pre-designed questionnaire was administered among the

Code of Conduct. These codes of ethics share many sampled population either by personally visiting the

similarities. Engineering, however, does not have a single consultancy firms, engineers or by collecting information

uniform system or standard of ethical conduct across the through telephone. The collected data was then analyzed

entire professional fields. The professional responsibilities and tabulated in the form of data tables. Based on the

and obligations of members towards their peers, their clients information collected through the questionnaire, the

and the general public are usually delineated within these problems related to ethics in the construction industry of

codes of conduct [6]. Ethical approaches vary somewhat by Pakistan were identified and the probable solutions were

discipline and jurisdiction, but are most influenced by suggested to improve the practices in line with the ethical

whether the engineers are independently providing concerns.

professional services to clients or the public if employed in

government service; or if they are employees of an III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

enterprise creating products for sale. Everyone involved in construction has a personal

Codes of ethics are developed mainly for practical code of professional behavior [9]. Faculty of Engineering

and professional use, supplementing the building codes and does not have a single uniform system or standard of ethical

other acts of law. These ethical aspects were considered conduct across the entire profession. The information

based on man’s natural morals [7] and in term of their collected from the questionnaire revealed that although all

practical implications in form of applied ethics [8]. Ethical (100%) the engineers, constructors and consultants are

studies in the construction industry in other countries have members of (Pakistan Engineering Council) PEC but many

also been studied by different researchers like Vee and (65%) did not know about the existence of code of ethics

Skitmore, (2003), Bowen et al., (2007) and Fan et al. (2001). and code of conduct of PEC. Out of those who knew about

Looking at the underlying value systems, the it (35%), about 50% had never read these codes. Almost all

present study is designed to analyze the ethical dilemmas in the respondents (90%) admitted the importance of code of

various segments of the construction industry in Pakistan. ethics in organization, the industry and the project itself.

Study includes philosophical foundations for ethical model Good ethical practice is considered to be an important

applications and the development of ethical dilemma organizational goal [1]. Few (15%) experienced the cases of

resolution. This study highlights the ethical dimension of employers forcing them for unethical conduct. Majority of

engineering and shows how values and responsibility relate the surveyed individuals (75%) stated faulty systems besides

to everyday practices. unrealistic estimates/targets to be the main cause of

ISBN: 978-988-17012-5-1 WCE 2009

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009 Vol I
WCE 2009, July 1 - 3, 2009, London, U.K.

unethical behavior of the organizations or individuals. At the 120

same time there was not a single person related to the 100
80
construction industry who had not experienced some degree 60
40
of unethical conduct in the form of undertaking work beyond
20
capability (15%), bribery (20%), favoritism (30%), unfair 0
Awareness about Faulty System Unrealistic Undertaking work
conduct (30%), strict rules (18%) and overriding of audit PEC Codes of main cause of estimates/targets beyond capability
Ethics and unethical issues
process over contracting process (35%). Bribery and Conduct

Yes No Sometimes
political corruption is being addressed very directly by
several professional societies and business groups around the Fig. 2. State of awareness about PEC’s codes affecting ethics
world [10]. in the Industry.
It was stressed that audit staff dealing with
construction industry should have construction know how as The participants opined that the Byelaws of civic
they concentrate only on the financial aspects of the project bodies should be more practical and realistic. Changing of
neglecting the most important aspect i.e., the technical part. byelaws should not be in the purview of the departments.
This results in adoption of unethical means by the concerned
people, which can be avoided if they are not penalized on IV. SUGGESTED SOLUTIONS
account of given preference to technical aspect on financial Ethics is a very important issue of the engineering
aspect. profession. The suggested solutions have been categorized
into short, medium and long term categories based on the
120 time frame of planning and implementation.
100
80 A. Short Term Measures
% age

60
40
Ombudsmen system in all departments should be
20
enforced to receive complaints in the construction Industry.
0
Audit process
stronger than
Bribery Favoritism Strict Rules
cause of
The same may then be addressed at PEC’s forum. Effective
Contractual unethical
Process practice punishments such as penalties or even cancellation of license
Yes No Sometimes
on repetitive violations may be introduced.

Fig. 1 Graph showing state of audit, bribery, favoritism and B. Medium Term Measures

strict rules affecting ethics in Construction Industry. Indigenous quality assurance group should be part
of every project team to ensure quality along with ethical

Ethics as a subject is not taught in the elementary / practices. Their performance should be monitored by PEC.

undergraduate / graduate studies in spite of the importance Consultant and architect organizations need to be

of this subject for the profession. To put the system right, regularized through laws.

everybody termed teaching of ethics an important foundation Internship should be made obligatory for young

stone. Response of all respondents was an overwhelming engineers for a period of six months with the organizations

“Yes” that ethics as subject may be included in basic approved by the PEC, grooming them on professional

education and in undergraduate and graduate level. Concepts matters including the ethical aspects.

and perceptions of professional ethics results from the Indigenous construction materials/ products of

prolonged professional socialization process during both international standards and quality can be developed with

college/university and industry training [11]. reduced costs and used in construction to support the local
industry to reduce the overall cost of the projects. The
practice of cost effective risk management and the
integration of environment and economics in engineering
decisions have been recognized [12]. Government bodies

ISBN: 978-988-17012-5-1 WCE 2009

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009 Vol I
WCE 2009, July 1 - 3, 2009, London, U.K.

