Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

SUBJECT: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGNEERING (21ELE13/23)

MODULE-1

Syllabus: D.C.Circuits: Ohm's Law and Kirchhoff's Laws, Analysis of series,

parallel and series- parallel circuits excited by independent voltage sources.
Power and Energy. Maximum Power transfer theorem.

Single Phase AC circuits : Generation of sinusoidal voltage, frequency of

generated voltage, definition and numerical values of average value, root mean
square value, form factor and peak factors. Voltage and Current relationship
with phasor diagram in R, L and C circuit.

Ohm‟s Law
German physicist Georg Ohm derived relationship between voltage, current and
resistance in an electrical circuit called ohm‟s law.

It states that “The potential difference applied across the circuit, is directly
proportional current flowing through the circuit provided the temperature
remains Constant ".

VαI
V=RI
R - Constant of proportionality called Resistance of a conductor in ohm‟s (Ω).

V – Potential difference across the circuit or voltage in volts (V).

I - Current in Amps (A).

Limitations of Ohm‟s law

 It is not applicable to non-metallic conductors like silicon carbide.

 It is not applicable to non-linear devices like diodes.
 It is not applicable to 'arc lamps', because arc produced exhibits non-
linear characteristics.
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

1.2 Analysis of Series and Parallel Circuits

I. Series Circuit
In a series circuit the finishing end of one resistor is connected to starting end of
another resistor.
Consider three resistances connected series.

In series circuit the current flowing through all the resistances is same.

Let „I‟ be the current flowing through all the resistors.

Let V1, V2, and V3 be the voltages drops across the resistances R1 ,R2 and
R3 respectively

The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the voltage drops across the resistances.

I,e V = V1 + V2 + V3
According to Ohm‟s law

V1 = IR1 V2 = IR2 V3 = IR3

Applying Ohm‟s law to the overall circuit V= I RT

RT - is the Total or equivalent resistance of the circuit

V = V1 + V2 + V3
I RT = IR1 + IR2 +IR3
I RT = I [R1 + R2 +R3]
RT = R1 + R2 +R3
Thus the Total or Equivalent Resistance in a series Circuit is equal to the Sum
2

of the resistances connected in series.

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Inference
 In Series circuit the same current is flowing through all resistances.

 The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of the individual voltage drops across
the each resistance.

 If „N‟ resistances connected in series then

RT= R1+ R2+R3+---------------+RN

and V= V1 + V2+-------------+VN

II. Parallel Circuit

In a Parallel circuit the starting end of all the resistor are connected to one point
and finishing end of all the resistors are connected to another point.

Consider three resistances connected in parallel.

In parallel circuit the voltage applied across each resistance is equal to the
supply voltage.
Let „I‟ be the current drawn from the supply.
Let I1, I2, and I3 be the Current through the resistances R1 ,R2 and R3
respectively.

I= I1 + I2 + I3
3

I,e
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

According to Ohm‟s law

I1 = I2 = I3 =

Applying Ohm‟s law to the overall circuit I=

Req - is the Total or equivalent resistance of the circuit

I= I1 + I2 + I3

= + +
3

= V[ + + ]
3

= + +
1 2

Thus the reciprocal of Total or Equivalent Resistance in a parallel Circuit is

equal to the Sum of the reciprocal of individual resistances connected in
parallel.

Inference
 In Parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to supply
voltage.

 The total current „I‟ is the sum of the currents drawn by the each
resistance.

 If „N‟ resistances connected in parallel then

= + + -----------+
1 2 𝑵
and I= I1 + I2+-------------+IN
Note: When 2 Resistances are connected in parallel then the Total resistance is
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

= +

𝑹 +𝑹
𝑹 =
𝑹𝑹

III. Current Division in Parallel circuit of Resistors

Consider a parallel circuit of two resistors R1 and R2 connected across a supply
Voltage of „V‟ Volts.

Let I1 and I2 be the Current through the resistances R1 and R2 respectively.

I,e I= I1 + I2 ----------------------------1

According to Ohm‟s law

I1 = and I2 =
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

We know that in parallel circuit the voltage across each resistance is equal to
supply voltage.
I,e V= V1= V2

Where V1 and V2 is the voltage across R1 and R2

wkt V1=I1 R1 and V2 =I2 R2

Therefore I1 R1 =I2 R2

I1 =
Substitute I1 in equation 1 we get

I= I1 + I2

I= + I2

I = I2 [ + 1]

+
I = I2 [ ]

Therefore I2 =

Similarly I1 =
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Comparison between Series and Parallel Combination of resistors

Series Parallel
If finishing end of one resistor is If the starting end of all the resistor are
connected to starting end of another connected to one point and finishing
resistor then the resistances are said to end of all the resistors are connected to
be connected is series. another point then the resistances are
said to be connected in Parallel.
In parallel circuit the Total current is
In series circuit the current flowing
equal to the current drawn by each
through all the resistance is same.
resistance.
The supply voltage „V‟ is the sum of
In parallel circuit the voltage applied
the voltage drops across the
across each resistance is equal to the
resistances.
supply voltage.
The equivalent resistance is equal to
The reciprocal of equivalent resistance
the sum of individual resistances
is equal to the sum of the reciprocal of
the individual resistances.
If N resistances are connected in series If N resistances are connected in
then parallel then
1/RT =1/R1+1/R2+ 1/R3+ -----+1/RN
RT = R1 + R2 + R3+ --------+RN

1.3 Kirchhoff‟s Law

Kirchhoff's circuit laws are deals with the two parameters in the electric circuit -
current and potential difference. They were first described in 1845 by German
physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. He generalized the work of Georg Ohm.

i) Kirchhoff‟s Current Law (KCL)

Statement: It states that “The Algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a
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junction in an electric circuit is equal to zero.”

