FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering

TITLE:
FILTRATION

AUTHORS:
CHEVULA ZAMBE 20000621
BASETSANA SABONE 20000501
SINAKEKELO MBINGO 20000138
OLEBOGENG RATLHOGO 20000158
OMPHEMETSE KGOMOKHUMO 18001170

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 23/05/2022

LEVEL 200
DECLARATION
We declare that the filtration laboratory report is truly based on our work and the data we
collected from our lab session that was supervised by Mrs Placxedes Sigauke and Mr Tendai
Nyangadzai.
We further declare that:
i. We have cited all the information we got from other sources.
ii. We used the laboratory report writing guide provided to write the report.

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to show our appreciation to the chemical engineering laboratory team for
allowing us to use their equipment and machines to complete our experiment. We would also
like to express our gratitude to our lab supervisors for advising us on what to write in this lab
report and showing us how to properly operate the lab equipment.

3
ABSTRACT
Filtration is the removal of solid particles from a liquid or gaseous fluid using a filter media
that allows the fluid to flow through but traps the solid particles. The desired result might be
the cleared fluid or the solid particles removed from the fluid. The properties of the cake
structure are important influences on the filtration process and its outcomes. This laboratory
report will use a pressure filter machine to research the effects of slurry density on filtration
rates, as well as a batch filter press to evaluate the amount of liquid (filtrate) recovered from
the slurry as a function of time. . During the experiment, a filter press with filter paper and
filter cloth at its base was used to depict the effect of slurry density on filtration rate at six
different times, with the filter press containing a solution of calcium hypo chloride and water
that had been dissolved in containers containing 30%, 40%, and 50% concentration levels.
The volume of filtrate (liquid) in the recorded values gradually decreased with time, because
of the specific cake resistant, which was 4.184*1012 for the slurry with 40% density. A
conclusion was reached that 30% density of slurry had the highest average filtration rate of
0.000007312 m3/s while the slurry containing 50% of the particles had the lowest average
filtration rate of 0.000004031 m3/s.

4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY...........................................................................................6
AIMS..........................................................................................................................................9
MATERIALS USED AND APPARATUS.............................................................................10
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE..........................................................................................11
RESULTS, FINDINGS AND CALCULATIONS..................................................................12
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS...............................................................................................12
TABLES AND GRAPHS OF 30% AND 50% DENSITIES OF SLURRY........................13
GRAPH CALCULATIONS FOR 40% DENSITY OF SLURRY.......................................15
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS..................................................................................................17
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................18
RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................................................................................19
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................20
APPENDICES..........................................................................................................................21

5
INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
Filtration is the process of removing solid particles from a fluid by passing it through a
filtering material, such as a septum, where the solids settle (McCabe, et al., 1993). Conditions
needed for filtration to occur are a filter medium, a fluid containing suspended solids, a
driving force such as a pressure difference to cause fluid to flow and a mechanical device (the
filter) that holds the filter medium, contains the fluid and allows the application of force
(Encyclopaedia, 2021).
A filter medium is a permeable material used in a filtration device through which filtrate
passes and on which the filter cake is deposited. A few requirements must be met by the filter
medium for industrial filtering. First and foremost, it must filter out the solids in the slurry
and provide a clear filtrate. Furthermore, the pores should not become clogged, resulting in a
slow rate of filtration. The filter medium must make it simple and clean to remove the filter
cake. It must, of course, be strong enough not to rip and chemically resistant to the solutions
employed. Twill or duck weave heavy cloth, other forms of woven heavy cloth, woollen
cloth, glass cloth, paper, felted pads of cellulose, metal cloth, nylon cloth, Dacron cloth, and
other synthetic textiles are some of the most used filter media. Natural materials' ragged
fibres are more effective than smooth plastic or metal fibres at removing small particles
(Geankoplis, 1993).
A fluid containing suspended materials is referred to as the feed or slurry. The fluid can either
be a liquid or gas. The suspended solid particles can be very small or very large, very hard or
plastic particles, spherical or irregular in shape, aggregates of particles, or individual
particles. In a typical laboratory experiment, the filtration apparatus used like a Buchner
funnel may be used. In that setup, the slurry consisting of the liquid and suspended particles
is caused to flow through the filter cloth or paper by a vacuum on the exit end. The passage of
the particles is blocked by the small openings in the pores of the filter cloth. The solid
particles build up in the form of a porous filter cake as the filtration proceeds. This cake itself
also act as a filter for suspended materials. As the cake build up, resistance to flow also
increases. The valuable product from the filtration may be the clear filtrate (the liquid which
has passed through the filter) and the filter cake (solid materials retained on a filter)
(Geankoplis, 1993).