under the guidelines of PEC should take on the research and commented that inculcation of professional ethics in the
development of new and innovative products relating to culture of this industry is crucial for it growth.
construction industry.
Media’s role in promoting ethical society is more REFERENCES
relevant today. It can play a very important role in [1] Vee, C. and C. Skitmore.” Professional ethics in the construction
industry”. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management.
overcoming ethical dilemmas and formation of an ethical
10(2), pp 117-127, . 2003
society by debating on these issues publicly. In this regard, [2] Johnson, D.G., 1991, Ethical issues in engineering, Prentice Hall, New
their training and awareness is of paramount importance. jersey: USA
C. Long Term Measures [3] Belis, J. and R. V. Impe. 2001. Ethics in engineering today. Creative
system in structural and construction engineering. p 21-25.
The role of independent judiciary in the
[4] Cywinski, Z. 2001 Ethics-Essential quality of the civil engineering
implementation of law cannot be overemphasized. profession. Creative system in structural and construction
PEC’s code of conduct is comprehensive and engineering. p 27-29.
covers most of relevant aspects of ethics. Unfortunately, the [5] JUN, F. 2000. Towards the Construction of Engineering Ethics. J. Japan
Soc. Mech. Eng. 103 (974) 24-26.
implementation of the code is not very effective. In order to
[6] Bowen, P., R. Pearl and A. Akintoye. 2007. Professional ethics in the
make it more effective these should be made part of PEC South African construction. Building Res. Information. 35 (2): 189-
byelaws. At present the scope of PEC as compared to the 205.
responsibility it has, being the only governmental body for [7] Darabarek & Symotink,1999
[8] Schaub, J.H. and K. Pavlovic. 1986. Engineering Professionalism and
enforcing engineering regulations is restricted and needs to
Ethics. Krieger Publishing Company; New Ed edition.
be broadened to an extent that effective checks are imposed [9] Rooley, R. 2001. Ethics in Construction and Arbitration-Profession
on all the stakeholders for best interest of projects and the codes of conduct and the law. HPAC Engineering.
profession itself. [10] Americal Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 2005. Report Details
Guidelines to Reduce Corruption in Engineering and Construction
Research and development should be organized in
Industry". Press release. 10-20.
private sector and the government to take on this important [11] Fan, C.N.L., M.H. Christabel Ho and Vincent Ng. 2001. Effect of
issue to effectively address the matter. professional socialization on quantity surveyors’ ethical perceptions in
Civic bodies should be headed by people with ethical Hong Kong. Engineering, Construction and Architectural
Management. 8(4): 304-312.
training as they are more likely to ensure ethical practices in
[12] Americal Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 2000. ASCE Official
the institutions as well as the environment surrounding them. Register 2000.
Tradesmen/technical manpower should not be [13] Whithbeck. 1998.
allowed to work till the time they get proper training through
recognized training institution. HEC should identify the
requirement of technical know-how required by various
tradesmen and then correspondingly pursue establishment of
technical institutions through TEVTA etc

V. CONCLUSION
Construction Industry plays an important role in the
economy of any country as the major part of development is
contributed by this industry. For obtaining optimal benefits
from this field and for the smooth functioning of this
industry itself, professional ethics play a vital role.
Although, a lot of modernization in the form of modern
techniques and advanced technology has made its place
quite effectively, but at the same time, it can very safely be

ISBN: 978-988-17012-5-1 WCE 2009

Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2009 Vol I
WCE 2009, July 1 - 3, 2009, London, U.K.

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT STATUS OF ETHICS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY OF PAKISTAN

Serial Question Yes No Sometimes

1. Are you a member of PEC?
2. Do you know any such thing as PEC Code of Conduct
or PEC Code of Ethics?
3. If yes in above question, have you ever read them?
4. Do you think Organizational code of conduct and
ethics is important for an organization?
5. Do you have an ethical code of conduct in your
organization?
6. Have you ever noticed anyone sacrifying the national
interest for any personal gain?
7. Have you ever noticed indivuals or organizations
undertaking work without adequate
qualification/experience/ training?
8. Is the contracting process being overridden by audit?
9. Are you aware of any case of employers attempting to
force their employees to do unethical condcut?
10. Have you ever witnessed unethical conduct in form of
a. Compromise on quality
b. Unfair conduct
c. Conflict of interest
d. Fraud
e. Favouritism
f. Gifts, meals, services, and entertainment
g. Bribery
h. Yes Boss culture
11. Did you notice anyone accepting commission, directly
or indirectly from contractors or other parties?
12. Do the unrealistic/hard targets lead to adopting
measures, which are more prone to unethical
practices?
13. Are there any effects of societiel unehtical issues on
construction industry?
14. Should the ethics be included in the curriculum and
teachers emphasize its importance.
15. Do you support win-win situation for all stakeholders
of the project. If yes, have you seen any situation
going against it?
16. Do you think the engineers work on part-time basis
without the consent of the employer?
17. Do the engineers recognize the safety of public when
considering personal/ organizational benefits?
18. Have you experienced unrealistic political pressure or
any compulsion in the completion of the project
regarding time-frame?
19. Do you consider it difficult to follow the rules of
ethics in the construction industry of Pakistan?
20. If the answer of question no. 19 is Yes, then why?
Because of :-
a. Strict rules.
b. Weak System (Personalities being more
powerful than system).
c. Inflexible governmental rules.
d. Weak accountability system.

ISBN: 978-988-17012-5-1 WCE 2009