METROLOGY LAB

Paper Code: ETME-360

L T/P C
Paper: Metrology Lab 0 2 1

Name: ___________________________
Roll No. ___________________________
Group: ___________________________
Teacher’s Name: ___________________________

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 Laboratory Regulations:

1. You should arrive punctually.

2. Mobiles must be switched off.

3. Experiments will be performed in group of 2-3 Students.

4. Stay in the same group throughout the semester, otherwise problem will arise in

allocating you experiments.

5. Attendance is compulsory. Absence for some reasons should be notified in

advance to the teacher.

6. You are required to record your observations in this laboratory manual.

7. Each student will maintain his/her laboratory manual.

8. You must get at least one observation of each kind checked and signed by your

teacher.

9. You must complete all experimental work during the two hours session.

10. Every observation made must be recorded directly on the laboratory manual. No

rough record is allowed.

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 Experiment List

S. No. Experiment Pages

Study of Slip Gauges along with their usage i.e. wringing of Slip
1. 4-7
Gauges

Study and working of simple measuring instruments: Vernier

2. 8-14
calipers and micrometer.

3. To study bore gauge diameter with bore gauge. 14-15

Measurement of angle using sine bar and slip gauges, Study of

4. 16-27
limit gauges.

Study and angular measurement of a given piece using bevel

5. 28-33
protractor. Study of dial indicator & its constructional details.

Measurement of effective diameter of a screw thread using 3

6. 33-39
wire method.

To measure major diameter, minor diameter and pitch of

7. 40-42
screw thread using Profile Projector.

To measure major diameter, minor diameter and pitch of

8. 43-45
screw thread using Tool Maker’s microscope.

To measure the surface roughness using MAHR Pocket Surf

9. 46-47
instrument.

10. To find the flatness error in surface plate. 48-50

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 Experiment 1
AIM: Study of Slip Gauges along with their usage i.e. wringing of Slip Gauges

APPARATUS: Slip Gauge Set, Surface plate, Soft Cloth

DESCRIPTION:
(i) SLIP GAUGES or GAUGE BLOCKS:
Slip Gauges are the universally accepted standards of length in industry. They are the
working standards of linear dimension. These were invented by a Swedish Engineer,
C.E.JOIWVSSON.
They are used
(1) For direct precise measurement where the accuracy of the work
piece demands it,
(2) For use with high-magnification comparators, to establish the size
of the gauge blocks in general use,
(3) Also used for many other purposes such as checking the accuracy of
measuring instruments or setting up a comparator to a specific
dimension, enabling a batch of components to be quickly and
accurately checked or indeed in any situation where there is a need
to refer to standard of known length. These blocks are rectangular.

Most gauge blocks are produced from high grade steel, hardened and stabilized by
a heat treatment process to give a high degree of dimensional stability. Gauge blocks are
also manufactured from tungsten carbide, which is an extremely hard and wear resistant
material.
The measuring face has a lapped finish. The faces are perfectly flat and parallel to
one another with-a high degree of accuracy. Each block has an extremely high dimensional
accuracy at 20°c.

These slip gauges are available in variety of selected. Sets both in inch units and
metric units. Letter 'E' is used for inch units and letter 'M' is used for metric standards.
Number of pieces in a set following the letter E or M. For example E 81 refers to a set
whose blocks are in inch units and are 81 in number. Similarly M 83 refers to a set whose
blocks are in metric units and are 83 in number. Each block dimension is printed on any
one of its face itself. The size of any required standard being made up by combining the
appropriate number of these different size blocks. If two are twisted together under
pressure, they will firmly join together. This process known as wringing is very useful
because it enables several gauge blocks to be assembled together to produce a required
size. In fact, the success of measurement by slip gauges depends on the phenomenon of
wringing. It should be remembered that the slip gauges are wrung together by hand
through a combined sliding and twisting motion. First the gauge is oscillated slightly with
very light pressure over other gauge so as to detect presence of any foreign particles

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 between the surfaces. One gauge is placed perpendicular to other using standard gauging
pressure and rotary motion is applied until the blocks are lined up. In this way air is expelled
from between the gauge faces causing the two blocks to adhere. This adherence is caused
partly by molecular attraction and partly by atmospheric pressure. Similarly for separating
two wrung slip gauges, combined sliding and twisting motion should be used and no
attempt should be made to separate them by direct pull because considerable load would
have to be applied which may damage the slip gauges.

(ii) SLIP GAUGE GRADES:

For general use there are five grades as under:

Grade-2:
This is the workshop grade. Typical uses include setting up machine tools,
positioning milling cutters and checking mechanical widths.
Grade-1:
Used for more precise work, such as that carried out in a good class tool
room. Typical uses include setting up sine bars and sine tables, checking gap
gauges and setting dial test indicators to zero.
Grade-0:
This is Inspection Grade, and its use is confined to tool room or machine
shop inspection. This means that it is the inspection department only who
has access to this grade of slips. In this way it is not possible for these slip
gauges to be damaged or abused by the rough usage to be expected on the
shop floor.
Grade-00:
This grade would be kept in the standard room and would be used for work
of the highest precision only. A typical example would be the determination
of any errors present in the workshop or grade 2 slips, caused by continual
or rough usage.
Calibration Grade:
“C” is a special grade, with the actual sizes of the slips stated or calibrated
on a special chart supplied with the set. This chart must be consulted
when making up dimension. Except B calibration grade, all the slip grades
are manufactured to within the specified limit. In case of calibration grade
greater tolerances on length are permissible because the actual lengths
are known or recorded in the calibration chart, due allowance can be
made when the slips are used.
Manufacture of Gauge Blocks:
The following sequence of operations is followed in order that slip gauges
possess certain desirable qualities.
The high grade steel gauge blanks are hardened and after rough
grinding are subjected to a cyclic low temperature heat treatment with the
purpose of balancing the internal stresses produced by hardening thus

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 leaving the gauges in a stable condition. Stabilizing is generally carried out
by heating and cooling the gauges successively. The successive
temperatures used in four stages of stabilizing are 40°, 70°, 130°and 200°C,
the gauges being heated in sand and cooled at each stage. A final grinding
process is done to reduce the block to the approximate required dimension.
Finally lapping operation is carried out to reduce the blocks to exact size
and impart a beautiful finish to the surface. A special lapping machine is
used for lapping. Lapping is done in a room maintained at 20°C and
controlled humidity 50%. The blocks are held in a moving spider between
upper and lower cast iron laps. The spider is imparted both rotating and
reciprocating motion to produce a complicated path of travel for each block
and wear is distributed all over uniformly. Comparison of finished gauges
with grand master sets is done.