Figure 4.1 Filtration process

6
A batch filter can be operated in two different ways. One way is keeping the pressure
constant wherein the rate of flow will diminish progressively, and the other way is keeping
the flowrate constant wherein the pressure must be gradually increased. Filtration rate
(flowrate) is the flow of a liquid through the surface area of a filter. It is dependable on a few
factors which are the viscosity of the filtrate, the resistance of the filter cake, the area of the
filtering cake, the resistance of the filter medium and the initial layers and lastly the pressure
drop from the feed to the far side of the filter medium. It is represented by the following
formula:
3
1 dV 1 e −∆ P
uc = = (1.1)
A dt 5 5(1−e) S 2 μl
2

where V is the volume of filtrate which has passed in time t, A is the total cross-sectional area
of the filter cake, uc is the superficial velocity of the filtrate, l is the cake thickness, S is the
specific surface of the particles, e is the voidage, µ is the viscosity of the filtrate, and ∆P is
the applied pressure difference. This calculation assumes that the cake is uniform throughout
and that the voidage remains constant. This is unlikely to be the case during the deposition of
a filter cake, and the voidage, e, will be determined by the nature of the support, including its
geometry and surface structure, as well as the rate of deposition. The first stages of cake
creation are therefore crucial for the following reasons:
(a) The rate of flow is greatest at the beginning of the operation for any filtration pressure
because the resistance is lowest.
(b) High initial filtering rates might cause the pores of the filter cloth to clog, resulting in a
high flow resistance.
(c) The particle orientation in the earliest layers may have a significant impact on the overall
structure of the filter cake.
Incompressible and compressible filter cakes are the two types of filter cakes. In the case of
an incompressible cake, neither the pressure differential across the cake nor the rate of
material deposition impact the resistance to flow of a given volume of cake. A compressible
cake, on the other hand, forms a denser cake with a higher resistance when the pressure
differential or flow rate is increased. For incompressible cakes, the amount e 3/ [5(1- e)2 S2] is
a property of the particles constituting the cake and should be constant for any given material.
1 dV −∆ P
Thus: = (1.2)
A dt rμl
2 2
5(1−e) S
where: r= (1.3)
e3
Equation 1.2 is the basic filtration equation and r is termed the specific resistance which is
seen to depend on e and S. For incompressible cakes, r is taken as constant, although it
depends on rate of deposition, the nature of the particles, and on the forces between the
particles. r has the dimensions of L-2 and the units m-2 in the SI system. (Richardson, et al.,
2002)

7
Filtration equipment is commercially available in a wide range. Proper selection must be
based on detailed information of the slurry to be handled, cake properties, anticipated
capacities, and process operating conditions (Cheremisinoff, 1998).

