Tiger Barb Production

Commercial Production of Tiger Barbs
A Manual
for
Commercial Production
of the
Tiger Barb, Capoeta tetrazona,
A Temporary Paired Tank Spawner
By
Clyde S. Tamaru, Ph. D.
Brian Cole, M. S.
Richard Bailey, B. A.
Christopher Brown, Ph. D.
Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture

Publication Number 129
Page 1
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction to the Tiger Barb ........................................................................................................ 7

Taxonomy .................................................................................................................... 9
Distribution .................................................................................................................. 9
Morphology ............................................................................................................... 10
Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 12
Reproduction ............................................................................................................. 13
Fecundity ................................................................................................................... 14
Growth ....................................................................................................................... 14
Commercial Production ....................................................................................................... 16
Broodstock Conditioning........................................................................................... 16
Spawning ................................................................................................................... 17
Larval Rearing ........................................................................................................... 17
Preparing Outdoor Ponds and Tanks for Stocking of Fry ......................................... 20
Pond, Tank Preparation, and Aquatic Weed Control ................................................. 20
Tank, Pond, and Cage Growout System Comparison ......................................................... 22
Pond Culture .............................................................................................................. 22
Tank Culture .............................................................................................................. 22
Cage Culture .............................................................................................................. 22
Commercial Grow-out Stocking Densities ................................................................ 23
Feeds and Feeding ..................................................................................................... 23
Water Quality ............................................................................................................. 24
Harvesting Tiger Barbs .............................................................................................. 25
Disease ................................................................................................................................ 27
Disease Prevention, Treatment, and Management ..................................................... 27
Formalin Preparation ................................................................................................. 28
Economics ........................................................................................................................... 29
Factors Affecting Price of Tiger Barbs ...................................................................... 29
Start-up Costs ............................................................................................................ 30
Enterprise Budget ...................................................................................................... 31
Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 33
Appendix 1. Preparation of conditioning pastes. .......................................................................... 36

Formula 1 for paste to condition tiger barb broodstock. ........................................... 36
Formula 2 for paste to condition tiger barb broodstock. ........................................... 36
Preparation: ............................................................................................................... 36
Appendix 2. Hatching of Brine Shrimp (Artemia) and Preparation for Feeding ........................... 38
Page 2
Artemia Supplies and Strains ..................................................................................... 38
Hatching Container .................................................................................................... 38
Cleanliness and Sterilization ...................................................................................... 39
Light .......................................................................................................................... 39
Temperature ............................................................................................................... 39
Salinity ....................................................................................................................... 39
Cyst Density and Preparation .................................................................................... 39
pH .............................................................................................................................. 40
Cyst Storage .............................................................................................................. 40
Harvesting and Preparation for Feeding .................................................................... 40
Storage of Newly Hatched Artemia ........................................................................... 41
Appendix 3. List of suppliers and

organizations. .......................................................................................................................... 42
General Aquaculture Products ................................................................................... 42
Chemical Products ..................................................................................................... 43
Netting Products ........................................................................................................ 44
Water Quality Kits ..................................................................................................... 44
Tanks and Liners ........................................................................................................ 45
Fish Graders ............................................................................................................... 45
Feeds .......................................................................................................................... 46
Feed Additives ........................................................................................................... 46
Shipping Materials ..................................................................................................... 47
Broodstock ................................................................................................................ 47
Fish Wholesalers/Distributors — Hawaii (1996) ....................................................... 48
Page 3
Acknowledgements
This manual is a combined effort of three institutions, the Center for Tropical and Subtropical
Aquaculture (CTSA), which is one of five Regional Aquaculture Centers funded by the United
States Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service,
the University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service (SGES) and the Hawaii State Aquaculture
Development Program (ADP), Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii.
Financial support for this project was provided by the Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquac-
ulture through grants from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research,
Education and Extension Service (USDA grant numbers 93-38500-8583 and 94-38500-0065).
Production of the manual was also funded in part by a grant from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, project #A/AS-1, which is sponsored by the University of Hawaii
Sea Grant College Program, School of Ocean Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), under
Institutional Grant No. NA36RGO507 from NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Com-
merce, UNIHI-SEAGRANT-TR-96-01.
Support for the production of the manual was also provided by the Hawaii State Aquaculture
Development Program, Department of Land and Natural Resources, State of Hawaii, as part of
its Aquaculture Extension Project with University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension, Service Con-
tract Nos. 9325 and 9638.
The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, USDA or any of its sub-agencies.
Special thanks are extended to Christine Carlstrom-Trick for her editorial comments.
This manual was first published in 1997. In 1998, Patti Killelea-Almonte prepared this document
in Adobe Acrobat format and in HyperText Markup Language for distribution on the Worldwide
Web. The layout was modified slightly from the original version, although the content remains the
same.
Page 4
Introduction
In keeping with the overall goal of supporting the development of an ornamental fish industry in
Hawaii, the Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture, Sea Grant Extension Service, and
the Aquaculture Development Program pooled their resources to produce a series of “How To”
manuals covering the commercial production of a variety of ornamental fish species. This manual
on the commercial production of the tiger barb, Capoeta tetrazona, is the second in the series.
The information presented here and in future volumes is intended to assist aquafarmers in over-
coming some of the technical constraints of operating a business for the production of ornamental
fish in Hawaii. Unless stated otherwise, the methods described have been field-tested in Hawaii.
The reader should be aware that the methods described are not the only methods to produce the
target ornamental fish species. One characteristic of Hawaii is the diversity of habitats and micro-
climates throughout the island state. While a particular method presented may be suitable for one
area, modifications may be necessary to achieve similar production results from one location to
another. The authors encourage farmers to apply their individual experience and expertise in order
to interpret and adapt the material presented.
Likewise, although this manual is directed to the culture of C. tetrazona, the methods described
are also applicable to other members of the barb family, which have similar reproductive strate-
gies.
In the context of these “How To” manuals on the commercial production of ornamental fish,
some terminology will be used to generally group fish into certain production modes based on
their reproductive life history. The four major modes of reproduction in ornamental fish produc-
tion are described as follows:
· Pond spawners are fish that will naturally spawn and produce fry in large tanks or outdoor
ponds in captivity. Pond spawners can be subdivided into two simple groups, the livebearers
and substrate spawners. Examples of fish that fit into this reproduction mode are swordtails,
and rosy barbs, respectively.
· Permanent-paired spawners are fish that bond or mate for life and are usually kept together
in glass aquariums or large tanks. These fish will produce eggs on a substrate, which can
either be removed for incubation or allowed to remain with the parent broodstock to be
raised. Examples of fish that fit into this reproduction mode are the angelfish or discus fish
species.
· Hormone-induced spawners are fish that will not reproduce in captivity without hormonal
intervention. These fish require an injection of a specific hormone to induce final oocyte
maturation and ovulation. Eggs are obtained by either allowing the fish to naturally spawn or
by hand stripping eggs and sperm and artificially fertilizing and incubating them. Examples of
fish that fit into this reproduction mode are tin foil barbs, and Labeo sharks.
· Temporary-paired spawners are fish that bond only for a short period to spawn. Often these
are schooling fish, and they may never spawn together again. In commercial production, these
Page 5
fish are placed together for only a short period of time in a hatchery tank or aquarium. Tiger
barbs and other related barb species (see Table 1) fall into this category and are the subject of
this manual.
Table 1. Barb species related to Capoeta tetrazona that can be produced

in a similar manner.
Species Common Name Species Common Name
Puntius stoliczkanus tic tac toe barb conchonius rosy barb
hexazona six banded barb cumingii cuming’s barb
pentazona five banded barb nigrofasciatus black ruby barb
everetti clown barb ticto tic tac toe barb
Page 6
Introduction to the Tiger Barb
The barbs are a subfamily (Cyprininae) of freshwater fishes native to Southeast Asia. Their large
scales, bright colors, schooling behavior, and ease of maintenance and breeding have made them
popular in the aquarium trade. Well over 70 barb species are currently commercially important.
Color patterns of the tiger barbs fill the spectrum from black to red, and green to gold, with fry
displaying color at an early age. Barbs that have been hybridized to emphasize bright color combi-
nations have grown in popularity and production over the last 20 years. Market values range from
the bread-and-butter prices (or $0.10 to $0.30 farm-gate to wholesale value) to the more unusual
species that may command a few dollars each in the specialty markets. Of the total number of
ornamental fish species imported into the United States during 1992 (1,539 species), only 20
species account for more than 60% of the total number of individuals being imported. The tiger
barb ranks tenth in number of individuals and accounts for 1.3% of the total (Chapman et al.
1994). Table 2 summarizes the top 20 species and the percentage of the total number of ornamen-
tal fish imported into the United States in 1992.
Two basic types of reproductive behavior exist in the barb family: non-territorial spawners and
male-territorial spawners, to which the tiger barb belongs (Kortmulder 1972). Although this
manual focuses on the commercial production of tiger barbs, C. tetrazona, the commercial pro-
duction methods described are also applicable to other barbs and other species with a similar
biology.
Page 7
Table 2. Summary of top 20 freshwater ornamental fishes imported into the US in 1992.
(Data summarized from Chapman et al. 1994).
Common Name Scientific Name Percentage of Millions of