PROCEDURE:
(i) Firstly the Slip Gauge set must be observed in detail. The number of pieces
in the set and the dimensions of the available Slip gauges must be known
clearly.
(ii) A given dimension is to be built up by wringing minimum number of Slip
Gauges.
(iii) The given dimension must be noted and the minimum possible slip gauge
available in the set must be chosen in such a way that the last decimal value
is accommodated.
(Example: For a given decimal of 49.625 a slip gauge piece of 1.005 must be
taken first)
(iv) Now the preceding decimal places of the given dimension have to be
accommodated. Hence minimum possible slip gauge dimensions available
in the set are chosen. (Ex For the above dimension a slip gauge block of 1.12
mm must be chosen followed by 1.50 mm block. The above steps are
repeated to build up the given dimension.

PRECAUTION:
(i) Slip gauge must be handled very carefully, placed gently and should never
be dropped.
(ii) Whenever a slip gauge is being removed from the set, its dimensions must
be noted and after its use, must be replaced in the set at its appropriate
place only.
(iii) Correct procedure must be followed in wringing the block and also in
removing them.
(iv) Slip Gauges must be cleaned well before use and petroleum jelly must be
applied after use.

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 Observation Table:

Given Dimension Dimension by Vernier

S. No. Slip Gauges Used
(mm) Caliper

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Result
Slip gauge set is studied and the given dimension is built up by wringing minimum
number of slip gauges.

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 Experiment 2
AIM: Study and working of simple measuring instruments: Vernier calipers and
micrometer.

Theory:
VERNIER CALIPER

Principle of Vernier Caliper

When two scales or division slightly different in size are used, the difference
between them can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of measurement.

Parts:
Different parts of given Vernier Caliper are
(1) Beam (It has Main Scale)
(2) Fixed Jaw
(3) Sliding or Moving Jaw
(It has Vernier Scale and Sliding jaw locking Screw)
(4) Fine Adjustment Clamp
(It has Fine adjustment Clamp locking Screw and fine adjustment Screw)
(5) Knife Edges for Internal Measurement and
(6) Stem or Depth Bar for depth measurements.

Measurements:
Given Vernier Caliper can be used for External, Internal, Depth, Slot and Step
measurements.

Classification of Vernier Caliper

Three types of Vernier calipers have been specified for internal and external
measurement up to 200 mm with Vernier accuracy of 0.02,0.05,0.1 mm. The three types
are called A, B, and C type.
Type A has jaws on both side for internal and external measurement and also has a blade
for depth measurement.
Type B is provided with jaw on one side for internal and external measurement.
Type C has jaws on both sides for making the and for making operations.

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 Condition and Working of Vernier Caliper:

Vernier caliper consists of two steel rules and these can slide along each other. The
main scale is engraved on solid L-shaped frame. On this scale “cm” graduation are divided
in to 20 parts. So that one small division equals 0.05 cm. One end of the frame consist a
fixed jaw which is shaped into a contact lip at it’s extremely. The alignment of the distance
boundaries with the corresponding graduation of the rule is ensured by means of the
positive contact member. The sliding jaw, coupled to a Vernier scale contains another
measuring at its left. The final adjustment of movable jaws can be done by the adjusting
screw (Refer Figure 1).

First the whole movable jaws assembly is adjusted so that the two measuring tips
just touch the part to be measured. The lock nut B is tightened. Final adjustment depending
upon the sense of correct feel is made by the adjusting screw. The movement of adjusting
screw makes the part containing locking nut A and sliding jaws to move, as the adjusting
screw rotates on a screw which is in way fixed to the movable jaw. After final adjustment
has been done, the locking nut A is also tightened and the reading is noted down. The
measuring tips are so designed as to measure inside as well outside dimensions.

Figure 1: Vernier caliper

Precautions:
 No play should be there between the sliding jaws on scale, otherwise the accuracy of
the Vernier caliper will be lost.
 Usually the tips of measuring jaws are worn and that must be taken into account.
 Most of the errors usually result from manipulation of the Vernier caliper and its jaws
on the workpiece.

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  In measuring an outside diameter it should be insured that the caliper bar and the
plane of the caliper jaws are truly perpendicular to the workpiece’s longitudinal centre
line.
 It should be ensured that the caliper is not canted, tilted or twisted.
 The stationary caliper jaw of the Vernier Caliper should be used as the reference point
and measured point is obtained by advancing or withdrawing the sliding jaw.

Application:
Internal as well as external linear dimensions for a length as less than 200mm can be
measured with an accuracy up to ± (90+0.021) µm.

Least count:
Let us consider Vernier scale reading = 50 division. This division consider with
exactly 49th on the main scale. So one Vernier division
division coincide with main scale 49
L.C. = = = 0.98
division coincide with Vernier scale 50
Therefore Difference between main scale and Vernier scale small division and one
Vernier division is 1 – 0.98 = 0.02 mm.

Reading
Let us assume that small division of the main scale is 0.025 unit. Say the Vernier
scale contain 25 division and these coincide exactly 24 division of main scale. So now one
Vernier division is equal to 1⁄25 of 24 scale division i.e. (1⁄25 x 24 x 0.025) = 0.024 units.
Therefore the difference between one main scale small division and one Vernier division
(Least count of instrument) equal 0.025 – 0.024 i.e. 0.001 unit.

Errors in reading
The error in reading the Vernier caliper should not be read, the values obtained
by following formula:
Vernier with L.C. permissible errors in reading
0.1 mm. ± (75 + 0.05 l1) µm
0.05 mm. ± (50 + 0.05 l1) µm
0.02 mm. ± (20 + 0.05 l1) µm
Where l1 equal to upper limit of the measuring range in mm.