Factors that are considered when selecting equipment and operating conditions are the
properties of the fluid (viscosity, density and corrosive properties), the nature of the solid (its
particle size and shape, size distribution and packing characteristics), the density of solids in
suspension and the quality of material to be handled and its value among others (Richardson,
et al., 2002). One may then select the type of filter to be used. Cake filters, clarifying filters,
and crossflow filters are the three types of filters used. Cake filters separate vast volumes of
particles as a cake of crystals or sludge. They frequently incorporate provisions for washing
the cake and separating part of the liquid from the solids prior to release. Clarifying filters
remove tiny quantities of materials to generate clean gas or sparkling clear liquids, such as
beverages. Solid particles are trapped within the filter media or on its surfaces.
In a crossflow filter, the feed suspension travels through the filter media under pressure and at
a relatively high velocity. The high liquid velocity prevents a thin layer of particulates from
forming on the medium's surface. (McCabe, et al., 1993)

Figure 4.2 Filter types a. Cake filter, b. Clarifying filter and c. Cross-flow filter

Examples of equipment commonly used for filtration are filter press, rotary drum filter,
automatic belt filter, centrifugal filters, and a lot more others. In this experiment, a filter press
was used.
A filter press is made up of a series of plates that form a series of chambers or compartments
where solids can collect. A filter medium, such as canvas, is used to cover the plates. Under
pressure, slurry is introduced into each compartment; fluid travels through the canvas and out
a discharge pipe, leaving a wet cake of solids behind. (McCabe, et al., 1993)

Figure 4.3 Filter press

8
There are many areas in life where filtration is applied. It is used for water purification, used
in the pharmaceutical industry to separate materials of different compositions, used in the
biopharmaceutical industry to remove contaminants from liquids, gases and air and a lot more
industries. (Choudhary, 2007)

AIMS
To investigate effects of slurry density on filtration rate.

9
MATERIALS USED AND APPARATUS
 1 pc Graduated Cylinder, 1000 ml capacity
 2 pc Beaker, 1000 ml capacity
 1 pc Stirring Rod, glass
 Stopwatch
 Bucket
 Filter press
 Electronic weight balance
 Slurry (calcium hypo chloride) of 30%,40% and 50% densities

10
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The filter press and its base were cleaned first, and then a filter cloth was placed on the filter
press's base. On the filter cloth, a labelled brown paper was placed, then the filter press was
placed on the brown paper, and the outside of the bucket was cleaned. An electric balance
was used to measure 1.2 kg of calcium hypo chloride and 0.8kg of water was then mixed in a
bucket thoroughly to make a 2 kg slurry of 40% solids by weight. The sample was then
poured into the filter press, and the bucket's remaining contents were washed into the filter
press with water. The pressure relief valve was closed, the lid was clamped to the filter press,
and the compressed air was gently released, with the pressure set to 2.5 bar, and the time
taken to complete was measured. When filtration was complete, compressed air was closed
and the pressure relief valve was open to depressurize the filter. The filter press lid was
loosened to uncover the filter press then carefully the sample was transferred onto a sample
holder and the mass of the filter cake was measured. The filter press was cleaned at the end of
the filtration process. The same procedure was followed with slurry densities of 30% and
50%.

11
RESULTS, FINDINGS AND CALCULATIONS

Table 7.1 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 40% density of
slurry

Interval Cumulative
Time Cumulative Filtrate filtrate Filtration
Perio
intervals time Volume volume t/V(s/m3) rate
d
(seconds) (seconds) Collected collected (m3/s)
(m3) (m3)
133333.3
40% 1 60 60 0.000450 0.000450 0.0000075
3
No 147239.2
2 60 120 0.000365 0.000815 0.00000679
loss 6
201117.3
3 60 180 0.000080 0.000895 0.00000479
2
257789.3
4 60 240 0.000036 0.000931 0.00000388
3
317460.3
5 60 300 0.000014 0.000945 0.00000315
2

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
120
t/V (s/L) at Period 2 = =¿147239.26s/m3
0.000815

Filtrate volume (m3)

Filtration rate =
Time (s )
0.000815
Filtrate rate at period 2 = =¿0.000006791m3/s
120
0.0000075+0.00000679+0.00000479+ 0.00000388+0.00000315
Average filtration rate =
5
= 0.000005222 m3/s

