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Digital Modulation

The document discusses different types of digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It provides details on how digital signals are modulated onto analog carriers and defines key terms like bit rate, baud rate, and M-ary encoding.

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Keanu Lloyd Bercero
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22 views30 pages

Digital Modulation

The document discusses different types of digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying. It provides details on how digital signals are modulated onto analog carriers and defines key terms like bit rate, baud rate, and M-ary encoding.

Uploaded by

Keanu Lloyd Bercero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital

Modulation

Engr. Jeffrey John R. Medija


DIGITAL MODULATION

• is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals (carriers) between two or more points in
a communications system. Digital modulation is sometimes called digital radio because
digitally modulated signals can be propagated through Earth’s atmosphere and used in wireless
communications systems
• In essence, electronic communications is the transmission, reception, and processing of
information with the use of electronic circuits.
• Digital communications include systems where relatively high-frequency analog carriers are
modulated by relatively low frequency digital information signals (digital radio) and systems
involving the transmission of digital pulses (digital transmission).
TYPES OF ENCODING

• Analog information to Analog signal


• Analog information to Digital signal
• Digital information to Digital signal
• Digital information to Analog Signal
DIGITAL TO ANALOG
CONVERSION
M-ARY ENCODING

• M-ary is a term derived from the word binary


• M simply represents a digit that corresponds to the number of conditions, levels, or
combinations possible for a given number of binary variables.
• It is often advantageous to encode at a level higher than binary (sometimes re¬ ferred to as
beyond binary or higher-than-binary encoding) where there are more than two conditions
possible. For example, a digital signal with four possible conditions (voltage levels, frequencies,
phases, and so on) is an M-ary system where M = 4. If there are eight possible conditions, M =
8 and so forth.
M-ARY ENCODING

• For example, with one bit, only 21 = 2 conditions are possible. With two bits, 22 = 4 conditions
are possible, with three bits, 23 = 8 conditions are possible, and so on.
BIT RATE VS. BAUD RATE

• Bit Rate (fb) – data transfer rate or data rate. It describes the how many bits can be sent per
second. Measured in bps, kbps, Mbps
• Baud Rate – describes how many times a signal changes per second. Named after J.M.E.
Baudot. Measured in Baud, symbols/sec.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

• The simplest digital modulation technique is amplitude-shift keying (ASK), where a binary
information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
• ASK is similar to standard amplitude modulation except there are only two output amplitudes
possible.
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

Mathematically:

where: vask(t) = digital amplitude-modulated wave.


A = carrier amplitude (volts)
vm(t) = modulating binary signal (volts)
c = carrier radian frequency (rad/sec)
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

Advantage:
Low-cost type of digital radio is used.

Disadvantages:
Low-quality and is seldom used in high-capacity, high-performance communication systems.
Prone to noise (amplitude variations)
AMPLITUDE SHIFT
KEYING (ASK)

• The strength of signal is


varied to represent binary 1
or 0.
• Determine the baud and minimum bandwidth necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using
amplitude shift keying.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

• Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is another relatively simple, low-performance type of digital


modulation. FSK is a form of constant-amplitude angle modulation similar to standard
frequency modulation (FM) except the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between
two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog waveform.
• Frequency is varied to represent binary 1 or 0.
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK)
BANDWIDTH
REQUIREMENTS
FOR FSK
• Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation, (b) minimum bandwidth, and (c) baud for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit
rate of 2 kbps
PHASE SHIFT KEYING

• Phase-shift keying (PSK) is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital


modulation.
• PSK is an M-ary digital modulation scheme similar to conventional phase modulation except
with PSK the input is a binary digital signal and there are a limited number of output phases
possible.
• The input binary information is encoded into groups of bits before modulating the carrier. The
number of bits in a group ranges from 1 to 12 or more. The number of output phases is defined
by M as described in Equation 9-6 and determined by the number of bits in the group (n).
FORMS OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING

• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK or 2-PSK)


• Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK or 4-PSK)
• Eight-Phase PSK (8-PSK)
• Sixteen-Phase PSK (16-PSK)
BINARY PHASE-SHIFT KEYING

• The simplest form of PSK is binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), where N = 1 and M = 2.
Therefore, with BPSK, two phases (21 = 2) are possible for the carrier. One phase represents a
logic 1, and the other phase represents a logic 0
• As the input digital signal changes state (i.e., from a 1 to a 0 or from a 0 to a 1), the phase of the
output carrier shifts between two angles that are separated by 180°. Hence, other names for
BPSK are phase reversal keying (PRK) and bi-phase modulation.
BPSK TRANSMITTER

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