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Observation Table:
M.S.R. V.S.R. x L.C. Total Digital Vernier
S. No.
(A) (B) C = A+ B Reading
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

All readings are in mm Mean:_______________

Conclusion:
The determined dimension by Digital Vernier Caliper (X) = ___________mm.
The Average Dimension by Simple Vernier Caliper (Y) = ___________mm.
Error in Dimension Z = X – Y

MICROMETER
Principle of Micrometer:
When two scales or division slightly different in size are used, the difference between them
can be utilized to enhance the accuracy of measurement.
Classification:
1. Inside micrometer.
2. Stick micrometer.
3. Micrometer depth gauge.
4. Thread micrometer caliper.
5. Outside micrometer caliper.
6. V-Anvil micrometer caliper.
7. Blade type micrometer.
8. Micrometer for measuring thickness of cylinder, walls.
9. Dial micrometer caliper.
10. Taper-screw operated internal micrometer.
11. Grove micrometer.
12. Digital micrometer.
13. Differential screw micrometer.

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 Figure: Micrometer

Construction and working

The micrometer screw gauge essentially consist of an accurate screw having
about 10 or 20 thread per cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw
forms one measuring tip and the other measuring tip is constituted by a stationary
anvil in the base of the frame the screw is threaded for certain length and is plain
at inward.
The plain portion is called sleeve and its end is the measuring surface. The
spindle is advanced or retracted by turning a thimble connected to the spindle. The
barrel is graduated in unit of 0.05 cm i.e. 20 divisions per cm, which is the lead of
the screw for one complete revolution. The thimble has. 25 divisions around its
periphery on circular portion. Thus it sub-divides each revolution of the screw in 25
equal parts i.e. each division corresponds to 0.002 cm.
A lock nut is provided for locking a dimension by preventing motion of the
spindle. A ratchet stop is provided to maintain uniform measuring pressure. When
spindle is brought in contact with the work at correct measuring pressure, the
clutch starts slipping and no further movement of the spindle takes place the
rotation of ratchet. In the backward movement it is positive due to shape of
ratchet.

Materials
The frame is generally made of steel, cast steel, malleable cast iron or light alloy.
The measuring faces are hardened to about 800 H.V. and aged. The material used
for thimble, barrel, ratchet and other locking and clamping devices for all sizes of
micrometer should be suitable quality wear resistant steel.

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 Applications
1. Internal and external diameters.
2. Long internal lengths.
3. Depth of holes, slots and recessed areas.
4. Thread measurement.
5. Large work having dimensions above 250mn out of roundness condition.
6. Fast and accurate measurement of circular formed tools, dia. and depth of
all sizes.
7. Narrow grooves, slots, keyways, recesses etc.
8. Thickness of cylinder walls.

Least Count
smallest division on main scale 0.5
L.C. = = = 0.01mm.
No.of division on Vernier scale 50

Reading
Before taking reading anvil and spindle must be brought together carefully and the
initial reading noted down. In metric micrometers the pitch of the screw thread is
0.5mm so that one revolution of the screw moves it exactly by 0.5mm. Main scale
on barrel has least division of 0.5mm. The thimble has 50 division on its
circumference therefore one division on thimble is = 0.5 / 50 =0.01mm.

Figure: Reading of Micrometer

The reading of micrometer in figure is 3.5mm on barrel and 7 divisions on
thimble. = 3.5 + 7 x 0.01 = 3.57mm.

Errors in reading:
The errors in parallelism of the measuring faces of micrometer of various ranges
should be such that the some of interference triangle observed on the two measuring
faces should not exceed 6, 8 and 10 for ranges 0 to 25, 25 to 75 and 75 to 100mm.

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 Observation Table:

M.S.R. V.S.R. x L.C. Total Digital Vernier

S. No.
(A) (B) C = A+ B Reading
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

All readings are in mm

Mean: _______________

Conclusion:
The determined dimension by Digital Vernier Caliper (X) = ___________mm.
The Average Dimension by Micrometer (Y) = ___________mm.
Error in Dimension Z= X - Y

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 Experiment 3
AIM: To study bore gauge diameter with bore gauge.
APPARATUS: Work piece, Vernier caliper and bore gauge indicator set with anvil.
Theory:
Bore gauge indicator:
These are the instruments designed for checking bore diameter by the comparative
method. The instruments principle of operation is shown in figure. The instrument basically
consists of a hallow tube into which is contained a lever pivoted about one end of the lever
is linked to the movable contact of the instrument i.e. the instrument has three contacts.
Equally spaced along the circumference of the head. One being movable above and two
fixed ones and other end of the lever actuates the pointer. The three contacts bears against
the internal surface of the rest and properly the instrument in relation to the axis of the
bore being checked. The contacts are interchangeable with roads in order to broaden the
range of measurement, the smallest size. This instrument can check in the order of 11-18
cm in diameter. The range of setting in about ± 0.06 to ± 0.22 cm with scale division value
of 0.002 and 0.01 respectively.

Figure: Bore Gauge

PROCEDURE:
1 First of all take the work piece where internal diameter is to be calculated.
2 Now take the Vernier calipers and place the knife edges inside the work piece and
read the reading for internal diameter of work piece.

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 3 See the reading that is obtained from micrometer. If the reading is say 34.8 mm
then take the anvil of size 34 mm and washers of size 0.5 mm and fit it to the body
of the gauge.
4 Now set the dial gauge indicator for zero position and then make readings at any
position inside the work piece. This should be done carefully as the anvil movable
screw will wear in rough handling of the gauge.
5 The above step is repeated for different positions inside the work piece.
6 Now set micrometer and keep the micrometer to dial gauge indicator and note
down the reading.
7 Now calculate the internal diameter using given formulae
Actual size = anvil length + washer length ± (R1 R2) x m.
R1= reading obtained in dial gauge when the same dial gauge kept in micrometer.
R2= reading obtained from the work piece.
OBSERVATIONS:
Rough measurement of bore using A — type Vernier calipers:
S. No. Reading at point 1 Reading at point 2 Mean
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Average reading = ______________ mm

RESULT:
Internal diameter of the work piece by using Vernier caliper is ____________ mm
Diameter obtained by using dial gauge indicator is ______________________mm

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 Experiment 4
AIM: Measurement of angle using sine bar and slip gauges, Study of limit gauges.
APPARATUS: Sine bar, surface plate, dial indicator, slip gauges.