12
 GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR 40% DENSITY OF
SLURRY Figure
7.1
350000 Graph
of t/V
300000 (s/m3)
vs
250000
f(x) = 276054269.045621 x − 11443.4939736252 Volume
200000 (m3) for
t/V (s/m3)

40%
150000 density
of
100000 slurry
50000

0
0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001
Volume (m3)

TABLES AND GRAPHS OF 30% AND 50% DENSITIES OF SLURRY

Table 7.2 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 30% density of
slurry

Period Time Cumulative Interval Cumulative t/V (s/m3) Filtrate

interval time (s) filtrate filtrate rate(m3/s)
(s) volume volume
collected collected
(m3) (m3)

30% 1 60 60 0.000559 0.000559 107334.526 0.000009316

2 60 120 0.000495 0.001054 113851.992 0.000008783
3 60 180 0.00009 0.001144 157342.657 0.000006355
4 60 240 0.0000065 0.001151 208604.954 0.000004795

13
 GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR 30% DENSITY OF
SLURRY
250000

200000

150000 f(x) = 110806581.862611 x + 38539.352857804

t/V(s/m3)

100000

50000

0
0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001 0.0011 0.0012

cumulative volume(m3)

Figure 7.2 Graph of t/V (s/m3) vs Volume (m3) for 30% density of slurry

Table 7.3 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 50% density of
slurry

Interval
Filtration
Time Volume Cumulativ
Intervals Collected e Volume t/V Filtration Rate
Period (seconds) (m^3) (m^3) (s/m^3) (m^3/s)
122448.9
50% 1 60 0.00049 0.00049 8 0.00000816666667
190476.1
No Loss 2 120 0.00014 0.00063 9 0.00000525000000
272727.2
3 180 0.00003 0.00066 7 0.00000366666667
353721.4
4 240 0.0000185 0.0006785 4 0.00000282708333
431034.4
5 300 0.0000175 0.000696 8 0.00000232000000
6 360 0.0000065 0.0007025 512455.5 0.00000195138889

14
 2

GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR 50% DENSITY OF

SLURRY

600000.00

500000.00

400000.00
f(x) = 1576814283.56338 x − 699818.13429554
t/V (s/m3)

300000.00

200000.00

100000.00

0.00
0.00045 0.0005 0.00055 0.0006 0.00065 0.0007 0.00075
Cumulative Volume (m3)

Figure 7.3 Graph of t/V (s/m3) vs Volume (m3) for 50% density of slurry

GRAPH CALCULATIONS FOR 40% DENSITY OF SLURRY

Constant – Pressure Filtration equation:

t
V
=
Kc
2 ( )
V+
1
q0
Kc
Slope =
2
Kc = Slope × 2 = 3×108 × 2 = 6×108

1
Y-intercept =
q0

15
 1
ԛ0 = = -8.7389×10-5
−11443

Compressibility coefficient, s:
M solids 0.8 kg
s= = = 0.4
M slurry 2 kg

The specific cake resistance, α:

α = 2.90 × 1010 ΔPs
= (2.90 × 1010) × (2.5 × 105)0.4
= 4.184 × 1012

Density of solids in the slurry in kilograms per cubic meter of liquid fed in the filter (kg/m 3),
Cs=CF:
0.8 kg
C s = CF = −6 3
=¿ 666.67kg/m3
1200× 10 m

Mass of wet cake including the filtrate retained in its void, mF = 1.0339kg
Mass of liquid fed into filter = 1.2kg
Mass of the dry cake, mc = 0.8kg
Density of filtrate, ⍴ = 1000kg/m3 (Assumed to be the density of water)

The mass of the particles deposited in the filter per unit volume of filtrate, c:
CF
c=
1−
( mF
mc
C
)
−1 s
ρ
3
666.67 kg/m

