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Module
In
MATH 113A

CALCULUS 2

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
 i

Module No. 1

THE INTEGRATION PROCESS

2nd Semester 2021-2022

Joseph M. Manzano
Assistant Professor II
Ryan A. Limco
Assistant Professor III
Adrian A. Baltazar
Instructor I
Irven B. Cuen
Associate Professor V
Juriz U. Cardejon
Assistant Professor IV

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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Table of Contents

Page

Title page i

Table of contents ii

Instruction to the user iii

Introduction iv

Chapter: 1

Title of the chapter 1

Overview 1

Learning outcomes 1

Pre-test 2

Lesson 1 3

Specific Learning outcomes 3

Time allotment 3

Discussion 3

Activity 29

References 29

Student’s information 30

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INSTRUCTION TO THE USER

This module would provide you an educational experience while

independently accomplishing the task at your own pace or time. It aims as
well to ensure that learning is unhampered by health and other challenges. It
covers the topic about the Integration Process.

Reminders in using this module:

1. Keep this material neat and intact.

2. Answer the pretest first to measure what you know and what to be
learned about the topic discussed in this module.
3. Accomplish the activities and exercises as aids and reinforcement for
better understanding of the lessons.
4. Answer the post-test to evaluate your learning.
5. Do not take pictures in any parts of this module nor post it to social
media platforms.
6. Value this module for your own learning by heartily and honestly
answering and doing the exercises and activities. Time and effort were
spent in the preparation in order that learning will still continue amidst
this Covid-19 pandemic.
7. Observe health protocols: wear mask, sanitize and maintain physical
distancing.

Hi! I’m Blue Bee, your WPU

Mascot.

Welcome to Western Philippines University!

Shape your dreams with quality learning experience.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 iv

INTRODUCTION

Calculus 2 (Integral Calculus) introduces the concept of integration and its

application to some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes and of
revolution, force, and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of
integration are taken up and applied to both single and multi-variable functions. The
course also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of
the interpretation of double and triple integral as volume of a three-dimensional
region bounded by two or more surfaces.

The module includes discussions as input about the topic. Problems with
detailed solutions are also included. Enhancement activities and exercise problems are
also provided to reinforce the understanding of the topics.

As user, you are expected to read the discussions carefully, solve the sample
problems and follow instructions provided while performing the activities and
exercises. You may use books, internet and other references to further your knowledge
on the topics.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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Chapter I

The Integration Process

A. Overview

Module 1 covers the Integration Process. The module includes the following
topics: Integral of a Function, General Properties of Indefinite Integrals, Integration
by the General Properties, Integration Leading to Logarithms, Integral of Exponential
Functions, Integration of Trigonometric Functions, and Integrals Involving powers of
Trigonometric Functions.

B. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, you can:

1. Differentiate differential from integral calculus.

2. Integrate indefinite integrals.
3. Perform integration by formula and by definition for algebraic and
trigonometric functions.
Time allotment: 2 Weeks

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C. Pre-Test

Evaluate the differential of the following:

1. 𝑦 = ln(3𝑥 + 2) + 5

2. 𝑦 = − − 4𝑥 + +2

3. 𝑦 = 2(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 10

4. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 3

5. 𝑦 = − 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 1) + 18

6. y = ln(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜇 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜇) + 9

7. 𝑦 = −𝑒 +4

8. 𝑦 = + 11

9. 𝑦 = + 25

10. 𝑦 = ln(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡3𝛼)

11. 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 − 𝛽 + 7

12. 𝑦 = 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 6

13. 𝑦 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑥 + 2

14. 𝑦 = + + 11

15. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 1

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Lesson 1. The Integration Process

A. Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you can:

1. Define the integral of a function.

2. Introduce the general properties of Indefinite Integrals.
3. Integrate functions leading to logarithm.
4. Integrate Exponential functions.
5. Integrate Trigonometric functions.
6. Integrate integrals involving powers of Trigonometric functions.

B. Time Allotment: 2 weeks

C. Discussion

Antidifferentiation

Is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function.