THEORY:
SINE BAR
The sine principle uses the ratio of the length of two sides of a right triangle in
deriving a given angle. It may be noted that devices operating on sine principal are capable
of self-generation. The measurement is usually limited to 45 degree from loss of accuracy
point of view. The accuracy with which the sine principle can be put to use is dependent in
practice, on some from linear measurement. The sine bar itself is not complete measuring
instrument. Another datum such as surface plate is needed, as well as other auxiliary
instrument, notably slip gauge, and indicating device to make measurements.

Checking of Unknown Angles:

Many a times, angle of component to be checked is unknown. In such a case it is
necessary to first find the angle approximately with the help of a bevel protractor. Let the
angle. Then the sine bar is set at an angle (Ɵ) and clamped to an angle plate. Next the work
is placed on sine bar and clamped to Angle plate as shown in figure. Slip-gauges are so
arranged (according to deviation) that the sprit level is at center (the air bubble). If the
deviation is noted down by the spirit level is h over a length ‘l’ of work , then height of slip
gauges by which it should be adjusted is equal to = hl.

Precaution in Sine Bars:

(a) A Compound angle should not be formed by miss dignity of w/p with the
sine bar. This can be avoided by attaching the sine brand work against an
angle plate.
(b) Accuracy of sine bar should be ensured.
(c) As far as possible longer sine bar should be used since4 many errors are
reduced by using longer sine bar.

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 d) The sine bar should not be used for angle greater than 60o.
e) A compound angle should not be formed by mis-aligning the component
with sine bar.
f) Accuracy of sine bar should be ensured.
g) As far as possible longer sine bar should be used since many errors are
reduced by using longer sine bars.

In order to get accurate results in the use of sine bar, it is essential that:
 The contact rollers must be of equal of diameter;
 The distance between the rollers must be precise and known;
 The axis of the rollers must be parallel.
 The upper surface of the bar must be flat and parallel with the roller axis equidistant
from each other.

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Application of sine bar:

A] Checking of unknown angles of small workpiece.

Figure: Checking of unknown angles of small workpiece.

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B] Checking of unknown angles of heavy component.

Figure: Checking of unknown angles of heavy component.

PROCEDURE
1) Surface plate is placed on a horizontal surface.
2) Build up slip gauges of a proper height by wringing.
3) Place one of the cylinders of sine bar on surface plate and other on slip gauges.
4) Dial indicator is set at one end of the component and moved to the other end.
5) Note the deviation in dial reading.
6) Again slip gauges are so adjusted that dial indicator reads zero deviation across
the work surface if deviation is ‘δh’ over length ‘l1’, change slip gauge height by
(δh x L / l1)
(Where L is standard sine bar length)
7) Again take dial indicator reading to assure zero deviation.
8) Read slip gauge height and perform calculation.

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Observations:
[A]
S. No. h L Ɵ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

[B]
S. No. h1 h2 L Ɵ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Calculations:
A] Sin θ = h/L
θ = Sin-1 (h/L)
(h1−h2)
B] Sin θ = 𝐿
(h1−h2)
θ= Sin-1 𝐿

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 Study of limit gauges

Gauging, done in manufacturing processes, refers to the method by which it is determined

quickly whether or not the dimensions of the checking parts in production, are within their
specified limits. It is done with the help of some tools called gauges. A gauge does not reveal the
actual size of dimension.
A clear distinction between measuring instruments and gauges is not always observed.
Some tools that are called gauges are used largely for measuring or layout work. Even some are
used principally for gauging give definite measurement.

High carbon and alloy steels have been the principal material used for many years.
Objections to steel gauges are that they are subjected to some distortion because of the heat-
treating operations and that their surface hardness is limited. These objections are largely
overcome by the use of chrome plating or cemented carbides as the surface material. Some
gauges are made entirely of cemented carbides or they have cemented carbides inserted at
certain wear points.

GAUGES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATIONS

Gauges are the tools which are used for checking the size, shape and relative positions of
various parts but not provided with graduated adjustable members. Gauges are, therefore,
understood to be single-size fixed-type measuring tools.

Classifications of Gauges
(a) Based on the standard and limit
(i) Standard gauges
(ii) Limit gauges or “go” and “not go” gauges

(b) Based on the consistency in manufacturing and inspection

(i) Working gauges

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 (ii) Inspection gauges
(iii) Reference or master gauges
(c) Depending on the elements to be checked
(i) Gauges for checking holes
(ii) Gauges for checking shafts
(iii) Gauges for checking tapers
(iv) Gauges for checking threads
(v) Gauges for checking forms
(d) According to the shape or purpose for which each is used
(i) Plug
(ii) Ring
(iii) Snap
(iv) Taper
(v) Thread
(vi) Form
(vii) Thickness
(viii) Indicating
(ix) Air-operated
LIMIT GAUGES
These are also called „go‟ and „no go‟ gauges. These are made to the limit sizes of
the work to be measured. One of the sides or ends of the gauge is made to correspond to
maximum and the other end to the minimum permissible size. The function of limit gauges
is to determine whether the actual dimensions of the work are within or outside the
specified limits. A limit gauge may be either double end or progressive. A double end gauge
has the “go” member at one end and “no go” member at the other end. The “go” member
must pass into or over an acceptable piece but the “no go” member should not. The
progressive gauge has “no go” members next to each other and is applied to a workpiece
with one movement. Some gauges are fixed for only one set of limits and are said to be
solid gauges. Others are adjustable for various ranges.

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Plug Gauges:
These gauges are used for checking holes of many different shapes and sizes. There
are plug gauges for straight cylindrical holes, tapered, threaded square and splined holes.
Figure 4.1 shows a standard plug gauge used to test the nominal size of a cylindrical hole.
Figure 4.2 shows a double-ended limit plug gauge used to test the limits of size. At one
end, it has a plug minimum limit size, the “go” end and; at the other end a plug of maximum
limit, the “no go” end. These ends are detachable from the handle so that they may be
renewed separately when worn in a progressive limit plug gauge. The “go” and “no go”
section of the gauge are on the same end of the handle. Large holes are gauged with
annular plug gauges, which are shell-constructed for light weight, and flat plug gauges,
made in the form of diametrical sections of cylinders.