( )
3
c= 1.0339 kg 666.67 kg /m = 828.1kg/m3
1− −1 3
0.8 kg 1000 kg/m
Viscosity of water at room temperature (25ºC), µ= 8.90×10-4 Pa•s

16
Area of the filter, A:

A=
√ μcα
K c∆ P

=
√ ( 8.90 ×10−4 ) ×828.1 × ( 4.184 ×1012 )
8
(6 ×10 )×250000

= 0.1434m2

Filter medium resistance, Rm:

Rm=
A∆P
( )
1
q0
μ
0.1434 ×250000 ×−11443
=
( 8.90 ×10−4 )
= -4.61× 1011

Table 7.4 showing the important values calculated for the three slurry densities

Specific Mass Area of Filter Kc q0

cake deposited the filter, Medium
resistance, per unit A Resistance,
2
α filtrate (m ) Rm
volume, c
(kg/m3)
30% 1.207×1012 483.67 0.102 1.106×1012 2×108 1.43×10-6
40% 4.184×1012 828.1 0.143 -4.61×1011 6×109 -8.74×10-5
50% 1.45×1013 1326.38 0.131 -2.58×1013 4×109 -1.43×10-6

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
In this experiment, calcium hypo chloride was used to make a slurry of different
concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%. In the 40% concentrated slurry 0.8kg of calcium hypo
chloride was mixed with 1.2kg of water to make the slurry and it was fed to the filter press at
a constant pressure of 250000Pa. The filtrate volume collected was measured at time intervals
of 60s. In the first 60s, the filtrate volume was 0.000450m3, in the second 60s it was
0.00365m3, in next 60s it was 0.000080m3, in another 60s it was 0.000036m3 and in the last

17
60s it was 0.000014m3. This trend shows that in each interval, the filtrate volume collected
was decreasing non-uniformly. The same goes for the filtration rate. It was greater at the
beginning of the experiment and lower at the end. Table 7.1 shows that when the experiment
began the filtration rate was 0.0000075m3/s and when it ended it was 0.00000315m3/s. This
non-uniform trend was caused by the formation of the filter cake as time went by which then
acted like a filter reducing the number of particles that could go through it. The same trend
for both the filtrate volume collected and the filtration rate was observed for the 30% and
50% concentrations as indicated by tables 7.2 and 7.3 respectively.
The averages of the filtration rates of the 30%, 40% and 50% slurry densities were calculated
to be 0.000007312 m3/s, 0.000005222 m3/s and 0.000004031 m3/s respectively. This averages
of the filtration rate show a trend that clearly indicates that the results are in alignment with
the theory which explains that the filtration rate is indirectly proportional to the slurry
density. That is to say the lower the slurry density, the higher the filtration rate and the higher
the slurry density, the lower the filtration rate.
Theoretically, the area of the filters at the different concentrations must show a certain trend.
The area of filter at 50% concentration must be higher, followed by that of 40% concentration
and lastly the 30% concentration. In this experiment, this pattern does not fully show. The
calculated area of filter at 30%, 40% and 50% concentrations were 0.102m2, 0.143m2 and
0.131m2 respectively. This was caused by the errors that were encountered in the experiment.
The results also showed the relationship of the filtration rate and the specific cake resistance.
Across the different percentages of the particles in the slurry, we found that the average
filtration rate in 30% is 0.000007312 m3/s while the specific resistant of the cake was
1.207x1012. For 40% particles in the slurry the average filtration rate was 0.000005222 m3/s
while the specific cake resistance was 4.184x1012. For 50% density of slurry, the average
filtration rate obtained was 0.000004031 m3/s and the specific cake resistance was 1.45x1013
and just from these results we get that as the density of slurry is increased the specific cake
resistance increases while the average filtration rate decreases. In short, the density of slurry
is directly proportional to the specific cake resistance but indirectly proportional to the
filtration rate.
Errors that may have caused the values of this experiment to be less accurate include human
reaction time error which could have occurred when measuring the 60s intervals or being
slow to change the measuring cylinder when the 60s has elapsed. Difficulty in understanding
the calibration of the measuring cylinders. One other error that could have caused one to
obtain wrong results is not stirring the mixture of the slurry well to ensure that all the solid
particles have not settled at the bottom. The last possible error could be failure to place the
filter paper in such a way that it is in alignment with the filter press to avoid any losses.