Total Fish Individuals
Imported Imported
Guppy Poecilia reticulata 25.8% 51.9
Neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi 11.3% 22.7
Platy Xiphophorus maculatus 5.4% 10.9
Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens 2.7% 5.4
Goldfish Carrasius auratus 2.4% 4.8
Chinese algae-eater Gyrinocheilus aymonieri 2.4% 4.8
Shortfinned molly Poecilia sphenops 2.0% 4.0
Cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi 1.5% 3.0
Glassfish Chanda lala 1.5% 3.0
Tiger barb Capoeta tetrazona 1.3% 2.6
Red oscar Astronutus ocellatus 1.2% 2.4
Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera 1.1% 2.2
Redtail black shark Labeo biocolor 1.0% 2.0
Coolie loach Acanthopthalmus kuhlii 1.0% 2.0
Sucker catfish Hypostomus plecostomus 0.9% 1.8
Harlequin rasbora Rasbora heteromorpha 0.9% 1.8
Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare 0.8% 1.6
White cloud Tanichthys albonubes 0.5% 1.0
Green corydoras Corydoras aeneus 0.2% 0.4
Leopard corydoras Corydoras julii 0.1% 0.2
Total 64.0% 128.6
Page 8
Taxonomy
The scientific name of the tiger barb is Capoeta tetrazona. However, there has been debate over
the years as to the appropriate genus and species for this fish. In 1855, the German ichthyologist
Bleeker described this fish as Barbus tetrazona. In 1857, Bleeker described another species under
the same scientific name. Then in 1860, Bleeker used C. sumatraus to describe the original spe-
cies. In the late 1930s, this mistake was discovered, and the tiger barb nomenclature was changed
back to B. tetrazona (Alfred 1963). More recently Dr. L. P. Schultz has reclassified the barbs
according to the number of barbers each species possesses (Axlerod and Sweeney, 1992).
However, as stated by Zakaria-ismail (1993), “from my ongoing osteological studies that have
been classified under Puntius, the genus Barbodes cannot be properly defined.” Today we are left
with three generic classifications, Barbodes, Capoeta and Puntius, all of which appear in the
literature when referring to tiger barbs and other barb species. The current taxonomic status of
the tiger barb, presented in Figure 1, hints that the taxonomy of the species is far from being
settled. To commercial breeders, however, this fish will most likely always be referred to as the
tiger barb.
ORDER Cypriniformes
SUBORDER Caracoidei
FAMILY Cyprinidae
SUBFAMILY Cyprininae
GENUS Capoeta (Barbodes, Puntius)
SPECIES tetrazona
Figure 1. Current taxonomic status of the tiger barb.
Distribution
The natural geographic range of C. tetrazona reportedly extends throughout Sumatra, Borneo,
Thailand, and Malaysia, (Figure 2) with unsubstantiated sightings reported in Cambodia (Desilva
and Kortmulder, 1977; Furtado and Mori, 1982; Mohsin and Ambak, 1982). It has been reported
that B. tetrazona was found in clear or turbid shallow waters of moderately flowing streams.
However, a 1980s collection from swamp lakes that are subject to great changes in water level
suggests a wide tolerance to water quality fluctuations. Distribution in Malaysia indicates that
tiger barbs prefer hard waters with a calcium carbonate (CaCo ) concentration greater than 40
3
parts per million (ppm) according to Kortmulder (1982). Although there are no official reports of
introductions, the fish is also found in many other parts of Asia, and with little reliable collection
data over long periods of time, definite conclusions about its natural geographic range versus
established introductions are difficult. In North America, there have been no reported established
populations, which is logical considering many tropical species are intolerant of habitats with
seasonal low temperatures.
Page 9
Figure 2. Natural
geographic range
of the tiger barb in
Sumatra, Borneo,
Malaysia,
Thailand, and
possibly
Cambodia.
Morphology
Many species of barbs have similar color patterns, particularly the black band markings, which
vary widely in size and shape. Although there are distinct phenotypes of the tiger barb, the ho-
mologies in the black markings can be categorized by their position and classified type as charac-
terized by Taki et. al. (1977). Several phenotypes exist that differ in vertical striping pattern. One
variety, Barbodes tetrazona partipentazona, has attained subspecies status based on the presence
of an incomplete trunk band and five rather than four vertical bands, according to Frankel (1985).
Five barb types can be categorized based upon the pattern of body markings as presented in Table
3. Although classifying the barbs according to these color patterns can help distinguish species, it
may not be suitable to classify the different body patterns for the commercially raised hybrids.
Figure 3. Location of black body

marks (modified from Taki et al.
1977).
Abbreviation key:
AB = anal-basal marking;
CD = caudal marking;
NC = nuchal marking;
OB = orbital marking;
PA = post-anal marking;
PC = pectoral marking;
SA = supra-anal marking;
SD = subdorsal marking.
Page 10
Inter- and intra-specific hybridization is done to achieve different colors and patterns to satisfy
market demand for new tiger barb varieties. Gold and albino tiger barbs are examples of commer-
cially produced hybrid fish. Common hybrid species, which are commercially produced, are listed
in Table 4.
Table 3. Common black bar markings and patterns of related barb species.
(Modified from Taki et al. 1977)
Body Type Body Markings or Patterns
Type A Body plain or having a caudal spot that tends to fade with age.
Type B Bars in orbital, supra-anal and caudal fin positions.
Type C Bars, spots, or blotches in the pectoral, subdorsal, supra-anal and caudal
positions; an orbital marking may or may not be present.
Type D Pectoral, subdorsal, supra-anal, anal-basal, post-anal, and caudal spots or

blotches that may be indistinct, absent or connected to each other in any
combination.
Type E Bars or round blotches in the nuchal, subdorsal, supra-anal and caudal
positions.
Table 4. Common barb hybrids representing different color patterns (Modified from
Kortmulder 1972).
Parent Species Common Name X Parent Species Common Name
conchonius rosy barb x stoliczkanus tic tac toe
cumingii cuming’s barb x stolickanus tic tac toe
stoliczkanus tic tac toe x cumingi cuming’s barb
nigrofasciatus black ruby x stoliczkanus tic tac toe
stoliczkanus tic tac toe x nigrofasciatus black ruby
cumingi cuming’s barb x nigrofasciatus black ruby
nigrofasciatus black ruby x conchonius rosy barb
tetrazona tiger barb x nigrofasciatus black ruby
conchonius rosy barb x tetrazona tiger barb
stoliczkanus tic tac toe x tetrazona tiger barb

Note: According to common scientific nomenclature, the female parent is given first.
Page 11
The hybrids mentioned in Table 4 are produced to obtain enhanced golden shades and color. The
red and green colors still present in Fl hybrid offspring can be further developed through contin-
ued breeding. However, fading or enhancing of certain color characteristics through hybridization
greatly impedes sorting young fish by sex for future broodstock, since tiger barbs are not sexually
dimorphic. The only possible exception to this would be selecting for broodstock fish at a smaller
size that have desirable color and pattern at that market size even though the color and/or pattern
may still change with age. Examples of body markings changing with age and body length are
presented in Figure 4. From top to bottom, the tiger barbs in Figure 4 are 3 days, 5 days, 7 to 8
days, 15 to 20 days and 25 days post-hatching, respectively.
Figure 4. Change in morphology of tiger barbs during

development.
Top to bottom:
5.3 millimeters,
6.0 millimeters,
7.3 millimeters,
10.1 millimeters
and
25.0 millimeters.
(Illustrations by Rich Bailey).
Water Quality
Tiger barbs thrive in water with hardness of 100 to 250 parts per million CaCo3 and a pH of 6.5 to
7.5 (Baensch and Riehl 1993; Scheurmann 1990). The optimal temperature range for growth of
tiger barbs is 22°C to 25°C (72°F to 78°F). Breeding takes place when temperatures consistently
range between 23°C to 28°C (75°F to 82°F) with 25°C (78°F) being ideal. Tiger barbs are fairly
hardy and capable of withstanding temperatures as low as 18°C (65°F) and as high as 32°C
(90°F).
The length versus weight relationship of C. tetrazona was determined from samples of tiger barbs
Page 12
reared at Windward Community College (WCC) at Kaneohe, Hawaii, and is summarized in Figure
5. The statistical model:
LNWT=(O.126*TL)-4.268
where LNWT = natural log of body weight in grams and TL = total body length in millimeters
was found to provide the best fit of the data, R2 = 0.95, P<0.001. The relationship can be used to
estimate body weight when only total body length is available.
Figure 5. Length
versus weight
relationship of
tiger barbs.
Reproduction
C. tetrazona usually attains sexual maturity at a body length of 20 to 30 millimeters (0.8 to 1.2
inches) in total length or at approximately six to seven weeks of age. Although tiger barbs are not
sexually dimorphic, males display a bright red coloration on the fin rays and snout, while females
tend to be more round in the abdominal region and slightly less colorful (Figure 6). Tiger barbs
can obtain a maximum length of 5 centimeters (2.0 inches) and a body depth of 2 centimeters (0.8
inches) as reported by Kortmulder (1972). All related barbs mate in a sex ratio of 1 male to 1
female with the male displaying aggressive behavior while the female is submissive. Submerged
aquatic plants or roots are often chosen by the female as the substrate on which to deposit the
eggs. During the actual spawning event, the male clasps the female with its fins during which eggs
and sperm are released over the substrate. This behavior may last for several hours or until all the
eggs are released. Several hundred eggs may be laid in one spawning event. A summary of the
common reproductive behavior for most of the barbs was described by Bakker et. al. (1982) as
follows:
* promiscuous mating
* no parental care
* selective depositing of eggs by the female
* external fertilization during mating clasp (1 male:l female)
* females receptive during mating sessions lasting hours
Page 13
Figure 6. Photograph of an adult male

tiger barb (top) and adult female tiger
barb (bottom).
* repeated mating clasps with or without a change in partner or location

* male plays the active role in courtship
* male more active in antagonistic behavior and competition.
There is nevertheless a wide variation in mating behavior between species and subspecies.
Fecundity
An average of 300 eggs can be expected from each female per spawn in a mature broodstock
population, although the total number of eggs released will increase with the maturity and size of
the fish. Spawned eggs are adhesive, negatively buoyant in freshwater and average 1.18 ± 0.05
mm in diameter. Figure 7 shows the pooled size frequency distribution of eggs spawned from five
mating pairs. Some variation in average egg size was detected among the five spawnings, but the
size variation may not have any biological significance.
Tiger barbs have been documented to spawn as many as 500 eggs per female (Scheurmann 1990;
Axelrod 1992), and production records at the WCC aquaculture site show similar results. It has
been reported that the tiger barb is a serial spawner (i.e., spawning more than once during the
spawning season) and with proper conditioning females can spawn at approximately two-week
intervals (Munro et. al. 1990).
Growth
An experiment carried out at the National University of Singapore, in which female barbs were
held under a natural photo-period of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark at temperatures of 26°C to
28°C, reported ovulation over a two-day period. Overripe eggs, which are opaque and white,
were extruded from the ovaries up to four days after ovulation, with post-ovulatory follicles
persisting for two days at most. Yellow atretic eggs appeared two days after ovulation and have
been reported to persist for up to 14 days (Munro et. al. 1990).
To obtain a growth profile of tiger barbs (Figure 8), a rearing trial was conducted at WCC from
October 1 through December 26, 1995. Tiger barb larvae were obtained (as described in a later
section) and stocked into a 40-liter (10-gallon) tank and later stocked into a 9,500-liter (2,500-
gallon) tank kept outdoors and covered with clear plastic sheets. Samples of fish were obtained at
Page 14
Figure 7. Size frequency

distribution of spawned
tiger barb eggs.
Figure 8. Growth of tiger

barbs reared at 27°C.
Arrow indicates size/age
at first maturity.
Figure 9. Size frequency