Figure: Plug Gauges

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Ring Gauges:
Ring gauges are used to test external diameters. They allow shafts to be checked
more accurately since they embrace the whole of their surface. Ring gauges, however, are
expressive manufacture and, therefore, find limited use. Moreover, ring gauges are not
suitable for measuring journals in the middle sections of shafts. A common type of
standard ring gauge is shown in following figure, in a limit ring gauge, the “go” and “no go”
ends are identified by an annular groove on the periphery. About 35 mm all gauges are
flanged to reduce weight and facilitate handling.

Figure: Ring Gauges

Taper Gauges:
The most satisfactory method of testing a taper is to use taper gauges. They are
also used to gauge the diameter of the taper at some point. Taper gauges are made in
both the plug and ring styles and, in general, follow the same standard construction as
plug and ring gauges. A taper plug and ring gauge is shown in Figure.

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 Figure: Taper Gauge
When checking a taper hole, the taper plug gauge is inserted into the hole
and a slight pressure is exerted against it. If it does not rock in the hole, it indicates
that the taper angle is correct.
The same procedure is followed in a ring gauge for testing tapered spindle.
The taper diameter is tested for the size by noting how far the gauge enters the
tapered hole or the tapered spindle enters the gauge. A mark on the gauge show
the correct diameter for the large end of the taper.
To test the correctness of the taper two or three chalk or pencil lines are
drawn on the gauge about equidistant along a generatrix of the cone. Then the
gauge is inserted into the hole and slightly turned. If the lines do not rub off evenly,
the taper is incorrect and the setting in the machine must be adjusted until the
lines are rubbed equally all along its length. Instead of making lines on the gauge,
a thin coat of paint (red led, carbon black, Purssian blue, etc.) can be applied.

The accuracy of a taper hole is tested by a taper limit gauge as shown in

above Figure. This has two check lines „go‟ and „no go‟ each at a certain distance

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 from the end of the face. The go portion corresponds to the minimum and „no go‟
to the maximum dimension.

Snap Gauges:
These gauges are used for checking external dimensions. Shafts are mainly checked
by snap gauges. They may be solid and progressive or adjustable or double-ended. The
most usual types are shown in following Figure.

Figure: Snap Gauge

(a) Solid or non-adjustable caliper or snap gauge with „go‟ and „no go‟ each is used
for large sizes.
(b) Adjustable caliper or snap gauge used for larger sizes. This is made with two fixed
anvils and two adjustable anvils, one for „go‟ and another for the „no go‟.
The housing of these gauges has two recesses to receive measuring anvils
secured with two screws. The anvils are set for a specific size, within an available
range of adjustment of 3 to 8 mm. The adjustable gauges can be used for measuring
series of shafts of different sizes provided the diameters are within the available
range of the gauge.
(iii) Double-ended solid snap gauge with „go‟ and „no go‟ ends is used for smaller sizes.

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Thread Gauges:
Thread gauges are used to check the pitch diameter of the thread. For checking
internal threads (nut, bushes, etc.), plug thread gauges are used, while for checking
external threads (screws, bolts, etc.), ring thread gauges are used. Single-piece thread
gauges serve for measuring small diameters. For large diameters the gauges are made with
removable plugs machined with a tang. Standard gauges are made single-piece. Common
types of thread gauges are shown in following figure.

Figure: Thread Gauges

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 Experiment 5
AIM: Study and angular measurement of a given piece using bevel protractor. Study of dial indicator
& its constructional details.

Apparatus required: (a) Bevel protractor with its accessories, (b) A test piece of which angle is to
be measured, (c) Dial gauge. (d) Surface plate, (e) Gauge block or stand.

Theory:

It is used for testing flatness, square ness, parallelism, straightness & angular intervals. It is
probably the simplest instrument for measuring the angle between two faces of component. It
consists of a base plate attached to the main body and an adjustable blade, which is attached to a
circular plate containing Vernier scale. The adjustable blade is capable of rotating freely about the
center of main scale engraved on the body of the instrument can be locked in any position an
acute angle attachment is provided at the top for the purpose of measuring acute angle the base
of the base plate is made flat so that it could be laid flat upon the work and any type of angle
measured. It is capable of measuring from 0 – 360. The Vernier scale has 24 divisions, 12 divisions
either side of zero mark which coinciding with 23 main scale divisions. Thus the least count of the
instrument is 5’. This instrument is most commonly used in workshop for angular measurement
till more precision is required.

Figure 1: Bevel Protractor

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 Figure 2: Angles measured by Bevel Protractor

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Types of bevel protractor:
The bevel protractors are of two types:

1. Mechanical bevel protractor

2. Optical bevel protractor.
The mechanical Bevel protractors are further classified into 4 types A, B, C, D, in type A &
B the Vernier is graduated to read to 5 minute of arcs whereas in case of type C, the scale is
graduated to read in degree and the bevel protractor is without Vernier or fine adjustment
device. The difference between types A & B is that type A is provided with fine adjustment
device or acute angle attachment whereas type B is not. The scale of all the type are
graduated either as a full scale mark 0-90-0-90 with one Vernier or as semi-circle marked 0-
90-0 with two Vernier 180 apart. Type D is graduated in degree & is not provided with either
Vernier or fine adjustment device or acute angle attachment.
Procedure:

1. Hold the base plate of bevel protractor on one face of the angular piece.
2. Bring the adjustable blade in contact with another face of the test piece and lock the
circular plate containing Vernier scale.
3. Take the reading on main scale (in degree) and note it down.
4. Now note down number of the Vernier scale division which coincides with any division of
main scale and multiply it by the least count, this will be the Vernier scale reading.
5. Add both the readings to get the angle between two faces of the test piece.

Observations:

Standard Measured
S. No. Error Error %age
Dimension Dimension
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Precautions:

 Make sure that the blade and base plate are perfectly in contact with the faces of test
piece.
 Check the adjustable blade for looseness in its grove, lock it correctly while taking reading.
 Do not drop the instrument.
 The instrument should be free from dust, dirt, or rust.