CONCLUSION
The aim of the experiment which was to investigate the effects of slurry density on filtration
rate was reached. The densities with the highest to lowest average filtration rates were 30%,
40% and 50% respectively. The averages of the filtration rates of the 30%, 40% and 50%
slurry densities were calculated to be 0.000007312 m 3/s, 0.000005222 m3/s and 0.000004031
m3/s respectively.

18
The specific cake resistance of the 30%, 40% and the 50% slurry densities were found to be
1.207x1012, 4.184x1012 and 1.45x1013 respectively.
The areas of the filters according to the slurry densities of 30%, 40% and 50% were 0.102m2,
0.143m2 and 0.131m2 respectively.

These values are not as accurate as the theory implies because of the errors that were
encountered in the experiment.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The filter paper should be adhered to the filter press with adhesive to ensure alignment.
Measuring instruments with accurate and understandable calibrations should be used. An
electric mixture can be used to ensure that all the solid particles and liquid are well mixed. An
alarm timer that alerts us 5 seconds before the 60-second interval expires so that we change
the measuring cylinders well in advance.

19
REFERENCES
1.
Cheremisinoff, N. P., 1998. Liquid Filtration. 2nd ed. United States of America: Butterworth-
Heineman.
2. Choudhary, A., 2007. Pharmaceutical guidelines. [Online]
Available at: https://www.pharmaguideline.com/2007/02/filtration-objectives-applications-
theories-factors-affecting-filteration.html
[Accessed 19 May 2022].

20
3. Encyclopaedia, T. E. o., 2021. Britannica. [Online]
Available at: https://www.britannica.com/science/filtration-chemistry
[Accessed 14 May 2022].
4. Geankoplis, C. J., 1993. Trasport Processes And Unit Operations. 3rd ed. London: P T R
Prentice-Hall International, Inc.
5. McCabe, W. L., Smith, J. C. & Harriott, P., 1993. Unit Operations of Chemical
Engineering. 5th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
6. Richardson, J. F., Harker, J. H. & Backhurst, J. R., 2002. Particle Technology and
Separation Processes. 5th ed. Chennai: Bath Press.

APPENDICES

Appendix A
s = Compressibility coefficient
α = Specific cake resistance

21
Cs = CF = Density of solids in the slurry in kilograms per cubic meter of liquid fed in the filter
(kg/m3)
mF = Mass of wet cake including the filtrate retained in its void
mc = Mass of the dry cake
⍴ = Density of filtrate
c = The mass of the particles deposited in the filter per unit volume of filtrate
A = Area of the filter
Rm = Filter medium resistance
ΔP = Pressure difference = 2.5 bar = 250000Pa
µ = Viscosity of water at room temperature (25ºC) = 8.90×10-4 Pa•s

Appendix B
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
120
t/V (s/L) at Period 2 = =¿147239.26s/m3
0.000815

3
Filtrate volume (m )
Filtration rate =
Time (s )
0.000815
Filtrate rate at period 2 = =¿0.000006791m3/s
120
0.0000075+0.00000679+0.00000479+ 0.00000388+0.00000315
Average filtration rate =
5
= 0.000005222 m3/s

EQUATIONS
Filtrate volume (L)
Filtration rate =
Time(s)

t
V
=( )
Kc
2
V+
1
q0
Kc
Slope =
2
1
Y-intercept =
q0

22
 M solids
s=
M slurry

α = 2.90 × 1010 ΔPs

CF
c=
1−
( mF
mc
C
−1 s
ρ )
A=
√ μcα
Kc∆ P

Rm=
A∆P
( )
1
q0
μ
3
1 dV 1 e −∆ P
uc = =
A dt 5 5(1−e) S 2 μl
2

1 dV −∆ P
=
A dt rμl
2 2
5(1−e) S
r=
e3

Appendix C
Table 7.2 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 40% density of
slurry