distribution of tiger barbs
after 101 days in culture.
Page 15
weekly intervals, and the length of the rearing trial was 101 days. Average water temperature
during the trial was recorded at 27°±0.7°C. The data were subjected to regression analysis and the
statistical model:
TL = ((0.488* Days)- (0.0017* Days2)) + 1.536
where TL = total body length in mm and Days = number of days in culture, was found to provide
the best fit of the data (R2 = 0.91 1, P<0.001). As mentioned previously, the size at first maturity
ranges from 20mm to 30 mm (0.8-1.2 in) and is indicated as the arrow in Figure 8. The calculated
age at first maturity using 20 mm (0.8 in) as the size at first maturity was 51 days. The size fre-
quency distribution of the tiger barbs at the end of the rearing trial is summarized in Figure 9. A
pooled sample of barbs (n = 88) was distributed using 3-mm size classes, and the observed aver-
age body length was 29.3 ± 4.2 mm (1.2 ± 0.2 in).
Commercial Production
Broodstock Conditioning
Tiger barbs that are going to be used as broodstock (e.g., 20 to 30 millimeters or 0.8 to 1.2 inches
body length) are first collected from a production pond or tank and sorted with size graders. The
fish are then separated by sex using a glass-top sorting table. Sexually mature females are identi-
fied by a full round abdominal region, and sexually mature males are identified by bright red
colors on the fin rays. Fish that have undesirable color, poorly defined bar or black band patterns,
or deformities are discarded. The selected broodstock are then placed by sex into separate condi-
tioning tanks. The conditioning tanks can be circular, square, or rectangular, but the rectangular
tanks are more efficient for removing and selecting broodstock. Injuries as a result of handling can
be minimized with the use of the proper size of dip net in relation to the size of the tank. A stock-
ing density of 1 fish to 4 liters (approximately 1 fish per gallon) is recommended. The condition-
ing tank should be provided aeration and water exchange at a rate of 20% per day. Separation of
the sexes elicits a synchronization of spawning that results in a large number of fry at the same
time. The separated fish are conditioned by a diet of frozen blood and/or tubifex worms, Artemia,
a high quality flake or a prepared paste (see Appendix 1) at least two or three times per day to
satiation for a period of two weeks.
Conditioning the sexes in separate tanks is an important step in the production process. Lack of
proper conditioning will result in greatly reduced numbers of successful synchronized spawnings.
It cannot be overemphasized that during conditioning of the broodstock good water quality
should be maintained as the conditioning diets can lead to fouling of the water. In addition, subtle
changes in water quality can reportedly influence spawning of tiger barbs. Spawning experiments
where water from tanks in which males were kept during the conditioning process resulted in an
overall reduction in the incidence of ovulation of females relative to controls in the spawning
tanks (Munro et al. 1990). Other studies have reported that a decrease in salinity of 10 to 20%
may induce or force synchronized ovulation (Munro et al. 1990; Axelrod 1992). Successful
synchronized spawnings have taken place at the WCC aquaculture facility by simply moving
broodstock from the conditioning tanks to those with fresh clean water.
Page 16
Spawning
Tiger barbs and related species are generally easy to breed, requiring only minor but important
manipulations in broodstock conditioning, water quality, and spawning substrate. Commercial
breeding hatcheries of tiger barbs are designed to maintain light levels either indirect or very
subdued and walking traffic to a minimum. The hatcheries often hold several hundred spawning
tanks that are utilized at a single time to produce large numbers of fish of similar size per trial
(Figure 10). The process for spawning the tiger barbs after conditioning is as follows:
Step 1. Stocking the spawning tank

Single pairs of broodstock fish are placed into 40-liter (10-gallon) glass aquaria with little
or no aeration. A stiff bottle brush (Figure 11) that is used as a spawning substrate is
placed in each spawning tank in the late afternoon of the same day that spawning pairs are
introduced to the tanks. Other spawning substrate materials, such as rayon knitted yarn
are also used by commercial producers (Figure 12). The stiff spawning brush functions as
the substrate on which the sticky eggs are laid, prevents the broodstock from eating the
spawned eggs, and is easily cleaned between spawnings.
Step 2. The following morning:

The morning after stocking, check each aquarium for eggs and be careful to note which
pairs of fish might currently be spawning so that you do not disturb them. If a flashlight is
shined up from the underside of the tank, spawned eggs can be seen as small translucent
yellowish spheres averaging 1.18 ± 0.05 mm in diameter adhering to the stiff brush.
Step 3. After spawning:

Egg-filled brushes are removed from the spawning tanks and placed in other tanks for
incubation and larval rearing. The broodstock are returned to the conditioning tanks for
further conditioning or holding. Fish that are exhibiting spawning behavior and others that
have not yet spawned are allowed to remain in their spawning tanks for an additional day.
Paired fish are allowed only two days to spawn, after which they are removed from the spawning
tanks. The hatchery is then cleaned and prepared to receive another batch of conditioned
broodstock. After the egg-filled brushes and broodstock have been removed, the spawning tanks
may be immediately restocked for another spawning run. If conditioned broodstock are available,
a simple hatchery of 40 to 50 10-gallon tanks can produce roughly 10,000 tiger barb larvae per
week.
Larval Rearing
Larval culture is characterized by the introduction of various feed types during the development
of the larvae. Feeds customarily used can vary in size, quality, and quantity during the course of
the rearing process. A schematic of the feeding regimen used for rearing the tiger barb larvae is
presented in Figure 13.
The procedure for rearing tiger barb larvae is as follows:
Step 1. Preparation of the incubation and rearing tank:

The size of the incubation and larval rearing tank is determined by the potential number of
Page 17
Figure 10. Spawning tanks

used for commercial
production of tiger barbs.
Figure 11. Spawning tank

with bottle brush used as a
substrate.
Figure 12. Various types of

brushes used as spawning
substrates in commercial
tiger barb production.
Page 18
fry, and the volume of brushes it can hold underwater. A rule of thumb for stocking is to
use approximately twenty brushes containing spawned eggs to each 120-liter (30-gallon)
horizontal glass aquarium. The larval-rearing tank is prepared by first treating with meth-
ylene blue or other antifungal agent according to instructions specific for disinfecting eggs.
Constant aeration and a water flow rate sufficient to prevent the water from becoming
cloudy should be provided. The level of aeration and rate of water exchange should be
gentle, yet still high enough to maintain good water quality during the entire larval rearing
cycle.
Step 2. Hatching:
Spawning brushes containing the sticky eggs from the spawning tanks are placed into the
tanks prepared to hold the hatched larvae. The eggs should hatch in three days if a tem-
perature of 25°C to 27°C (78°F to 80°F) is maintained. The newly hatched fry are non-
swimming for two days and obtain nutrition from the yolk sac, so the fry do not require
feeding at this time. Three days after hatching the yolk sac is usually absorbed and disap-
pears.
Step 3. First feeding:

When fry are approximately 4.0 mm (0.16 in) in body length at three or four days after
hatching and/or free swimming, feed should be introduced. It should be noted that the
hatching of larvae may vary, resulting in the presence of larvae at different stages of
development. Initial feeding must begin when the first larvae with a fully absorbed yolk sac
are observed. Newly hatched brine shrimp, Artemia sp., approximately 500 m (0.02
inches) in size is introduced as the first feed and used exclusively for the next two days.
The method for preparation of brine shrimp eggs for hatching is presented in Appendix 2.
The fry should be fed to satiation three or four times per day. Satiation is determined by
the observation of reduced feeding in the fry and a gut area that has become round and
orange in color (indicating brine shrimp in the stomach). Care should be taken not to over-
feed and to maintain good water quality in the larval-rearing tank at all times.
Step 4. Feeding protocol:

Overfeeding with brine shrimp and/or high protein larval feeds can quickly pollute the
Figure 13. Schematic

diagram of the feeding
regimen used for the
larval culture of tiger
barbs.
Page 19
water. Adjust the feeding rate according to the amount of debris on the tank bottom and
observe water quality. Feeding more often with smaller rations can lessen the risk of
elevated ammonia levels that can easily kill fry. After feeding brine shrimp exclusively for
two days, prepared commercial fry feed should be introduced. Fish should be slowly
weaned onto new feeds by alternating small amounts of prepared feeds with brine shrimp
nauplii over the course of a day. When weaning fish to a new feed, daily introduce 10% of
the new food while reducing the same percentage of the first feed until 100% of the new
food is accepted. Fish are sometimes reluctant to accept new feeds but slowly weaning off
one and onto a new feed can reduce the amount of wasted feed in a tank. It is important to
remember that excess feed can rapidly lower water quality. The feed weaning process can
be completed in three to five days. A number “00” size (0- to 5-mm diameter particle size)
or “swim-up” feed having the consistency of fine powder is often used when weaning fry
to commercially available feeds. Once the fry have been successfully weaned to a commer-
cial fry diet for two days and are approximately 5.0 mm (0.2 inches) in length, they can be
transferred to prepared outdoor nursery tank(s) or directly stocked into a growout pond
or tank.
Step 5. Harvesting and moving fry:

Once fry have been actively feeding for two to three days, they can be stocked into a
growout pond or tank. Growout ponds or tanks should be prepared (See Next Section)
and stocked no later than 1 0 days after being filled with water to avoid problems that
would develop with aquatic weeds and/or establishment of predatory aquatic insects. Fry
transfer should take place during the morning and care must be taken to avoid extreme
differences in temperature, pH and light intensity. Fry can be removed from the rearing
tank by siphoning with tygon tubing that has at least a 3/8-inch inside diameter. Fry are
siphoned into a bucket that has a 100 m screened section that has been cut into the wall of
the bucket about three to four inches from the top of the bucket. This allows the fry to be
collected into a reservoir of water in the bucket and excess water to drain out without
harming the collected fry. The bucket containing the fry can then be taken to the pond or
tank where they can be acclimated before stocking.
Preparing Outdoor Ponds and Tanks for Stocking of Fry

Outdoor nursery or growout ponds or tanks must be properly prepared prior to stocking with
hatchery fry. A high number of fry are usually lost shortly after stocking from the hatchery due to
improper preparation or lost during harvests due to less than optimal harvesting conditions.
Pond, Tank Preparation, and Aquatic Weed Control

Step la. Pond preparation:
Earthen ponds for growout of tiger barbs should first be sun-dried until the bottom cracks.
This process allows for the decomposition of organic matter that has built up in a pond
during the last production cycle.
Step 1b. Tank preparation:

Growout tanks can be of various shapes and sizes and constructed out of various materials
(e.g., high-density polyethylene, canvas-lined plywood). The size of the growout tank
Page 20
should match the egg production capability as stocking densities are based upon the
working volume of the tank. Stocking densities of 1 to 5 fry per liter (4 to 20 fry per
gallon) are recommended, although higher stocking densities have also been reported. All
growout tanks should be equipped with continuous aeration and water supply. A recom-
mended rate of water exchange for a 12- to 15-foot-diameter tank is 1/4 to 1/3 gallon per
minute. It is best to clean the tank and allow it to sun-dry for at least two or three days
prior to filling and stocking.
Step 2. Weed control:

Emerging weeds should be removed either by hand or by an approved herbicide. In the
event that herbicides are used, an agricultural extension agent should first be consulted for
assistance in obtaining the proper permits and methods for application. Herbicides such as
Casaron, which is a broadcast herbicide that is effective on rooted aquatic and terrestrial
plants, Diquat, which is particularly effective on a wide range of aquatic plants, or Sonar,
which is effective on rooted aquatic and semi-aquatic plants, can be used.
NOTE: When using any herbicide, follow the label directions for proper application.
When treating ponds currently in production that are heavily infested with aquatic weeds,
extreme care must be taken to minimize possible low dissolved oxygen levels that can
result from decomposing plant matter. Under such conditions, it is recommended that only
one half of the pond be treated at a time. Additionally, ponds should only be treated during
sunny, mild temperature, and breezy weather conditions that allow for optimal oxygen-
ation of the pond water while the organic matter is decomposing. If aeration equipment is
available, 24-hour aeration can eliminate a low oxygen level problem while treating
aquatic weeds with herbicides.
Step 3a. Pond fertilization:

After elimination of the vegetation, the pond should be filled as soon as possible and
fertilized to obtain an algal bloom or “green water.” A liquid fertilizer with a N-P-K
(nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium) ratio of 1-3-0 is recommended. This is generally mixed
as a 10-30-0 or a 12-36-0 ratio and can be purchased from local distributors (see Appen-
dix 3). The fertilizer is applied at a rate of 1 milliliter per 5 square feet of surface area or 3
to 5 gallons per acre of pond water. Inoculating the pond with green water from another
pond or tank will speed up the establishment of an algal bloom. Once the bloom has been
established (which usually takes only two or three days) the fish can be stocked into the
pond. If delays in stocking the pond are encountered, the water should be checked for the
presence of aquatic insects.
Step 3b. Tank fertilization:

In tanks, fertilizer is applied at a rate of 1 milliliter per 50 liters (13 gallons) of water.
Inoculating the tank with green water from another pond or tank will speed up the time to
establish an algal bloom. Once the bloom has been established (which usually takes only
two or three days), the fish can be stocked into the tank. If delays in stocking the tank are
encountered, the water should be checked for the presence of aquatic insects.
Step 4. Controlling aquatic insects:

Aquatic insects (e.g., dragonfly nymphs, water boatmen, and backswimmers) can pose a
serious predation threat to larval fish if not controlled. Stocking a pond or tank soon after
the algal bloom has stabilized allows the fish fry to grow to a size where larval insects
Page 21
pose less of a predator problem. To further reduce the insect problem, netting with 1/4-
inch or smaller mesh placed securely over the pond or tank restricts adult flying insects
from depositing eggs and reproducing. The pond or tank should be checked periodically
for insect infestation. If infestation is detected, quick measures must be taken to reduce fry
losses. Applying boiled linseed oil at a rate of 1 to 2 milliliters per 5 square feet of surface
area can eliminate most aquatic insects. The linseed oil will cover the surface of the water
and essentially suffocate the air breathing aquatic insects. The linseed oil will slowly
dissipate as it evaporates from the water surface over the next few days. For assistance,
notify the University of Hawaii Sea Grant Extension Service (SGES) aquaculture exten-
sion agents.
Tank, Pond, and Cage Growout System

Comparison
Pond Culture
Traditionally most growout of ornamental fish takes place in earthen ponds because of reduced
construction costs and because the bottom soils support a healthy natural food chain (phytoplank-
ton and zooplankton) from which the fish to feed on. However, earthen ponds tend to have
emerging aquatic weed problems and because of their size preventing bird and insect predation
with netting may be more difficult. Additionally, they often require more than one person to
harvest and bottom debris must be removed prior to transfer of fish.
Tank Culture
Large circular tank culture eliminates aquatic weeds, frog/toad infestations, can be harvested by
one person, can be easily covered with netting to reduce insect problems, and allows for more
effective measures in treating for pathogens. The phytoplankton and zooplankton population
densities in “green water” tank culture of systems, in comparison to an earthen pond culture are
not very significant. However, tank culture requires more supplemental feeding than earthen pond
culture systems. The additional amount of feeds used in tank culture does not add significantly to
the overall production costs of a tank growout operation versus an earthen pond growout opera-
tion.
Cage Culture
Cage culture in large ponds falls somewhere between tank and pond growout culture in terms of
ease and productivity. Cage operations in large ponds can benefit from the natural productivity of
the food chain, while still being manageable by one person when harvested. Having a number of
cages per pond allows for multiple species production in and out of the cages as well as for
stocking fish at various sizes or ages. However, cages do foul and periodically require cleaning or
replacement of the netting material. For established farms with large production ponds for other
species, cage culture of ornamentals serves as an alternative and cost-effective way to diversify
production.
Page 22
Commercial Grow-out Stocking Densities

Tiger barbs are well adapted to high-density culture. Stocking densities as high as 10,000 fry per
cubic meter in systems designed for high-density culture have been achieved (personal communi-
cation, Dallas Weaver, 1995). It has been reported that stocking densities of 400 to 450 individu-
als per square meter or greater results in reduced growth rates (Tay and Tan 1976). Extrapolating
from stocking densities used by Tay and Tan (1976), tiger barb production can exceed 500,000
fish per acre per year.
Feeds and Feeding

The nutritional composition of feed plays a significant role in growth, coloration, and overall
health of ornamental fish. When culturing fish at high densities it is important to feed a diet of the
proper proportion of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals. This is especially true for
tank culture systems. Although tiger barbs are considered omnivorous, gut analysis of wild-caught
fish indicate that they prefer a more vegetative diet. One study done in Malaysia found fish with
15 different types of phytoplankton, one source of higher plant tissue, four different types of
zooplankton and both aquatic and terrestrial insects in the guts (Shiraishi et al. 1972). Stomach
analyses of other barb species have shown similar results (Kortmulder 1982). A good growout
feed for tiger barbs should be at least 28% to 32% total protein by weight, and the source should
be high in essential amino acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). As a rule of thumb,
larval fish require high levels of total protein in their diets (30 to 45%). As the fish grows, less
total protein is needed (e.g., minimal level of 28 percent to 32 percent). The quality of the avail-
able protein is an important factor when choosing the proper feed. Not much information is
available on the nutritional requirements of tiger barbs; however, general nutritional requirements
of tropical warmwater fish do not seem to vary greatly between species (National Research
Council 1983). As more information on the nutritional requirements of aquarium fishes becomes
available, manufacturers will incorporate refinements into commercial feeds. Feeds that can be
used for growout of tiger barbs are listed in Table 5.
Table 5. Commercially available feeds suitable for high-density tiger barb growout.
Feed Feed Type
Rangen Trout -------------------------------- Swim-up #1 and #2

Purina Trout -------------------------------- 00, 01 and 02
Moore Clarke Salmon -------------------------- Nutrafry, #O, #1 and #2
Although the feeds listed are suitable for production of ornamental species, it should be noted that
they contain higher protein levels than required. Fish in earthen ponds are fed once a day ad
libitum with a commercial diet containing a minimum of 28 percent to 32 percent protein. Many
of the pigments required by tiger barbs for good coloration are obtained from naturally occurring
phytoplankton (green water) and zooplankton feed sources. However, tiger barbs reared in high-
density tank culture systems should be fed a complete diet that includes a color enhancing agent,
such as astaxanthin, at least two times per day to supplement natural feeds that might be limited in
Page 23
this type of culture system. It usually takes at least one month for the fish to show color changes
resulting from pigmented feeds.
The tiger barb, like many cultured fish, has a digestive tract that is very inefficient in digesting
feed. Dividing the total daily amount of feed to be delivered into three or more portions through-
out the day will eliminate an excess of uneaten feed and reduce the organic fouling and oxygen
demand on the system, while promoting faster growth. Automatic feeders work well in culturing
tiger barbs, whereby they are filled in the morning with the appropriate amount of feed needed for
the day. Tiger barbs exhibit a diurnal pattern in their activity. They cease being active between
22:00 and 04:00 hours and have a peak in activity between 14:00 and 18:00 hours (Shiraishi et.
al. 1972). Pond reared fish receiving a single feeding should be fed between 14:00 and 18:00
hours, and high density tank culture systems utilizing automatic feeders should be turned off
between 20:00 and 06:00 hours.
Water temperature and quality directly influence the desire of fish to feed. When temperatures
drop below 20°C, tiger barbs will consume less feed. During cold weather conditions, it is best to
feed late in the afternoon when the water temperatures have had a chance to elevate from solar
radiation. Periodically checking the feeding response and the amount of feed remaining on the
bottom of the tank or pond will help to determine the proper amount to feed. Feed should be
completely consumed within 15 minutes after delivery. If all the feed has been consumed in that
time period, present a little more to determine the satiation point of the fish. There is no docu-
mentation on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) or the percentage of body weight per day require-
ments of tiger barbs or for many other ornamental aquarium fish. By comparing data for fish that
have a similar size and biological characteristics, tiger barbs should be fed approximately 10% of
their body weight per day.
Water Quality
Tiger barbs can tolerate extreme variations in water chemistry and thrive in water with a hardness
from 100 to 250 ppm of CaCo3, (moderately hard) and a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 (Baensch and Riehl
1982; Scheurmann 1990). No data is available regarding tolerances of tiger barbs to various
salinities and is an area of future investigation. Water quality parameters for optimal growth,
survival and reproduction are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6. Optimal water quality parameters for commercial production of tiger barbs.
Water Quality Parameters Ranges
Temperature 22°C to 28°C or 72°F to 82°F

Hardness 100 TO 250 milligrams per liter CaCo1
pH 6.5 to 7.5
Total ammonia (NH3 + NH4) < 1.0 milligrams per liter
Dissolved oxygen 2.0 milligrams per liter
Phytoplankton Secchi reading of 30 to 40 cm
Page 24
Harvesting Tiger Barbs

Step 1 - Preparation for harvesting from a pond:
Prior to any harvesting, a pond should be inspected for aquatic weed infestation and the
appropriate herbicides applied, if necessary, with the proper lead time. Tank culture
systems avoid problems with emerging aquatic plants and lessens the degree of manage-
ment and harvesting problems.
Step 2. Disease inspection:

One week before harvest, the fish should be sampled and examined for disease and proper
treatment applied if necessary. Treatment of disease will be covered in the disease section.
Fish should then be sampled again prior to harvest to guarantee that the fish are in good
health. Following these procedures insures a smooth harvest and minimizes mortalities.
Step 3. Holding Tank:

As soon as possible after harvesting by any of the described methods, the fish should be
placed in a 300- to 500-gallon holding tank equipped with running fresh water and aera-
tion. Preparation of the holding tank must be completed prior to harvesting to avoid
delays between the time of capture and stocking in the holding tank(s). Special attention
should be given to screening the drain to prevent fish from escaping. The size of the
screening is also important to consider because large amounts of debris will be added to
the tank with the incoming fish, and this can clog the screen covering the drain and result
in a holding tank that is overflowing. After placing the fish inside the holding tank(s), any
debris that has come in from the harvest should be removed and dead or injured fish
discarded. Salt is added to the water to bring the salinity up to 9 ppt (9 kilograms per
cubic meter or 20 lbs per 250 gallons), which is an isotonic solution, to help reduce
handling stress by stimulating fish to naturally produce a slime coat. Harvested fish can be
maintained in the holding tank for an extended (one to two weeks) period of time before
fish are selected and marketed. A maintenance diet is provided to the fish in the holding
tanks.
Step 4a. Harvesting by trap:

Tiger barbs can be harvested using a variety of traps (Figure 14) or seined. When trapping
barbs, place the trap 12 to 18 inches below the surface and bait the trap with either a paste
or large pelleted feed. Traps should be checked periodically to avoid overcrowding.
Transfer the collected fish into the holding tank. Debris that is collected with the harvested
fish should be removed along with any dead fish. The fish are examined the day before
sorting to insure good health. If bacterial or other pathogens are present, the holding tank
should be treated prior to further handling.
Step 4b. Harvesting with a seine:

Tiger barbs can also be harvested with a seine net made of knotless nylon Ace or Delta
weave with a mesh size of 1/8 inch. Seine nets should have a length 2.5 times the width of
the pond being harvested and a width twice the depth of pond being seined. Seines used
for harvesting ornamental fish should also be equipped with twice as many floats and
bottom lead weights as standard seines. When ordering seines of this type, the buyer must
specify double floats and double leads. It is essential that all debris and filamentous algae
be removed from the pond prior to seining. This usually requires manually removing the
Page 25
unwanted material. After removal of the aquatic vegetation and debris, the seine is pulled
through the pond. particular attention should be given during the last stages when bringing
in the seine near the pond bank to insure that the fish are not overcrowded. This is gener-
ally done by stretching and opening the seine to form a “hammock” or “purse.” The fish
will then swim out of any trash and mud that may have been brought in with the seine;
they then can be removed from the seine with dip nets, leaving the debris behind. If all fish
are to be collected and placed in a holding tank, the fish caught in the seine should be
placed in buckets containing fresh water and transported immediately to the holding tank.
Several passes through the pond can be made until the numbers of fish decline noticeably.
At that time, the pond depth can be lowered by at least one half, and the process repeated.
Lastly, the pond should be drained and all remaining fish collected and placed in the
holding tank. If the process is not conducted carefully, excessive injuries and stress to the
harvested fish will result in mortalities.
Step 5. Sorting:
Tiger barbs are often sold prior to reaching sexual maturity, so sorting by sex is not neces-
sary. Because tiger barbs are not sexually dimorphic (i.e., having different color patterns
between sexes), they are graded for size using a bar grader (Figure 15). Fish are netted
from the holding tank and placed into a bar grader. The smaller fish will swim through the
grader bars, while the larger ones are retained in the box. By changing the widths (grader
sizes),any size fish can be sorted by increments as small as a quarter of an inch. Several
test runs with fish might be required to determine the size grader needed. Market size tiger
barbs are usually sorted using grader sizes ranging from No. 8 to No. 14. During the
grading process, any off-color fish are removed with hand nets and discarded. The fish are
then sorted into bag lot numbers and placed in holding tanks, where the guts are allowed
to purge over a 48-hour period, followed by bagging and boxing for shipping.
Step 6. Bagging and boxing for shipping:

Tiger barbs can be packed at 30 to 40 fish per liter (120 to 160 fish per gallon) with
enough oxygen to withstand 48 hour of transport. Depending on the distance the fish need
to travel, over-packing can reduce the shipping freight cost to the customer. However,
only established packing densities that have been proven successful should be used; do not
assume that just any shipping density will work. Fish should be counted in bag lot numbers
Figure 14. Photo of two types of

traps used to collect tiger barbs.
Page 26
and placed in containers equipped with flow-through water. These containers should be
made of a durable material that will not break or be damaged by handling (plastic contain-
ers work well). The containers should be equipped with a standpipe to control the water
level, which when removed will allow the water to drain to a box lot quantity. Although
there are several sizes of shipping boxes and bags, a standard full bag measures 37.5
centimeters wide, 37.5 centimeters long, and 55 centimeters deep. The extra depth allows
for proper sealing of the bag for shipment. The bag is filled with approximately 8 liters
(approximately 2 gallons) of water for shipment. This keeps the total weight of the packed
box just below 9 kilograms (20 lbs.). Following this procedure enables the packer to
gently lift and pour the container of fish and water into a bag without netting or handling
the fish again. Having the fish counted in box lot sizes will minimize the time needed to
bag the fish. The bag is purged of air by squeezing the bag to the water level and then
inflating with oxygen. To seal the bag, twist the bag top tightly and wrap with a rubber
band or use a banding machine. The bags are then placed in a Styrofoam box, which in
turn is held in a cardboard box if the fish are to be shipped as individual boxes. The lids of
the cardboard box are taped shut for air cargo shipping. Larger orders can be consolidated
into LD-3 containers in which the cardboard boxes will not be needed. Consolidating
orders and cooperative marketing with other farmers can open new market outlets be-
cause of increased numbers and possible varieties of fish and decrease the shipping costs
to prospective buyers.
Disease
Disease Prevention, Treatment, and Management
The three most common disease problems encountered by commercial fish farmers are caused by
Protozoa (Trichodina), Monogenea (Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylidae) and Fungi (Saprolegnia).
Trichodina is a round-saucer or domed-shaped protozoan with cilia. When seen through a micro-
scope, they are constantly in motion, moving quite distinctly and rapidly. They most commonly
attach to the gills and soft tissue, such as fin rays. Heavy infestations can cause respiratory prob-
Figure 15. Photo of bar

grader used to sort tiger
barbs by size.
Page 27
lems by causing the gill tissue to produce excess mucus. Several control methods can reduce and/
or eliminate this parasite from the culture system. The most common procedure is a bath of
formalin at 25 ppm for 24 hours. Once diagnosed and treated, the fish should be checked daily to
monitor the effectiveness of the treatment. Several treatments may be necessary.
Monogenea (Dactylogyrus and Gryclactylidae) are also commonly found on the gill and soft ray
tissue of the infected fish. Transmission is usually by direct contact. After the eggs hatch, free-
swimming larvae seek a host and attach themselves using a series of hooks and sucking valves at
the base. They appear worm-like under the microscope. Infected fish usually exhibit what is
commonly called flashing, in which the fish rub on a hard substrate or shake in attempts to remove
the parasite. There are two common treatment methods. The first is a formalin bath at a concen-
tration of 250 ppm for one hour. This is the preferred method when handling large numbers of fish
because no handling is required and the tank is simply flushed after the specified time period. The
second method is a sodium chloride (non-iodized salt) dip at a concentration of 25,000 to 35,000
ppm (25 grams per liter to 35 grams per liter). Duration of the dip is determined by the tolerance
of the individual species to high salinity and the effectiveness of the treatment. It is recommended
that preliminary tests be run on small samples of fish to determine the proper length of time and
concentration.
The fungi Saprolegnia commonly occurs as an opportunistic infection as a result of injuries

incurred in handling the fish. It usually appears as a white or light gray patch on the surface of the
fish. Its appearance under the microscope is best described as having a cotton strand appearance.
Saprolegnia can be problematic to treat because as of this writing some of the most effective
compounds have been regulated out of use. However, some of the newer copper and iodine
compounds work well. One of the tried-and-true methods is a formalin bath at a concentration
250 ppm for one hour per day for five consecutive days.
Formalin Preparation
Formalin can be employed as one means of combating all the disease mentioned. Formalin, a clear
aqueous solution of formaldehyde containing a small amount of methanol, is commonly used as a
general fixative for preserving tissues. Concentrated formalin normally contains 37% to 40%
formaldehyde.
Note: Use extreme caution when using concentrated Formalin.
For use as a disinfectant and/or for treatment of parasites, concentrated formalin is usually diluted
to very low concentrations (10 to 300 parts per million). The equation normally used to determine
the amount of formalin to be used for treating a disease outbreak does not employ the percent
active ingredient because by convention 30 percent to 37 percent formalin is considered to be a
100 percent active solution. An example of the calculation to determine the amount of formalin to
be used to make a 100 ppm solution in a 100-liter (26-gallon) tank is as follows:
Note: 1 ppm = 1 milliliter per 1,000 liters

Concentrated formalin = (100 liters x (1 milliliter per 1,000 liters) x (100 ppm)
From the above calculation, 10 milliliters of concentrated formalin must be added to the 100-liter
(26-gallon) container to obtain a final concentration of 100 ppm. Pour the concentrated formalin
Page 28
into the tank and be sure to distribute it evenly.
For smaller water volumes, a stock solution of 10 percent formalin (90 milliliters concentrated
formalin + 910 milliliters of water) is first made. By adding 1 milliliter of the 10 percent formalin
stock solution to 1 gallon (3.8 liters) of water, a 25-parts-per-million formalin solution is ob-
tained. Adjust the amount of stock solution to the number of gallons of water to result in the
desired concentration (e.g., 2 milliliters per gallon = 50 parts per million; 4 milliliters per gallon =
100 parts per million; and so forth). Multiply by the number of gallons of water to be treated to
obtain the proper amount of stock formalin solution needed (e.g., 4 milliliters per gallon = 100
parts per million; for a 10-gallon tank, 4 x 10 = 40 milliliters of 10 percent formalin stock solution
is needed to result in 10 gallons of 100-parts-per-million formalin).
Recommendation: Some test trials with healthy fish should be attempted prior to any disease
outbreak to become familiar with the calculations described above. If there are any concerns,
please contact the Sea Grant Aquaculture Extension Agents.
Economics
Factors Affecting Price of Tiger Barbs
Factors that affect the market for tiger barbs can be understood by examining price sheets from
various distributors. For the purposes of this manual, the pricing of tiger barbs and some of the
related barbs from one trans-shipper of ornamental fishes out of Singapore (Sunny Aquarium
Company) was reviewed. From the most recent price sheets, it can be seen that tiger barb prices,
like those of all ornamental fishes, are quite variable for different body sizes and color varieties
(Figure 16). The tiger barb ranges in price from less than $0.10 per fish to $0.33 per fish when the
body length is 25 millimeters and 50 millimeters (1.0 and 2.0 inches), respectively. Likewise, at
each marketable body size, the price of an individual barb depends on the variety, e.g., regular
tiger barb, albino tiger barb, or green tiger barb. The green tiger barb is approximately three times
the price of the common tiger barb at all of the body sizes. It should be emphasized that the prices
represent what is solicited from the distributor, and the actual farm-gate price can only be esti-
mated as these values are confidential. A rule of thumb that can be used to estimate farm-gate
price is to subtract 20 percent to 30 percent of the list price.
From this pricing scenario, it can be concluded that the tiger barb is a “low value” species and
consistent production of large quantities (10,000 to 20,000 per month) is necessary to turn a
profit as well as to compete in the market. As mentioned previously, more than 2.5 million indi-
vidual C. tetrazona, were imported into the United States in 1992. To estimate the future demand
for this species, price sheets from the last 15 years were examined and the continued increase in
price over time indicates a consistent and continued market demand. The data are summarized for
both the tiger barb and albino tiger barb in Figure 17.
Another factor affecting farm-gate prices is whether one sells directly to a retailer (highest price),
to a wholesaler (moderate price) or through a transshipper (lowest price). Farmers should investi-
gate market outlets thoroughly to obtain the highest possible price for each item produced. It is
Page 29
also recommended that a farmer have at least three to five different market outlets and provide the
one offering the highest market price with the largest percentage of fish produced.
Start-up Costs
The production of ornamental fish has been one of the more profitable types of aquaculture
outside of Hawaii (e.g., in Florida, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan). Recently the CTSA-funded
project titled Ornamental Aquaculture Technology Transfer produced an in-depth study titled
“Report on the Economics of Ornamental Fish Culture in Hawaii,” which examined the econom-
ics of owning and operating an ornamental culture endeavor. The report, available through CTSA
or SGES, emphasizes that doing business in Hawaii with the high cost of living, of rent, of water,
and of labor presents several challenges to aquafarmers, in addition to the fact that Hawaii is not a
major transshipping destination. Hawaii does, however, offer several natural advantages, such as
climate, proximity to the US mainland and no federal import duties (e.g., US Customs Fee, US
Fish and Wildlife Inspectors Fee, airline fuel surcharge, dock or port fee), all of which can com-
pensate for some of the disadvantages.
The report modeled three different farm sizes (small = Farm A, medium = Farm B and large =
Farm C) with three different levels of production and ornamental species mix. Farm A represents
a live-bearer production module, which is elaborated on by Tamaru et al. (in press). Farm B
consists of 50 12-foot-diameter tanks and includes a 1,200-gallon hatchery. Farm C consists of
200 12-foot-diameter tanks and a 2,500-gallon hatchery. Using two different pricing scenarios,
Figure 16. Comparison of

prices of three types of
tiger barbs at different
body sizes.
(Values obtained from
Sunny Aquarium
Company 1995).
“all three farms in the study proved to be profitable to own and operate” (Teichman et. al., 1994),
and showed that Hawaii farmers could compete with a landed cost in Seattle from suppliers of
fish from Asia and still turn a profit. Hawaii farmers have a substantial advantage over competi-
tive suppliers of fish from Asia because Hawaii-raised fish require less time in transit, so farmers
can emphasize product quality (e.g., lower percentages of dead on arrivals, high health) as a
primary marketing strategy. They need not rely solely on price competition to sell their products.
Page 30
Figure 17. Comparison of