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 Principle, Working & Construction of Dial indicator

Theory:
Dial indicators are instruments used for making & checking linear measurements.
Dial indicators are small indicating devices containing a graduated scale & these depend
upon gear & pinion or liver magnification system. These are generally used as comparators.
Some dial indicator known as dial micrometer or thickness gauges however, used for actual
(direct) measurement (without comparison). When dial indicator is used as essential part
in the measurement purposes, it is referred to as dial gauge.

Figure 3: Dial Indicator

Requirements of good Dial Indicators are:
 The instrument should be capable of giving a trouble free measurement over a long period
of time without attention.
 No oscillation should be present in the pointer, when readings are being taken.

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  There should be some provision to avoid damage to the instrument due to larger
movements of the plunger than the specified amount on scale.
 Instrument is likely to be used in such a way that plunger may move sharply in either
direction
 The relative movements of the pointer and scale should be such as to suggest the direction
of the movement of the measuring plunger.

Classification:
The dial indicators may be classified as follows:
(a) Circular Dial-
(i) Back plunger type
(ii) Dial Micrometer
(b) Sector Dial –
(i) Lever Movement
(ii) Specific Device
Working:
There is a plunger, which is a perfect sliding fit in its bearings. This carries a rack, which
accurately meshes with a pinion A. A pin attached to it, which is located in a slot in a rack guide G,
prevents the rotation of plunger abuts its own axis .In order to keep the plunger in an extended
position a light spring S is employed. A small movement of contact point causes the two term the
pinion A with which it is meshed. A longer gear B is attached to the same spindle as pinion A. The
B is further meshed with a pinion C, which thus magnifies the movement of pinion A. Attached to
the second pinion C is another gear D, which meshes with a third pinion E mounted on the same
spindle as the indicator pointer. The overall magnification is thus
= (Td/Te)*(Tb/Tc)
Where Tb & Tc, represent the no. of the teeth of gears B&C respectively.

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PARTS OF DIAL INDICATOR:
[I] Rotatable bezels:
These are used for making the final Zero setting at any position throughout the full
surface. A clamp for locking it at any position is also provided. The must be free to rotate
and must be exactly concentric as it carries the outer stage. Also when unclamped, it must
be securely located on the case.
(II) Contact point:
In order to make the dial indicator more versatile in its use, the arrangement is
provided to change the contact point. The measuring plunger is tapped out and
corresponding threads are provided at end of contact point. They are generally made of
hardened steel and blackened to avoid the rusting
(III) Tolerance Pointers:
For rapid checking of parts, tolerance pointers can be attached to the dial face. By
these any tolerance can be clearly indicated on the dial gauge.
(IV) Special Stems:
Where deep recesses are to be inspected, long stem indicators are available.
(V) Shock Proof Cushion Movement:
Some dial indicators are designed to with stand sudden shock due to rough usages
at the same time it reads correctly. In such indicators, before impact reaches indicator
movement, it is cushioned by especially loaded attachment on the plunger.
(VI) Lever Attachment:
They are very useful and facilitate the work of machine setting. The awkward
corners and recesses can be easily gauged by this attachment.

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 Experiment 6
AIM: Measurement of effective diameter of a screw thread using 3 wire method.

APPARATUS: Screwed or threaded specimen, Floating Carriage Micrometer, Wire (1 to 4mm),

Specimen, Master, Hooks etc.

THEORY:
In order to ensure the manufacture of screw threads to the specified limits laid
down in the appropriate standard it is essential to provide some means of inspecting the
final product. For measurement of internal threads thread plug gauge is used and to check
these plug gauges Floating Carriage Micrometer is used for measuring Major, Minor and
Effective diameter.

FLOATING CARRIAGE MEASURING MACHINE

Figure: Floating Carriage Micrometer

Measuring machine shown in the figure has “Base” with two small and one big
adjustable support knobs provided for leveling the assembled unit. Base has two parallel
integral “V” grooves one short and other long. Long groove is for guide pegs located at the
bottom of “Intermediate Piece” or “Carriage” (B) and smaller for a ball. One more “V” pair
is in the Centre of the base, which is provided for accommodating “Centers” (E) to hold
workpiece. Carriage has two parallel “V” grooves, one to accommodate two balls and other
to accommodate one ball. Underneath the floating top (C) there is one “V” groove on one

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 side and flat portion on other side. Digital Micrometer is in one bracket (with less width)
and dial type fiducial on the other side lever is provided to tighten it.

Figure: Different views of Floating Carriage Micrometer

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DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PARALLEL SCREW THREADS

Major Diameter: The diameter of an imaginary cylinder (termed the major cylinder)
which just embraces the crests of the external thread or the roots
of an internal thread.

Minor Diameter: The diameter of an imaginary cylinder (termed the minor cylinder)
which just embraces the roots of an external thread or the crests of
an internal thread.

Simple effective(or Pitch) Diameter: The diameter of an imaginary cylinder(termed the

pitch cylinder ) which intersects the surface of the
thread in such manner that the intercept on an
generator of the cylinder between the points where
it meets the opposite flanks of the thread groove is
equal to one half the basic of the thread .

Three Wire Method:

This method of measuring the effective diameter is an accurate method. In this
three wires or rods of known diameter are used; one on one side and two on the
other side [Figure (a) and (b)].
This method ensures the alignment of micrometer anvil faces parallel to the thread
axis. The wires may be either held in hand or hung from a stand so as to ensure
freedom to the wires to adjust themselves under micrometer pressure.
M = distance over wires E=effective diameter
R= radius of the wires d=diameter of wires
h= height of the centre or the wire or rod from the effective
x= angle of thread.

Figure (a) Figure (b)

From figure (b),

AD = AB cosec x∕2 = r cosec x∕2

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 H = DE cot x∕2 = p∕2 cot x∕2
CD = ½H = p∕4 cot x∕2
H = AD−CD
r = cosec x∕2− p∕4 cot x∕2
Distance over wires= M = E+2h+2r = E+2(r cosec x∕2 – p∕4 cot x∕2)+2r
= E+2r (l+cosecx∕2 )− p∕2 cot x∕2
or
M = E+d (1+cosec x∕2) − p∕2 cot x∕2
(since 2r = 0 )
(i) In case of Whitworth thread:
X = 55°, depth of thread = 0.64 p,
So that
E= D—0.64 p and cosec x∕2 = 2.1657
Cot x∕2 = 1.921
M = E+d (1l+cosec x∕2) — p∕2 cot x∕2 = D−0.64p+d(1+2.1657)−p∕2(1.921)
= D+3.1657d−1.6005p
M = D+3.1657d—1.6p
Where D = outside dia.