Interval Cumulative
Time Cumulative Filtrate filtrate Filtration
Period intervals time Volume volume t/V(s/m3) rate
(seconds) (seconds) Collected collected (m3/s)
(m3) (m3)
40% 1 60 60 0.000450 0.000450 133333.33 0.0000075
No
2 60 120 0.000365 0.000815 147239.26 0.00000679
loss
3 60 180 0.000080 0.000895 201117.32 0.00000479
4 60 240 0.000036 0.000931 257789.33 0.00000388
5 60 300 0.000014 0.000945 317460.32 0.00000315

23
 GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR 40%
DENSITY OF SLURRY
350000
300000
250000
f(x) = 276054263.871077 x − 11443.4917967336
t/V (s/m3)

200000
150000
100000
50000
0
0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001
Volume (m3)
Figure 7.1
Graph of t/V (s/m3) vs Volume (m3)

Table 7.2 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 30% density of
slurry

Period Time Cumulative Interval Cumulative t/V (s/m3) Filtrate

interval time (s) filtrate filtrate rate(m3/s)
(s) volume volume
collected collected
(m3) (m3)

30% 1 60 60 0.000559 0.000559 107334.526 0.000009316

2 60 120 0.000495 0.001054 113851.992 0.000008783
3 60 180 0.00009 0.001144 157342.657 0.000006355
4 60 240 0.0000065 0.001151 208604.954 0.000004795

GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR

250000
30% DENSITY OF SLURRY
200000
t/V(s/m3)

150000 f(x) = 110806581.862611 x + 38539.352857804

100000

50000

0
0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001 0.0011 0.0012
cumulative volume(m3)

Figure 7.2 Graph of t/V (s/m3) vs Volume (m3) for 30% density of slurry

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Table 7.3 showing the interval filtrate volume collected (L) at different time intervals (s) for 50% density of
slurry

Interval
Filtration
Time Volume Cumulativ
Intervals Collected e Volume t/V Filtration Rate
Period (seconds) (m^3) (m^3) (s/m^3) (m^3/s)
122448.9
50% 1 60 0.00049 0.00049 8 0.00000816666667
190476.1
No Loss 2 120 0.00014 0.00063 9 0.00000525000000
272727.2
3 180 0.00003 0.00066 7 0.00000366666667
353721.4
4 240 0.0000185 0.0006785 4 0.00000282708333
431034.4
5 300 0.0000175 0.000696 8 0.00000232000000
512455.5
6 360 0.0000065 0.0007025 2 0.00000195138889

GRAPH OF t/V(s/m3) vs VOLUME(m3) FOR

50% DENSITY OF SLURRY

600000.00
500000.00
400000.00
t/V (s/m3)

f(x) = 1576814283.56338 x − 699818.13429554

300000.00
200000.00
100000.00
0.00
0.00045 0.0005 0.00055 0.0006 0.00065 0.0007 0.00075
Cumulative Volume (m3)

Figure 7.3 Graph of t/V (s/m3) vs Volume (m3) for 50% density of slurry

Table 7.4 showing the important values calculated for the three slurry densities

Specific Mass Area of Filter Kc q0

cake deposited the filter, Medium
resistance, per unit A Resistance,
α filtrate (m2) Rm
volume, c
(kg/m3)
30% 1.207×1012 483.67 0.102 1.106×1012 2×108 1.43×10-6

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40% 4.184×1012 828.1 0.143 -4.61×1011 6×109 -8.74×10-5
50% 1.45×1013 1326.38 0.131 -2.58×1013 4×109 -1.43×10-6

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