prices for 31-millimeter
(1.25-inch) tiger barbs and
albino tiger barbs over a
15-year period.
(Values obtained from
Sunny Aquarium
Company, Hawaii).
For the purposes of this manual, the production costs of tiger barbs in multi-species Farms B and
C are considered. A breakdown of the equipment, supplies and start-up costs for a single species
(tiger barb) hatchery is presented in Table 7. The equipment and supply list covers what is consid-
ered necessary to build a hatchery for the production of tiger barbs and also includes shipping of
the cultured product. Based on 1993 pricing of materials, the total cost is estimated at $10,353.
Using the average number of eggs produced per female (300 eggs per spawn) and multiplying by
the number of spawning tanks (n = 25) approximately 7,500 eggs can be produced per synchro-
nized spawning event. If this activity is carried out at two-week intervals, the monthly egg pro-
duction of the facility can be estimated to be approximately 15,000 eggs per month. It should be
noted that the start-up costs do not include labor, power, water, lease fees, or insurance costs as
these will vary from farm to farm.
Enterprise Budget
In practice, any given species raised on a farm is referred to as an enterprise. This enterprise will
consume and/or share a given amount of farm resources. In order to estimate the net profits
obtained from the production of tiger barbs, the variable and fixed costs associated with carrying
out this specific activity need to be identified. Once the associated costs are determined, profit
margins can be calculated (see Table 8).
Some assumptions that must be made to understand the enterprise budget as presented are:
1. the farm including the hatchery is already established and producing fish in addition to tiger
barbs;
2. a production of 12,500 fry with 80 percent survival to market;
3. purchase of 150 broodstock @ 0.27 each with one year production;
4. purchase of two 12-foot-diameter tanks @ $450 each with five-year life;
5. purchase of two 300-gallon brood conditioning tanks @ $100 each with five-year life;
6. purchase of 25 10-gallon aquariums @ $8 each with five-year life;
Page 31
7. the marketing of medium size (1.125-inch to 1.25-inch body length) tiger barbs at $0.24 per
fish;
8. shipping at densities of 250 fish per box;
9. marketing of 10,000 tiger barbs on a monthly basis.
It must be understood that the information presented represents tiger barb production as only one
facet of a multi-species ornamental fish farm and that the production of ornamental fishes is
already established. The reader should also note that during a given month, only 40 hours of labor
are necessary to carry out the production of tiger barbs. Likewise, tiger barbs are produced at set
intervals to result in 10,000 marketable, medium-size fish per month. As stated previously, the
tiger barb reaches a marketable, medium size approximately three months after hatching.
The total variable costs of production are estimated at $568.00. The fixed costs are estimated at
$56 to $63 based upon estimates given in the “Report on the Economics of Ornamental Fish
Culture in Hawaii”, (Teichman et al., 1994). This results in an estimated $624.63 total monthly
production cost. Using the market value of medium-size tiger barbs ($0.24 per fish, Sunny
Aquarium Company 1995) the value of 10,000 tiger barbs is $2,400. The net profit of the tiger
barb enterprise is approximately $1,800 per month. It should again be emphasized that these
prices are based upon only one distributor and may vary from dealer to dealer. In addition, as
mentioned previously, the actual farm-gate price can only be estimated as these values are confi-
dential. However, with a 30 percent mark-up, the estimated farm-gate value would be approxi-
mately $1,050. From the information presented, there are several strategies that one must con-
sider in order to maximize profits. These include marketing smaller fish at higher volumes, mar-
keting larger fish, or producing another variety that commands a higher price. Using the enterprise
budget allows the reader to examine the pros and cons and to plan a particular strategy appropri-
ate for his/her situation.
Page 32
Table 7. Equipment and supplies for tiger barb hatchery
Category Quantity 1995 Price in US$
Equipment
12-foot-diameter tank 2 $900

ground liner 1 roll $90
regenerative blower 1 $398
airstones (small) 25 $20
airstones (large) 2 $15
air tubing 1 roll $27
02 bottle rental 1 $50
02 regulator 1 $70
PVC pipe and fittings assorted $200
bird netting 1 roll $10
bar grader 2 $300
thermometer 2 $50
field microscope 1 $20
conditioning tanks (300-gallon) 2 $300
aquariums (10-gallon) 25 $200
pawning brushes 25 $92
lumber (hatchery) assorted $2,619
used pickup truck 1 $4,000
Supplies
chlorine 5 gallons $100

broodstock 150 $41
feed (Artemia, broodstock, growout) - $85
rubber bands 1 bag $10
transport bags 4 $16
transport boxes (inner) 40 $140
transport boxes (outer) 40 $100
water test kit 1 $300
misc. chemicals - $100
dip nets - $100
Total - $10,353
Page 33
Table 8. Enterprise budget for commercial production of tiger barbs.
Category Description 1995 Price

in US$
Variable Costs
Chemicals Salt $10.00

Feed Artemia, Prepared Feed $50.00
Repairs - $20.00
Transportation 100 miles @ $0.28 per mile $28.00
Phone/Fax - $50.00
Labor 40 hours @ $10 per hour $400.00
Miscellaneous $10.00
Total Variable Costs $568.00
Fixed Costs
Lease 1/20 acre @ $200 per acre $10.00

Water 1 gallon per minute
@ $0.60 per 1,000 gallons $25.92
Depreciation (Broodstock) - $3.38
Depreciation (Tanks) - $17.33
Total Fixed Costs $56.63
Total Fixed and Variable Costs $624.68
Income $2,400.00
Net Profit $1,775.37
Page 34
Literature Cited
Alfred, E.R. 1963. Some colorful fishes of the genus Puntius, Hamilton (30):135-142.
Axelrod, H.R. and M.E. Sweeney. 1992. The Fascination of Breeding Aquarium Fish. T.F.H
Publications, Inc. Ltd. Neptune City, N.J.
Baensch, H.A. and R. Riehl. 1993. Aquarium Atlas Vol; 1-2. Mergus-Veriag GmbH Hans A.
Chapman, F. A., S. Fitz-Coy, E. Thunberg, J.T. Rodrick, C.M. Adams and M. Andre. 1994. An
analysis of the United States of America International Trade in Ornamental Fish. CTSA
Project Final Report, University of Florida, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,
Food and Resource Economics Department. 55 pp.
Desilva, S.S. and K. Kortmulder. 1977. Some aspects of the biology of three species of Puntius
(Barbus) (Pisces Cyprinidae), endemic to Sri Lanka. Netherlands J. of Zoo. 27(2):182-194.
Frankel, J.S. 1985. Inheritance of trunk striping in the Sumatran Tiger Barb, Barbus tetrazona. J.
of Heredity. 76;478-479.
Furtado, J.1. and S. Mori. 1982. The Ecology of a tropical freshwater swamp, the Tasek Bera,
Malaysia. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Hague, Netherlands.
Kortmulder, K. 1972. A comparative study in colour patterns and behavior in seven Asiatic
Barbus species (Cyprinidae, Ostariophysi, Osteichthyes) Behavior, International Journal of
comparative ethnology. 14: 1-60.
Kortmulder, K. 1982. Etho-ecology of seventeen Barbus species (Pisces; Cyprinidae) Netherlands
J. of Zoology. 32 (2): 144-168.
Mohsin, A.K.M. and Ambak, M.A. 1982. Cyprinoid fishes of the Subfamily Cypriniod in
Selangor. Malay. Nat. J. 35: 29-55.
Munro, A.D., C. Li-Lian, and K. Nqankee. 1990. Preliminary observations on environmental
control of ovulation and spawning in a small tropical Cyprinid (Barbus tetrazona). Proc. of
the Second Asian Fish. Forum, Tokyo, Japan pp. 17-22.
National Research Council. 1983. Nutrient Requirements of Warmwater Fishes and Shellfishes.
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 102 pp.
Scheurmann, 1. 1990. Aquarium Fish Breeding. Baron’s Educational Series Inc. Hauppauge,
N.Y.
Shiraishi, Y., N. Mizuno, M. Nagai, M. Yoshimi, and K. Nishiyama. 1972. Studies on the diel
activity and feeding habit of fishes at Lake Bera, Malaysia. Japanese J. of Ichthyology.
19(4)295-305.
Sorgeloos, P., P. H. Leger, W. Tackaert, and D. Verischele. 1986. Manual for the culture and use
of brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture. Artemia Reference Center, State University of
Ghent, Belgium. 319 pp.
Sunny Aquarium Company. 1995. Various price lists. Waimanalo, Hawaii USA.
Tamaru, C.S., B. Cole, R. Bailey, and C. Brown. (in press). A manual for commercial production
of the swordtail, Xiphophorus belleri. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture,
Waimanalo, Hawaii USA.
Page 35
Tay, S. H. and C. S. Tan. 1976. The cultivation of Gymnocorymbus teinetzi, Hyphessobrycon
Callistus serpae and Puntius tetrazona in cage-nets in a pond. Sinapore J. Prim. Ind. 4(21):
37-51.
Taki, Y., A. Katsuyama, and T. Vrushido. 1977. Comparative morphology and interspecific
relationships of the Cyprinid genus Puntius. Japanese J. of Ichthyology. 25(l);1-7.
Teichman, J., C. Brown, B. Cole, R. Bailey, and J. Brock. 1994. Report on the economics of
ornamental fish culture in Hawaii. Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture.
Waimanalo, Hawaii USA. 14 pp.
Zakaria-ismail, M. 1993. The fish fauna of the Sungai Teris and Sungai Rengit, Krau Game
Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia. Malayan Nature J. 46(l);201-228.
Page 36
Appendix 1. Preparation of conditioning

pastes.
Formula 1 for paste to condition tiger barb broodstock.

Ingredient Amount
ground beef heart .......................................... 3 lbs
ground beef liver ........................................... 3 lbs
raw eggs ........................................... 4
spinach ........................................... 6 oz.
peas ........................................... 6 oz.
carrots ........................................... 6 oz.
oat bran ........................................... 4 oz.
multivitamins ........................................... 24 drops
gelatin (unflavored) ....................................... 4 packets
Formula 2 for paste to condition tiger barb broodstock.