(ii) In case of metric threads:

Depth of thread = 0.6495p
So,
E = D-0.6495p.
x = 60°, cosec x∕2 = 2;cot x∕2 = 1.732
M = D−0.6495 p+d(l+2)—p∕2 (1.732) = D+3d− (0.6495+0.866)p = D+3d—1.5155p.

PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of setting master or a cylinder should be nearly same as the
diameter of the thread gauge to reduce error.
2. First meet the anvil of micrometer to dial gauge and rotate micrometer in
forward to rotate needle in dial by 10mm with setting its scale zero at
needle position and make digital micrometer to zero by pressing button.
3. Put master in between centers and make dial needle to zero by moving
micrometer. Take the reading on micrometer as RS.. Similarly replace
master with a threaded work piece again second reading is taken as “R”
4. Hang the required set of prisms (from Appendix-1 according to pitch of
work piece) on the hooks provided on both sides of standard. Take the
reading on micrometer and zero indicator in such a way that portion of
prism touches master and flat portion of prism is on micrometer & zero
indicator.

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 5. Take reading for master as RP and work piece as Rq on micrometer as
needle on dial indicating zero.
6. Now place two small wires or cylinders in place of prism. The wires should
be chosen so that, when placed between the threads, they should contact
about halfway down the flanks.
7. Take the readings for master as RW and work piece as ROW on micrometer
as needle on dial indicating zero.

OBSERVATION:
D = Diameter of Setting master = ______
Dimension of work piece = 14M*2

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Major Rs M = D ± (Difference Between “R” and “Rs”)

Diameter R =
Minor Rp C = D ± (Difference Between “Rp” and “Rq”)
Diameter Rq =
Effective Rw T = D ± (Rw - Row) =
Diameter Row E=T+P=

CALCULATIONS:
MAJOR DIAMETER:

RS = Micrometer reading over setting master.

R = micrometer reading of threaded work piece.
M = D ± (Difference between ‘R’ and ‘ RS’)
(Note: The + or – is determined by relative size of the master and the work piece.
Use – sign as master is of greater size than work piece and vice-versa for + sign.)

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 MINOR DIAMETER:

C = core or minor diameter of the work piece.

Rp = reading over master with prisms.
Rq = Reading over work piece with prisms.
C = D ± (Difference between ‘Rp’ and ‘Rq’)

EFFECTIVE DIAMETER:

E= effective or pitch diameter

ROW = Reading measured over work piece with wires.
RW = Reading measured over setting master with wires.
T= measured dimension under cylinders.
T= D ± (RW - ROW)
E= T+P
P= Constant depending on the pitch and angle of the thread and the mean
diameter of wires used.
RESULT:
Major Diameter =
Minor Diameter =
Effective Diameter =
CONCLUSION:
Using the Floating Carriage Micrometer diameter of imaginary cylinder i.e.
Effective or pitch diameter can be evaluated.

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 Experiment 7
AIM: To measure major diameter, minor diameter and pitch of screw thread using Profile
Projector.
Apparatus: Profile Projector, threading job.
Profile Projector:
A profile projector projects a magnified profile image of an area or feature of a
workpiece onto a screen, most commonly using diascopic illumination. Dimensions can be
measured directly on the screen or compared to a standard reference at the correct
magnification. For accuracy, it is important that the magnification does not change with
perspective, i.e. its position or the view point of the operator. Telecentric lenses are,
therefore, highly desirable. The screen often has a grid and this grid can often be rotated
through 360 degrees to align with an edge as displayed on the screen. Point positions,
measurements, and calculations may also be performed using a simple digital read out
device. Episcopic lighting is used to measure features such bores, bosses, pockets, pads
etc., which would not be revealed on a profile view. A computer may be added to a profile
projector system for edge determination, thereby eliminating some human error.

Figure: Profile Projector

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 APPLICATIONS:
Profile projectors are robust measuring tools commonly used in machine shops,
quality assurance departments and occasionally on assembly shop floors. They are suitable
for measuring and quality control for a wide range of size and weights of objects. The most
basic use of a profile projector is to identify a point or edge on the shadow and from this
point to calculate a length. By magnifying the image, the operator is less likely to make a
mistake when deciding where the edge or point starts. Profile images can also be used to
make simple stop / go decision by, for example, matching an image against a standard to
determine whether a part has been made correctly.

PROCEDURE:
The use of Profile Projector for the taking the various measurements is explained below:
1) For taking linear measurements, the work piece is placed over the table. Then it is
focused and one end of the work piece is made to coincide with cross line on the
screen (by operating micrometers screws). The table is again moved until the other
end of the work piece coincide with the cross line on the screen and the final
reading taken. From the final reading, the desired measurement can be taken.
2) To measure the screw pitch, the screw is mounted on the table. Then it is focused
(by adjusting the height of the optical head) until a sharp image of the projected
contour of the screw is seen of the ground glass screen. The contour is set so that
some point on the contour coincides with the cross line on the screen. The reading
on the thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted. Then the table is
moved by the same screw until a corresponding point on the contour (profile) of
the next thread coincides with the cross line. The reading is again noted and the
difference in two reading gives the screw pitch.
3) To determine pitch diameter the lateral movement to the table is given.

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 4) To determine the thread handle, the screen is rotated until a line on the angle of
screen rotation is noted. The screen is further rotated until the same line coincides
with the other flank of the threads. The angle of thread on the screen will be
difference in two angular readings.
Different types of gradated and engraved screens and corresponding eye piece are used
for measuring different elements.

Results:
1) External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
2) Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
3) Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
4) Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Precaution:
1) Obtain clean picture of cross line and the cross thread seen through the Screen.
2) For angular measurements lines must remain parallel to flank edge to the tooth.

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 Experiment 8
AIM: To measure major diameter, minor diameter and pitch of screw thread using Tool
Maker’s microscope.
Apparatus: Tool maker's microscope, threading job.