Indefinite Integrals

If F(x) is a function whose derivative F'(x) = f(x) on certain interval of the x-axis, then
F(x) is called the anti-derivative of indefinite integral f(x). When we integrate the
differential of a function, we get that function plus an arbitrary constant. In symbols
we write

𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

Where the symbol ∫.is called the integral sign, specifies the operation of integration
upon f(x) dx; that is, we are to find a function whose derivative is f(x) or whose
differential is f(x) dx. The dx tells us that the variable of integration is x.
The function F(x) + C is called the indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 because it contains an
arbitrary constant C, called the constant of integration.
1.1 Integration by the General Properties and the Power Formula

In these formulas, u and v denote differentiable functions of some independent

variable (say x) and a, n, and C are constants.
1. The integral of the differential of a function v is v plus an arbitrary constant C
(the definition of an integral).
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝐶

2. The integral of a constant times the differential of the function. (A constant

may be written before the integral sign but not a variable factor).
𝑐𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

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3. The integral of the sum of a finite number of differentials is the sum of their
integrals.
(𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧) = 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑤 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧 = 𝑣 + 𝑤 + ⋯ + 𝑧 + 𝐶
4. If n is not equal to minus one, the integral of 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 is obtained by adding one to
the exponent and divided by the new exponent. This is called the General
Power Formula.
𝑣
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟏. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
4+1
𝒙𝟓
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟓

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟐. (4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥

(4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑑𝑥

=4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 5 𝑑𝑥

4𝑥 3𝑥
= + + 5𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 1+1
𝟒𝒙𝟓 𝟑𝒙𝟐
(4𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟐

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟑. (𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 4𝑥
= + + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
4+1 2+1
𝒙𝟓 𝟒𝒙𝟑
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = + + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟑

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟒. (𝑥 − 5) 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 =𝑥 −5
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛=3
1
(𝑥 − 5) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − 5) 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
2
1 (𝑥 − 5 )
= +𝐶
2 (3 + 1)
1 (𝑥 − 5)
= +𝐶
2 4
(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓)𝟒
(𝑥 − 5) 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟖

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟓. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃

Let:
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = +𝐶
1+1
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = +𝑪
𝟐
Alternate solution:
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃)

cos 𝜃
=− +𝐶
1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − +𝑪
𝟐

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𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟔.
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
=
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)

= (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
𝑛=−
2

(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= +𝐶
1
− +1
2

(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= +𝐶
1
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
= 𝟐√𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝜋 𝜋
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟕. cosh ( − 𝑥)sinh ( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4 4

Let:
𝜋
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ −𝑥
4
𝜋
𝑑𝑣 = sinh − 𝑥 (−𝑑𝑥)
4
𝜋
𝑑𝑣 = −sinh ( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4
𝑛=3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
cosh ( − 𝑥)sinh ( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cosh − 𝑥 [− sinh − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 4 4
𝜋
cosh −𝑥
=− 4 +𝐶
3+1

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𝝅
𝜋 𝜋 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡𝟒 −𝒙
cosh ( − 𝑥)sinh ( − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − 𝟒 +𝑪
4 4 𝟒

𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟏. 𝟖.
(1 − 𝑒 )

𝑒 𝑑𝑥
= (1 − 𝑒 ) 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑒 )
Let:
𝑣 = 1−𝑒
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑒 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −2𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 = −2
1
=− (1 − 𝑒 ) (−2𝑒 𝑑𝑥)
2
1 (1 − 𝑒 )
=− +𝐶
2 −2 + 1
1 (1 − 𝑒 )
=− +𝐶
2 −1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
= +𝑪
(1 − 𝑒 ) 𝟐(𝟏 − 𝒆𝟐𝒙 )

Watch discussion at this link: https://youtu.be/4isxuF7Q2e4

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

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1.2 Integrals Leading to Logarithms

The limitation of the Power Formula ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶, is when 𝑛 ≠ −1;this makes

the right side of the equation indeterminate. This is where the logarithmic function
comes in, note that ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ , and we can recall that 𝑑(𝑙𝑛𝑣) = . Thus,

𝑑𝑣
= 𝑙𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
𝑣
The integral of any quotient whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator.

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏.
𝑥 +1

𝑣 =𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥 +1 3 𝑥 +1
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥 +1 𝟑

(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟐.
𝑥

Expand (1 + 𝑥) and divide by x;

(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥

=
𝑥 𝑥
(𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
=
𝑥
1
= 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 3 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥
𝑥 3𝑥
= + + 3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
2+1 1+1

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(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟐
= + + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥 𝟑 𝟐

(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟑.
𝑥−1

(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 1
= (𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 − )𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑥−1
𝑥 𝑥
= + + 2𝑥 − ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶
2+1 1+1
(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟐
= + + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐥𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥−1 𝟑 𝟐

4𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟒.
3𝑥 + 2

Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 2
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥
4𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=4
3𝑥 + 2 3𝑥 + 2
4 3𝑑𝑥
=
3 3𝑥 + 2
4𝑑𝑥 𝟒
= 𝐥𝐧(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐) + 𝑪
3𝑥 + 2 𝟑

(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟓.
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1

Let:
𝑣 = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑣 = (2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥
∫ = 𝒍𝒏(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏) + 𝑪
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟔. 𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃3𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = −3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃
1 3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃
=− −
3 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜃
𝟏
𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − 𝒍𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟑

𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟕.
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
=
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒍𝒏𝒙) + 𝑪
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟖. 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃. 𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡: 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = . 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
(sec 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
Let:

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𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 + sec 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽) + 𝑪

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟗. 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃

Multiply and divide by (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = . 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
(csc 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (−𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + csc 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒔𝒄𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽) + 𝑪

𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏𝟎.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

1
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
Multiply and divide by (𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃)
𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃
= . 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃
(csc 2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃

Let:
𝑣 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (−𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃 + csc 2𝜃)2𝑑𝜃

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𝑑𝑣 = 2(csc 2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 2(csc 2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
2 𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐𝜽 − 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝟐

𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏.
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

1
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
Multiply and divide by (𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
= . 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = (𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 + sec 2𝜃)2𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 2(sec 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
1 2(sec 2𝜃 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
=
2 𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧(𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐𝜽 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐𝜽) + 𝑪
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝟐

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Watch discussion at these links:

Introduction and Problem 1 https://youtu.be/9BKELsSwoP8

Problem 2 https://youtu.be/duogDAefF8k

Problem 3 https://youtu.be/rLUTH_n7h9k

Problem 4 https://youtu.be/GWsDWca6s8Q

Problem 5 https://youtu.be/WWmjzUyfL9I

Problem 6 https://youtu.be/nDII_liHpoQ

Spider Web Tricks for Basic Trigo Identities

https://youtu.be/w6t0F0drQZQ

Problem 7 https://youtu.be/dbslskNJqBo

Problem 8 https://youtu.be/SLcenOjcmoM

Problem 9 https://youtu.be/SzD0_eezlyA

Problem 10 https://youtu.be/9UXh6NV2iis

Problem 11 https://youtu.be/bagboOGRVx8

Problem 12 https://youtu.be/S3tBDPyTVvk

1.3 Integration of Exponential Function

There are two basic formulas for the integration of exponential functions

1. 𝑒 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 + 𝐶

𝑎
2. 𝑎 𝑑𝑣 = + 𝐶; 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎≠1
𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟏. 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑑𝑥

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1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (3𝑑𝑥)
3
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟐. 𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑒 sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟑. 10 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝑥
1
10 𝑑𝑥 = 10 (4𝑑𝑥)
4
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝒙
10 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑪
𝟒𝒍𝒏𝟏𝟎

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟒. 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = 5𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 5𝑑𝑥
1
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (5𝑑𝑥)
5
𝟏 𝟓𝒙
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟓

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟓. 𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣=𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
3
𝟏 𝒙𝟑
𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟑

𝑑𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟔.
𝑒
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
Let:
𝑣 = −𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
=− 𝑒 (−𝑑𝑥)
𝑒
= −𝑒 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥 𝟏
=− 𝒙+𝑪
𝑒 𝒆

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟕. 3𝑒 𝑑𝑥

3𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑥
𝑣=
3
1
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
3
1
= 3(3) 𝑒 ( 𝑑𝑥)
3

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𝒙
3𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟗𝒆𝟑 + 𝑪

𝑒 +1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟖. 𝑑𝜃
𝑒

Expand and divide;

𝑒 +1 𝑒 + 2𝑒 + 1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃
𝑒 𝑒
1
= (𝑒 + 2 + )𝑑𝜃
𝑒
𝑑𝜃
= 𝑒 𝑑𝜃 + 2𝑑𝜃 +
𝑒

= 𝑒 𝑑𝜃 + 2 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑒 𝑑𝜃

= 𝑒 + 2𝜃 − 𝑒 +𝐶

𝑒 +1 𝟏
𝑑𝜃 = 𝒆𝜽 + 𝟐𝜽 − +𝑪
𝑒 𝒆𝜽

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟑. 𝟗. 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = 3𝑥 + 4

𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 (6𝑥𝑑𝑥)
6
𝟏 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝟒
𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒆 +𝑪
𝟔

Watch discussion at this link: https://youtu.be/83RqdhETT2Y

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1.4 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
3. ∫ sec 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣 + 𝐶
4. ∫ csc 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣 + 𝐶
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑣𝑑𝑣 = −𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑣 + 𝐶

The six basic formulas for integration involving trigonometric functions are stated in
terms of appropriate pairs of functions. An integral involving sinx and tanx, which the
simple integration formula cannot be applied, we must put the integrand entirely in
terms of sinx and cosx or in terms of tanx and secx. Notice that these formulas are
reverse formulas in Differential Calculus.