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

ΣI=0
Example: Consider a junction in an electrical network as shown in the fig.The
currents I1 and I3 are taken as positive as they are entering the junction. While
I2 and I4 are negative as leaving the junction.

I
I4
I

I3

Applying KCL to the above circuit

I1 – I2 + I3- I 4 = 0
I,e I1 + I3 = I2 +I 4
“The total current flowing towards a junction is equal to the total current
leaving the junction.”
Note: Sign convention: The currents entering the junction taken as positive and
the currents leaving the junction are taken as negative.

ii) Kirchhoff‟s Voltage law [KVL]

Statement: “In any closed path, the algebraic sum of the Emf‟s and the
voltage drops across the circuit elements is equal to zero. “

Σ Emf + Σ IR drops = 0
Example: Consider an electrical network as shown in fig
I
+ - + -
V
V
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Applying KVL to the loop

- IR1 - IR2 + V2 + V1 = 0

V1+ V2 = IR1 + IR2

Note: Sign convention: while tracing the path across

i) If its moving from „+‟ to „-„then it is voltage drop therefore take as negative.
ii) If its moving from „-‟ to „+„then it is voltage rise therefore take as Positive.

1.5 Electrical Power

The rate at which electrical work is done in a circuit is called Electrical Power.
Electrical power is denoted by P and measured in Watt (W).
P=V I
P = (IR) I = I2 R [V = IR]

P=V( )= [I=V/R]

P=VI = I2 R = watts

1.6 Energy
Energy is defined as the amount of electrical work is done in a circuit in a
specified time.

It is denoted as „E‟ and measured in Joules (J).

E=VI t = I2 R t = joules
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

It states that “In any linear active network, maximum power is

transferred from a source to a load when the value of load resistance is equal
to the value of source resistance.” This theorem finds its application when it is
desired to obtain maximum power transfer from an active network to an
external load resistor.

Proof of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

Consider the below DC two terminal network.

The original two terminal circuit is replaced with a Thevenin‟s equivalent

circuit across the variable load resistance. The current through the load for any
value of load resistance is
V
=
R +R
The Power absorbed by the load is
P = ×R
V
=( ) ×R
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R +R
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

From the above expression, the power delivered depends on the values of RTH
and RL, but mainly on the load resistance RL(as RTH is constant). To find the
exact value of RL, we apply differentiation to PL with respect to RL and
equating it to zero as shown below:

dP (R + R ) − 2R × (R + R )
=V [ ]=0
dR (R + R )

(R + R ) − 2R = 0

R =R
Therefore, this is the condition of matching the load where the maximum power
transfer occurs when the load resistance is equal to the Thevenin‟s resistance of
the circuit. By substituting the RTH = RL in the previous equation, we get: The
maximum power delivered to the load is
or Pmax= IL2 x (Rs + RL)
but R = R Pmax = 2 IL2 RL -----------(power input)
Therefore, the efficiency under the condition of maximum power transfer is:
Efficiency = PowerOutput /Power Input × 100
= IL2 RL / 2 IL2 RL × 100
= 50%

Module 1b. Single phase AC circuits

An Alternating Current is one in which the magnitude and direction of an
electrical quantity changes with respect to time.

Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction

Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field, an EMF is induced

in a conductor.
Dynamically Induced Emf e=Blvsinθ volts
Generation of AC voltage
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Consider a rectangular coil placed in a uniform magnetic field produced by two

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poles as shown in the figure.

Dept of EEE, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Rajanukunte, Bangalore

 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

a c

N S
d
b

Rotate the coil in the anticlockwise direction, while rotating the conductors will
cut the magnetic flux due to which an emf is induced in the conductor. The
magnitude of the Induced Emf is depends upon the position of the conductor in
a magnetic Field.
We know that from the faraday‟s laws of electromagnetic Induction
The dynamically Induced Emf is given by
e = B Ɩ v Sinθ volts
where B - Flux density of the magnetic field in wb/m2
Ɩ - Length of the conductor in meter
v - Velocity of the conductor in m2
θ - Angle between the relative velocity of the conductor and the plane of
the flux.

Let the Initial position of the coil be as shown in fig

N Velocity
Component
b a
d c
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S
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(a) θ = 0

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

The plane of coil is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic flux. The
instantaneous component of velocity of conductors is parallel to the magnetic
field .
Therefore, the angle between the magnetic flux and velocity component is zero
I,e θ =0.
Hence the Emf Induced e = B l v Sin0 =0 --- zero Emf

When the coil is rotated in anticlockwise direction through some angle θ as

shown in fig b.