Tool maker's microscope:

Tool maker's microscope is versatile instrument that measures by optical means
with no pressure being involved it is thus a very useful instrument for making
measurements on small and delicate parts. The tool maker's microscope is designed for
the following measurements; measurements on parts of complex form for example, the
profile of external thread as well as for the tools, templates and gauges, measuring centre
to centre distance of holes in any plane and other wide variety of linear measurements and
accurate angular measurements.

Figure: Tool Maker’s microscope

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 A tool maker's microscope is as shown in figure. The optical head can be moved up
or down the vertical column and can be clamped at any height by means of a clamping
screws. The table which is mounted on the base of the instrument can be moved in two
mutually perpendicular horizontal directions (longitudinal and lateral) by means of
accurate micromeres screws having thimble scale and venires.
A ray of light from light source is reflected by mirror through 90. It is then passes
through a transparent glass plate (on which flat parts may be placed). A shadow image of
the outline or contour of the work piece passes through the objective of the optical head
and is projected by a system of three prisms to ground glass screen.
Observations are made through an eyepiece. Measurements are made by means
of crosslines engraved on the ground glass screen. The screen can be rotated trough 360
the angle of rotation is read through an auxiliary eyepiece.

PROCEDURE:
The use of - tool maker's microscope for the taking the various measurements is
explained below-
1) For taking linear measurements, the work piece is placed over the table. The
microscope is focused and one end of the work piece is made to coincide with cross
line in the microscope (by operating micrometers screws). The table is again moved
until the other end of the work piece coincide with the cross line on the screen and
the final reading taken. From the final reading, the desired measurement can be
taken.
2) To measure the screw pitch, the screw is mounted on the table. The microscope is
focused (by adjusting the height of the optical head) until a sharp image of the
projected contour of the screw is seen of the ground glass screen. The contour is
set so that some point on the contour coincides with the cross line on the screen.
The reading on the thimble of the longitudinal micrometer screw is noted. Then
the table is moved by the same screw until a corresponding point on the contour

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 (profile) of the next thread coincides with the cross line. The reading is again noted
and the difference in two reading gives the screw pitch.
3) To determine pitch diameter the lateral movement to the table is given.
4) To determine the thread handle, the screen is rotated until a line on the angle of
screen rotation is noted. The screen is further rotated until the same line coincides
with the other flank of the threads. The angle of thread on the screen will be
difference in two angular readings.
Different types of gradated and engraved screens and corresponding eye piece are used
for measuring different elements.
Results:
1) External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
External diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
2) Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
Internal diameter = R2 - R1 = -------------- mm.
3) Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Pitch of threads = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
4) Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Threads angle = R2 - R1 = --------------- mm.
Precaution:
1) Obtain clean picture of cross line and the cross thread seen through the eyepiece.
2) For angular measurements lines must remain parallel to flank edge to the tooth.

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 Experiment 9
AIM: To measure the surface roughness using MAHR Pocket Surf instrument.
APPARATUS: MAHR POCKET SURF® IV, work piece, surface plate.

Theory:
MAHR POCKET SURF® IV is an electronic instrument working on carrier modulating
principle. This instrument gives the information rapidly and accurately. This instrument is
also as the previous one record the static displacement of the system and is dynamic
instrument like profilometer.
The measuring head of this instrument consists of a diamond stylus of about 0.002
mm tip radius and skid as shoe which is drawn across the surface by means of motorized
driving unit, which provides three speeds giving 20 x 20 horizontal magnifications and a
speed suitable for average reading. A neutral portion in which pivots about E — shaped
stamping. There are ‘2’ resistances from an oscillator. As the armature is pivoted about
central leg. Any movement of the original AC current flowing the coils is modulated. The
output of the bridge thus consists of modulation. This is further demodulated so that the
current flow is directly proportional to the vertical displacement of the stylus only.
The demodulated output is caused to operate a pen recorder to produce a
permanent record and the meter to give a numerical assessment directly. In recorder of
this instrument the making medium is an electrical discharge, there is a specially treated
paper which blanks at the point of the stylus. So this has no distortion due to drag and
stylus. So this has the records strictly rectilinear one.

PROCEDURE:
1. The power supply to the tally surf measuring instrument is given and it is checked
with the reference sample for current roughness

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 2. The instrument is bound on the specimen properly and then the measurement is
stored by pressing start/stop button. Note down Ra & Rz values using parameter
button.
3. Repeat the experiment on specimen by changing the distribution.
4. Repeat the above process for the remaining specimen and tabulate the readings.

OBSERVATIONS:

RESULT:

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 Experiment 10
AIM: To find the flatness error in surface plate.

Apparatus Required: Surface plate, spirit level.

Theory:
The spirit of level consists of a sealed glass tube mounted on a base. The inside
surface of the tube is ground to a convex barrel shape having large radius. The precision of
the level depends on the accuracy of this radius of the tube. A scale is engraved on the top
of the glass tube. The tube is nearly filled with either ether or alcohol, except a small air or
vapor in the form of a bubble.

The bubble always tries to remain at the highest point of the tube. If the base of
the spirit level is horizontal, the centre point is the highest point of the tube. So, that when
the level is placed on a horizontal surface, the bubble rests at the centre of the scale. If the
base of the level is fitted through a small angle, the bubble will more relative to the tube a
distance along its radius corresponding to the angle.

Figure: Surface Plate Figure: Spirit Level

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 The figure shows two positions of the base of the level (OA1 and OA2) and
corresponding positions of the bubble (B1, B2). When the base OA1 is horizontal, the
bubble occupies position B1. Let ‘Ɵ’ be the small angle through which the base is fitted.
The bubble now occupies the position B2.Let L be the distance travelled by bubble along
the tube and ‘h’ the difference in heights between the ends of the base. Then L= R Ɵ and
h =. L Ɵ

Where R = radius of curvature of the tube

L = length of base
Finally h =L/R

Procedure:
1 Place the spirit level on the surface plate for which we have to find out the
flatness
2 Find the base length of the spirit level
3 Note the radius of curvature of the spirit level tube
4 Find the tilt in the bubble
5 Finally find out the difference in heights between the ends of the base.

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OBSERVATIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:
1 .Clean the surface plate and ensure there is no dust particles

2. Take the bubble reading without any parallax error.

RESULT:
Flatness of the surface plate can be found by using spirit level.

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