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟏. 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = 4𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝑥

1
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥(4𝑑𝑥)
4
𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟒

𝑥
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟐. cos 𝑑𝑥
3

Let:
𝑥
𝑣=
3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
3
𝑥 𝑥 1
cos 𝑑𝑥 = 3 cos ( 𝑑𝑥)
3 3 3
𝑥 𝒙
cos 𝑑𝑥 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 + 𝑪
3 𝟑

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟑. 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = 3𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 6𝑥𝑑𝑥

1
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 3𝑥 (6𝑥𝑑𝑥)
6
𝟏
𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪
𝟔

1
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟒. csc 𝑙𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = ln 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
csc ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = csc ln 𝑥 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
1
csc ln 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒍𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝑥

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟓. 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

cos 𝑥
cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
𝑒 cos 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 cot 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
sin 𝑒

Let:

𝑣 = sin 𝑒

𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑒 𝑒 3𝑑𝑥

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 19

𝑑𝑣 = 3𝑒 cos 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

1 3𝑒 cos 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
=
3 sin 𝑒
𝟏
𝑒 cot 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑

(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃)
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟔. 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
(cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃) cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃

Let:

𝑣 = sin 𝜃

𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝜽 + 𝑪
sin 𝜃

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟕. (1 − tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

Expand the equation;

(1 − tan 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = (1 − 2 tan 𝜃 + tan 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

= 𝑑𝜃 − 2 tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃 + tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 =
cos 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 − 1

sin 𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃 − 2 𝑑𝜃 + (sec 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃

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 20

sin 𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃 − 2 𝑑𝜃 + sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃

Let:

𝑣 = cos 𝜃

𝑑𝑣 = − sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

−sin 𝜃
= 𝑑𝜃 − −2 𝑑𝜃 + sec 𝜃𝑑𝜃 − 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃

= 𝜃 + 2 ln cos 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝐶

(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪

sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟒. 𝟖.
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1

sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 𝜃

sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

=
1 − cos 𝜃 1 − cos 𝜃

(1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

=
1 − cos 𝜃

Factor (1 − cos 𝜃) and divide by (1 − cos 𝜃);

(1 − cos 𝜃) (1 + cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

=
(1 − cos 𝜃)

= (1 + cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃

= sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 + sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃

(𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 1.5)

sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽

= −𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 + + 𝑪, 𝑜𝑟 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − +𝑪
1 − cos 𝜃 𝟐 1 − cos 𝜃 𝟐

Watch discussion at this link: https://youtu.be/XFB3rhzH0bs

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1.5 Integrals Involving Powers of Trigonometric Functions

Some trigonometric integrals may be integrated by transforming the integrand with

the use of familiar trigonometric identities, such as;

cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 1

1
sin 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2
1
cos 𝜃 = (1 + cos 2𝜃)
2
1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
2
tan 𝜃 + 1 = sec 𝜃

cot 𝜃 + 1 = csc 𝜃

Type 1: ∫ sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 , where either m or n is a positive odd integer. For
definiteness, let n be a positive odd integer.

sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

Then use;

cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥

Type 2: ∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 or ∫ cot 𝑥𝑑𝑥, where n is an integer, then use;

tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1

Type 3: ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, or ∫ cot 𝑥 csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where n is a positive even integer.

Type 4: ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where both m and n are positive even integer, then use;
1
sin 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
1
cos 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
2

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𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏. sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

cos 𝑥 = 1 − sin 𝑥

sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥(1 − sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= sin 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Let;

𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= − +𝐶
2+1 4+1

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙
sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟐. tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= (sec 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥

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tan 𝑥
= − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2+1

tan 𝑥
= − (sec 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
3

tan 𝑥
= − sec 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
3

𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙
tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟑. tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

sec 𝑥 = 1 + tan 𝑥

tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 (1 + tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:

𝑣 = tan 𝑥

𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= + +𝐶
2+1 4+1
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟑 𝟓

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟒. sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

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1
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin 2𝜃
2
1
= sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2