N Velocity
Component
θ a
c

b
d
S
(b) (0<θ<90)
The instantaneous component of velocity of conductors is cutting the flux with
an angle θ.
Hence the Emf Induced
e = B l v Sinθ ----- (0<θ<90)
ex: If θ is 30 then e = 0.5 Blv
When the coil is further rotate in an anticlockwise direction, the instantaneous
component of velocity acting perpendicular to the line of the flux as shown in
fig c.

N
a c
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90
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

b d

S
(c) (θ=90)
Therefore, the angle between the magnetic flux and velocity component is 90 I,e
θ =90.
Hence the Emf Induced e = B l v Sin90 = Blv
So the Induced emf in this position is at its maximum Value.
Lets consider other Instants of coil as shown in Fig d,e and f .

N N N
a c b d
a b
d 270
θ c

b d a c

S S S
(d) (90<θ<180) (e) θ=180 (f) θ= 70
e = -Blv
e = B l v Sinθ e=0
Similarly when θ=360 the induced emf e=0
So, when θ varies from 0 to 360 the emf in an conductor varies in an alternating
manner I,e from zero to maximum in one direction ,decreasing to zero, then
achieving maximum in another direction and again decreasing to zero.
Therefore by rotating conductor from 0 to 360 we get one cycle of emf

Emf

0 90 80 70 360 t
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cycle of emf
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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Advantages of AC system over DC system

1. AC voltages can be efficiently stepped up/down using a device transformer.
2. By increasing the transmission voltage the losses can be reduced.
3. AC machines are simpler in construction than DC machines.
4. The cost and maintenance of Ac machines are less compare to Dc machines.

Important terms associated with an alternating quantity

Emf

E
m

1. Amplitude (Em or Im) : It is the maximum value attained by an

alternating quantity. And also called as maximum or peak value.
2. Time Period (T): It is the Time Taken to complete one cycle of an
alternating quantity.
3. Instantaneous Value (e or i): It is the value of the quantity at any
instant.
e= Blvsinθ wkt Em =Blv
e = Em sinθ and i = Im sinθ
4. Frequency (f): It is the number of cycles completed by alternating
quantity in one second. The unit for frequency is Hz or cycles/sec.
The relationship between frequency and time period can be derived as
follows.
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Time taken to complete f cycles = 1 second

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

Time taken to complete 1 cycle is T= 1/f second

T =1/f ----sec

5. Angular Frequency (ω): Angular frequency is defined as the number of

radians covered in one second.The unit of angular frequency is rad/sec.

ω =2πf ------r/s

6. Average Value(Eav or Iav): The arithmetic average of all the values of

an alternating quantity over one cycle is called its average value.

ea nde
Average value =

For Symmetrical waveforms, the average value calculated over one cycle
becomes equal to zero because the positive area cancels the negative area.
Hence for symmetrical waveforms, the average value is calculated for half
cycle.

Average Value of an Alternating Quantity

I
i = I sinθ
m

dθ π ωt

Consider sinusoidal varying current

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i = Im sinθ
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Consider an half cycle of alternating quantity and instant „dθ‟

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 Basic Electrical Engineering 21ELE13/23

We know that
ea nde
Iav =

∫
Iav =

𝜋 𝜋 m 𝜋
Iav = ∫0 𝑖 = ∫0 sinθ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 sinθ 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜋 m 𝜋
m 𝜋 m
= [−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃] = [−(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)]
𝜋 0 𝜋
m m
= [−((−1) − 1)] = [2]
𝜋 𝜋

m
Iav = = m

RMS(Root mean square) or Effective Value(Erms or Irms)

Definition: The effective or RMS value of an alternating quantity is that steady

current (dc) which when flowing through a given resistance for a given time
produces the same amount of heat produced by the alternating current flowing
through the same resistance for the same time

RMS Value of an Alternating Quantity

i = Im sin θ
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i = Im sinθ

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Consider sinusoidal varying current and square the current. Consider a half
cycle of alternating quantity and instant „dθ‟

Average value of square of the current over half cycle

ea nde
Average value =

∫
= = ∫0 m sin

I I m
=
m
∫0 sin = ∫0 * ]
I m 2 m
= [ − ]] = [(2 − 0) − ( 2 − 2 0)]
0
I m I
= [(2 ) − (0 − 0)] =
m
(2 )
I m
Average square value=

Root mean square value

I m
Irms= √ =√

m
Irms = = 707 m
√
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Form Factor (Kf ):The Form factor of an alternating quantity is defined as the
ratio of Rms value to the average value.
f =

The form factor of alternating current can be obtained as

0 0
f = = 1.11
0

Crest or Peak Factor (Kp ):The peak factor of an alternating quantity is

defined as the ratio of maximum value to the RMS value.

p =
The peak factor of alternating current can be obtained as

p = = 1.414
0 0

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