Ingredient Amount
ground beef heart .......................................... 5 lbs
ground beef liver ........................................... 5 lbs.
high protein baby food (cereal) ..................... 2 lbs.
raw wheat germ ........................................... 2 lbs.
dried split peas ........................................... 10 oz.
spinach ........................................... 20 oz.
raw eggs ........................................... 4
whole shrimp ........................................... 8 oz.
brewers yeast ........................................... 4 oz.
Preparation:
Step 1: Trim all the excess fat and any connective tissue or tendon (stringy material) from
the beef heart and liver.
Step 2: Use a food processor or blender to grind or mash the meat into very small pieces.
Step 3: Mix the remaining ingredients (except for the gelatin in Formula 1) in a blender or
food processor.
Step 4a: In Formula 1, the gelatin acts as a binder that holds the mixture in a paste. Mix
the gelatin in a pot with as little hot water as necessary to fully dissolve the gelatin. Allow
the mixture to cool slightly but remain fluid, then mix it with the other ingredients. Pour
the mixture into “zip-lock” bags and press them into flat sheets. The paste should be
refrigerated until used or frozen if it will be stored for long periods.
Page 37
Step 4b: Formula 2 requires the mixture to be cooked using a double boiler until the
mixture becomes slightly grainy. The mix is then placed into “ziplock” bags and pressed
into sheets for storage. The mix should be refrigerated until used or frozen for long-term
storage.
Variations of these formulas can be tailored to suit nutritional needs of specific fish and according
to available ingredients. The one common ingredient is high quality protein. Other ingredients,
such as spirulina, can be added at 0.5 percent to 1.0 percent by weight. For fish that are more
herbivorous, the fish meal or red meat components can be reduced and vegetable protein such as
soybean meal can be substituted. Before making a paste formula, it would be wise to consult the
literature to determine the natural diet of the fish.
Page 38
Appendix 2. Hatching of Brine Shrimp

(Artemia) and Preparation for Feeding
Much of the expense of tiger barb fry production involves purchasing Artemia cysts and subse-
quent efficiency in hatching the cysts for use in feeding. The cost has escalated in recent years; the
price for a 1-lb. can of Artemia cysts was $35 to $45 in 1995. Fish fed Artemia exhibit signifi-
cantly higher survival rates and elevated weight gains compared to fish given other feed sources.
In addition, fish that do not readily take prepared feeds almost always will accept Artemia. Sev-
eral considerations must be taken into account to optimize use of Artemia nauplii as a larval feed.
These are discussed in the following sections.
Artemia Supplies and Strains

Artemia from various parts of the world differ in size and nutritional qualities. The two most
commonly available Artemia strains are the strain from Great Salt Lake in Utah strain, which have
486 mm size instar 1 nauplii (first hatch stage), and the San Francisco Bay Brand, which have
slightly smaller, 428 mm nauplii (Sorgeloos et al. 1987). Artemia also have varying hatch grades;
those with higher hatching percentage grades command a higher price. Commercial supplies of
cysts have fallen in recent times due to harsh winters that have affected the environmental condi-
tions of cysts, considerably increasing price and availability. When choosing a source of Artemia,
the following should be considered:
1. cyst hatching rates;
2. nauplii size at hatch (instar I)
3. nutritional value
4. packaging method
Tiger barbs do well on any strain of Artemia, so cost may be the only factor when choosing an
Artemia source.
Hatching Container
Hatching containers can be purchased from a supplier or constructed from materials such as
inverted 5-gallon drinking water containers fitted with a rubber stopper and plastic valve. The
design of the hatching container is important. It should have a conical shape, smooth inside
surface, translucent and easily drained bottom, and a dark, opaque top. Newly hatched nauplii are
attracted to light (positively phototactic) so using hatching containers with translucent bottoms
aids in harvesting. Examples of hatching containers being used at the WCC facility are presented
in Figure 18.
Page 39
Figure 18. Photo of Artemia

hatching containers.
Cleanliness and Sterilization

The primary reason for poor hatching of Artemia nauplii is lack of cleanliness. Slime or detritus
on the hatching container walls and airline tubing contributes to significant bacterial interference.
Thoroughly cleaning the parts that are in contact with water during hatching can improve the
consistency and hatching percentage of cysts. To disinfect the hatching containers, first fill with
tap water and add either powdered or liquid bleach and aerate for 20 to 30 minutes. If powdered
bleach (calcium hypochlorite) is used, add approximately 300 milligrams per 24 liters (0.01 oz per
6 gallons), or use liquid laundry bleach (5.25 percent active and unscented) at 3.5 milliliters per
liter. Be sure to rinse the container thoroughly with tap water prior to use.
Light
Place a light source, such as a 60-watt bulb, above the container during the first few hours of
rehydration (i.e., when cysts are first placed from the can into water). Cysts are dehydrated before
packing to maintain them in a dormant state and suspend bacterial growth. Cysts begin to rehy-
drate when placed in water, at which time light is needed to stimulate the cysts’ hatching mecha-
nism. The light can be lit over the container during the entire hatching period. After hatching is
completed (14 to 18 hours), the light over the hatching container is placed underneath the translu-
cent bottom of the hatching container for harvesting.
Temperature
Generally, Artemia will hatch into the instar I stage nauplii within 14 to 18 hours at temperatures
25°C to 30°C. Lower temperatures lengthen the hatching time. However, different sources of
Artemia have varying hatch rates and temperature optima. It is important to know when first
hatch occurs so the Artemia can be harvested at the smallest size possible for easy consumption
by the fish larvae. The instar I stage nauplii have a higher nutritional value in comparison to later
developmental stages; Artemia nauplii can metamorphose into the next developmental stage
(instar I) within several hours. Therefore, timing of the harvest is important to maximize nutri-
Page 40
tional value. It is recommended that a constant temperature be maintained in the hatching contain-
ers by the use of heaters to result in a consistent hatching time that best coincides with larval
feeding schedules.
Salinity
The water used for hatching should contain 35 grams rock salt per liter (approximately 0.3
pounds per gallon) of tap water, or seawater at 35 ppt salinity can be used. Do not use iodized
salt during the hatching process. Although cysts can be hatched at a lower salinity, maintaining the
pH is more difficult which in turn results in a lower hatching percentage.
Cyst Density and Preparation

Hatching cysts at densities greater than 2 grams per liter of salt water can cause the pH to de-
crease, adversely affecting the hatching percentage. Use no more than 2 grams cysts per liter of
salt water. When hatching significant quantities of cysts, bacteria can interfere and lower hatching
percentages. Bacteria grow on the cysts, decaying their outer shells, and can lower pH and dis-
solved oxygen. Disinfecting cysts prior to hatching will lessen the amount of initial bacteria that
cover the cysts. This can be done by placing the cysts in a chlorinated freshwater solution for 15
to 20 minutes prior to placing them in salt water. The chlorine solution can be made by adding 3
grams of 70% active calcium hypochlorite or 40 milligrams of 5.25 percent active sodium hy-
pochlorite or household bleach (unscented) to 10 liters of tap water. This is suitable to disinfect
500 grams of cysts. After 20 minutes of disinfecting the cysts, rinse with tap water and place them
into the saline hatching solution for incubation.
pH
A pH above 8.0 should be maintained during hatching of cysts. As mentioned previously, when
hatching large quantities of cysts (e.g., 2 grams cysts per liter), the pH of the hatching medium
normally decreases. The addition of 2 grams sodium bicarbonate per liter of salt water used for
hatching will raise the pH to an optimal level for maximal cyst hatching percentages.
Cyst Storage
The hatching percentage of cysts will start to decline within a few months after the nitrogen-filled
container has been opened if it is stored at room temperature. Once a can of Artemia cysts has
been opened, it should be covered with the plastic lid provided and stored in a refrigerator at 5°C
to 10°C.
Harvesting and Preparation for Feeding

Once Artemia cysts have hatched into the first nauplii stage (instar I), they should be harvested.
Remember that not all cysts hatch at the same time. To assure harvest of the highest number of
nauplii at the right time, several test runs should be performed and analyzed by recording tem-
perature and time of hatching. To harvest Artemia nauplii, remove the light source above the
Page 41
hatching container and illuminate the translucent area near the bottom of the hatching container,
which will attract the nauplii to the light source and drain valve. Turn off the aeration for approxi-
mately 10 minutes. At this time, unhatched cysts and cyst shells will float to the surface and the
hatched nauplii will swim toward the light source.
NOTE: Do not let the nauplii accumulate on the bottom of the hatching container
for more than 10 minutes.
Open the bottom drain valve to pour off any settled debris and discard it; close the valve once the
fluid becomes orange-brown in color. Place a container to receive the newly hatched brine shrimp
under the hatching container and open the valve slowly. Once the fluid exiting the hatching con-
tainer becomes clear, close the valve. The orange-color Artemia nauplii are then poured into a
brine shrimp net or screen with 125-millimeter to 150-millimeter nylon mesh. Thoroughly rinse
the nauplii with tap water to remove bacteria and hatching metabolites, and place the collected
nauplii into a container filled with fresh salt water, and aerate. Repeat the entire procedure if a lot
of nauplii remain in the hatching container. The Artemianauplii are now ready to be fed to the fish
fry.
Storage of Newly Hatched Artemia

Unused harvested, washed nauplii can be placed back into a container of fresh saltwater with
aeration and kept for future feedings. Artemia nauplii metamorphose very rapidly, so refrigerating
the aerated container will delay metamorphosis and help keep the nauplii in the instar I stage and
maintain the nutritional value of the nauplii.
Page 42
Appendix 3. List of suppliers and

organizations.
Listing in this appendix does not constitute an endorsement of products or services but instead
recommends products or services that the listed manufactures, suppliers or organizations may
provide. For a more comprehensive listing, consult your local extension agent or buyers guide
directory editions of one of the industry related publications.
General Aquaculture Products

Aquacenter Inc
Seven Oaks Rd., Leland, MS 38756
Phone: (800) 748-8921 Fax: (601) 378-2862
Aeration equipment, water pumps, PVC fittings, filters, nets, water quality test kits, tanks
Aquaculture Supply
33418 Old Saint Joe Rd., Dade City, FL 33525
Phone: (904) 567-8540 Fax: (904) 567-3742
Aeration equipment, water pumps, laboratory equipment, biological filtration, algal nutri-
ents, inoculant, rotifer starter kits
Aquanetics Systems, Inc.
5252 Lovelock St., San Diego, CA 92110
Phone: (619) 291-8444 Fax: (619) 291-8335
Aeration equipment, water pumps, sterilization equipment, chillers, heaters, PVC fittings,
recirculation systems and components
Aquatic Eco-Systems, Inc.
2056 Apopka Blvd., Apopka , FL 32703
Phone: (407) 886-3939 Fax: (407) 886-6787
Aeration equipment, water pumps, monitors, and controls, recirculation systems, laboratory
equipment, nets, tanks and liners
AREA
P.O. Box 13303, Homestead, FL 33090
Phone: (305) 248-4205 Fax: (305) 248-1756
Aeration equipment, valves and test equipment, filtration, disinfection equipment
Grainger
4397 Lawehana St., Honolulu, HI 96818-3138
Phone: (808) 423-0028 Fax: (808) 423-0031
Pumps, filters, hoses, electrical supplies
Page 43
Southern Aquaculture Supply Inc.
P.O. Box 326, 565 St. Mary St.
Lake Village, AR 71653
Phone: (501) 265-3584 Fax: (501) 265-4146
Pumps, filters, hoses, electrical supplies
Chemical Products
Argent Chemical Laboratories
8702 152nd Ave. N.E., Redmond , WA 98052
Phone: (206) 885-3777 Fax: (206) 885-2112
Therapeutics, chemicals, formalin, quinaldine, MS-222, specialty feeds, laboratory equip-
ment, reference books and manuals
Brewer Environmental Industries, Inc.
311 Pacific St., Honolulu, HI 96718
Phone: (808) 532-7400
Herbicides, insecticides, fertilizer, agricultural products
Chemaqua
P.O. Box 2457, Oxnard, CA 93033
Phone: (805) 486-5319 Fax: (805) 486-2491
Therapeutics, water conditioning products
Crescent Research Chemicals
4331 E. Western Star Blvd., Phoenix, AZ 85044
Phone: (602) 893-9234 Fax: (602) 244-0522
Therapeutics, bacterial cultures, water conditioning products, hormones (i.e., CPH, HCG,
LHRH-A) test kits, meters
Fritz Chemical Company
Aquaculture Division
P.O. Drawer 17040, Dallas, TX 75217
Phone: (800) 527-1323
Therapeutics, water conditioning products, commercial slime
Hawaiian Fertilizer Sales, Inc.
91-155 C Leowaena St., Waipahu, Hi 96797
Phone: (808) 677-8779
Fertilizer, herbicides, agriculture products
Netting Products
Memphis Net and Twine Co. Inc.
2481 Matthews Ave.
P.O. Box 8331, Memphis, TN 38108
Phone: (800) 238-6380 Fax: (901) 458-1601
Seines, dip nets, gill nets, floats, lead weights, aprons, knives, rope, baskets, commercial
fishing supplies, bird netting
Page 44
Nylon Net Co.
615 East Bodley
P.O. Box 592, Memphis, TN 38101
Phone: (901) 774-1500 Fax: (901) 775-5374
Seines, dip nets, gill nets, floats, lead weights, aprons, knives, rope, baskets, commercial
fishing supplies, bird netting
Tenax Corporation
4800 E. Monument St., Baltimore, MD 21205-3042
Phone: (410) 522-7000 Fax: (410) 522-7015
Plastic netting, tank liners
Florida Fish Coop.
10503 Cone Grove Rd., Riverview, FL 33569
Phone: (813) 677-7136
Clear plastic fish traps
Water Quality Kits