= sin 2𝜃𝑑𝜃

1
= sin 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4
From trigonometric identities;
1
sin 2𝜃 = (1 − cos 4𝜃)
2
1 1
= (1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
4 2
1
= (1 − cos 4𝜃)𝑑𝜃
8
1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 − cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1
= 𝜃− cos 2𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
8 8 4
𝟏 𝟏
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟑𝟐

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟓. sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

1
sin 𝜃 = (1 − cos 2𝜃)
2

sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

1
= (1 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
1 1
= ( − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2 2

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1 1 1
= − cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 − cos 2𝜃𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 2 4
Let: From trigonometric identities;

𝑣 = 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃)

𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃− cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + (1 + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃
4 4 8 8
Let:
𝑣 = 4𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃
1 1 1 1 1
= 𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 + 𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
4 4 8 8 4
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟖 𝟒 𝟑𝟐

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟔. cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

cot 𝑥 = csc 𝑥 − 1

cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (csc 𝑥 − 1) cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

cos 𝑥
cot 𝑥 =
sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

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Let:
𝑣 = cot 𝑥 𝑣 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = −csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

=− cot 𝑥 (− csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥) − ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

cot 𝑥
=− − ln 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐶
1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙
cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − − 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟕. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

sec 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 1

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= (tan 𝑥 + 1) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥
= + +𝐶
6+1 4+1
𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟕 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟓 𝒙
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟖. sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

From trigonometric identities;

tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 1

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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= sec 𝑥 (sec 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑣 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥 sec 𝑥
= − +𝐶
6+1 4+1
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟕 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟓 𝒙
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑪
𝟕 𝟓

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟗. cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

cot 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 − 1

cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃(csc 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 (csc 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (csc 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃

= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

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cos 𝜃
= cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cot 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
Let:
𝑣 = cot 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

=− cot 𝜃 (−csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − − cot 𝜃 (− csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

cos 𝜃
+− 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 (− csc 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − 𝑑𝜃
sin 𝜃
cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃 cot 𝜃
=− + − − ln sin 𝜃 + 𝐶
5+1 3+1 1+1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟔 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽
cot 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − + − − 𝐥𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟔 𝟒 𝟐

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏𝟎. sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

sin 𝜃 = 1 − cos 𝜃

sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= (1 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Expand and multiply by (sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃);

= (1 − 3 cos 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃) sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

Let:
𝑣 = cos 𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

= − cos 𝜃 − (−)3 cos 𝜃(−sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

+ (−)3 cos 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃) − (−) cos 𝜃 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃)

cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃

= − cos 𝜃 + 3 −3 + +𝐶
2+1 4+1 6+1

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𝟑 𝟏
sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟑 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟓 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟕 𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟓 𝟕

𝐄𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝟓. 𝟏𝟏. cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃

From trigonometric identities;

1 1
cos 𝜃 = + cos 2𝜃
2 2

cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = (cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃

1 1
= + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
2 2
Expand and multiply by 𝑑𝜃;
1 3 3 1
= ( + cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 + cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 8
From trigonometric identities;
1 1
cos 2𝜃 = + cos 4𝜃
2 2
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − sin 2𝜃
1 3 3 1 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ( + cos 4𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
8 8 8 2 2
1
+ (1 − sin 2𝜃) cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8
1 3
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
8 8
3 3 1 1
+ 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 16 8 8
5 1 3 1
= 𝑑𝜃 + cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − sin 2𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃
16 2 16 8
Let:
𝑣 = 2𝜃 𝑣 = 4𝜃 𝑣 = sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 4𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣 = 2cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃

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 30

5 1 1 3 1
= 𝜃+ cos 2𝜃 (2𝑑𝜃) + cos 4𝜃 (4𝑑𝜃)
16 2 2 16 4
1 1
− sin 2𝜃 (2 cos 2𝜃 𝑑𝜃)
8 2
5 1 3 1 sin 2𝜃
= 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃 + sin 4𝜃 −
16 4 64 16 2+1
𝟓 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝟐𝜽 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟔 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟒𝟖

Watch discussion at these links:

Part 1 https://youtu.be/L4Xy-Zvwkx4

Part 2 https://youtu.be/sylWOOhWq6w

D. Activities/Exercises
Evaluate the integral of your answers in pre-test section of this module.

F. References

Ignacio J. Sevilla, et al. (1962). Calculus: Differential and Integral Part 2. Quezon
City: Royal Publishing House, Inc.

Clyde E. Love and Rainville, Earl D. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus 6 th
Edition. New York: The Macmillan Company.

WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)

 31

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WPU-QSF-ACAD-82A Rev. 00 (09.15.20)