Hawaii Chemical & Scientific.
2363 North King St., Honolulu, Hawaii 96819
Phone: (808) 841-6245
Chemical reagents, test kits, laboratory supplies
Hach Company.
P.O. Box 389, Loveland , CO 80539-0389
Phone: (303) 669-3050 Fax: (800) 227-4224
Laboratory equipment, chemical reagents, test kits, meters
LaMotte Company
P.O. Box 329 Rt. 213 N Chestertown , MD 21620
Phone: (800) 344-3100 Fax: (410) 778-6394
Laboratory equipment, chemical reagents, test kits, meters
Tanks and Liners

Integrated Construction Technologies.
150 Poopoo Pl., Kailua Kona, HI 96734
Phone: (808) 261-1863 Fax: (808) 262-3828
Concrete holding tanks
Lim Foo W and Sons.
11 30 Wilder Ave., Suite 102, Honolulu, HI 96822
Phone: (808) 521-5468
Fiberglass tanks
Lomart Tanks Liners and Filters.
114- Kekaha Place Honolulu, HI 96825
Phone: (808) 395-5786 Fax: (808) 395-7175
Prefabricated tanks and PVC liners
Page 45
Pacific Lining Systems.
74-5606-F Pawi Pl., Kailua-Kona, HI 96740
Phone: (808)326-2433 Fax: (808) 329-9170
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) custom fabricated tanks
Plas-Tech, Inc.
Sand Island Access Road
Honolulu, HI 96819
Phone: (808) 847-2339 Fax: (808) 845-4337
Fiberglass tanks
Rainwater Resources.
P.O. Box 62015, Honolulu, HI 96822
Phone: (808) 947-3626
Steel circular tanks
Aquatic Culture & Design.
P.O. Box 911, Kapaau, HI 96755
Phone: (808) 889-5225 Fax: (808) 889-0200
Permalon tank/pond liners
Fish Graders
Commerce Welding and Manufacturing Co.
2200 Evanston, Dallas, TX 75208
Phone: (214) 748-8824 Fax: (214) 761-9283
Aluminum interchangeable bar graders
Magic Valley Heli-Arc and Mfg.
198 Freightway St.
P.O. Box 511, Twin Falls, ID 83301
Phone: (208) 733-0503 Fax: (208) 733-0544
Aluminum adjustable bar graders
Feeds
Feed and Farm, Inc.
91-319 Ofai St., Kapolei, HI 96707
Phone: (808) 682-0318 Fax: (808) 682-0639
Fritz Industries, Inc.
P.O. Box Drawer 17040, Dallas TX 75217-0040
Phone: (214) 285-5471 Fax: (214) 289-8756
Land-O-Lakes, Inc.
Campbell Industrial Park
91-254 Ofai Street, Kapolei, HI 96707
Phone: (808) 682-2022
Page 46
Ralston Purina International
Checkerboard Square - 11 T, St. Louis, MO 63164
Phone: (314) 982-2402 Fax: (314) 982-1613
Rangen Inc.
115 13th Ave., Buhl, ID 83316-0706
Phone: (208) 543-6421 Fax: (208) 543-4698
Waimanalo Feed Supply
41-1521 Lukanela
Waimanalo, HI 96795
Phone: (808) 259-5344 Fax: (808) 259-8034
Feed Additives
Dawes Laboratories
4801 W. Peterson, Chicago, IL 60646
Phone: (312) 286-2100
Nutrients, trace elements, vitamin premixes
Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc.
45 Eisenhower Dr., Paramus, NJ 07652-1429
Phone: (201) 909-5593 Fax: (201) 909-8416
Nutrients, trace elements, vitamin premixes, color enhancing additives
Red Star Specialty Products
Division of Universal Foods Corp.
433 E. Michigan St., Milwaukee, WI 53202
Phone: (414) 347-3968
Nutrients, trace elements, vitamin premixes, color enhancing additives
Shipping Materials
Diverse Sales and Distribution
935 Dillingham Blvd., Honolulu, Hi 96817
Phone: (808) 848-4852
Plastic transport bags
Koolau Distributors Inc.
1344 Mookaula, Honolulu, Hi 96817
Phone: (808) 848-1626
Plastic transport bags
Allied Products Ltd.
91-110 Kaomi Loop Rd., Kapolei, HI 96707
Phone: (808) 682-2038
Styrofoam boxes and styrofoam sheet material, corrugated outer boxes
Page 47
Unisource
91-210 Hanua, Wahiawa, Hi 96786
Phone: 808 673-1300
Corrugated foam core boxes
Broodstock
Worldwide Aquatics
41-653 Poalima St., Waimanalo, HI 96795
Phone: (808) 259-7773 Fax: (808) 259-5029
Ty’s Tropicals
99670 Kaulainahee Pl., Aiea, Hi 96701
Phone: (808) 488-0716 Fax: (808) 487-7104
Florida Fish Coop.
10503 Cone Grove Rd., Riverview, FL 33569
Phone: (813)-677-7136
Other listings available from Pet Business Magazine Directory Issue and Aquaculture Magazine
Buyers Guide.
Fish Wholesalers/Distributors — Hawaii (1996)

Worldwide Aquatics
41-653 Poalima Street, Waimanalo, Hi 96795
Phone: (808) 259-9098 Fax: (808) 259-5029
Hanohano Enterprises
53-594 Kam Hwy., Punaluu, Hi 96717-9650
Phone: (808) 293-7773 Fax: (808) 293-1962
Ty’s Tropicals
99-670 Kaulainahee Pl., Aiea, Hi 96701
Phone: (808) 488-0716 Fax: (808) 487-7104
Kaneohe’s Pets Are Us
P.O. Box 914, Kaneohe, HI 96744
Phone: (808) 236-2717 Fax: (808) 236-7158
Saltwater Fish Hawaii
45-512 Luluku Road, Kaneohe, Hi 96744
Phone: (808) 247-6963 Fax: (808) 235-4634
Wayne’s Ocean World
99-899 Iwaena, Unit #103, Aiea, HI 96701
Phone: (808) 484-1144 Fax: (808) 484-1145
Superior Tropica Farms
85-748 Waianae Valley Rd., Waianae, HI 96792
Phone: (808) 696-4955
Page 48
Pisces Pacifica
P.O. Box 1583, Kaneohe, Hi 96792
Phone: (808) 239-8044 Fax: (808) 239-5014
Tropical Fish Breeders of Hawaii
3577 Pinao St. #13, Honolulu, Hi 96822
Phone: (808) 988-1600
National Wholesalers/Distributors are available from the Pet Business Magazine Directory Issue
or Aquaculture Magazine’s Buyers Guide:
Pets Business Magazine
5400 N.W. 84th Ave., Miami, FL 33166
Phone: (305) 592-9890 Fax: (305) 592-9726
Aquaculture Magazine Buyer’s Guide
P.O. Box 2329, Ashville, NC 28802
Phone: (704) 254-7334
Page 49
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Tiger Barb Production

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Tiger Barb Production

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Commercial Production of Tiger Barbs

Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture

Introduction to the Tiger Barb ........................................................................................................ 7

Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................. 33

Appendix 1. Preparation of conditioning pastes. .......................................................................... 36

Appendix 3. List of suppliers and

Table 1. Barb species related to Capoeta tetrazona that can be produced

Species Common Name Species Common Name

Puntius stoliczkanus tic tac toe barb conchonius rosy barb

hexazona six banded barb cumingii cuming’s barb

pentazona five banded barb nigrofasciatus black ruby barb

everetti clown barb ticto tic tac toe barb

Introduction to the Tiger Barb

Common Name Scientific Name Percentage of Millions of

Guppy Poecilia reticulata 25.8% 51.9

Neon tetra Paracheirodon innesi 11.3% 22.7

Platy Xiphophorus maculatus 5.4% 10.9

Siamese fighting fish Betta splendens 2.7% 5.4

Goldfish Carrasius auratus 2.4% 4.8

Chinese algae-eater Gyrinocheilus aymonieri 2.4% 4.8

Shortfinned molly Poecilia sphenops 2.0% 4.0

Cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi 1.5% 3.0

Glassfish Chanda lala 1.5% 3.0

Tiger barb Capoeta tetrazona 1.3% 2.6

Red oscar Astronutus ocellatus 1.2% 2.4

Yucatan molly Poecilia velifera 1.1% 2.2

Redtail black shark Labeo biocolor 1.0% 2.0

Coolie loach Acanthopthalmus kuhlii 1.0% 2.0

Sucker catfish Hypostomus plecostomus 0.9% 1.8

Harlequin rasbora Rasbora heteromorpha 0.9% 1.8

Angelfish Pterophyllum scalare 0.8% 1.6

White cloud Tanichthys albonubes 0.5% 1.0

Green corydoras Corydoras aeneus 0.2% 0.4

Leopard corydoras Corydoras julii 0.1% 0.2

Total 64.0% 128.6

Figure 1. Current taxonomic status of the tiger barb.

Figure 3. Location of black body

Body Type Body Markings or Patterns

Type B Bars in orbital, supra-anal and caudal fin positions.

Type D Pectoral, subdorsal, supra-anal, anal-basal, post-anal, and caudal spots or

Parent Species Common Name X Parent Species Common Name

conchonius rosy barb x stoliczkanus tic tac toe

cumingii cuming’s barb x stolickanus tic tac toe

stoliczkanus tic tac toe x cumingi cuming’s barb

nigrofasciatus black ruby x stoliczkanus tic tac toe

stoliczkanus tic tac toe x nigrofasciatus black ruby

cumingi cuming’s barb x nigrofasciatus black ruby

nigrofasciatus black ruby x conchonius rosy barb

tetrazona tiger barb x nigrofasciatus black ruby

conchonius rosy barb x tetrazona tiger barb

stoliczkanus tic tac toe x tetrazona tiger barb

Figure 4. Change in morphology of tiger barbs during

Figure 6. Photograph of an adult male

* repeated mating clasps with or without a change in partner or location

Figure 7. Size frequency

Figure 8. Growth of tiger

Figure 9. Size frequency

TL = ((0.488* Days)- (0.0017* Days2)) + 1.536

Step 1. Stocking the spawning tank

Step 2. The following morning: