3

, ~ . .. . CONTENTS .

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~ i __

i I KAS 203: MATHEMATICS - II I

~
I UNIT-I: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS (1-1 F to 1-41 F)
Linear differential equation of nth order with constant coefficients,
I Simultaneous linear differential equations, Second order linear
1 differential equations with variable coefficients, Solution by

e.c
changing mdependentvariable, Reduction of order, Normal fonn,
l- Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy-Euler equation, Series
solutions (Frobenius Method).
i
I
.~
UNIT-2 : MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS-II (2-1 F to 2-25 F)
hnproper integrals, Beta & Gama function and their properties,
j Dirichlet's integral and its applications, Application of definite
I

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intE:!gralsto evaluate surface areas and volume of revolutions.

UNIT-3 : SEQUENCES AND SERIES (3-1 F to 3-26 F)

I,
!
Definition of Sequence .and series with examples, Convergence of
sequence and series, Tests for convergence of series, (Ratio test; D'
Alembert's test, Raabe's test). Fourier series, Half range Fourier sine

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\ and cosine series.
\
UNIT-4: COMPLEX VARIABLE-DIFFERENTIATION (4-1 F to 4-27 F)
Limit, Continuity and differentiability, Functions of complex
. variable, Analytic functions, Cauchy- Riemann equations (Cartesian

fe and Polar form), Harmonic function, Method to find Analytic

functions, Conformal mapping, Mobius transfonnation and their
properties.
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UNIT-5 : COMPLEX VARIABLE-INTEGRATION . (5-1 F to 5-32 F)
Complex integrals, Contour integrals, Cauchy- Goursat theorem,
Cauchy integral formula, Taylor's series, Laurent's series,
.1
Liouvilles's theorem, Singularities, Classification of Singularities,
zeros of analytic functions, Residues, Methods of ~ding residues,
tu

Cauchy Residue theorem, Evaluation of real integrals of the type

r:" {(cos e, sin e) de and ] {(x)dx .

....~

. SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-IF to SQ-22F)

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No Previous papers are attached because Unit 1 & 3 are from old
Engineering Mathematics-II syllabus. Unit 2 is from old Engineering
Mathematics-I syllabus and Unit 4 & 5 are from old Mathematics-III
syllabus.
 1-2 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

m
Differential Equations.

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~

CONCEPT OUTLINE

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Differential Equation: An equation involving derivatives of one or
more dependent variables With respect to one or more independent
variables is called a differential equation. . ~

For example, log(~~) = ax + by

(l-x 2 ) (l-y)dx = xy(l + y)dy

c
dy = sec (x + y)
dx .

en
Order of a Differential Equation : The order of a differential·
equation is the order of the highest derivative involved in a differential
equation.
4 2
For example, -d 4x- + -d- 2
x + (dxJ5
_.- . of 4 th order.
= e 5 IS
dt dt dt

er
Degree of a Differential Equation: The degree of a differential
equation is'the power ofthe highest derivative which occurs in it, after
the differential equation has been made free from radicals and fractions
as far as the derivatives are concerned.
f dt
4 2
For example, -d 4x- + -d 2x- + (dx)5
dt
-d
t
= e', is offirst degree.
re
Linear Differential Equation: A linear differential equation is an
equation in which the dependent variable and its derivatives appear

~
I
only in the first degree.
d2 d
tu

.~
For example, -----.2'.+ 2 _ 9y = 4x 2 -7
dx 2 dx
The above equation is called a LDE (linear differential equation) with

I
~
constant coefficients .
ak

I
1-1 F (SeIn-2) ft
p
\I
~
;~-
~
'.'

1\,,'
 1-4 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-3 F (Sem.-2)

om
This expression may be written as
_ Write the procedure to find cOlnplem.en:tary function. CF = CIe=(cos J3x+ C z )
or CF = Gte= (sin l3x + C z )
Case IV: If the AE has irrational roots say
Following are the steps to find complementary function:
Step I : Put the RHS of the given equation equals to zero. i.e., a. ±.jP , where f3 is positive
f(D) y = 0
Then, CF = -e=(Cl cosh.Ji3 x+ Gzsinh Jf3 x)

e.c
Z
Step II : Replace ~ "'=i D, d ~ DZ and so on i.e., convert the given
dx dx z . . . . Explain the method to find out the particular integral
equation in syrrlbolic form.
when the function in RHS is e ax , f(a) =F 0 and e ax, f(a) = O.
Step III: Make an auxiliary equation replacingD by m.
e.g., (DZ + 4D + 7) = 0 then its auxiliary equation is ~1'JI

,
m Z + 4m + 7 = 0 A Case I:

nc
Step IV: Find the roots of auxiliary equation (AE), CF will depend upOn ~:i{
When RHS function is ea.<, f(a) =F 0,
the type of root. >& -1
Then PI,: - ­ e ax
Case I: If all roots of the AE are real and distinct say ml' m 2 , •••• , m n , f(D)
l Now replace D by a so PI will be,
Then, CF = C1e"'t x + Cze"'?-x + ..... + Cne rnnx
e ax
:&

e
Where Cl' C z ' .... , C n are constants. f(a)
Case II : If roots of AE are real and equal say Iff(a) = 0, it will be a case offailure.
B. Case II:

er
m = °m z = m n = m (say).
1 When RHS of function is ea.<, f(a) = 0,
Then, CF = (C 1 + C,x + Cax z + ..... + Cnx n) e mx
e ax
If some roots are equal, others are distinct say Then, PI=
f(D)
rn
1
= mZ= ma= m
and m 4 , m s ' .. -., m n
Then,
0
f
CF = (C 1 + C,x + C0 Z ) em.< + C 4e m4;< + C 6e msx + ... + Cne mnx
Now, PI=
xe=
f'(D)
re
Multiply with x and differentiate denominator once.
Case III : If the roots of AE are complex say Again if, f '(a) = 0 then, continue to multiply with x and differentiate
m = a. ± ill, then denominator,

C F -- C Ie (a+i/.l)x + C'ze (u-iJl)x e axn

PI = x fnta)
tu

or CF = CIe CLx e iJlx +Czecxxe-iJlx

What is the procedure to find particular integral when
CF = C le ox (cos l3x + i sin l3x) + Cze= (cos l3x - i sin l3x)
the RHS function is either sin ax, cos ax while f(- a 2 ) "" 0, or sin ax,
CF = eUX(C l +Cz ) cos l3x +ie=(Cl -Cz ) sin l3x cos ax while f(- a 2 ) = O?
ak

CF = eUX[A cos l3x + iB sin l3xl

or changing the constants Case I: When function is sin ax or cos ax and f(- a 2 ) "" O.
CF = e= <C I cos fh + C z sin f3x) PI = sin ax
f(Dz)
Mathematics - II 1-5 F (Sem.-2) 1-6 F (Sem-2) Differential Equations

om
or PI = cosax .! [~_.! _.! DJ _.! (D + 4) cos 4x
f(D2) 2 4 4 4 4 8 (D 2 - 16)
In both cases replace D 2 by - a 2 but f(- a)2 *- O. If after replacing D2 by
- a 2 any term of D exist in denominator then, multiply the operator by [x4 41J 8(- 161 -16) + cos 4x
-1
2
--- - (D 4)
its conjugate, again D2 by -a 2. Terms of D in numerator stands for
differentiation of function. = -1[x- - -IJ + -1 . 4x + 4 cos 4xl
- [- 4 sm
Case II : When function is sin ax or cos ax and f(-a 2 ) = 0, 2 4 4 256
Complete solutioIi is
= =
1[x IJ 1 .

e.c
PI sinax x sinax
f(D2) f'(-a 2 ) Y = C 1 +'C2 e - 4x + - - - - + - - [- 4 SIn 4x + 4 cos 4xl
2 4. 4 256
Repeat this step again if('(- a 2 ) = o.
4x + .! (x -1) + ...!.. [cos 4x - sin 4xl
y = C 1 + C.e - ... (1.4.1)
T'"",q!1""~Al@!11 2
.'II~ij
"",,, ""\1,.·,,.'v.!!0i1m\lL,
Solve
d y
- - 2 +4y
dx
= sin 2
2x with conditions y(O) = 0, - 8 ··64
Now using the conditiony(O) = 0, we have
.
.,i;
1 1
o. W _••IllfIB. {i,

nc
y'(O) = O=C+C--+­
;~
1 2 8 64
j~ 7 . .'
C 1 + C2 = 64 .... (1.4.2)
1.~~lI
.~
Using another conditiony'(O) = 0, we have
d 2y (
dx 2 + 4y =
2
sin 2x :f y' = - .4C2 e -4x + .!8 + -±.. [_ sin 4x - cos 4xl

re
.~ 64
2
... cos 4x = 1 - 2 sin 2X] o = - 4C2 + -81 + -16
1
d2~ + 4y = 1:. _ ,cos 4x • 2 2 1 - cos 4x .
~.
(- 1)
dx 2 2 2 [ SIn x=----­ ~
. 2 4C = .! _...!
The auxiliary equation is 8 16
m' + 4nt = 0
m(m + 4) = 0
m = 0,-4
CF = C 1 + C 2 e - 4x
fe 2

4C
2

C =­
= 2-1

1
16
re
2 64
(1:. _ ~~~,!-x)
PI= 2 2 From eq. (1.4.2), C1 = -6
D(D + 4) 64
On putting the value ofC I and C 2 in eq. 0.4.1), we get
1 (1- cos 4x)
y = -6 + - 1 e - 4", + -1 (x - 1) + - 1 [cos 4x - SIn
. 4xl
tu

2 D(D + 4)
II
2
1
D(D+4)
cos 4x ]
D(D+4)
64 64 8 64
A function n(x) satisfies the differential equation

1 II {II} cos 4x ] d 2 n(x)

dx 2 -
n(x)
~ = 0, where L is a constant. The boundary conditions
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2 4 D D +4 (-16 + 4D)

1
l
'2 '4
1 liD
x - '4 + '4 ( )-1] - 1 . cos 4x
2 x 4 CD - 4)
are n(O) = x and n(oo) = O. Find the solution to this equation.
1~~~R·~~i!!(%~;.ia;a~1
 '1
Mathematics - II 1-7 F (SeD1-2) " 1-8 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

ax ax

om
_)I((I~M
CF = C I cos + C 2 sin

dZn(x) . n(x)' _ 0 PI = 2
D +a
1
2 sec ax
-----;jT -
L2 ­
The auxiliary equation is 1
- - - ; : - - - - - - - sec
(D 2 - ia) (D + ia)
ax
m 2 - -.!- = 0
L2 _1_ [ __1 l_J sec G.1C
. 1 2ia D - ia D + ia .

e.c
m=±­
L I
i! _1_ [ 1 sec ax _ 1 sec axJ
"
CF = C 1 e -Yx +
1
CzeYx
1
•g
;j
2ia (D - i a ) ' (D + ia) .
Complete solution, 1
iI -,- [PI - P2 ]
n(x) = CF+PI
§" 2w
.r x
i Where,
1
P 1 = ---sec ax

nc
n(x) = Cle- Y + Cze Y , ('.' PI:= 0)
~ D-ia
e f e- sec ax dx
i
Boundary conditions are wrong. So we can't solve it further. iax iax

Solve
2
d x
--2-
dt
+ 9x = cos 3t. R!1171Illl!,li",_. ~
~
e f (cos ax - i sin ax) sec ax dx
iax

a~ f
e iax (1- i tan ax) dx

re
d 2x
.#
i eiax {x + i COg:s ax)}
+ 9x = cos 3t
~,
-2-
dt
(D2 + 9) x = cos 3t j Similarly, 1
P 2 = ---,-(secax) = e -iax {x-£.(log cos ax)}
D+w a
Auxiliary equation: m 2 + 9 = 0
m 2 = - 9 =:> m = ± 3i
CF = (C I cos 3t + C 2 sin 3t)
1
PI= - 2- - cos 3t
fe ~
~
~>
%
PI= ie
2~a [e iax {x + Og c:s ax) } - e- iax {x ~ Og c:s ax)} J
Replacing i by -

ie
i)
re
D +9
[(iax
-1- x e -e -iax) +£,(logcosax)(iax
e +e-iax)J
PI = t ~ cos 3t = ! (sin3t) = t sin 3t 2ia a
2D 2 3 6

Complete solution, x = CF + PI = C I cos 3t + C 2 sin 3t + ! sin 3t

1 [2"£xa SIn ax + -ai Iog cos ax 2 cos ax ]
-.-
2ta
6
tu

~ [x sin ax + ~ cos ax log cos ax]

';.ll~~fL~1 Find the particular solution of the differential equation
_StW>·~
'M".;q~;~kl Solve (D2 - 2D + 1) Y = ex sinx
.' ····....'>lt~III'4J"-'''i·1
2
d -
Y + a 2 . = sec ax
.\~,~,.u·%O'l6i;ijJ>IL'j)
- t,Jijiki2:i'rii':¥""'" .' ·Btit);.""
dx2 ~ "".",;, '.-. -,:', .:,; ,-'.-,', '/>'·:·':~-'::'-;-""/"'i,:~~"":::,,,,;,:'~~t&<L:jLJ:.';,>'tj~~~,~~{.,(.:>:.
1'1~• •llj!~~j
ak

)~~tiw~![,,',l
Auxiliary equation is,
(D2 - 2D + l)y = eX sin x
m2 + a2 = 0
m = ±ai
Auxiliary equation,
m 2 -2m + 1 = 0
 1-10 F (Sem-2) Differential Equations

Mathematics - II 1-9 F (SeDl-2)

2"1 [ x 2 +5x+ 15J
2

m
m 2 -m-m + 1 0 = y = CF+PI
m(m - 1) - 1 (m - 1) 0 =
(m _1)2 = 0
C 1 eX + C. 2 eZ:<
1 [ x 2 + 5x + 2
+ 2" 15J
m = 1,1
CF = (C l + Czx)e X 2

o
Solve the differential equation d ; _ 2 dy + Y = xe x cos x .
PI = 1 eX sin x ax ax
(D 2 -2D+l) .
1III.!j2ft\t~·~ii;4;j._
~tLnkl~".,,~.,,~-:·.:,~~j::,;t~~

e.c
X 1 .
e smx
(D + 1)2 - 2(D + 1) + 1
x l . x sinx
= e 2 SIn x = e -­2 d 2y dy
(D +2D+I-2D-2+1) D --2 -2-+y = xe x cos x
Replace D2 by - 1 dx dx
= _ex sinx Auxiliary equation,

_I 1

nc
:. Complete solution = CF + PI (m 2 - 2m + 1) =0
y = (C l + Czx)e X - eX sin x. ~ (m - 1)2 = 0
~is m = 1,1

Solv~: (D2_3D+2)y';"x 2 +2x+ 1.'

;j CF = (C l + C0)e X
~" 1 1
;; .PI = xe x cosx n
(D-l)2 eX(xcosx)
fl_III~I;rfi¥aw~
:~~~.~~~*A~.i ~ CD-1)

re
.~ 1
¥_1
,j
"
....
t~~f--_
q\
~
e
x
(D+ 1-1)
2 xcosx

(D2 - 3D + 2) Y = x 2 + 2x + 1 1
e x-2-xCOSX
l = eX - [ .
XSlnx+cosx ]
Auxiliary equation, D D
m2_ 3 m + 2 =0
(m - 1) (m - 2) = 0
m = 1,2
CF = C l eX + C 2 eZ:<
1
fe Complete solution is given by
y
= eX [- x cos x + sin x + sin xl
PI = eX [- x cos x + 2 sin xl

= CF+ PI
re
2
PI = 2 (x + 2x + 1)
(D - 3D + 2) y = (C l + C0) eX + eX (- x cos x + 2 sin x)

1
2" L1 +
I D 2 - 3D
2 .
l-l . (x
2
+ 2x + 1)
.II1I1t~11l!1;:1 Solve the following differential equation
~; + 2:2 + y Il~~~Dn?I~~"~~zJ.g~lt!lf·jl
tu

X
2 2 = x2 e- cos x.
1 [ D 3D (D - 3D)2 ] 2 .
2" 1- 2 + '2 + 2 ..... (x' + 2x + 1)

--
2 .
l
1 1 - -D + .
2
3D
2
9D2l
-+-
4
2
- (x 2 + 2x + 1)
jg,'1i~t;j~k;;;1
Same as Q. 1.10, Page 1-1 OF, Unit-I.
ak

(Neglecting higher terms) (Answer: y = (C , + C 2 x) e-% + e-x (_ x 2 cos x + 4x sin x + 6 cos x))

1[2
-
2 .
x + 2x + 1 _. -2+3
2 2
9 x 2
_. (2x +2) + c-
4
J
2"1[ x
2
+ 2x + 3x + 3 + . 9J
2"
Mathematics - II 1-11 F (Sem.-2) 1 1-12 F (SeIll-2) Differential Equations
;,
]

-
Solve (D2 - 2D + 4) y = eX coS x + sin x cos 3 x. ~
::1
-1[ 1
2 - (4)2 - 2 D + 4
SIn x-
.
04 1
- (2)2 - 2 D + 4
sm x 0 2J

om
i
;j
~ -1[ 1 . 4x - -1
SIn . 2x ]
- SIn
~ 2 -12-2D -2D
~
Given equation, (D2 - 2D + 4) y = eX cos x + sin x cos 3 x /J
-1 [.--1
-sm. 4 x+-sm
1. 2x ]
Auxiliary equation, 1 4 D+6 D
m 2 - 2m + 4 = 0
-1 [- (D - 6) SIn 4 x -cos
0
- -2x
­ J
+2±~ 4 D 2 -36 2

e.c
m == 1
2 i -1 [- (D - 6) sm
. 4 x -cos
- -2XJ
­
2 ± J=-12 i 4 -52 2
m= - ­

m= l±i.J3
2
i !
4
[4 cos 4x - 6 sin 4x _ cos 2x
52 2
J
Complementary function is
I .! [4 cos 4x - 6 sin 4XJ _ cos 2x

nc
CF = eX (C 1 cos .J3x + C 2 sin .J3x) 4 52 8

I
Complete solution,
Particular integral, PI= PI + P 2 y == CF+PI
PI == ex cos x = CF+P I +P2
1_ _-excosx
2 ~
~ Y = (
eX C 1 cos
In + C 2 sm ,,3x
,,3x 0 In) + eX -cos
2­ X
D '- 2D + 4
i

re
1;
X 1 cos x i +! [4 cos 4x - 6 sin 4XJ _ cos 2x
e
(D + 1)2 - 2(D + 1) of, 4
1
X
i
:1
~~
4 52 8

e D 2 + 3 cos x

1
eX---cosx
-1+3
fe I
i~

~
~
X cos x ~ CONCEPT OUTLINE
e -­
re
~;
2
1 SiInultaneous Differential Equation: If two or more dependent
P 2 == D2 _ 2 D + 4 sin x cos 3x variables are functions ofa single independent variable, the equations
which consist of the derivatives of such variables are called
-
1 2
1 2 SIn x cos 3 x
0
simultaneous differential equationso
2 (D - 2 D + 4)
tu

$
.! 1 {sin x + 3x) + sin (x - 3x))
2 ~
2D-2D+4 . ~
~
121
- ·
. 4x - sIn
(sIn . 2)
x
2D -2D+4 .
ak

- 1[ 2 1
2 D -2D+4
sIn 4x - 2 1
D -2D+4
sIn x
0 0 2"J
Mathematics - II 1-13 F (Selll-2)

;]• 1-14 F (SeJIl-2) Differential Equations

_'4"""'/i
:~~'1~ Solve the silllultaneous equation dx
dt + 5x - 2 y = t,

m
x = _e-3t (- C 1 J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t)
. t 1
dy + x + Y =0 being given x = 0, y = 0 when t = O. t: + 2e-3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) + - + ­ ... (1.13.4)
dt 7 49
Boundary conditions .
_.~1~1._1;~i,Q·1 t1
x(O) = 0, yCO) = 0

.co
!~

From eq. (1.13.3) and eq. (1.13.4), we have

6
0= C 1 + ­
(D + 5) x - 2y = t (1.13.1) 7
x + (D + 1) y = 0 ( 1.13.2) 6
On multiplying eq. (1.13.2) by (D + 5) and subtracting from eq. (1.13.1), C =-­
1 7
we get

ce
1
(D + 1) (D + 5) y + 2y = - t and 0=- J2 C 2 + 2C 1 + 49
(Dz + 6D + 5 + 2) y == - t
Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 6m + 7 = 0 12 1
J2c2 = --+-.
7 49
~
m == -6±~8 =>m=-3± J2 ~ 83 >.
J2 C z =

n
2 ~
'$ 49
CF = e-3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) ~
'-' 83
PI =
1 t
~1
C2.= - 49.J2

re
2 (- t)
D +6D+7
-1 . Now, y= e-
3t
[- ~ cosh J2t - ~ sinh .J2tJ - ! (t - ~)
D 2 + 6D 7 49.J2 7 7
- 1
7 (
.
1 + - -- -) (t) =- 7(1- 7
1 6D
)t
7
x= ­
e-3t ( _
.
sinh ~.J2
7
.J2t - 49
83 cosh .J2t)
~(t - %)
PI = -

y == e- 3t
(C 1 cosh J2 t + C z sinh J2
fe
t) - ~ (t - *) . . n.13.3)
+ 2e-3t (t - ~7 .J2t - 49,,2
Solve the following siJIlultaneous equations.
83~ sinh J2tJ +!.- + ~
7 49
re
dy == e-~t (_ C l J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t)
dt d 2x
dt 2 + Y = sin t
- 3e-3t (C 1 cosh J2 t + C 2 sinh J2 t) - 71
d 2y

­
From eq. (1.13.2), dt 2 +x = cos t
tu

dy
x = - --y
dt ,~
x = - e-3t (- C I J2 sinh J2 t + J2 C 2 cosh J2 t) + !7 Let :t == D then the given system of equations become
ak

+ 3e-3t (C l cosh J2 t + C z sinh J2 t) D2x +y = sin t ... (1.14.1)

x + D2y = cos t ... ( 1.14.2)
- e- 3t (C l coshJ2 t+ C 2 sinh J2 t) + i (t - *) Multiplying eq. (1.14.1) by D2, we get
D4x + D2y = - sin t ... (1.14.3)
Subtracting eq. (1.14.2) from eq. (1.14.3), we get
 ~
~
"~
1­

Mathematics - II

== - sin t - cos t
1-15 F (Sem.-2)
I
.~
•
1-16 F (Sem.-2)

Multiply by (D +. 3) in eq. (1.15.1) and multiply by 8 in eq. (1.15.2), then

Differential Equations

m
(D4 - 1) x
Auxiliary equation is i add both equations

m 4 -1'== 0 i (D Z - 9 +. 8) x == 0

~
(m z - 1) (m Z +. i) =
m ==
CF ==
0
1, -1, ± i
Cle t +. Cze-t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin t
I ~
(Dz-l)x==O
Auxiliary equation is, m Z -
1 == 0

o
1_ I m == ±1
CF == C I e-t +. Cze t
PI == _4_
D -1
(- sin t - cos t)
~ ...(1.15.3)
~ PI= 0

e.c
1 (sm
. t +. cos t ) == -t ( - cos t +. SIn
.)
- t --3 t
J x == C 1 e-t +. Cze t
4D 4

I
From eq. (1.15.1),
x == Cle t +. Cze-t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin t +. !.. (sin t - cos t)
4 By(t) = dx(t) - 3x(t)
... (1.14.4)
dt
Dx == Cle t +. Cze-t - C 3 sin t +. C 4 cos t +. !..4 (cost +. sin t) +. .!4 (sin t - cos t) or
dx
By == - - 3 x

nc
I
dt
DZx == Cle t +. Cze-t - C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t +. ±(- sin t +. cos t)
By = C I ( - l)e-t +. C z e t - 3 lC I e-t +. C z etl .
By = -4C Ie-t - 2 Cze t
1 ( cos .t +. SIn
. t) +. -1 y == - 0.5 C I e-t -0.25 C z e t ... (1.15.4)
+. - (cos t +. sin t)
4 4
. d 2x I Apply boundary conduction,

re
From eq. (1.14.1), y == sm t - - - 2
dt . I x(O) == 6
From eq. (1.15.3), 6 == C I +. C z ... (1.15.5)
Y == - Cle t -Cze- t +. C 3 cos t +. C 4 sin-t +.L(sin t-cost) +. .! (sint -cos t)
4 2 I From eq. (1.15.4), yeO) == - 2 == - 0.5 C 10.25 C z- ...(1.15.6)
Eq. (1.14.4) and eq. (1.14.5), when taken together, give the complete J By solving eq. (1.15.5) and eq. (1.15.6), we get
solution of the given system of equations.

@J*ii;~i:t~~:"1 Solve the following:

dx
-
dt
=3x+.8y
fe ~
li
~
~
H
2
j
CI = 2
Cz = 4
x == 2 e-t +. 4 e t
y == _ e-t _ e t
re
~
dy = _ x- 3y withx(O) = 6 andy(O) =- 2
dt
j
,:j
_ ·dx "
;" '" ' .• ·'.·"n Solve-+.2x+.4y =
dy
1+.4t·-+.x-y = _t 2
3
~ ..,.. ..... " ..,,, dt 'dt 2
_.'~\I"I~I:~;;I ~
~
1;1'III121o:fai_f=;,.
~ :'_''''''~~~'·:'';·''''·~'~~~''',-':--':'E'\i''''i$:'%P~''';~·-- _, ' ': ~'cAMgk
l;D1~~l~t:::l
tu

~ _WI.oW"'
w
-dx ==3x+. 8y
&
g
j
... i;.1It'l
dx dy 3 z
dt
dy
,
ij
if
~
-
dt
+. 2x +. 4y = 1 +. 4t -
' dt
+. x - y == -. t
2
- - =-x-3y ~

~
ak

~
dt Writing D for , the given equation becomes
dt
Let ~ = D, so the given equation reduces to (D +. 2) x +. 4y = 1 +. 4t ... (1.16.1)
dt
(D - 3) x - 8y =0 ... 0.15.1) 3 .?
x+. (D +. 3) y =0 ... ( 1.15.2) X +. (D - l)y == '2'- ... (1.16.2)
 \:l
~
~
§

I
1~18 F (SeIIJ.-2) Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-17 F (SeIIJ.-2)

To eliminate y, mUltiplying eq. (1.16.1) by (D - 1) and multiplying

m
eq. (1.16.2) by 4, then subtracting, we get (D Z - 4D + 4) x -y = 0 (1.17.1)
[(D + 2) (D - 1) - 4]x = (D - 1) (1) + 4(D - l)t - 6t 2 '- 25x + (Dz + 4D + 4)y = 16e t

I
(1.17.2)
(D Z +2D - D - 2 - 4)x == -1 + 4 - 4t - 6t 2
(D 2 + D - 6)x = 3 - 4t - 6t 2 Multiplying eq. (1.17.1) by DZ + 4D + 4 and adding to eq. (1.17.2), we get
Auxiliary equation is (DZ - 4D + 4) (DZ + 4D + 4) x - 25 y = 16e t

.co
m 2 +m-6= 0 (D4 - 8D - 9)x = 16et
2
m + 3m - 2m '- 6 = 0
m (m + 3) - 2(m + 3) = 0
. (m + 3) (m - 2) ~ 0 => m = 2, - 3
I Auxiliary equation is,
m 4 -8m z -9 =0
CF = C I e 2t + C 2 e-3t => (m Z - 9) (m Z + 1) = 0 => m =± i, ± 3
1 2 CF = C I e-3t + C z e-3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t
PI = (D 2 + D _ 6) (3 - 4t - 6t )

ce
1 '
PI = (16 e t ) = - e t
3
--=----e Ot
- 4t 6 t2 D 4 -8D 2 -9
2
(D + D - 6) (D 2 + D - 6) (D 2 + D ~ 6) x = C I e 3t + C z e-3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t _e t
...(1.17.3)
= :- ~+i 1 t +~ 1 t2
~~ ~ ~) J r ~2 ~) J
dx
dt = 3C I e 3t - 3Cz e-3t + C 3 sin t) + C 4 cos t _e t

n
(-
6 6 [1 + ( _ 6 1 + (- -

d 2x
~ + ~ r1 + ( -~ - ~2) JI t + r1 + ( _ ~ _ ~2) JI t
-
dt-2 -
-
9C I e 3t + 9CZe-3t ­ C3 CO"
'"
t - C 4 sin t ­
et
2

re
-

I
2
4 - + 4x From eq. (1.17.1), y = -d- 2x - dx

~ ~ [1 ~+ ~2} +[1-(_ ~ _~2) ~ ~2rJ2

dt dt
_ + + + (_ _ = 9C I e 3t + 9C z e-3t - C 3 cos t - C 4 sin t _e t
I~ - 4 (3C I e 3t - 3Cze~t - C 3 sin t + C 4 cos t ­ e t )
3 4t 4 2t 2 2 2 6t (-18+4+12+2)

So,
6 36
2
= --+-+-+t +-+-+- =t+-+------­
6 6
PI"';t 2 +t
6 36

x = C I e 2t + C 2 e­
6
3t + t 2 + t
36
fe
3t 3t
+ 4 (C I e 3t + C z e-3t + C 3 cos t + C 4 sin t - e t )
=> y = C l e + 25Cze- + (3C 3 - 4C4 ) cos t + (4C 3 + 3C4 ) sin t - e t ...(1.17.4)
Eq. (1.17.3) and eq. (1.17.4) when taken together give the complete
solution.
re
Now dx = 2C I e 2t - 3C 2 e-3t + 2t + 1
dt
a
Substituting the values ofx and dx in eq. (1.16.1), we get
dt I
4y = - 2C I e 2t + 3C2 e-3t - 2t - 1 - 2C 1 e 2t - 2C2 e­
3t
tu

I
2
- 2t - 2t + 1 + 4t
CONCEPT OUTLINE
1 1
y = _ C e 2t + - C e-3t _ - t 2
I 422
Second Order Linear Differential Equation: A differential
:;~I.(I{I Solve the siDlultaneous differential equations 2
P:
ak

2
~
~
equation ofthe form c::x~ + +Qy =R is known linear differen tial
d x . dx d d 2
~
---4-+4x=yand ~+4~+ 4y =25x+ 16e'. equation of second order, where P, Q and R are functions of x alone.
dt 2 dt dt 2 dt ~
~
~
11_?~g·lJ~t:~;ltll••~rt ;
~
~
 I
Mathematics - II 1-20F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations
1-,19 F (Sem.-2)

Method· of Reduction of Order to Solve Second Order Linear dv _ 1

-fpdx[fR fp.u dx C]

om
Differential Equation: .. dx - u2 e u e + 1

Let y = u be a part of the complementary fmiction of the given

. differential equation Integration yields, v =
I u1 2 e -fpd% [f Ru e Jpdx dx + C1 ] dx + C 2
d 2y dy where C 2 is an arbitrary constant ofintegration.
- - 2 +P- + Qy =R ...(1)
dx dx Hence the complete solution ofeq. (1) is given by,
Where u is a function of x, then, we have y = uv
d 2u du
- - 2 + P - - + Qu = R
dx dx
...(2) = y = u I ~2 e-fpdx[f Ru efp.u dx + C 1
] dx + c 2u

e.c
Lety = uv, be the complete solution ofeq. (1), where v is a function of
x.
Differentiatingy w.r.tx,
dy dv du
- = u-+-v
dx dx dx
2 2 2
d y = U d v + 2 du dv + d u

nc
Again V
dx 2 dx 2 dx dx dx 2
d2 d
Solve (3x + 2)2 ----{ - (3x,+ 2)~-12y = 6x.
Substituting the values ofy, : ; and c::::. in eq. (1), we get dx . dx
2 2
d v du dv d u (dv dU) .
u - -2+ 2 - - + v - - + P u - + v - +Q(uv)=R
dx dx dx dx 2 dx dx

re
.. 2 d 2y dy
2 2 (3x + 2) - - 2 - (3x + 2 ) - -12y =6x·
d v (2-+Pu
-u--+ du dv (d u
) -+l--+P-+Qu du ) v=R dx dx·
dx 2 dx dx '- dx 2 dx
2
2 Using 3x + 2 = e (3x Z
+ 2)2 d ; = 9D(D - 1)y and (3x + 2) dy T 3Dy,
d v (2-+Pu
u--+ du ) -dv =R
,

dx dx
dx 2 dx dx

dv d 2v dp
2
d v +(~ du +
dx 2 U dx
fe
p) dx
dv R
u
...(3)
we get
9D(D - l)y - 3Dy - 12y
(9D2 - 9D - 3D - 12)y
The auxiliary equation is
= 2(e z -
= 2(e z -
2)
2)
re
Put - =p then - ­ 2 9m 2 - 12m - 12 = 0
dx ' dx dx

Now eq. (3) becomes,

dp (2
du )
dx + -;; dx + P P
R
=-;; (m - 2) ( m + ~) = 0
...(4)
Eq. (4), is a linear differential equation of first order inp and x. 2
m = 2 , - ­3
tu

f(2 ~ ,p)dx (f~dU+ fPdxJ 2 fPdx

Therefore, the complementary function is
IF=e u = =e" =ue
Solution of eq. (4) is given by -2z
CF = C 1 e 2z + C 2 e ""3
pu 2 e. f P <Ix -- fR u 2 ef P dx dx + C 1
U and PI = 1 2(e Z -2)
ak

Where C 1 is an arbitrary constant of integration. 9D 2 -12D+ 12

f P dx [f R ue f l' dx ~
= P- - 2
1 e
U.
d x+ C 1 ]
f 2
{
.
1
2
eZ-2
2
e0 }

9D -12D -12 9D -12D -12

i
~
~
•~~
f!
 I
Mathematics - II 1-21 F (Se.ll1-2) I 1-22 F (Se.ll1-2) Differential Equations

= 2 1 ef-4-_ 1 2e z
--+­
-15 3
1
I and
d 2y d (dY )' d (dY dZ)
9 - 12 -12 0 - 0 -12
I

m
dx 2 dx dx = dx dz dx
The solution is Y = CF+PI
2
-2z 1 2 d 2Y (dz)2 + dy.d z

I
=
Y = Ce2z+Ce +- _ _ e z
dz dx 2
3 2
I 2 3 15 dz dx
Using, z = 10g(3x + 2), we get Substituting the values of dyldx and d 2y I dx 2 in eq. (1.20.1), we have

.co
- 2 log (3x + 2)
= CIe2log (3x +C +.!. _~elOg (3x+2) 2
Y + 2) e 3
( dz)2 d2y2 +(d z2 + P dZ) dy + Qy =R
~
2 3 15 dx dx dx dx dz
1 2 _ iii
C I (3x + 2)2 + C 2 (3x + 2)
+ - - -(3x + 2)
. 3 15
213
m d 2y dy
--2 +P1-+QlY =RI ...0.20.2)

I
C l and C 2 are arbitrary constants of integration. dz dz
2
_ Solve ((2 y + ~ dy = 12 log x d z +p dz

-
2

ce
. ..• " d x 2 X dx . x2 Where P = dx dx
~ , 1 (dzldx)2'
!1

Given equation may be written as

I . Q
Q I = (dz I dX)2 R 1 = (dz I dx)2
R

I
I

2
PI' QI' and R I are functions of x but may be expressed as functionS ofz
2 d d
dX~ + x d~

n
x = 12 log x by the given relation between z and x.
Here, we choose z to make the coefficient of dy I dx zero, i.e.,
or (D(D - 1) + D) y = 12z (Let, z = log x) PI = 0
D2y = 12z and

re
0;

Auxiliary equation is, m 2

= 0 ~ 2
d z + pdz
f =0
m = 0,0 I! dx 2 dx
CF = (C l + C 2 z) eO. =Cl + C2Z ~ or
d 2 z I dx 2
=-P
ii dzldx
~
Complete solution, y
1
PI= -212 z
D
= CF+PI
y = C l + C 2 Z + 2z3
1
12 - 2 z
D fe z~
= 1 2 - = 2z3
6 ~
~
~
~
Integrating, we get
dz
In dx =
dz
-f Pdx
re
Y = C l + C 2 10g x + 2 (log X)3 ljj dx
= e­ fPdx
~
. .·.. .
;:v~~"~1
~ »;<;"'1:'< ,lffiw"","'~'7""i~19"#;<
Write the procedure for solving the linear differential ~
~
Integrating again, we get
z = J e- f Pdxdx
equation by changing the independent variable. Now, eq. (1.20.2) reduces to
d 2y
tu

_".~~~:
Let the given differential equation is ~
dz 2 + QlY =Rl
Which can be solved easily provided Q l comes out to be a constant or a
il
~ constant multiplied by 1/z 2. Again if we choose z such that,
d 2y dy
dx2 + P dx + Qy = R ... 0.20.1)
QI = Q 2 == a 2 (Constant)
ak

(dzl dx)'
Let the independent variable be changed from x to z and z = rex)
dy = dy dz
dx dz dx
a2c:r = Q
 I
Mathematics - II 1-23 F (SeD1-2) I 1-24 F (SeD1-2) Differential Equations

dz
JQ
u­ 2 sin 2 x (dz) 2 dz .
(:=) . 2

m
dx Choose Q I = 2, i.e., 2 = 2 ,=? dx = SIn x =:> dx = SIn x
az= I.jQdx
Then eq. (1.20.2) reduces to z = -cosx
2 2
d y dy 2 d z
x---+P,-+uy -R -- = COSX

o
dx 2 1 dz - I
dx 2
III
Which can be solved easily provided PI comes out to be a ~onstant.
~ Now,
P = COS X + (3 sin x - cot x) sin x
Solve by changing the'independent variable :' I sin 2 x

e.c
2 COS X + 3 sin 2 x - cos:x:. sin x
d y +(3sinx-cotx) dy +2ysin2x=e-cosxsin2x _______~~-s-in x
dx 2 dx =3
:lf; sin 2 x
=:J.:J~1I:1;
i
_ _4

e- COSX sin 2 x
RI = :::: e- cosx
sin 2 x

nc
y" + (3 sinx -cotx)y' + 2y sin2 x =e-<:O'x sin2 x d 2
d i + 2y = e--eo,x
Changing independent variable . --.1'.. +3
dz 2 dz
z = fix)
2 2 d 2y dy
dy = dy dz, d y = ~ (dY dz) = ~ (dY ) dz + d z , - - + 3-- + 2y
dz2 dz
= e -z
dx dz dx dx 2 dx dz dx dx dz dx dx 2
Auxiliary equation is m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0

re
2
~ (dy),(dz) (dz) + d z2 m = -1,-2
dz dz dx dx ·dx CF = CIe-z + C 2 e-Zz
2 2
d y (dz)2 + dy d z - 1- - - e Z
i*
PI= 1 e --
dz 2
dx dz dx 2 , (D + 2) (D + 1) D 2 + 3D+ 2
Now from given equation,

--
dz
2
d y (dz)2
2 --
dx
2
d z.
+--+(3slnx-cotx)--
dx 2
. dy dz
dy d z .
dz dx
fe
+2'\Jsln2x=e-cosxsln2x
'-"
.
~

I!
Put, D =-1
__
1+3+2
eZ
1 _ ez ­
6

= CF + PI = C I e
Z
+ C 2 e-Z + e-Z = C I e--eos x
re
d2 d 2z (3 SIn x - cot x) -d' dx 2 sin 2 x . ... Complete solution
---.1:'. + __ + + Y = e--eos x sln2 x 6

dz
2
dx
2
(~~f
Z

'C::f I
~
+ C e--eosx + e-cosxl6
2

This can be written as I~

d 2y ;
tu

dy
dz2' + PI dz + QIY = R I

d 2y .
dz 2 .
dz
_ .. + (3 sm x - cot x) - ­
dx
I
~
~
Where, PI = f
(:f
ak

(.

= 2
2sin x R = e-cosxsin2x
*~
QI (dz / dx)2' I (dz / dx)2
Mathematics - II 1-25 F (Sem.-2)
1-26 F (SeDl-2) Differential Equations
• •f.1:1~J
-liW~l'hh"-Y~'~~#:~~:>""IA';"*ll.§AI
How can we solve differential equation by rem.oving
. 2

om
the first derivative or converting in nOrInal form. ? or --+Xv=Y
d v2 · )
.~~"",,,,",,,,:,;-:<g,,,,,<,A2~~,,,,,<-=..* ,,dQ
dx
1 dP 1 2
Where X=Q-----P
A part of the complementary function is needed to find the complete 2 dx . 4 ...(I.22.3)
solution, it is not always possible to f"md an integral belonging to CF in and Y = R elf2fpdx
such cases, we reduce the given equation to the form in which the term
containing the first derivative is absent. For this, we shall change the Eq. (1.22.3) may easily be integrated and is known as normal form of
dependent variable in the equation. eq. (1.22.1).

e.c
d 2y dy . Solve the following equation by reducing into nOrDlal
dx2 + P dx + Qy = R .... (I.22.1)

-
form..
By putting y = iw, where u is some function of x, so that
d2 d
dv du dy ~ 2
+ 2x 2 + (x 2 - 8)y = x2 e- x212 •
udx+v dx dx
dx dx

nc
2
d y 2
d v du dv d 2u OR
and - ­ 2 = u-- 2 +2--+v-­ 2 Solve the following differential equation by reducing into nOrDlal
dx dx dx dx dx

-
2 2 fOrDl: .
On substituting dy I dx and d y I dx in terms ofu and v in eq. (I.22.1),
1 2
we get
y" + 2xy' + (xl! - 8)y = x 2 e -2.1'
2 2
d
u--+ v ( dU) dv (d
Pu+2- - + --+P-+Qu U du ) v = R
dx 2 dx 2

re
dx dx dx

dx
2
d v ( P+-
--+ 2
dU)
-
u dx dx- U dx
2
dv+ - -d -u+ - -du
2 +2
U dx Q (1
) v = Rlu P
(1222)
.,. . .
d 2y
dx
. dy
- -2 + 2 x - + (x 2 - 8)y = x2 e-x212
dx
Let us choose u such that, . . d 2y dy
On companson With, dx 2 + P dx + Qy = R, we have
P+ ~du = 0
udx
du P
_. = - - u
dx 2
fe v=e 2
We know that, u is given by
-~fpd.r -'!'f2xdr
=e 2
x2/2
P = 2x, Q = x 2 - 8, R = x 2 e­
-~
=e 2
re
du = _ P dx
d 2u
...
u 2
u = e- 1I2 lPdx I dx2 + Q 1 U = R 1
..... (1.23.1)
Now, from eq. (1.22.2), we have 1 dP p 2
1 4x 2
2 Where Q =Q - - - - - =x2 - 8 - - (2) - - ­
d v2 +l!(-~ dP ­ P dU) +Pu du +QJ u = R e lf2lPdx , 1 2dx 4 2 4
tu

dx u 2 dx 2 dx dx Q1 =-9
R 2 -x'12

-
2
d -v+ [. -1- - -P
dP ­ ( --
P u) +P(-P)
- --u +Q v = R J elf2JPd~
R = _=~_=X2
1 v e-;J:'1/ 2
dx 2 2 dx 2u 2 2 2
On putting the value ofQ 1 and R 1 in eq. (1.23.1), we get
2 ~~
d v +[Q
__ 1 dP 1 P 2J v=Re 112lPdx d 2u
ak

dx 2 2 dx 4 . ~ - - 2- 9 u = x
dx
2

i',1~ (D 2 _ 9)u = x 2
1
t~
~,
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 9 = 0

~
m= ±3

V
~,.

~
Ii
ci
 I
Mathematics - II 1-27 F (SeD1-2) 1-28 F (SeD1-2) Differential Equations

CF = C , e 3x + C 2 e- 3x

m
2 2
PI = _1_ x2 = .!(1- D )-1 x 2 = .!(1+ D ) x 2
D 2 -9 9 9 9 9

PI = - i( x
2
+ ~) CONCEPT O·UTLINE

.co
Complete solution,
.
u= CF + PI = C ,e 3x
+ C2 e- 3x
- .!
9
(x 2
+ ~)
9
Method of Variation of Parameters: By this method the general
solution is ·obtained by varying the arbitrary constants of the
complementary function that is why the method is known as method
Thus y= uu = [c, e
3X
+C2 e-
3x
- i (x
2
+~) }-~ of variation of parameters.
Procedure : First find the complementary function of the given

..{­
differential equation.
Using nOrIllal lOrIll, solve: d 2y dy

ce
a--+b-+cy=X
·dx 2 dx
d 2y dy.
=- 3e--..2 SIn ~~
•
-- - 4 x - + (4;r2 - 1) y 2x Letitisbe CF=Ay, +BY2 ...(1)
dx 2 dx
So thaty, andY2 satisfy given differential equation let us assume
tilt• • x2
.
u
PI=UY,+UY2 ... (2)

n
Here, P = - 4x, Q = 4x 2 - 1, R = - 3e sin 2x Where and u are given by
Let y = uu be the complete solution. -XY2
Now, u = e -! f<-4x)dx = e x2
u =
JYl.Y2 - Y2Yl dx

re
1 dP p 2
and u = J ,X Yl , dx
Q =Q----­ YIY2 -Y2Yl
1 2 dx .4
Putting u and u in eq. (2), we can find PI and then complete solution
= 4x 2 - 1 - -1 (- 4) -- -1 ( 16x2 ) =1 y = CF+ PI .
2 4

Also, R

Hence normal form is,

1
R
= - -
u

d2~
- 3 eX sin 2x

+
eX

U
2

= - 3 sin 2x
= -,3'
SIn
2x
fe
re
i_.....
dx
Auxiliary equation, m + 1 = 0 => Tn = ± i
2
CF = C I cos X + C 2 sin x
Apply D1ethod of variation of paraD1eters to solve
1 -- 3
PI = - 2 - - ( - 3 sin 2xl = 2
sin 2x 2
----f
d d III\t~1
tu

D +1 (- 4 + 1) x + 4x -.1:'. + 2y = e"
PI = sin 2x
dx dx
Complete solution, u = CF + PI = C I cos X + C 2 sin x + sin 2x
Hence the complete solution of given differential equation is .
d 2 y.
2 dy
y = uu = e x2 (C I cos x + C 2 sin x + sin 2x) x --+4x -+2y = eX
ak

dx 2 dx
W(D - 1) + 4D + 2}y = ex [':x=ezJ

_­ (D2 + 3D + 2)y = e'~

Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 3m + 2 = 0 => m
CF = C , e- + C 2 e- 2zZ
=- 1, - 2

1~
 ~
g
I 1-30 F (Sem.-2) '" Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-29 F (Sem.-2)
t

m
PI =
1 ee
z Here, part'ofCF are U = et , v = e 3t .Also, R = - -e - t
1+e
D 2 +3D+2 Let x = Ae' + Be 3t be the complete solution of the given equation where
(Using General method to find PI) A and B are suitab\e ~ction of t.
1 eZ (1 l)e
z
To determine A an~B>We have

o
(D+1)(D+2) e = D+l - D+2 e
A = - Rv dt + C = - f
f UV1-ut e e dt + C
t 3t
.
1 eZ l ez v (1+et)(3e4t_e4t)
1
l
--e ---e
D+l D+2
I . ~~ e~

e.c
Z Z
J z z
J
e- e ee dz - e- 2z e 2z ee dz = - f 2(1 + e t )e 4t dt + C = - f 2(e- t + 1) dt + C 1
l

e = t => e dz = dt

I
Z Z
Let 1 _
J
e- z Jet dt - e-2z te' dt = e--Z e t - e-2z (te' - e')
"2 !n(e t + 1) + C l
z z z Ru
e-z ee z _e-2z (eZ ee _ee ) = e-2z ee B= f uVl - dt+C2

I
'
ut v

nc
Complete solution, y = CF + PI t I 2t
y = C e- z + C e-2z + e-2z ee
2 1
z
f e e
4t
(1 + e t ) (3e _ e 4t )
dt + C =
2
e
2(1 + et)e4t
f
dt + C
2

x 1 e- 2t 1 e~t
y = C 1 ( ; ) +C2 (:2) +(:2)e M
~
-f
2 (1 + e ).
t dt + C 2 = -2 t f
dt + C 2
F -. -,

-
e
Using variation of param.eters m.ethod, solve W 1 1
~ - (e-t + .1)2 - - In (e-t + 1) + C
~ 4 2 . 2
2 d 2y dy
=0 I Hence the complete solution is

er
X --+ 2x--12y
dx 2 dx i x = [~ln (e- t + 1) + C l Jet + [ - ~ (e- t + 1)2 In (e- t + 1) + (e- t + 1) + C 2 Je 3t
~
rJ
Same as Q. 1.25, Page 1-28F, Unit-I. !J:
(Ans'Wer:y = C 1 x 3 + C 2 / x 4 ) ~ ~,. Solve by m.ethod of variation of param.eters for the
~
ef differential equation:
Apply m.ethod of variation of param.eters to find the
E 2
d y _6 dy +9y _ _"'01.
general solution.of
~ dx 2 dx (::) '~';'-""" ".' ",,,' " ",,~~j,~:

-
2
x - 4dx
d - - + 3 x _ -e'-t r."\
~ ."iill·"' "'''.''
~N""'HWlwi.::== ~.·II_.'
..•.·u;,·,'_h."
-'''.; " . ~
r
Il
de dt - l+e
W
~.
1I.lt~jl~{1
~-<

d 2y
(~:)
w dy
tu

~ - -2- 6 - + 9 y =

I
dx dx
d 2x dx et Auxiliary equation,
- -2- 4 - + 3 x
dt dt 1 + et m 2 -6m + 9 = 0
(m - 3)2 = 0
el
4D + 3)x = - - -t
(D 2 m = 3,3
ak

- ~.
1+e ~: So, CF = (C l + CzX)e 3x
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 4m + 3 = 0 Here U = e 3x and u = x e 3x are two parts of CF
.,N
m = 1,3 ~i e 3x
t 3t Also, R= -2
CF = C , e + C z e ~. X
~

~
~.
f
"'"
 1-32 F (SeID-2) Differential Equations
1-31 F (SeID-2) ','
Mathematics - II
Auxiliary equation, m 2 - 1 == 0 =:> m == ± 1

om
Let the complete solution be
y == A e 3x + Bx e 3x CF == C1e z + C 2 e- z == C1x + C 2 ..!.x
To determine the values of A and B, we have
1
Rv Hence parts of CF are x and ­
A == - J
dx + C 1
uV 1 - ~v
x

,(e7 3X
)
xe
3x Let u==xandv== 1
x
A == f- e dx + C 1

e.c
3x (e 3x + 3x e3x ) _ xe 3x 3e3 >: Let y == Ax + B be the complete sol ution, where A and B are some
x
e 6x I x suitable functions of x. A and B are determined as follows:
A == - J - -6x
d x + C1
e \ A == - J
Rv
dx + C 1
A == - J'!- dx + C 1
\ uV l - ~u

X e -1
x

- JX(:~):1(~) dx+C1
A == -logx + C 1

nc
Ru
B == J dx+ C z
uV1 - ~v
x 1
e 3x 3x e - 1
e
x , .
-2-
dx +Cz -f( -::2) dx + C 1 == 2. eX + C 1
B== fe 3x (e 3x 3x 3
+ 3x e ) _ 3e " xeS"

re
= J~dx+Cz Ru J eXx
B
x
and B == f uv 1
_ u v dx + C 2 ==
1
-(_y--)
X
(1)'dx + C
- - ­
2

2
1 ," 'x x
B == - - + C z
x eXx . 1 X
Hence the complete solution is
fe J(-:) dx + C 2 =~ 2' J.x
2
e dx + C 2
y = (-logx +C1 )e3X + (~'~+C2) xe 3
>:,

lil'iIttllill Use variation of paraIDeters IDethod to solve the

- %[x 2
eX - J2x eX dx ] + C 2
== - i [x
2
- 2(x - 1) eX I + C 2
re
·~,:;~'t..~~dt",¥_';;*~~R~v~<:-;.":uti.l
differential equation x 2 y" + xy' - y == x ex.
2
- .!
2 '
x 2ex + (x - 1) eX C
l-=p=·;::-=,m=;I~_=
.•' -'-'.-',:=II=~~=:,:i=:~~=:;:'=';jfJ=;2;iil
2
Hence the complete solution is given by

y == Ax + B == (..!. eX + C ) x + [_.! x 2
eX + (x - 1) eX + C 2 ] 1:.
tu

I
2 x ... (1.29.1) x 2 2 x
XZ y" + xy' -y = x e
C· C2 (1 1)
.
X
" y' y ... ( 1.29.2) Y == IX + ~ + -:; e
Y +--;-~2=e"

Here, R = C"
ak

Consider the equation y" + L - Y2 == 0 for finding parts of CF

x x
Put x == e Z so that z == log x
So, [D (D - 1) + D - 11 y = 0
(D2 _ 1) y == 0 ... <I.29.3) r~.

F
tt
MatheUlatics - II 1-33'F (SeDJ.-2) 1-34 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations

CONCEPTOUTLI NE Put D 2 = -1,

om
• it 1 .
Cauchy-Euler Equation: An equation of the fonn = Imagmary part of e 2D i -1 sm t
n dny n-I dn-1y n-2 d n- 2y dy . 2Di+I
x dx n + a1x dx n- I + a 2 x dx n- 2 + + an_Ix dx + anY = Q
= Imaginary part of e't (2D i + 1) (2 D i -1) sin t
Where a.'s are constants and Q is a function of x, called Cauchy's
(2Di + 1) .
homogen'eous linear equation. Such equations can be reduced to linear = Imaginary part of e it -4D 2 -1 smt
differential equations with constant coefficients by the substitution
x = e Z or z = log x . . (1 + 2Di) .

e.c
= Imaginary part of e't SIn t
3
= Imaginary part of ! (cos t + i sin t) (sin t - 2i cos t)
3
1 (sin 2 t - 2 cos 2 t)
3
1

nc
2 2
x 2 ----?
d d
+ Ix i + Y = (log PI= 3" (sin 2 t:"'- 2 cos t )

.4._
x) sin (log x).
dx dx
_ti<lq.~
Complete solution, y = CF + PI = C 1 cos t + C 2 sin t + %(sin 2 t - 2cos 2 t)
~:zg,l~~:~~0~
Where, t = log x
. . ". . 1~.+.j1"~;i!}t = C 1 cos (log x) + C 2 sin (log x) + ! [sin 2 (log x) - 2 cos 2 (log x)]

re
y
x 2 y" + xy' + Y = (log x) sin (log x) 3
This is the Cauchy Euler equation.
Put x = e t , t = logx,x 2 y" = D(D-I)y, and we getxy' = Dy·
[D (D -1) + D + I]y = t sin t
[D2 - D + D + l1y = t sin t
(D2 + l)y = t sin t
Auxiliary equation, m 2 + 1 = 0, m = ± i
fe CONCEPT OUTLINE

Frobemus Method: Following are the steps of solving differential

re
equation with the help of frobenius method:
CF = C I cos t + C 2 sin t
1. AssUDle y = a o x m + a1x m + 1 + a~m+2 + ... . ..(1)
PI= __ 1_ tsint 2
D 2 +1 y
2. Substitute froUl eq. (1) for y, d , d -; in given equation
dx dx
1_ e it sin t
= Imaginary part of __
tu

3. Equate to zero the coefficient oflowest power ofx. This gives a

D 2 +1
quadratic equation in m which is known as the Indicial equation.

;I.·'
Put D =D + i,
1
= Imaginary part of e" (D + i)2 + 1 sin t
I 4. Equate to zero, the coefficients of other powers of x to find ai' a 2 ,
a 3 , ••• in terms of ao'

,~ 5. Substitute the values of ai' a 2 , a 3 , .•• in eq. (1) to get the series
ak

= Imaginary part of e it 2 1 sin t ! solution of the given equation having a o as arbitrary constant.
"
D -I+2Di+I Obviously, this is not the complete solution of given equation
since the complete solution must have two independent arbitrary
= Imaginary part of e it 2 1 . sin t constants.
D +2Dt

i
t-';.

~!
fi
 I
1-36F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations
Mathematics - II 1-35 F (Sem.-2)

.. m = 0,­12 ._

om
Roots are different and not differing by an integer: The general term is
obtained by replacing k by k + 1 in second summation ofeq. (1.31.3).
a (m + k + 1) (- 2m - 2k + 3) + a k+, (m + k + 1) (2~/+'2k -t:.D = 0
k

­
- (m+ k+l)(-2m-2k+3)
.. ak+l = (m + k + 1)(2m + 2k + 1~ ak
~ Find the series solution of the' following differential
2m+2k-3
equation. Thus, ak
+
1 = 2m+2k+l
ak

e.c
Putting k = 0, 1, 2 .

r_
2
d 31
2x(l-x) - - 2
dx
d31
+ (1-x) - + 331=0
dx
1_ _t'I'(I.'IIJ 1!:".'f',,' "'. '~n>'j:~'<2.?A' >"r.ii
2m-3
a 1 = -2-m-+-l- aO
(2m-I)
a
2
= a
(2m+3) 1
(2m+l)
2x(1-x)y"+(1-x)y'+3y=0 ...(1.31.1) a= ~

nc
3 (2m+5)
Dividing eq. (1.31.1) by 2x(1-x), we get
(2m+3)
1 a 4 = (2m+7)aa
y" + 2 y' + 2 (3 y = 0 ... (1.31.2)
x x 1- x) .
(2m+5)
Comparing eq. (1.31.2) with y" + P(x) y' + Q(x) y = 0, we get a
5
= a
(2m+9) 4

= -1 = - -3- ­ 1 3 1

re
P(x) and Q(x)
2x 2x(1- x) At m = 0, a, =- 3a o' a 2 = a o' a 3 = 5" a o' a 4 = 35 a o' a 5 = 21 a o
Yl =Ym~O=xm(aO+alx+a2x2+a3x3+a4x4 5
Here P(x) and Q(x) both are non-analytic at x = O.But xP(x) = .!. and . + asx + ....)
2

x 2Q(x) = ~
_o(
- x a o 1 - 3x + x 2
1 3 4 1 5
+"5 x 3 + 35 x + 21 x + ....)
(1- x)
Let the solution of the given differential equation is fe
are analytic therefore x = 0 is a regular singular point.

y, = a o( 1 - 3X2
3x + - - + -
3 3
X .+ -
3
X
4
+-
3 5
x +
)
.

I
co 1.3 3.5 5.7 7.9
y = L ak Xm +
k At In = 1/2, a, = -a o' a?, = 0·, a 3 = 0, a 4 = a 5 = as = =0
re
k=O 1l2
Y2= (Y)m=1I2 =x a o (l-x+0 )
~

y' = ~ ak(m + k)xm + k - , Y 2 = jXa o(l-x)

k~O
General solution is y = Ay, + BY2
y" = ~ a/m + k) (m + k _1)x m +k - 2
Y = A(1-
tu

k~O
3x + _3_x2+_3_x3+_3_x4+_3_x5+ .....) +B.j";(1-x)
. 1.3 3.5. 5.7 7.9 .
Putting all these values ingiv~m differential equation and collecting the
like terms, we get _ Solve in series : ~y" +x (2x+ l)y'-y=O.
00 00

L + k+ IX -2m - 2k+3)x m+ k + L + k)(2m+2k _l)x m + k - 2 "''''''''''""""

_ .. """".=
.. - = = ...
=.,=""=·,q."="ili%j
ak (m ak (m = 0
~.'j.~
ak

k=O k=O
... ( 1.31.3)
Equating the coefficient of lowest degree term x m - 2 to zero.
2x 2 y" + x(2x + 1) y' - y = 0 . ..(1.32.1)
a om(2m - 1) =0
a o '" 0 t x = 0 is a regular singular point.
,~
f:
~
~
 I
Mathematics - II 1-37 F (Se.m-2) I 1-38 F (Se.m-2) Differential Equations
00

Let, . L m k
1

m
y = ak x +
k=O
At m = 1, At m = - - ,
2
00

y' = Lak(m + k) xm+k~l -2ao -2ao

a1= - - a1= _.- =-a o
k=O 5 2
00
- 2 (- 2 ao ) 4ao -2 ao
= Lak(m + k) X m+k- 2 7 =

o
y" (m + k-1) a 2 == -5- 35 a 2 = 4(-ao)=2
k=O

Putting the value ofy,y' andy" in eq. (1.32.1), we get

00 00
a3 = -92(~i)=~.~~ a3 = -62C~)=-;o

e.c
2 Lak(m + k) (m + k-1) xm~k +2 Lak(m + k) X m+k+ 1
k=O k=O a - 16ao a _ -2(-ao) _ ao
00 00 4- 5.7.9.11 4- 8 ·6 -24
+L a k (m + k)x(m+k) - L a k x m+ k =0 . C [2 4 2 . 8 3 16- 4· ]
kd k~ Thus, Y == 1xaO 1 - - x + - x - - - x + . x ....
;' tlO co 5 . 35 5.7.9 5.7.9.11
mk 1
+ + + Lak [(m + k) (2m + 2k -2+ l)-lJx m+k = 0

-_.
/ 2 Lak(m + k) X 1 -2 . 1 3 1 4 ]
k=O k=O +C2 x-lfZ a o [ 1-x+"2 x -6"x + 24 x ....

nc
00 00
mk 1
2 Lak(m+k)x + + + Lak(m+k-1)(2m+2k+l)xm~k = 0 Use Frobenius series .method to find the series solution
k ...O k=O

Equating the lowest degree term to zero by putting k = 0 in second of (l-..r)y" -xy' + 4y = 0
sUmmation,
a o (m - 1) (2m + 1) = 0

re
a o"" 0 =0
0- x 2 )y" -xy' + 4y
1 Let x+1=t
m= 1 , - ­ 2
t(2 - t)y" - (t - 1)y' + 4;y = 0 ... (1.33.1)
Roots are different and their difference is not an integer. Dividing eq. (1.33.1) by t(2 - t), we get
Th us,

Equating·the general terms,

y.= G 1(y)m=1 + G 2 (y)m

2ak (m + k) + a k + 1 (m + k) (2m + 2k + 3) = 0
fe -1
=2 t(2-t) Y
y
,+
"_ (t -1) 4
t(2-t) Y ­
_ 0

Comparing eq. 0.33.2) withy" + P (t) y' + Q (t) y == 0

P(t) =
- (t-1) .
and Q(t) = - ­
4
... (1.33.2)
re
- 2ak t(2-t) t(2-t)
a k +1 = (2m + 2k + 3) t = 0 is a singular point for the given differential equation.
Putting k == 0, 1, 2, ... 00

Let, " ak t m +k
y == 'L.." •
IS a so I u t'Ion
-2ao
a 1 = k=O
2m+3
y' = Lak(m+k)t m+k- 1
tu

-2~
a2 =
(2m + 5) y" == L ak (m + k)(m + k _1)t m +
k­
2

From eq. (1.33.1),

= -2az
a 3
(2m + 7)
and so on t(2 - t) Lak(m + k) (m + k - 1) F + k - 2 - (t - 1) L ak(m + k) t m k - + 1
ak

3 + 4 L aktm k = 0+
,
2 L ak(m + k) (m + k - 1) t m + k- 1_ Lak(m + k) (m + k _ l)tm + k
~

1
(
0:

1
I
e
Mathematics - II 1-39 F (Sem.-2) 1-40 F (Sem.·2) Differential Equations

_ L:ak(m + k) t m + k + L:ak(m + k) t m + k -
l + 4 L:a t m + k =0
k _ Find the Frobenius series solution of the follow-ing

om
-
k
Lak(m + k) (2m + 2k-2 + 1)F+ k - l - 2:ak [(m + k)(m + k)-4]F+ = 0 differential equation about x = o.
k
Lak(m + k) (2m + 2k _1).t m + k - l _ Lak(m + k+ 2) (m + k - 2)F+ = 0
~y" + 7x(x+ 1)y' -3y= O.
. ... (1.33.3)
Putting k =0 in lowest degree term, t m ·- I
a om(2m - 1) = 0
2x 2 y" + 7x(x + 1) y' - 3y = 0 ... (1.34:1)
ao "" 0 x = 0 is a regular singular point.
:. m = 0,1/2 .

e.c
-Putting k = k + 1 in first sUmmation and k = k in second summation of ro
m k
eq. (1.33.3) Let, y = L ak x +
k=O
ak+I (m + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 1) - ak(m + k + 2) (m + k - 2) = 0
",.

a _ (m + k + 2) (m + k - 2) a y' = La k (m + k) X
m k I
+ ­
k+l - (m + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 1) k k-O
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... '" mk 2
y"= Lak(in + k)X + - (m + k-1)

c
(m + 2) (m - 2) (m + 3) (m - 1) . (m + 4)m . k-O
a a,a= a,a=. "a
1 (m+ 1)(2m +1) 02 (m+2)(2m+3) 1.3 (m+3) (2m + 5) 2­ Putting the value ofy,y' andy" in eq. (1.34.1), we have
= 0, = 1/2, 2 '" '"

en
At m At m 2x Lak(m + k)(m+ k -i) X m + k- 2 + 7x 2 Lak(m +k) X m + k­
I

-4 5 k-o k-O
al =T ao =-4a o a 1 = - 4' ao 00 ro
+7x Lak(m + k)X m + k- 1 - 3Lak x m+k =0
-3 7 k~ k~
a2 = 6 a l = 2a o a z = 32 ao ~ ro ~

2:ak (m+k) (2 m+2 k -2+ 7)x m+k -32>ZkXm+k +7Luk (m + k)X""k+1 =0

= -3-

er
aa= 0 a3 ao hO k-O k_O
128 00 00 '"

Thus, y = C I (Y)m=O+C Z(Y)m=lIZ Lak(m+ k) (2m +2k + 5) x m+k -3Lakx m +k + 7Lak (m+ k)Xm+k+1 =0
y = CI [i: akt
m
,k 1 + C'i [i: akt
m
+
k
]
k~O

Equating the lowest degree term to zero by putting k

summation,
k~O k-O
= 0 in first
k=O _ m =0
ef k=O m::.:.!:..
2
a o m (2m + 5) - 3 = 0
1 3 5 7 ]
=CI [aO+alt+a2tZ+aata + ...] +C2 [ ao(t)'i +al (t)2 +a 2(t)2 +a3(t)2 + .... a o "" 0
,,~
2m 2 + 5m -3 = 0
= C I [au + (- 4a o) (1 + x) + 2a o (1 + x)2 + 0] +
m=~3 .!
r
C [ao(l + X)1/2 + a o (-=--!?) (l + x)'/2 + _2.. a o (l + X)5/2 +..2- a o (1 + X)'/2 + ... J '2
2 4 32 128 Roots are different and their difference is not an integer,
= CIaO [1 - 4 - 4x + 2 + 2x 2 + 4xl + C 2a O (1 + x)1I2
tu

Thus, y = CI(Y)ni =-a + C 2 (Y)m= 112

Equating the general terms,
1 - -5 (l + x) + - 7 (l + X)2 + -3- (1 + X)3 + '" ]
[ 4 32 128 a k + l [em + k + 1) (2m + 2k + 2 + 5)-3] + ta k (m + k) = 0

= CIaO [1 + 2x 2 ] + C 2a O (1 +x)l/2 . -7ak(m + k)

a k + l = -=-[('-m-+---C-
k -+-1 -)(--"2'-m-+-2-k-+-7) ­ 3]
1- -5 (l + x) + - 7 (1 + X)2 + -3- (1 + X)3 + ... ]
ak

[ 4 32 . 128 Putting k = 0, 1, 2, '"

a ­ -7ao m
I - [em + 1) (2m + 7) - 3]
 Mathem.atics - II 1-41 F (Sem.-2)

-70.0 (m+ 1)
az =

m
(m + 2) (2m + 9)- 3]
49ao m(m+I)
[(m + 1) (2m + 7)- 3) [(m+ 2) (2m + 9)-3)
-7az (m+2) Multivariable

.co
a3 =
[(m + 3) (2m + 11) - 3]
-343llo m (m +1) (m + 2)
Calculus-II
[(m. + 1) (2m + 7) - 31 [(m+ 2) (2m + 9) - 3][(m + 3) (2m. + 11) - 31
1
Atm= 2' Atm = -3,
-7ao -210.0

ce
al = ~ al=
5
a _ -7 at x (3/ 2) _ 49 0.0 -7 ~ x (-2) 490.0
aZ =
z - [(5/2) x 10 - 3) - 264 [(-I)x3-3) 5
-7 ~ x (5/2) 1215ao
=0

n
a3 = [(7/2) x 12 _ 3 = - 20592 a3
Thus, y = CI(Y)m =-3 + CZ(y)m = 1/Z
Y = C I [a o x-3 x O + a l x-3 xl + a 2 x-3 x Z + a x-3 x 3 ... J
3

re
+ C z [a o x lJ2 x O + a l x lJ2 Xl + a z x1/2 x Z + a 3 x1/Z x 3 , ..)

y = CI ao 21 x + 5
x -3 [-1 - 5 49 x 2 + ... ]

liZ [ 7. 49 Z 1215 3 ]
+ C z 0.0

, _ Find the series solution by Forbenius :method for the

x 1 - 18 x + 264
fe x - 20592 x ...

-­
~:.:

differential equation (l - x2)y" - 2xy' + 20y = 0

re
..-
~
~, .-.., ',~

Sam.e as Q. 1.33, Page 1-38F, Unit-I.

~~~*0fu

,':
~
tu

Answer: y = [A + B log (x + 1») ( 1 - 10 t + 2

45 (x + 1)2 t 2 + (- 35 (x +1)3 + ... ))
-2-

©©©
ak

2-1 F (Se:m-2)
2-2 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II
Mathematics - II
2-3 F (Sem.-2)

om
4 5
ro x (1 + x ) dx = x 4 dx ro x9
Jo (1 + X)'5 [ (1 + X)'S + [ . - dx
c;o 5-1 00 10-1
CONCEPT OUTLINE fo (1 +
X
X)S+lO
dxJ
+ 0 (1 +
x
X)'O+5
dx

Im.proper Integrals: By definition of a regular (or proper) def"mite = 13 (5, 10) + 13 (10, 5)
= 213 (5, 10) ['.' 13 = f3 (n, m)J

e.c
b , . (m, n)
integral fa {(x)dx , it is assumed that the limits of integration are In + 1 = nf;;.
finite and that the. integrand fix) is continuous for every value of x in
the interval a ~ x ~ b. If at least one of these conditions is violated,
then the integral is known as an improper integral (or singular or
generalized or infinite integral). We know that m=Jo e- X xn-1dx

nc
1

Beta Function: The definite integral f xm~'(l_ x)n-1dx is called

In+ 1 = J e- X
x l
1+!-ldx = I
ro

e- xndx
X
o
o o
the Beta function, where m and n are positive. Beta function is Integrating by parts,
denoted by fHm, n). Thus
1
IHm,n) = J x m- 1(1_ x)n-1dx In+1= [-x;'e-xJ:-J nxn-1(_e-x)dx

re
o
o ro

Property 1 :13 (m, n) = 13 (n, m) o+ n J e- x"-ldx

X

Property 2 : Transformation of Beta function is o

nt-I In + 1 = n m
- Jo (1 +x
<Xl

13 (m, n) - x )m+n dx

fe
Gam.m.a Function: Gamma function for a positive number n is
denoted by In: and is given by

In: = 1
Prove that f3 (Tn, n)

RHS = 13 (m + 1, n) + 13 (m, n + 1)
= 13 (Tn + 1, n) + f3 (Tn, n + 1).
re
e- X xn-1dx, n> 0
1 1

f x
m
+
1 1
- (I- X)n-l dx + J x m - 1 (1 _ x)n+l-ldx
o 0
1 1

(I-X)"-l dx+ J X m- 1 (l-x)ndx

m
J X
tu

o 0
1

f X
m
-
1
(I-X)"-] (x+l-x)dx= 13 (m,n)

4 5
.
FInd the value of
fl
12'
x (1 + x dx .
ak

ro )
Evaluate
fo (1+x)'5

m = J e- X
x" I dx
2-4 F (Se:m.-2)· Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-5 F (SeDl-2)

m
fI = Je­
dx z 1I2
X­
12 0
1
Let, x =y2. Let, x=
1 l+y
= 2y dy = f
w 2
dx e- Y - 2y dy

o
o y dx== -1 d
(l+y)2 y
1
-
12
= 2 f
w
e- Y dy
2
... (2.4.1)
/3 (m, n) = o ( -1- )=-1(-+- y ·-l )
)n-1( dy

e.c
0
[ 1+Y 1 y (1 + .y)2

~ f
w 2
- = 2
dy e- Z ... (2.4.2) co n-l
Similarly,
2 0 -f
- 0
y
(1 + y)=+n
d
y
Multiplying eq. (2.4.1) and eq. (2.4.2), we get
(m 2
4 f
~

e-(z2+ y 2) dx dy == f
1
y
n-l

dy + f
w y
n-1
(1 + y r+n
dy
... (2.5.1)
U2) o o 1

nc
Now in the second integral,
rc/2
Let, y = _1
t
1
dy == - -2d t
t

re
o (!)n-1
e f y"-l
f t (1)
o ~
o (I + y)""" dy = 1 (1 +~:) =+n -t2 dt

~~19*
Changing this integral to polar coordinate by putting x = r cos e, d t = f'
y = r sin e and dx dy = r dr de.
Region of integration is the complete positive quadrant r will vary
from 0 to 00 and e from 0 to rr/2.
(Ii! 2 7r./2
fe From eq. (2.5.1),

A( ) - f
1
Y d +
J __+t_=_-_'-
n-l
t)m+"(1

f
1
y
0

rn-l
d
y=-1
(1 + yr+ n
d

f
y

X
m-1 + x n - l
re
co

U~) 4 f f e- r2
r dr de
I-' m, n - 0 (l+y)=+n y 0 (l+y)=+" y o (1 + x)m+" dx
o 0

[1 'J~
Prove that: /3(m, n) = r(m+n)
Imln
'm > 0, n > O.
4
0/2
f __ e- r
de =2 f
012
de = 11:
2
~~-11I
o 0 0
tu

~1LkT1ft$L'~'*
(Ii! 2

U2) = 1t
w

We know that, In: = k" f e- kx dx

~== ~
X,,-l
o
ak

To prove that f3 (m, n) =f

I xln -1

(1 ..;::
+ xu- 1

x)~--;;;- dx .
Replacing k by z, r;; = ZO J
o
e-= X,,-l dx
o
Multiplying both sides bye -zzm- 1
 ~,

'"
~:
~I

.-.,
Mathematics - II 2-7 F (Sem.-2)
Multivariable Calculus-II
2-6 F (Sem.-2)

om
~ e--Z Zm-l = '" J n 1
Zn+ m - 1 e-z(l+x)X - dx 1
o We know that 13(m, n) = f x m- 1
(1- x)n-1 dx
Integrating both sides w.r.t z from 0 to 00, o

rr;: J
o
'" e- Z J
zm- 1dz = '" x n- 1
0
{'J"
0
e- z (l+Z)zm+
n
-1 }
dz dx
Putting x = sin2 a
dx = 2 sin a cos a da

Let. z ( l + x) = y f 2sin 2(m-1) a cos2(n-1) a sin a cos a da

x/2

dz = dy o

e.c
x/2
1+x
13(m, n) = 2J sin2m-1acos2n-1 ada
'"
J
rr;: r;Ti = x n- 1 o e-Y (1+
y
m+n-l

x)m+n
J
IX)

dy dx o

{J
0

'" m+n- 1d }dX

rr;: r;Ti = J . X,,-l
(1+xr+" 0
e- Y
y y
0 Let,
xn­
1

nc
'"
Im+nJ dx
0
(1+ xr+ n
rr;: r;Ti = 1m + n 13(m, n)
r;Tirr;:
Thus, JH m, n) = \m+n
.-----::::

re
7t/2

Evaluate: I: cos x
2
dx fo sin P a cos q ada =

State and prove the duplication forlllula.

We know that

Put
'"
Jo e - ax X,,-l cos bx dx
.
a
= (arr;:2 cos

=,
O
2
na
+ b )n
12' where

'"
1o x
,,-1
fe
cos b x d x
a = tan- 1"(b)
In
= -b"
­
a

cos ­ nn
2
Duplication Form.ula :
,-R .j; r-- h . posItIve.
. .
re
1m m + - = -2-1 2 , were
I~m m IS
2 2 m­
Also putting x" = z so that X,,-l dx = dz and x = zl/n B. Proof: We know that
n x/2
nln
fo'" cos bZ '/" dz -b"- c o s2­
nn p(m, n) = 2 f sin 2m :- 1a COs
2
n- 1 ada /
o
tu

I(n + 1) nn r;Ti rr;: ./2

or So'" cos (bX '/n ) dx - -b"- c o s2­ sin 2m - 1 a COS 2 n- 1 a de ... (2.9.1)
2/m+n = [
Here b = 1, n = 1/2 Let, 2n -1 = 0
n ~~ _~ G n = 1/2
10'" cos x 2 dx 1c3 / 2) cos 4 2 .J2 - 2V2 Now from eq.(2.9.l)
ak

0/2
]p+_!
. 2
]<I+2 ~ ./2
f sin 2m - 1 e de
r;Ti [
= __12_2_
J q
= .. Cl.9.2)
2Im+~
P
Prove that sin a cos a da
o 2Ip+_~+2 o
 t
2-8 F (SellJ.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-9 F (Sem-2)

Again in eq. (Z.9.1), let n = m

om
1m 1m
J 1
f JIX> ~.

--
_/2 "/2
-- = (sine cose)2m-l de = 2 2m - 1 (sin2e)2m-l de . • Using Beta and Gamma functions, evaluate
_.
zrz,;;: 0 o
o 1+x4

--
Let, 2e = cjJ
ue = dcjJ
--f
1 "
2m
2 -- 1
0
(sincjJ)2m-l -
dep
=
2 2 2m
--J
1·
0
sin 2m - 1 cjJ dcjJ

(f;;;:r 1= 1
dx 4

I,
2 "/2
2m
f 01+x

e.c
1
212m = 2 2m sin - e de
o Let, x 2 = tan 8
[Using property of definite integral] 2x dx = sec 2 e dO
(rm)2
22m - "/21 dx = sec e de
2
~-"-==- =
212m 0
f
sin 2m - 1 e de ...(2.9.3)
2.Jtan e
=
2.Jsin
1
e cos 3/2 e
d8

From eq. (2.9.2) and eq. (2.9.3),

dx = ~ sin-in e COS--3/2 8 de

nc
rm ~ (r,;;f 2 2m ­
1 2
lt l2 1 sin-1/ 2 0cos-3/2 e
1 1 =
2 m+­
2

+
212m

r;;;: 1m ~2 = 2-.r; 12m

I 1=
o
f
2

1 It/2
1= - f
-

sin- 1/2 8cosl/ 2

de

e de

re
2m - 1
2 0
Prove that
"12
fo
-.Jtan e de = ~
v2
'.. lt/2 !P+l
f sinPe cosQ8d8= 12-2-12-2­ rq+l]
[ o 2Ip+~+2

!
"/2
.,}tane de = !
"12

f
f
\jtan %-e de
( )

(a a
... [r(x) dx [(a - x) dx
fe
)
~
1= ~~~ =!JD~
2 2f141"414
re
"12
.Jcot e d8 =
= .!_1t_ ='!!.J2 => I
4 . 3n 4
= 1t~
2v 2
[ •.• - ._1t_
sm n1t
= In 11- nJ
~
1 +11-~+1
SUl­
4
_/2
2
-- --­
2
_ Using Beta and GallJ.lIJ.a function, evaluate
COS1l2 e sin- 1I2 8 de = j~;~, Vi;
tu

f 2
~.
2 . .,'.' ,: ;."

o 21~ f !l( 1:3)2 xS dx·

[1IIIIIIf_.
",::;-,~ " .. "'."-~,_: ~-~:~'"" ...-, ;---$

r
14 14 =-l~n
f3rI =~ l1&li
~
-1 1 -4 I
ak

1t
-1t = .J2
2 f1 2 4 2 sin- Same as Q. Z.ll, Page 2-9F, Unit-2.

C~ll-n= 1t
sin nJ
r
(An swer: I = 3
1 -.r;
14/3
[576)
2-10F (SelD.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-11 F (Sem.-2)

_ State and prove Dirichlet's integral for two variables.

For the G~a function, show that

om
_

rmrm
-rm =(2)1/S,J;t.
A Dirichlet's Integral for Two Variables : The Dirichlet's integral
for two variables is given by,
dx d y= Il.im
If
D
X
1-1
y m-l
Il+m+1 '
a I+m

Where D is the domain x ~ 0, y ~ 0 and x + y :::; a

e.c
~
B. Proof: Let, x = ax

11~ III ~+~ ..r;. 12X~

rr­
. y=aY

LHS=
_
Therefore, given ~ntegral becomes If (aX/- 1 (ayr- 1 a 2 dX dY

~
~
~
x
(2)2 31 -1 u
Where D' is the domain and X ~ 0, Y ~ 0 and X + Y:::; 1
If

nc
[ ... By Duplication formula,im m + I ~ = 2!!-1 12m]
a l +m X I - 1 ym-1 dX dY
D'

~
. ..;:;
(2)113 ..;:; = RHS
a l +m f 7'"
o 0
X I - 1 ym-1 dX dY = a l +m jX
0
I- 1 [
ym
m
l 1 X
- dX'

(2fT
~
/+m
f
1
x l 1
(l-x)mdX

re
-
m 0

I f
l+m 1 l+m
~ X I 1
- (1- x)m+l-ldX = ~f3 (t, m + 1)
m o m
al +m ,Illm+1 Ilim

If X
1-1
y
m-l
CONCEPT OUTLINE

Dirichlet's Integral: Dirichlet's integral is given as,

dx d y= Ilim a
I+m
fe ....
;====
m Il+m+1 -
. .State and prove Dirichlet's mtegral for three variables.
-a
I+m

Il+m+1
re
D Il+m+1
Where D is the dOInain x ~ 0, y ~ 0 and x + y :::; a.
A Dirichlet's Integral for Three Variables :
Dirichlet's Integral for Three Variables :
_~Il=im=ln:====:,"
dx dYdZ_- c
HI X I - 1 ym-l zn-1dx dy dz = Ilim In:
Iff
. X
1-1
y m-1
Z
n- 1
D Il+m+n+1
tu

D Il+m+n+1
Where D is the domain x ~ 0, y ~ 0, z ~ 0 and x + y + Z :::; 1
Where D is the dOIIlain x ~ 0, Y 2: 0, z 2: 0 and x + y + Z :::; 1.
B. Proof: x +y +Z :::; 1
y+z:::;l-x=a(let)
1 1-% 1-%- y

f f f
ak

I 1
Therefore given integral becomes X - ym-l z n-1 dz dy dx
o 0 0

= j
o
I 1
X - [J ar
0 0
ym-l zn-1dz d Y ] dx
2-12 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics -II 2-13 F (SeDJ.-2)

r;;;: r;
I
Io
1-1
a
m+n d
Jit 1(2n) = 2 2n - 1 RR> i(n + i),

m
X X
Im+n+1 Prove that: where n is not

Im+n+1 o
r;;;: rn J X I - 1 (1 _ X r+ + n 1-1 dx a negative in1;eger or zero.

r;;;:r;
I

o
1HZ, m + n + 1)
m+n+1
r;;;:rn
rzrm+n+1 rz~r; We know that ~~ nlZ
f sin P
e cos q e de
2Ip+~+2 o

e.c
Im+n+1 IZ+m+n+1 = IZ+m+n+1
Let,q=p

-
_ _ Evaluate I!J (a.x 2 + b y 2 + cz 2 ) dx dy dz where V is the
Ip;1~ nlZ

region bounded by x2 + y2 + Z2 ~ 1.
21p+1
Io (sin 8 cos 8)P de

~­
f~ 1 nlZ
f

nc
2P (sin 2e)p de
HIv (ax 2 + by2 + cz 2) dx dy dz, Where V == x 2 + y2. + z2 ~ 1
Let, 2e =t
o

Let, x 2 = u, y2 = z2 =
V,

x
W

=.JU, y =.JV, z = j-,-;; --1

Jsin n 1
J sin
nlZ
1
1 I
O
rP+ --2-
12-2- +
1

1 1 1
2 P 1
+ 0
P
t dt = - P
2 0
P
t dt
2 2jP;2
P

e
And, dx = 2.JU' dy = 2.JV' dz = 2j-,-;;

~ ~1 ~~ 1~~

er
= III (au + bv + cw) du dv dw, where V' = u + v + W

2IE~~
P
~ 8 uvw 21p+1
2
=JJI!!- u1/2 V -1/2 W -1/2dudvdw+!!.. III u- 1/2 v1/2 w -1/2dudvdw
v' 8 8 Ip+ 1
-~ 1 };.
ef
+ ~ III U -1/2 v- lf2 w lf2 du dv dw Ip + 1 = 2
P
I' p +2
p+1 , 2
Let, - - = n or p = 2n - 1
= -aIfI u''-1 v'1_1 w'' - 1 d u d v d w + -bIII u'' - 1 v'' - 1 w'' - 1 d u dv d w 2
8 ~ 8 v
rn 1 ~
r
+ -c Iff u '2- 1 v '2- 1 w '2- 1 du dv dw ~ = 2
Zn
~ll~n:t-.!
8 v'

r:
tu

-~ ~~~ +!!..~~~+~~~~ ~~~ ! or Jit ~ = 2 2n - 1 r; + ~

-81~ + ! + .! + 1 8 ~
1"2
8 ~
1"2 8~
(a + b + c)
_ Find the volum.e and the DJ.ass con1;ained in the solid

_i
2 2 2
1[};. 1[
ak

1 2 2 2
="2 5 3 1 (a + b + c) = 30 (a + b + c) region in the first octant of the ellipsoid x 2 + Y 2 + Z 2 = I, if the
8------ };. . abc
222
density at any point p(x, y, z) = kxyz.
 .r,~'

Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-15 F (Sem-2)

2-14 F (Sem-2)

om
Mass = fff abc u -Yo v -Yo w·Yz k a..rz;. b.J;; c-Jii; du dv dw
D' 8
Volume of the solid bounded by the ellipsoid = 8IH dx dy dz
k a b c If
D ----J
8
2 2 2

D'
UO VO WO du dv dw
.
x2 y2 ;:;2 _
Where D' is the domain,
Let, a2 = U, l]£ = D, c 2 - w
u ~ 0, v ~ 0, w ~ 0, u + v + W = 1
2x dx = a 2 du
adu ---I
ka b c If
2 2 2
l l l l
W l - 1 du dv dw

e.c
U - V -
dx= ~ 8 D'
2.Ju
ka 2 b 2c 2 fi rI fi ka 2b 2c 2
. bdv
Similarly, dy = 2 ~ 8 11 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 48

dz = c dw
2.Jw
Find the mass of a solid ( :;,) P + ( ~) q + c;-r = 1, *he

nc
Required volume, density at any point being p = kx'-lyn-1xn- 1, where x, y, z are all

v= 8fH ~dUdVdW pOsitive.

8 UDWD'

Where D' is the region 'when U ~ 0, v ~ 0, W ~ O'and U + v+ W = 1

8 abc III U-Yo v -Yo W-Yo du dv dw Let us take

re
8 D'

abc IfI ur . v~-1 W~-1 d udv dw

(-abx)P = u or -
ab
x = u 1/ or x = ab u 1/ p p

8 __
1

8 D'
(~)q = v
q
ori=v 1/ or y=bv
llq
U sing Dirichlet's integral,

8 abc ~~~
8\!'+!'+'!'+1
222
8 abc
8
(.j;)3
~.!.,J;.
2 2
fe Now
(~)r = wor~=w1/r orz=cw 1/r

dx= -u G-1) du
ab
re
p
= .± 7t abc cubic unit
b (~-1) dw
3
Mass = Volume x Density = fff D
kxyz dx dy dz dy = - v .
q

x2
_2 = U
y2
=v
Z2 c (!-1)
dz= -w r
dW
tu

Let, - and -- = w
a ' b2 c2 r

x = a.JU a du b (!. - 1) b (-!,q -1) (1 1)

and dx = 2.JU Volume = fffdxdydz= fJJ~u P du-v ~w -;:- dwdv
p q r

Similarly, y = a~ and dy = --!!..-

2);; dv fff ab c j~-l) J~ -1)
2 J~ 1) du dv dw
ak

pqr
_c__ dw Mass = Volume x Density
z = c~ and dz = 2~
 1

Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II 2-17 F (SeID.-2)

2-16 F (SeDJ.-2)

2 (.!- -1) V (!.q - 1) W (1-;:- 1)

om
fffab cuP kx(l-ll y(m-ll Z(n- 1 l dudwdv Same as Q. 2.18, Page 2-13F, Unit-2.
pqr
J
II
2 2 2
Answer: M = _ka__b__c_
f ab2c )~ -1) J~ -1) )~ -1) k(ab)(l-ll ( 720
If pqr

U
l - 1)
(-P- b(m-ll
(m -1) C(n-ll W (n -1) du dv dw
V -q- -r-

e.c
= Hf ab c J~-I) J~-I) J~-I) k(ab)(l-ll
2

pqr
b(m -1) C(n-l) U(lJp - lip) V(m/q - liq) W(nlr- lir) du dv dw CONCEPT OUTLINE

, :=
kal b(l+m-ll c n
U
(.!--1)
P
(!.-1) W (!-1) du dv
V q r dw Surface of the Solid of Revolution : The curved surface of the
Iff pqr solid generated by the revolution, about the x-axis, of the area bounded
by the curve y := fix), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a,

nc
:= kalbm+lc n IlIplmlqlnlr (By USIng
. Di"Wt'·t
nc e SIn egral UlllJ
·t) x = b is
pqr III p + ml q + n I r + 1 ' x~

_ Find the volum.e of the solid bounded by the co-ordinate f 2x ycis

planes and the surface ~+ if + ~ = 1.
Where s is the length of the arc of the curve measured from a fixed
point on it to any point (x, y).

re
Three Practical Form.s of Surface Form.ula:
i. Surface Form.ula for Cartesian Equation : The curved
surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
Put ~ := u, H J¥ := V, = w then u ~ 0, ~ 0, w ~ 0 and
V u + V + W =
x-axis, ofthe area bounded by the curve y = fix), the x-aXis and
the ordinates x = a, x = b is
1
Also, dx = 2au du, dy = 2bv dv, dz = 2cw dw fe x~b
f 2n y
x=a
-cis dx, where -ds =
dx dx
J
1 + (d)2
---1:'.
dx
Required volume = HI dx dy dz ii. Surface Form.ula for Param.etric Equation: The curved'
D
surface of the solid generated by the revolution about the
re
= HI8 abc uvw du dv dw , where u + V + W := 1 x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve x = fit), y = <!>(t), the
D x-axis and the ordinates at the point, where t = a, t = b is
= 8 abc Hf U
2- 1 V 2- 1 W
2- 1 du dv dw
x~b ~(dx)2
D E
~, f 2ny~dt,where~=
x=
d
dx
d
dx
-
dt dx
(d)2
+---1:'.
8 abc. 1. 1. 1 _ abc
tu

8 abc f2 f2 f2 f7 - 90 iii. Surface Form.ula for Polar Equation: The curved surface
1(2 + 2 + 2 + 1)
of the solid generated by the revolution, about the initial line,
Find the DJ.aSS of a plate which is form.ed by the of the area bounded by the curve r = f(9) and the radii vectors
e = a, e = J3 is

­-
~+~+~ = 1, the density is given
ak

coordinate planes and the plane

(~~J
abc e=p ds cis 2
f 2ny-de
O=u dx'
where- =
de r +
by p =kxyz.
and y = r sin e.
2-18 F (Sem.-2) M ultivariable Calculus- II Mathematics - II 2-19 F (SeID-2)

Revolution about y-axis: The curved surface of the solid generated

m
by the revolution about the y-axis of the area bounded by the curve
x = f{y), the y-axis and the abscissa y = a, y = b is
y';'o

I 21t x ds
y=a

o
Vollim.e between Two Solids: The volume of the solid generated
by the revolution abOut the x-axis, of the arc bounded by the curves _ Find the area of the surface form.ed by the revolution of
y =f(x), y = ljI(x), and the ordinates x = a, x = b is r
the parabola = 4ax about the x-axis by the arc from. the vertex to

e.c
one end of the latus rectum..
j 1t (y: - y~) dx
o
Where y 1 is the y of the upper curve and y 2 that of the lower curve. The equation of the parabola is y2 = 4ax
VolUDle Fonnula for Par8.ll1etric Equations: Differentiating wrtx, we get ... (2.22.1)
i The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the
x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve 'x = fit), Y = ,ljI(t), the dy dy 2a
x-axis and the ordinates, where t = a, t = b is '
2y
dx = 4aor dx =y­

nc
J
a
11)'2 dx dt
dt
ds
dx V.L dx
~ :(d -)2- ~1
Y, = + 4a =
y2
2

4ax
2
+ 4a = Jx
'X
~1 +~
ii The volume of the solid generated by the revolution about the For the arc from the vertex 0 to L, the end ofthe latus rectum, X varies
y-axis, of the area bounded by the curves x = fit), y = ljI(t), the from 0 to a.
y-axis and the abscissa at th.e points, where t = a, t = b is

re
o nx2 dy dt
Required surface = j 21t)' : dx
I
a dt
%==0

VolUDle FOnD-ulae for Polar Curves: The volume of the solid ~

I 21t .J4ax ~x+a
%~
a
- - dx
X
generated by the revolution of the area bounded by the curves
r == f(9), and the radii vectors e = a, e = 13

i. About the initial line OX (9 = 0) is

'21t) is!~ 3"2 1tT'

fe
j ~3 1tT'sin e de
a
41t...r;; 1
%=0
(x
[...

+ a)1I2 dx
From eq. (2.22.1) y = .J4ax I
re
2
ii. About the line OY ( e = cos 9 de 41t ...r;; ~ [(x + a)3/2 J~ 8na (2../2 _ 1)
3
y,
iii About any line OX' (e = y) is j ~3
a
rtT
3
sin (9 - y) de
y
tu

L (a, 2a)
1t
9='2

....
r = (CO) Ok I "X
ak

X'

o ~y) .. x .".~:tJ The curve r =a (I + cos 9) revolves about the initial line.
Find the surface of the figure so fortned.
 I
-
Mathematics - II 2-21 F (SeIll.-2)
Z-;20 F (SeIll.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

m
The cardioid is r = a (1 + cos 9) ...(2.24.1)
The equation of the cardioid is r = a (l + cos a) ... (2.23.1)
"(from" e "= -2-nto e = -2n) revolves about

I
The cardioid is symmetrical about the initial line and for the upper half The arc CAB the line
of the curve, 9 varies fro"m 0 to n. "
dr = - 9 = n"
"2' Le., t h ey-axIS.
.

o
Now frolll eq. (2.23.1), da a sin 9
~ Also the curve is symmetrical about the initial line or x-axis.
ds-_k(dr)2
- r + ­ f From eq. (2.24.1), ~~ == -a sin, e
i

e.c
da da
.Ja (1 + cos a)2 + a sin2 a
2 2 y

Required surface =
a.)2(1 + cos a) = 2a cos ­

f 21t)1 ~: da, where y = r sin 9

a
2 Ii 9 = rr/2

nc
io"a sin 9 (1 + cos a) 2a cos -92 de
A X
2n
( ... r = a(1 + cos an
"a2 SIn
. -9 cos -e 2 cos C

I
2 a 2a cos -9 9=-2
1t
2n
io 2 2
-
2 2
d9

. . ._1t

re
16na 2 r" cos 4 ~ sin ~ de
ds = J + (dr)
,---------::­
Jo 2 2
I .
de = va + a 2 sIn 2 9
2 2
" de 2 (1.+ cos 9)2
16na 2
[- cos" ~ / 2]" r"

5x­ a .)2(1 + cos e) = 2a cos .~

32
5
2
- - na (0 ~
2
32
1) = -
5
na
0

2 fe Required surlace area

= 2 x Surface generated by the revolution of arc AB

2 fo"/2 21tX _ds_ de [ ..

2

For the arc AB, e varies from 0 to rr/2j

re
0

de
"
fo
9=n 2a 9=0 ~* 9
41t r cos e 2a cos - de ( .: x = r cos e)
A X 2
"/2 " e
8na io a(1 + cos e) cos ecos - de
" 2
tu

• • •Ii 8na "Jro 2 "/2( 2 - " 2 e"2) ( 1 -

2 sin 2 sin 2e)
"2 cos "2e d9
The arc of the cardioid r = a (l + cos a) included between e 1 9
Put sin "2 =T :. "2 cos"2 de = dt
ak

n~ a~"2
n n F·Ind t h e area of surface Now the limits are given as follows,
- "2 is rotated about the line e = "2.
When 9 = 0, t = 0 and when e = rr/2, t = 1/.J2 "
generated. - fl/-12
Nqw, surface area = 16 na 2
0 (I - 3t 2 + 2t 4 ) 2dt
2-22 F (Se:rn-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

-
Mathematics - II 2-23 F (Se:rn-2)

2t 5 J
lI
.J2 96.

m
2 3 2
32:rra [
t - t +- = t;:;:rra
5 0 5",2 The equation of the curve is
_ Find the volum.e of the solid' generated by the r =a + b cos 9 (a> b) ...(2.26.1)

revolution of r = 2a cos 9 about the initial line. The curve is symm.etrical about the initial line and for the upper half of

_1l11 the curve 9 varies 'from 0 to 7t.

o
. ~, .qi-:J:~"A :. Required volume
The equation of the curve is
r = 2a cos 8 ...(2.25.1)

I 103"2 3

e.c
- 7t r sin 9 d9
Eq. (2.25.1) is clearly a circle passing through the pole. The curve is
symmetrical about the initial line and for the upper half of the circle 8
-2 7t I" (a + b cos 9)3 sin 9 d9
7t 3 0 .

varies from 0 to 2"'

- -2 -7ti" (a -+ b cos 9)3 (- b sin 9 d9)
Required volume 3 b 0

nc
f "/2. -3 7tr3 sm. 9 d8 = -32 1"/2 (2a cos e)3 .
2 y
1t SIn 8 de
o 0

-16 7ta 1"/2 cos 9 sin 8 d8

3 s
3 0

re
_ 16 :rra3 [cos
4
9J"/2 = _ ±:rra3 (0 _ 1) ±na 3
=
8=7t 8=0
3 4 0 3 3
x

fe -- _ ~ 2: [(a + b cos J"

re
o x 9)4
3 b 4 0

_27t[(a-b)4 _(a+b)4]
3b 4 4
i\l~;~~!i%M
tu

4t%~me~~~~
~ [(a + b)4 - (a - b)4] == ± 7ta(.a 2
+ b2 )
6b 3
~i~I.~.· ShoW" that the volu:rne of the solid for:rned by the
~1~b':(':V'-~N14:ltd
revolution of the curve r = a + b cos 8 (a> b) about the initial line is .
.....,>~,..,=.=-
Find the volum.e of the solid form.ed by the revolution
of the cissoidy2(2a -x) = x3 about its asym.ptote.
ak

4
-3 7ta(a 2 + b 2 ) .
 ~,~.

2-24 F (SeID.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II

Mathematics - II 2-25 F (SeID.-2)

Put x == 2a sin 2 e :. e cos e de

om
dx == 4a sin
3 Now the limits of the integral are given as follows,
The equation of the curve is y2(2a - x) == x 3 or y2 == _x__ ... (2.27.1)
2a-x When x = 0, e == 0, and when x == 2a, e == ~
The curve is symmetrical about the x-axis and the asymptote is the line 2
2a - x == 0 or x == 2a. Now, required volume
IfP0c, y) be any point on the curve and PM ..L on the asymptote (the axis
of revolution), and PN LOX.
= 2n fo
n 2
/ (3a - 2a sin 2 8) .j2a sin 2 e .J2a (1- sin 2 e) 4a sin e cos e de

e.c
3 ["/2
ThenPM==NA = OA-ON= 2a-xandAM=NP=y, == 16na J (3 - 2 sin 2 e) sin 2 e cos 2 e de
o
where A is the point of intersection of the asyrfiptote and the x-axis.
[,,/2
= 16na J
3
o
(3 sin 2 e cos 2 e - 2 sin 4 e cos 2 e) de
y

16M 3 [3. -.!:!. ~ - 2. 3.1.1 . ~J == 16na3 [3n - ~J == 2n2a 3

4.2 2 6.4.2 2 16 16

nc
oK.'. ~ I" .. X
A(2a,0) ©©©

re
"''''j'
:. Required volume == 2J n(PM)2 d(AMl ... (2.27.2)

Now, AM = y

d(AM)=dy
=
X 3/2

.j2a _ x
fe [From eq. (2.27.1)]
re
(2a - X)lf2 ~ X 1f2 _ X3/2 ! (2a - X)-1/2 (-1)
2 2 dx
2a-x
3x 1l2 (2a - x) + X 312 .[; (3a - x) .
tu

-----:cc-----:-;-",-- dx == dx
2(2a - X)3/2 (2a _ X)3/2
From eq. (2.27.2), we get
Required volum~
ak

== 2n [2. (2a _ X)2 .[;(3a - x) dx

Jo (2a _ x )3/2

= 2n C' (3a - X)2 .[; J2a - x dx

 3-2 F (SeID.-2) Sequence: and Series

m
.co
CONCEPT OUTLINE
Sequence and Series
Sequence: An ordered set of real number a p a 2 , aa' .... , an is called a
sequence and is denoted by (a). If the number of terms is unlimited,
then the sequence is said to be an infinite sequence and a is its general
term. . n

Series: Ifu p u 2 ' u~, , un' be an infinite sequence of real numbers,

ce
then
U 1 + u 2 + u + ..... + un + ..... 00
a
is called an infinite series. An infinite series is denoted by ~ un and the
sum of its firstn terms is denoted by s .
Convergence, Dive~gence and O~cillation of a Sequence:

n
If ~~(an) = I is Illite and unique, the sequence is said to becoxivergent.

n_
If lim(an ) .
is infinite (± 00), the sequence is said to be divergent..

re
If ~~~(a,,) is not unique, the sequence is said to be oscillatory.
Convergence, Divergence and Oscillation of a Series: Consider
the infinite series ~u" = u 1 + u 2 + u a + .... + un + ..... 00 •
and let the sum of the first n terms be sn = u 1 + u 2 + u a + .... + un

fe Clearly, sn is a function of n and as n increases indefinitely three

possibilities arises:
i.

ii.
If sn tends to a finite limit as s" ~ 00, the series ~un is said to be
convergent.
If S tends to ± 00 as n ~ cn, the series LU is said to be divergent.
re
iii. Ifs n does not tend to a unique limit as n ~ 00, then the series ~U
is s;rld to be oscillatory or non-convergent. n
tu
ak

EXaID.ine the following sequence for convergence:

n 2 -2n
i. ii. un = 2 n iii. Un = 3 + (- 1)".
u" = 3n2 + n '
3-1 F (SeID.-2)
 ;;I!.~::"

Mathematics - II 3-3 F (SelD.-2) 3-4 F (SelD.-2) Sequence and Series

om
2 11. Here U = n" =_1_. (_n_J2 , ignoring the first term.
" (n + l)n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
L. I'1m (n 2-2nJ = I·1m L-21n == 1/3 w hic h·IS fi"mte and '
unique. H ence
,,~~ 3n + n . ,,~~ 3 -+- 1 I n Taking v" = lin, we have
the sequence (a) is convergent.
(un J "
ii lim (2") == 00. Hence the sequence (a) is divergent.
lim u,,'
n-+<X)
= lilll
n-+oo (J
_n_ . lilll _n_
n + 1 n-+CI('l n + 1

iii. lim [3 + (- 1)"] == 3 + 1 == 4, when n is even

J

e.c
· (
I Illl 1 I·m
.l 1 1
=1.-*0
== 3 - 1 == 2, when n is odd ,,~~. 1+1I n ,,~~ (1 + 1 I n)n e
i.e., this sequence doesn't have a unique limit. Hence it oscillates. Now since ~v" is divergent, therefore ~v" is also divergent.

_ , EXaJD.ine the following series for convergence: Deterlnine the nature of the series:
i . l + 2 + 3 + .... +n+ .... 00
J2 - 1 ~ -'- 1 .J4 -1 .. ,,1 . 1
ii. 5-4-1+5-4-1+5-4-1+ .... 00 i. -3-- + - 8 - - + - 8 - - + .... 00 11. L..J - sin ­
n n

nc
3 -1 4 -1 5-1
W.II··.~.lli.4ii•
i{h~·f.o~j ' ,. il'-'i;@!'"
. _
.h~<~,:",;,t:":<,;kY'if ,
i. Here, Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n == n(n + 1) ~ + 1) - 1 . vIn:" [(1,+-1 I n) - 1I vln:"J
2
1. We have U = = -.--:"~----,----,-;;----,---,----~
" (n + 2)3 - 1 n 3 [(1 + 2 I n)3 -1 I n 3]
lim s n == ..!
2 lim n(n + 1) ---t 00 Hence this series is divergent.

re
n-+oo
Taking v" == 1 I n 512 , we have

I
ii. Here, s == 5 - 4 - 1 + 5 - 4 - 1 + 5 - 4 - 1 + .... n terms
" == 0,5 or 1 lim u" = lim
.j[(I+lln) -l/v1n:"] =1*0
Clearly in this case, s" does not tend to a unique limit. Hence the series [(1+2In)3-lIn 3 ]
v ,,~~
is oscillatory. Since ~v i';, convergent, therefore ~U is also convergent.
" "

i.
1
---+
3
Test the following series for convergence:
5
+ - - - - + ..... 00
fe I 11.
Here u" ==
1.

~rl-~.+~-
1
-;;::sm -;; 1[1 1 1
== -;; -;; - 3' n3 + 51 n5 - .....
J

I
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 ....]
n 3!n 5!n
re
2 3
1 2 3 Taking v" == lIn 2 , we have
ii. 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 + 4 4 + ....
°
00

1
f v"
lim
,,_m 3In 5!n
r
u" == lim 1 - ~1_2 + _1_4 - .•.• == 1 * J
Since ~v" is convergent, therefore ~u" is also convergent.
2n -1 1 2 -lin
tu

1. We have U ==
n n(n + 1)(n + 2) n 2 0+1In)(1+2In)
Taking v" == lIn 2 , we have
2- II n 2-0
lim un == lim
vn (1 -+- 1 I n)(1 + 2 I n) (1 + 0)(1 + 0)
ak

== 2, which is finite and non zero.

Hence, both LU and LV converg" or diverge together but LV == L1/n 2 is
known to be co~verge;t. Hence LU" is also convergent. '
!lathematics - II 3--5 F (Sem.-2) ~F(Sem.-2) Sequence and Series

1. Ratio test fails when A = 1.

m
_ Discuss in detail about D' Alem.bert's test or ratio test. 2. This test makes no reference to the magnitude of u ,Iu but concerns

-
only with the limit of this ratio.
--
n+ n
~so give its lim.itations.
Test for convergence of the following series:
2 6
.. D'Alem.bert's Test or Ratio Test: 1 x x"" x
I:u

o
In a positive term series , if
i. 2.Ji + 3../2 + 4J3 + 5../4 + •••. 00
n

U n +1
lim = A, then the series converges for A < 1 and diverges 2 6· 2 14
1 + "5 x + 9"x + 17 x
3 2" - 2 ,,-1

--
ii. + .••• + 2" + 1 x + ••• (x > 0)

e.c
un
for A> 1.

Case I : When, lim Un+1 = A< 1

n.-'<XI Un
2 2"
X

~
By definition of a limit, we can find a positive number r « 1) such that i X "-2 and U"+l = (n + 2).,j(n + 1)
We have, u. (n + 1),Jn 2),j(n +1)

nc
u n + 1 < r for all n > m X 2n - 2
un lim ~= lim (n +--O:2-=-n

Leaving out the first m terms, let the series be u , + u 2 + u 3 + .... un + l (n + 1),J;; X

S o that U2
u,
<r, ~
u2
< r, -u 4 < r ,
u3
and so on. Then u , + u 2 + u 3 + 00 ­
lim [::~(n:ltJx-2
~ (1 + u 2 + ~ ~. + u 4 ~ u 2 + ..... J

re
_ 00) .
hm . ( 1 + II n) x- 2 = x- 2
[1+2In.,j
u, ~U, 1+ lin
> 1 i.e.,for x2< 1 and diverges for x2> 1.
U3 U2 U,
< u , (l + r + r 2 + ,.s + .... 00) Hence I:u n
converges ifx- 2
1 1 1 .
~, which is finite quantity. Hence L.U is If x 2 = 1, then, u .= I = ---:JJ2 - ­
l-r (n + Ihm 1 + 1I n

Case II : When, lim u n +1

un
convergent. [ ... r < 1)

=A> 1
fe n

n n
1
Taking v = ----s72, we get 1·1m
"

n---to<X:I
u
n

---!!..
Un

I:v" converge or diverge together. But I:v" = L n~/2 is a

1
re
:. Both L.Un and
By definition of limit, we can find m, such that u,,+' ~ 1 for all n ~ m. convergent series.
u" :. L.U" is also convergent. Hence the given series converges if x 2 ~ 1 and
Leaving out the first m terms, let the series be diverges if x 2 > 1.
. u u 2 1
tu

~
+ u 2 + u 3 + .... so that ~ ~ 1, - ~ r, - 4 ~ 1 ,.... and so on. 2"_-_2 x" -1 -'----~---=
2" + 1 + 1 _1 1- _
2--;;- 2 + 2".!
U,
u, u2 U3 ii Here, ~ _ =_
Un + 1 2" + 1 2" + 1 - 2 x" 1 -2 x
1+­ 2 - 2"
2"
U, + u 2 + u 3 + u 4 + .... + u" = u, ( 1 + -U2 + -U 3 -U 2 + ..... )
u, u 2 U, 1-02+01 1
.. lim ~ -- ----­
~ u , (1 + 1 + 1 + .... to n terms) = nu,
ak

u" + 1 1+0 2 - 0 x x
~~n; (u , + u 2 + ... + u) ~ ~i-?2 (nu,), which tends to infinity. Hence L.U" Thus by ratio test, L.U convergesforx- 1 > 1 i.e., for x < 1 and diverges for
x > 1. But it fails for::: = 1.
is divergent
Lirnitations of D'Ale:rnbert's Test:
 3-8 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series
Mathematics - II 3-7 F (Sem.-2)

--
_ Explain Raabe's test in brief.

m
1
2n _ 2 1--;;­
When x = 1, lim U = lim -n - - = lim _ _ 2_ = 1"" 0
. n-+oo- . n n"":""co 2 + 1 n-J-co 1
1 + ­n
2
:. tu diverges for x = 1. Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and I n t h e POSI·t·lve term senes ~ , if 1·1m ·n (un
. LU l--'- 11) k thO en t h e serIes
=, .
diverges for x ~ 1.

o
. n n-J-CO un +1

_ Discuss the convergence oithe series. converges for k > 1 and diverges for k < 1, but the test fails for k = 1,
When k > 1, choose a number p such that k > p > 1, and compare L.U n

e.c
2! 3! 4!
1 + 2 2 + 3 8 + 4 4 + .~.. 00
with the series ." ~ which is convergent since p > 1.
~nP .

Given series is

L.U n = i~
:. L.U n will converge, if from and after some term,

-un- > (n +p I)P or

Un + 1 n
(1 +­1 n
r

nc
n=I nn
1+ -P +
(1 + ~J
·f Un p(p-l) .
~= n! (n + l)n + 1
or I , - - > 2 + ...
Here, (n + l)n = Un + 1 n 2n
nn (n + I)!
U n+ l
or if, n (_U_'n_
l
- IJ > P + p(p - 1)
+ .....
.. lim~ lim (1 + ~Jn
n
= e, which is > 1. Hence the given series is
Un + l 2n·

re
un + 1 n-+CQ

convergent. or if, lim n

n-.ao
l--
(Un
un
- 11) >
+1
lim [pP
n-J-oo
+ ( P - 1) + ..... ]
2n
_ Exa:m.ine the convergence of the series: i.e., if k > p, which is true. Hence, L.U n is ·conyergent.
The other case when k < 1 can be proved similarly.
."'.'.' ' .:''~....,,; .•' :" Test for convergence of the following the series:
x2 x8

..­
L::{:~
X
---+---+
1+ x 1+ x2
- - ' - -8+ ... 00
1+ x
fe ...........

i.
L 4 . 7 ••. (3n + 1) x2n (n!)2 x 2n

-
1.2 •.. n ii. L(2n)!
xn n+1
re
X
Here, un == 1 + xn andu n + l = l+x n + l ..' ,,~~

4 . 7 .. .(3n + 1) n
lim ~ lim
xn
( ----;;-.,
1+ x
1
n
+
n
1
J 1+x
lim ( x + x n
n
+ 1 J i.
U
Here, __ n_
un + 1 1.2.... n
x
4.7; ....(3n+4)
_ _ _-'-c-_-,- X
1.2.....(n + 1)
n+1 n+l 1
= ---­
3n + 4 x
un +1 n-+oo X +X + 1

l
tu

l+l/nJ!
1
- , if x < 1 r·o· xn+1 ~ 0 and n ~ 00] 3+41n x
x
1
n :.lim ~
· (1 + 1 I x + 1 I l·f 1
Also, lim ~ = 11m
u +
n--+~ n--+~ 1 + x I xn
+ 1) = ,I X > l 0
U nd 3x
ak

n 1
Thus by ratio test, the series converges fur 1 > 1, i.e. for x < ! and
By ratio test, L.U n converges for x < 1 and fails for x :? 1. 3x 3

When x = 1 , L.U n = "21 + "21 + "21 + ..... 00 , h·IC h·IS d·Ivergent. diverges for x > ! 0 But it fails for x = !
W 3 3
Hence the given series converges for x < 1 and diverges for x ~ 1.
 3-10 F (SeD1-2) Sequence and Series
3-9 F (SeD1-2)
Mathe=atics - II

:. Let us try the Raabe's test IfC+21t

an := ;- {(x) cos nx dx

om
C

Now, ~
Un + 1
(1 + ~)( 1+ 3:r 1
[Expand by binomial theore=l
bn:= -IfC+21t {(x)sin ~ dx
1t C -.
:= (1 + .!.)
n
(1 - -±.. + 162 - ....)
3n 9n
= 1- ---.!..- + ~ + ....
3n 9n
Fourier Series when Interval is Changed: Fourier series in the
interval C < x < C + 2L is given as
(Un 1\ 1 4
:. n l - - ) := - - + - + ....
3 9n {() ao"
00
n1tx. " b . n1tX
00

Un +1
x := 2+ LJancos~+L...- nSIn~

e.c
n=l n=l
.
..
Ii=n(~-I)
n~~ Un + 1
1 w h'IC h'IS < 1
:= - 3"
Where, a o := L1 fC+2L
C {(x)dx
Thus by Raabe's test, the series diverges.
Hence the given series converges for x < (113) and diverges for x 2': (113).
an
f
1· C+2L
L C ((x)cos n~x dx
iL
Here ~:= ( . n! )2 [2 (n + 1)]! ~.
, U + (n + 1)! (2n)! 2
x (n+l)
1 f.C+2L {(x)sin n1tx dx

nc
n 1
and bn == L C
(2n -+ 1)(2n + 2) 1 _ 2(2n + 1) 1 L
(n + 1)2 x2 - n + 1 x
2 Note:
i. If C == -L, then interval is -L < x < L and
:. Ibn ~ := li= 2(2 + 1/ n) ~ = 2 --±­ a o == -1 JL {(x)dx
n~~ un + 1 n~oo
2
1 + 1/ n x x L -L
2
Thus by ratio test, the series converges for x 2 < 4 diverges for x < 4 and

re
2
diverges for x > 4. But fails for x == 4.
2 an == L1 fL
_L{(x)coS (nroc)
L dx
(un
Whenx2:=4,nl---1)
Un + 1
\ 2n +
== n ( - n
- - - 1 ==- - -
2n + 2
-
2n + 2
1) b == -
1 JL .
n1tx
((x) S l O - - dx
n L -L L
n. If rex) is an odd function then,
•
h=
n~co
n l-.- - 1)
( Un
Un + 1
Thus by Raabe's test, the series diverges.
\ 1
== - -2 < 1

Hence the given series converges for x 2 < 4 and diverges for x 2 ~ 4.
fe iii
a n := a o == o.
bn == -
2 L
L o. 1
. n1tx
((x) s m - - dx
L
If rex) is an even function then,
re
2 rL
bn:=Oandao == LJo {(x)dx,

an == L2 f.L
0 {(x)cos
(n1tX)
L dx,
CO NCEPT OUTLIN E
tu

Fourier Series in the Interval C < x < C + 21t : The Fourier series
for the function fix) in the interval C < x < C+ 27t is given by

{(x):= ~+ fancosnx+ fbnsin nx

n=l n=l
ak

Where a o' an and b n are called Fourier coefficients, and given as

1 f.C+21t
ao := -
1t C
{(x)dx
 3-11 F (Sem-2)
Mathematics - II
3-12 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series
Find the Fourier series expansion of the function

m
-I, for -1t < X < - 7t /2 Hence required series is,
. fix) =
{
0,
1,
for
for
-n /2 < x < 7t /2
n/2<x<n
f(x) = f 'nn
n=l
~(COS nn - cos nn)Sin nx
2 .

.co
Putting x =n /2 in the above series,
111

­
1t
Hence deduce that 1--+---+ ..•...
4 357 ff(x)J
x~nl2
= L -nn2 (cos
n1 - t - cos n1t) SIn­
2
. n1t
2
~ 0+1 2 L..
"" -1 (cos
nn - - cos n1t) SIn­
.' n1t
-
2
- == ~
1t n 2 2
Putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, .... _.
f{x) = ~ + f an cos nx + f bnsin nx

ce
4"1t = "11( cos"2-
n ) _ 1t .
cos n sm 2" + 0
n=l n=l

1f7< re 2
1 [f- / (-l)dx + Ire (l)dx ]
1 3n ~ 31t
a = -
o n -1t
f(x)dx = --
n -7< re/2 .
+-(cos - - cos 3n)sIn - + 0
3 2 2
(5n2 ) ..

n
51t
1 cos--cos5n·sIn-+0+
;[-(c-%+ n) + ( n- i)] +-
5
....
2

ao=0 n 1 1 1
1 + -(-1) + -(1)+ -(-1) + ...

re
1f7< . nx dx 4 3 5 7
a
n
= -
1t-1t
f(x) cos 1t 1-~+!._!+ ....
_1
n
[f-
-7<
1t
'
2
' nx dx + Ire
. - cos
re/2
cos nx dx ]
.~~B~'~
4 357
Find the Fourier series to represent the function fix)

--~
1
n[
" }- 1[/2 +~
{
{' }re
n _ 7< n
1 fe ;t.¥~,XB:')%r;',£'.'Fl·'>-;

given by

![sinn1t /2 _ sinnn + sinnn _ sinnn/~]

re/2
fix) = {:2- x)
O:O;x:O;l
1:0; x:o; 2
n n n n n .;;;:;::=:.•.
f;~~.0;""iV'~'··'·'J
'Z'1~)I~$jii()!i
re
!,'.:'.,,',
¥.:.:.*~,.,.~<

an =0
bn = -1n fn-re f(x)sin nx dx
_1 [f-7</2 -sin nx dx + Ire sin nx dx ] fix) = £lo +
2
f an cos nnx + f b n sin nri
.
tu

n -7< n:=:l n~l

f:
re/2 ,#

!..[{ cos nx. }-re/2

.
{co:nx}~] . Then ao= f(x)dx = IOInx dx + f; 1t(2 - x) dx
n n
IT[2x-~~I = 1t(~J+1t[(4-2)-(2-%)J
-re

a o = n[x:I +
~[cos nn/2 _ cosnn _~+ cos nn/2 ]
ak

a o =.1t
n

b n = - 2 [ cos---cosnn
nn . ]
n n n n
an = f: f(x) cos nIT.>': dx
nn 2
fo
I
1tX cos nm.: dx + II
2
IT (2 - x) cos n1tX dx
 3-14 F (SeID.-2) Sequence and Series
Mathematics - II 3-13 F (SeID.-2)

m
a = -2 I1t x cos nxdx
" 1t 0

I
1tX sin n1tX _ n (_ cos n1tX)]1
a = n2 n2
~ ( - c~~ nx J
" [ nn
o ; [x ( sinn nx ) -

o
+[n x) sin nnx _ (-n)(- cos nnx)J2
~ [cos 2nn _ ~J = ~2 [(-1)" -
(2 _
nn n 2n 2 1 2
1]
n n n nn
cos nn -1] + [­ cos 2nn + cos nnJ a, if n is even

e.c
[ n 2n n 2 n n 2n n 2n a =
" {--4
-2' 1'f . 0 dd
n IS
~
2
[cos nn -1] = ~ [(_1)"
2
-1] nn
n n n n
n 4 ( , cos 3x cos 5x )
= 2'-; cosx+"32-+-~+"""'"''

{_l
if n is even Ixl

if n is odd

-
nn 2 ' . . Expand ((x) = x sin x as a Fourier series in 0 < x < 21t.

nc
2
b
"
= r
Jo
(x) sin n1tX dx

I: 1tX sin nnx dx + I: n(2 -:- x) sin n1tX dx

[7tX (- co::nx) - n( -:~1t~7tX) I fix) =x sin x ° < x < 21t

I 21t x SIn
. x'dx = -1 [x (- cos x) + SIn

re
X Jo
1 . ' 21t
ao = - .!. [- 2n J
,

n x) (-c:nn7tX) -(-n) (- ~~n~7tX)

+[ (2 - 1
2

a"
nOn
a o =-2

= -n1 I21t x sin x cos nx dx

1t

0
~:nn J+ [ co:mt J = 0
fix)
[-

= 2: _ ~.(COS21tX
2n 1
+ cos
::l
~nx + cos
!l
~1tX +
fe
)
-
2n
1

~ [_ x
2n
121t x [sin (1 + n) x
0
+ sin (1 - n) xl dx

cos (n + 1)x + sin (n + l)x

n +1 (n + 1)2
re
_ Express ((x) = Ix I ;- 1t < X < 1t as Fourier series.
21t
c015~11: - 1) x _ sin (n - 1) x

-
_.,., ~ ,
'," "c'18l.'liillli'lilot
P'Z'.'}lJ + X
.L .
n -1 (n _1)2
J0
\" ,~$,
~:1l~: '
_, - " - , _ 1 [ -2n 2n J 1 1
tu

Since fi- x) = I - x I = I x I =fix) 21t n + 1 + n -1 n-1 n+1

fix) is an even function and hence b" = ° 2
Let fix) = Ix I = ao
2
+ f
"=1
an cos nx
a" = -2-- ,
n -1
n "" 1

When n = 1, we have
ak

Where a o = -2
nO
In
(x) dx = -2
nO
I x I dx = -2 x dx = -2
nO n
In In [x 2In
­
2
=n al = -n1 I0
21t
xsinxcosxdx = - 1 I21t xsin2xdx
0 2n 0

a
"
2 In (x) cos nx dx = -2
= -n On
In I x I cos nxdx
0
~[x
21t
{- cos
2
2X} + sin 2XJ21t
4 0
= -.J_ [- 21tJ
21t 2
 3-16F (Se:m-2) Sequence and Series
Mathematics - II 3-15 F (SeID.-2)
ao = 0

om
1
a1 =-"2
1 a = -
" n
J{(x)cos nxdx
:n;

-1t.
bn = -1 i21t x
n
sin x sin nx dx 1 0 1 1t
0 - f -Kcosnxdx+- "fKcosnxdx
.1 r TC n
21t -:n; 0
2n Jo x[ cos (1- n) x - cos (1 + n)x]dx
an = _ K [Sin nxJO + K [Sin nxJ1t
1 [ sin (n - 1)x cos (n -1) x 1t n -1t TC n .0

e.c
- x +
2n n -1 (n - 1)2 a" = 0
2>1: 1 1t
.:... x sin (n + 1)x _ cos (n + 1) x b = - f {(x)sin nxdx
(n + 1) (n + 1)2 ]0 " n -1t
1 I 1t ­
1[
~1t
1 1 1 1
(n - 1)2 - (n + 1)2 - (n - 1)2 + en + 1)2
J 0
- f (-Ksin nx)dx+-f Ksin nxdx
n n "

nc
-1t 0
bn =0
When n = I, we have ! [-K ( - cos nx )JO +! [_ K ( - cos nx )JO
i 2
i 2 n n -1t n n _ 1t
1
b 1 =·-
1t 0
xSlnxslnxdx =1-
% . .

2n 0
' x(l-cos2x)dx
K [1 .( _1)n . (-I)n 1]
1
[x (x - ~in22x J-1.( ~ + CO:2X JI' -
n
-------+­
n n n n

re
2 1t
b 0= K[~_2(-I)n]
n n n n
4n- - -1 + -1
- 1 [ 2n (2n) - -
2
J= -1" ( 2n 2 ) = 1t
2n 2 4 4 21t 0, if n is even
4K ' ..
f(x) =

=
a o + a l cos x + b 1 sin x + fa" cos nx +
2
1
- 1 - - cos x + 1t sin x +
2
~
n~

2
n~2

- 2 - - cos nx
,,~2 n - 1
L
fe tb" sin nx
((x) 0=
( - , Ifnlsodd

ao +
nn
00

L an cos nx + L bn sin nx
00
re
n=l n=l
~~~;~$l~:~fl Find the Fourier series to represent the function f(x)

given by
f(x) = Lb n sin nx
n=l
- K for - 1t < X < 0 = b sin x + b 2 sin 2x + b a sin 3x + ....
f(x) = . j

4K[.
tu

{ K for 0 < x < n

f()
x 1 . - 3 X+-Sln
= - - SlnX+-Sln 1 . 5 x+ .... ]
n 3 5
Hence show that 1- ~ + ~ - ~ + .... = ~. ~tJ~():r5;'1~~~*!:~.~.;I~:)1 TC
Now putting x 0=

2
.Arisw¢~:;1
4K[ 1+-(-1)+-(1)+-(-1)+
ak

((x) = )
r~" K for - TC < X < 0 f(%) =K= -
TC
1 1 1
3
..... ]
5 7
l K for 0 < x < IT
n 111
0 1 - - + - - - + .....
1 4
an := --Inf f(x)dx
IT
0= -
TC
f (-K)dx + -Inf K dx ;r
3 5 7
~1t 0
 3-18 F (Sem.-2) Sequence and Series
Ml;lthematics - II 3-17 F (Sem.-2)

_ Find the Fourier series expansion of the following Let the Fourier series be

m
function of period 21t, defined as
'{-I, -1t <x<O
[(x) = i + fan cos nx+ fbnsin nx
n~l ' n~l
... (3.18.1)
fix) =
1, 0 ~ x < 1t
Now, a o = ~I" f(X)dx=~{Jo x dx+f"-xdx}
1 1 1 n -" 1t -" Jo

11.'-."_
1--'-+---+ ....

o
~{[x21-[x:I} = ~{o-~ -~}=-"
,3 5 7

--

e.c
~-, ,,' .~'.'." .­

Same as Q. 3.15, Page 3-15F, Unit-3, (Putting K = 1). an I"

1 _ "f(x)cos nx dx
;-

-.; [1_"xcos nxdx+I" -x

"cos nxdx]
_ F i n d the Fourier series of

i-
0
1 0
fi X) -- x3 in (- l!i"4• •~I111_
1t 'J"",,>~-<~~,>::;,;,)t
1t) ...,.;$~--J'Qc0~-$YL:" dL;<

~{[XSin nxJO _JO sin nx 1 dx

c
ll, -~';.~. . '" ","" - ~
i~~~1 ""';;'f->.,,~ft, n n _" -" n
fix) = x 3 is an odd function.
a o = 0 and an r:xJ" - i"(-I) sin nx dX}

en
= 0 +[-xsin
2"
J 2"
b n = - f(x) sin nx dx =- x 3 sin nx dx J I n 0 0 n

1t o no ~{~(COS
1t n 2
nx)~"-~(cos
n2
nx r}
0
[J '
~ [x3
uu = uU 1 -

Si::X)
U u2 +U" u 3 - U ... u 4 + •.. ]
;[{ 1-~1)~}_ {(-1~: -I}] = ;[ 2(1-~;I)n)]

er
(- co: nx) _ 3x 2 (_

+ 6x (co: 3nx) - 6 (Si: 4nx) I ~{I-(-lt}

nn

,
j ~
if n is even.
= ~ [_ 1t
3
f cos nn + 6n cos nn] = 2(- l)n [_ n
n3
2
+~]
3 if n is odd.
re
1t n n n
nn 2 '

6 I.
2 2
6 I.
fix) = x = 2
3 [( n
-l-T (n
+ 1 sm x + l- 2
3) + 2 3 ) sm 2x bn = -1
n -"
I"
f(x)sinnx dx

61 ] ~[J~" xsinnx dx+f;(-x)sinnx dx J

tu

- l- ~( 2
+ 33 ) sin 3x ...

1•••1111 Obtain Fourier series for the function ;[{ x( -co~ nx )J:"-r"l( -co: nx )dX
2
X, -1t< X < 0 1 1 1 1t
fix) = and hence show that 2 + ~ + -2" + ..... = - •
~x>(~c~nx)[ _ 5:(-1)( -co:nx )dX]
ak

{ -x , 0 < x < 1t 1 3 5 8
+ {(
1{.~:gttjl7;;i~i~!-t~~~IIl!:1
Mathematics - II 3-19 F(Sem-2) 3-20 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series

;[{o-~cosnn} +;[ siI~llX In +{ n( ~lr -0}-~[ s~llX IJ

om
= ~[-2:(-lt
n n
+~n(-lrJ
n
=
0, whatever be the value of n.
Therefore, the Fourier series is \~l(I{_.,
/.W":1~~jt~S·~.w,W-.
Expand fix) = x as a half range
-n
4 [cos x cos 3x cos 5x ] i. Sine series in 0 < x < 2
f()
x = - + - --2-+--2-+--2-+'" ... (3.18.2) ti. Cosine series in 0 < x < 2.
n2 1 3 5
Since the functionj\x) is discontinuous atx = 0, by Dirichlet's condition

e.c
f(O) = "21 [LHL + RHLJ = (l/2)1f(0 - 0) + j\0 + 0)] = 0 I. Let x = 2:bn sin--
00 nnx
... (3.19.1)
n~I 2
Put x = 0 in eq: (3.18.2), we get
2 • nrr:x;

+;[~ + 312 +'512 + ...J

Where, b =
1xsm--dx
2

I
n 0
0= - ;

H-;T]J:-c[ -~.T]dx

nc
1 1 1 n2
2"'+2+2+·· .... · =
1 3 5 8

4 . 4
- - cos nn = - - ' (- 1)"
nn nn

re
Hence from eq. (3.19.1),
CO NCEPT OUTLIN E 4 00 l)n '. nnx
(-

X= -- L---sIn-­
1tn~l n 2
Half Range Series: Half series is found when a periodic function is
expanded in half range of its period i.e., to expand j\x) in range (0, L) a co n1tX
ii. Let x = ~+ 2:a cos-- ... (3.19.2)
having a period of2L.
A function j\x) defined in the interval (0, L) has two half range series
that are called Fourier cosine and Fourier sine series.
Half Range Cosine Series: The half range cosine series is given as
fe Where, aO =
2

fo x dx =
2
n~l n 2

.( J x2
2 0 =2
re
ao ~ nnx . n1tX . n1tX
j\x) = - + L... an cos - ­
= {,2 X
Where ao
2
2 fL
= - JI f(x) dx
L 0
n~l L and a cos n1tX dx =
no. 2
[ x SIn -2'

2
nx
-
J
0
_ f.2
0
SIn 2-
nn
.­
2
dx

fL f(x) cos--dx
tu

2 nnx 2 -cos-­
an = -L = __ n1tXJ
2 4
0 L nn nn
_
=
n n
-2-2- (cos nn - 1)
Half Range Sine Series: The half range sine series is given as [
2
co

fix) = ""b
L... n
. nnx
sm-----r:­ 2
~(cos nn
Hence, x = 1 + n £.., 2
-±-n1tX
-1) cos - ­
ak

n~l n~l n 2

Where, bn = -2 fL f (x )SIn
.- nnx
- dx
L 0 L

II
J
 3-21 F (Sem.-2) . Sequence and Series
3-22 F (SeDl-2)
Mathematics - II

Find the half range cosine series expansion of r

~ (~ + 1) ( - nn) + co:0° J + [ S1::x J:
cc::

m
f(x)=x-:r, O<x< 1
;[[(n + 1) (_~_l)n) + 1] + [sin nnn-; sin OOJ]
~ [1 - (l + n) (- l)n]

.co
f(x) =x - x2, 0 < X< 1 nn
f(x) = ao
2
+ fa" cos~
n=l 1
- ~ ; If n
n
is even
2 .
1 1 { - ( 2 + n); Ifn is odd
2 rcn
a = 2Jf(x)dx=2J(x-x )dx
o Hence Fourier sine series is
o 0
2(2 + rc) [ .

ce
sin 3x sin 5x ]

2[ ~ _x:I =2[~-~J=~=~ .. f(x) = x + 1 = rc SIn x + - - 3 - + - - 5 - +

sin 2x sin 4x sin 6x

-2 [ - - - + - - - + - - - + ...
]
.

1 1
2
. 2 4 6
a = -Jf(x)cos~dx
2 = 2J(x _x )cos nrrxdx
n I l Find the half range sine expansion of

n
o 0

2[(X _ x2)(sin nnx) _ (1- 2X)(-cos nrrx) + (-2)(- sin nnx)Jl . .{t ;o < t <2
~ ~~ ~~
-
0 fit) = 4 - t ; 2<t<4
_ ._

re
"_.''- .....
), ,- ...
." c " . " "
-- ,--. . -. :~.

n2n2 n2n2
l_J = 2[(-1)n+l _ _
2[(-1) cos nn _ _ 1_) . . .

n2n2 n2n2
f(x) = !- + f ;- 2 [(_l)n+l -l]cos nrrx
bn = 2"1 J40 f(t)sm
. Tnnt dt
6 n=l n n
Find the Fourier half range sine series for
fe
fix) = (x + 1 ) for 0 < x < 1t.
~ [J: tsin ( n:)dt + J: (4 - t) sin ( n:)dt J
nnt) (nnt)}2
re
_1 [{ t (- 4
- cos - - + -16- SIn
. -­
2 nrc .4 2 2
4 n rc 0

fix) =x + 1 + (4 - t) ( - -
4 nrct) 16 . nrct}4l
cos - - - ----:f2 SIn . - ­
CD { nrc 4 n n 4 2
= L
tu

X + 1 bn sin nx

b =
Fl.::::l

-2J1t (x + 1) sin nx dx
1[8
2" - nrc OOS
nn + n 16rc
2 2 2 sm
. (
2 nrc8 (nrc)
nn) +--cos -
2
16 . (n1t)J
nZrc
+--sm z ­
2
Where, n n 0
(,m)
~ eo: =)I -r:(l)(-eo:nx) dx]
16
-2 - SIn
. ­
rc
2
2
ak

[ [(x+ 1) ( - n
Hence the Fourier series is,

;1
Mathematics - II 3-23 F (SeID-2)
3-24 F (S~Dl-2) Sequence and Series
'f( x) = ~ 16 . (n1t) . (n1tt)
1[

om
L. ~sln
n=On1t
-
2 SIn -­
4
- n
{-cos(n+l)1t +-COs(n-l)1t} - {0-0 }]
1t n+l n-l
Obtain the Fourier expansion of fix) = x sin x as cosine
series in (0. 1t) and hence show that
n+l
-1t
1t
1[ {-c~s(n
+' l)n + COS(n-l)n}] ,n",,1
n-l
1~3- 3~5+5~7-············=(Y) When n is odd, n "" 1, (n - 1) and (n + 1) are even,

~ ~ ~ ~
2
1IIIr. . . . . .!tRRt:f:11

e.c
an = ; [1t { - n 1 + n 1}J = n 1 - n 1 = n 2 _ 1
When n is even, (n -1) and (n + 1) are odd, therefore cos (n + 1) 1t and
cos (n ­ 1) 1t are -1. '
Let the Fourier series be 1 1 -2
an ---+--=--­
n-l n+l n 2 -1
f(x) xsin x"= ~+ f
n~l
an cos nx
Whenn = 1, al
2Jn xsin
- X cos X
lin xsin
dx = - ' 2x dx

nc
nO. nO'

a o = -1t
lIn xsin x dx = - 2fn xsin dx
Now, -n
[ '.'
1t
X
0
sin X
X

is an even function)
;[x( -co~ 2X) -1.( -s~ 2x)I
Using fuvdx = uVl - u'v2 + ....• we have - - - -21t}
-1 {-ncos - - _ --
1
n 2 2
~[x(-cosx)+(sinx)]~

re
Now the Fourier series is,
1t
2 ' . x=I-·-cosx-2
{(x) = xsm 1 -2-2x
{cos ­
-(-1tCOS1t) = 2, 2 2 -1
n
-2i" xsin x cos nx dx _ cos 3~ + co; 4x _ co: 5x .....}
And, an
n 0
-lin x(2cos nx sin x)dx
nO,

-'!fn
fe Putting x

1t . 1t
1t
= "2
3 2 -1 4 -1 5-1

in eq. (3.23.1), we get

1- 2(2;~ i + 4/-1 -6/-1 + ...)

... (3.23.1)
re
x[ sin(n + l)x - sin(n -1)x Jdx -SIn
n 0 2 ,2
[... 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) -sin (A -B»)
2(%-1~ + 3 5 - ... J
1
-.![x{-cos(n + l)x + cos(n -1)X} 21:-1
2
1t n+l n-l
1t-2 1 1 1
tu

----+ "­
-sin (n + l)x + sin (n -1)x }]n 4 1.3 3.5 5.7
{ (n + 1)2 (n - 1)2 0 ~i'l'~}~,!::1 Obtain half range cosine series for tr the function
-.!f 1t{-COS( n + 1) 1t + cos(n -1) 1t} 2t .0<t<1
nL n+l n-l =
ak

f(t) { 2(2 _ t) .1<t<2

_{ -sin(n
(n+l)
+;) 1t ; sin (n, -
(n_l)2
1~} - oj IAKTV,~ij\t~~t§;:!Mli*ks ,'f!11
 3-25 F (Sem.-2) Sequence and Series
3-26 F (Sem.-2)

m
Mathematics - II
no 00 nrrt
fit) == - + LCos­
2 n~1 1

rr~ + 0 -
a rrt
fit) = ---9- +
2 n~1
La
00

cos 11-­
1 == 1 + (- .--;) == 1 - 82 (1 + ! + .....).
9rt rt 9

.co
n

2
1 0
I
2 [1
a o = - I f(t) dt = - I2t dt + I 2(2 - t)dt
2 0 1
2 1 ©©©

[(2~21 + (4t - t
2
): J

ce
a o = [1 + 1] = 2

Ii
a = -2 II fet) cOS-.
nrtt
dt
n 2 0 1

_.
2
[1
2 I2tcos --dt
nrrt nrtt
+ I2(2 - t) cos -
2
-dt 2
2
1

en
0 1

Using integration by parts

2
_2 [( 2t - 2 SIll
. - - + 2 -22-
nrrt nrtt )'
2 cos - ­
2. nrt 2 n rt 2 0
2
+. ( 2(2 2.
~t)-sln---2--cos-­
nrrt 2 nrrt)2]

er
. nrr 2 ~2rt2 2 l'

== _4 SIll
. -nrt + ---,----,
8 ( cos -nrt - 1 ))
[( nrt 2 n n; 2
ef
8
+ ---cosnn 4 . --+
- -SIn nn
-28- nrt)l
2 cos­
(. n2rt2 nrt 2 n rr 2

_16
_ cos -nrt - -28- - - 2-
8 - cos nrt
2
n2rt2 2 n n;2 n rt

J
r
_8_ [2n cosr­ t - 1 - cos nrt
n 2 rt2 2
tu

When n is odd, cos nrt = 0 and cos nn; == - 1

2
an = 0 :::::> a 1 == a 3 == as ..... == 0

When n is even, a = -8- [22

2
cosr- t - 1 - cos 2rt
~~ 2
J - ----z
8
rt
ak

a 4 == 4 2 rt 2 2 cos 2 -1- cos 4nJ

8 [4rr = 0

a
6
== _8_ [2 cos 6n; - 1 _. cos 6rrJ
62rt2 2
= - ~
9n
2

.I
 ,":',I".
"

4-2 F (SeDl-2) COInplex Variable Differentiation

m
CONCEPT OUTLINE

.co
Com.plex Variable LiDlit : The function fix, y) tends to the limit l as x ~ a and
y ~ b if and only ifthe limit l is independent ofthe path followed by the
Differentiation point (x, y) as x ~ a andy ~ b, Then
Iimf(x, y) = l
x-+a
y-+b

The function f(x, y) in region R tends to the -liIIli t l as

x ~ a and y ~ b if and only if corresponding to a positive number

ce
E (a, 1l), there exists another positive number 8 such that

Ifix, y) -ll < E for 0 < (x - a)2 + (y - b)2 < 8 2

for every point (x,y) inR,
Continuity: A function fix, y) is said to be contiilUous at the point

n
(a, b) if Iimf(x, y) =f(a, b) irrespective ofthe path along with x ~ a,
x-+a
J y ...... b

y~b,'

re
J

fe
re
,
I 1m
x-+l
y--.,.2
x
3x2y
--;,----7­
2
+ y2 + 5
, rI'1m
I1m
x-+l y-+2 x 2
3x y
+
2

y2 +5
I'
] =lm
x-+l x 2
3x
2
(2)
+ (2)2 + 5
­
tu

lim~=_6_=~
2
x-+l x +9 1+9 5
" xy + 4
Eval uate • un 2 2
;::::2' x + 2y
ak

lim
X~~
y-+2 X
xy +4
2
+ 2y 2
lim[lim xy + 4
x~-" y-+2 x 2 + 2 y 2
J' = limx
r x(2) + 4 J= lim"~, .?~~
~" x + 2(2? 2
x 8 x
2
4

4-1 F (SeIll-2)
 Mathematics - II 4-3 F (Sem.-2)
4-4 F (Se~-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

m
2+± Since the limit along any path is same, the limit exists and equal to zero
lim--x-= 2+0 =0 which is the value ofthe function fix, y) at the origin. Hence, the function
8 00 + 0 fis continuous at the origin.
x+­
X

_ _ _ Show that the function f(x, y) = x - y is continuous for all

o
-
(x,y) E R2.

e.c
Let (a, b) E R2 then fia, b) =a - b
CONCEPT OUTLINE
.. Ifix,y)-fia,b)l= \(x-y)-(a-b)1
I (x - a) + (b - y) I Cauchy-Riem.ann or C-R Equation:
:::; Ix - a I + Iy - b I [.: Ixl=l-xIJ ...(4.3.1) au au
ox = ~
6
ou

nc
Let 6 > O. Choose 0 = then for Ix - a I < 0 and Iy - b I < 0, we have
and'
8v
2
from eq. (4.3.1)
8y ox
6 6
lfix,y)-fia,b)/< - + - = 6
, 2 2
Hence, the function fix, y) = x - y is continuous for all (a, b) E R2. But

re
(a, b) is an arlritrary element of R2, so fix, y) =X -y is continuous for all
(x, y) E R2.
_ _ X 3 _
y3 Define analytic function and state the necessary and
m' '
d, .•"
,,"';",. If f(x, y)
+Y
2
'M~
=
when x ot 0, yot 0 and f(x, y) = 0 when
X
2
sufficient condition for function to be analytic.
x = 0, y = 0, find out whether the function f(x, y) is continuous at

_'I
origin.

~.->,>~,' . > _~~~ . , ;~<»;9 tii",'

First calculate the limit of the function:

fe A Analytic Function: A function fiz) is said to be analytic at a point Zo if
it is one valued and differentiable not only at Zo but at every point of
re
some neighbourhood of zOo
· x3 _ y3 . (_ y3'\ . B. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for f(z) to be Analytic: The
1. hm 2 2 =hml--2-j =hm(-y)=O
~=:g x + y y -+ 0 Y y - 0 necessary and sufficient conditions for the function
w = fiz) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)
3 3 (x 3)
tu

II. lim x 2 - Y 2 = lim 2 = lim (x) = 0 to be analytic in a region R, are

i=:g x + y x-+o X X-JoO

1. ou, -
- ou, ou
- ,ou
- are cont'Inuous f unc t'Ions 0 f x and.>' 'In t h e regIon
. R.
· x 3 _ y3 . x3 _ m3x3 3
ax cry Ox 8y
III. = hm.2 lim Q - m ) X =0
Inn 2 2­
i=::;U: x + y2 x-~O x + m 2x x 4 0(l+m 2 ) au ou au ou
II.
ax= 8y'8y =-ax
ak

· x 3 _ y .l . x.l-m.l-m"x" . x"(l-m"x 3 ) • (l-m 3 x 2 )

IV. hm. - - - - = h m .2 = hm -, --_._-~ hm x =0 The conditions in (ii) are known as Cauchy-Riemann equations or briefly
~=:~-X2+y2 1:-~O x +m 2 x 4 .l+ox (l+mx) x---+o(1+m 2 x 2 )
CoR equations.
 4-6 F (Selll-2) Complex Variable Differentiation
Mathematics - II 4--5 F (Selll-2)

au = au and au == _ au

m
Define analytic function. DisCliss the analyticity of ax Oy Oy ax
flz) = Re(z3) in the cOlllplex plane. _
are satisfied except when x 2 + y2 == 0 i.e., when x 0, y 0 = =
Hence, the function f(z) == log z is analytic everywhere in the complex
plane except at the origin.

.co
.._................. Find the values of c and c such that the function
A.
B.
Analytic Function: Refer Q. 4.5, Page 4-4F, Unit-4.
NUIIlerical: I flz) =.r + clY -
1 2

2xy + i (c 2 .r-Y + 2xy)

-­
z = (x + iy) isanalytic.AIsofindf'(z). _
z3 = (x + iy)3 = x 3 - iy 3 + 3xiy (x + iy) f
= (x3 _ 3xy2) + (3x2y _ y3)i !
u = x 3 _3xy 2
I f(z) = x 2 + c 1 y2 - 2xy + i (c 2 x 2 y2 + 2xy)

ce
_
+ iv = x 2 + c l y2 - 2xy + i (c 2 x 2
U _ y2 + 2xy)
au au
ax = 3x 2 - 3y 2, Oy = - 6xy Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
u = x 2 + C 1 y2 - 2xy
v = (3x2y _ y3) f And v = C~2 _ y2 + 2xy
I au au
au

n
av 2 2 - = 2x - 2y and - = 2c 2 X + 2y
ax = 6xy, Oy = 3x -3y ax ax
au au·
- = 2 c y-2xand - =-2y+2x
au = au and au = _ av Oy 1 Oy

re
ax Oy Oy ax C-R equations are
f(z) = Re (z3) is analytic function.
au = av
_ Show that flz) = log z is analytic everywhere in the ax Oy
2x - 2y = - 2y + 2x ...(4.8.1)
cOlllplex plane except at the origin•.rI'P~··········_t{1
;tMm:~<~_

Here f(z) = u + iv = log z = log(x + iy)

fe (... z == x + iy)
au
Oy = -
2cY' - 2x = - 2c~ - 2y
av
ax
...(4.8.2)
From eq. (4.8.1) and eq. (4.8.2), equating the coefficient ofx andy, we
get
re
e and y = r sin e so that
Let x = r cos
2c l == - 2 =
cl = - 1
x + iy = r (cos e + i sin e) = re ifJ - 2 = - 2c 2 =
c2 = 1
log (x + iy) = log (r e ifJ ) = log r + i9 = %log (x 2 + y2) + i tan- (~)
1
Now, f'(z) = au + i av = (2x - 2y) + i (2x + 2y)
ax ax
tu

= (2x - 2y) + i (2x + 2y)

Separating real and imaginary parts, we get
= 2[x + ix + (- y + iy) = 2[(1 + i) x + i (1 + i)y]

u = ~ log (x 2 + y2) and v = tan -1 (~) = 2(1 + i) (x + iy) = 2(1 + i)z

_ Find p such that the function flz) expressed in polar

-
au x au y coordinates as flz) = ,-2 cos 29 + i,-2 sin p9 in analytic.
ak

Now, x2 + y2
ax x2 + y2' Oy

av -y av x
And Letf(z) = u + iv, then u = r 2 cos 20, v = r 2 sinp9
ax == x 2 + y2 'Oy = x2 + y2
We observe that the Cauchy-Riemann equations
 Mathematics - II 4-7 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation
4-8 F (Sem.-2)

au au.

om
- == 2r cos 2e, - == 2r Slllpe
Or ar
au . au 2 Here f{z) = u + iu = sinhz = sinh (x + iy) = sinh x cosy
- == - 2r 2 s1ll2e, - == pr cospe + i cosh x siny
ae ae
. au lau
For f{z) to be analytIc, - == - -
au lau
and - == - ­ -au = cosh x cos y, au =- Si n h ' y
x SIn
Or r ae ar r ae ax 0'
.. 2r cos 2e == pr cos pe and 2r sin pe == 2r sin 2e
_au = SIn au

«_
Both these equations are satisfied if p == 2. ' h x SIn
. y, == cosh x cos y

e.c
ax 0'
Show that the function defined by /T..z) = --/1 xy I is not
~--~-~-~~""~~--

regular at the origin, although Cauchy-Riem.ann equations are

au == au and au == _ GU
ax 0' 0' ax

I
-
satisfied. _ _ Thus C-R equations are satisfied.
·
S Ince Sl'nh x, cos h '
x, slny au, -
and cosy are cont"Inuous Iiunct'lon, - au, au
­
ax 0' ox

I
l' .. . ..,

nc
fez) == u(x, y) + iu(x, y) = --/1 xy I then u(x, y) == --/1 xy I, u(x, y) == 0
At the origin (0,0), we have and : are also continuous functions satisfying C-R equatiol).s;­

au == lim u(x, 0) - u(O, 0) == lim 0 - 0 == 0 Hence f{z) is analytic everywhere.

ax .r~O X %-+0 X f N ow, z = -au + t- -au
{ '() -.
au = limu(O,y)-u(O,O) ==lim 0-0 =0 ax ax

re
0' y-->O y y-->O y == cosh x cos y + i sinh x sin y
= cosh (x + iy) == cosh z.
au == lim u(x, 0) - u(O, 0) = lim 0 - 0 = 0
ax %-->0 x %-->0 x Using C - R equations shoW" that fez) = Iz I 2 is not
au == lim U(O, y) - u(O, 0) == lim 0 - 0 = 0 ~f_

Clearly,
0'
au
ax ==
y-->O

au au
0" 0' == - ax
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at the origin.
y
au
y-->O y
fe analytical at any point.

Let w == f{z) == u + iu ==
u + iu = x 2 + y2
Izl 2
re
Comparing both sides,
Now ('CO) = lim fez) - (CO) _ I' --/1 xy I - 0
1m ~---'----''--- au au
z
-->0
Z
-
z-->o X + iy u == x 2 + y2
'(IX
= 2x -
'0'
= 2"'-'"
If z ~ 0 along the line y = mx, we get
u == 0 .E!-~ == au
tu

==0
'ax 0'
('CO) == lim ~ = liIn --/1 m I Using C-R equations,
%-->0 x(l + im) %-->0 1 + im
au
I =
au
Now this limit is not unique since it depends on m. Therefore, ('(Q) does = 2x==0 x=O
not exist. ax ay
ak

Hence, the function {(z) is not regular at the origin. au

= - -au = . =0 =
Prove that the function sinh z is analytic and find its
I And -
0' ax
2y y =0

derivation. Ij At (0, 0) C-R equations are satisfied and the function is differentiable.
Hence, the function is not analytic anywhere except at origin.

I
Mathematics - II

­
4-9 F (Sem.-2)

_I
4-10 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

m
x 3 y (y - ix)
C7If f(z) =
x6 + y2
whenzcF-O
Exam.ine the nature of the function
X 2 y 5(X+iy)
whenz =0 f(z) = 4 'R ; Z cF- 0, f(0) = 0
=0 x +Y
{(z) - ((a)

-,._.­ •

--
In the region including the o r i g i n o _ ~

o
Prove that ~ 0 as z ~ 0 along any radIus vector but not
z
as z ~ 0 in any m.anner.

e.c
Same as Q. 4.13, Page 4-9F, Unit-4.
(Answer: f'(O) does notOexist. Hence, f(z) is not analytic at origin).
_ Prove that the function f(z) defined by
"
f(z) = u + £u =
x 3 y(y - ix)
6
x +y
2 ' Z cF- ° 3
X (1+i)-yS(l-i) ZcF-,O
X 3_ x 4y f f(z) = x 2 +y2
y2 {
u- u=--- o z=o
- x6 + y2 '
j

nc
x6 + y2

au
ax
lim u(O + h, 0) - u(O, 0) = lim 0/ h
h-.O h h-.O h
6
= ° I
is continuous and the Cauchy-Riem.ann equations are satisfied at
the origin, yetf'(O) does not existo _ _ I
au = lim u(o,
iry
°+ k) - u(O; 0) = lim
k
Q!32 =
k
° j
k-.O k-.O
I x 3(1+i)-y3(1-i) .

re
Similarly,
au
-
ax = ° and -
au
ay =0 I f(z) = ,
X
2
+Y
2 = U +£u

I
x3 _ y3 x3 + y3
au where, u= - - lJ­
au au au x2 + y2' - x2 + y2
Thus 8x = iry' iry =- ax
°
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at origin.
Now, fez) - feD) =
Z
[x
3
3y
(y -
x 6 + y2
ix) _oj _1_
X + iy
3
fe I
I
The value of -auauau8u

principle method.
At the origin,
- , ---'--- -
fu'iry fu'iry
at (0, 0) we get - , so we apply first
°
re
_ x y(y - ix) 1 _ - ix y
au lim _u--,-(O_+_h--,-,---,O:-)_-_u---,(_O:.-'0--,--) ( h3 l
- x 6 + y2 (x + i".y) - x 6 + y2 lim l~) / h = 1
Let z ~ ° along radius vector y = mx, then
ax h-.O h h-->O h

"
Iz1m
--.- 0
fez) - f(m
Z
=
I"
1m
- ix
X
6
3
2 2 =
+m x
(mx) I"
1m
-
0 X
4
imx
+ m2 =
2
° au
iry
" u(O,O+ k)-u(O,O)
k-->O k
k-->O
( -k 3 l
I 1m --'-----'-----'----- = lim l - 2) / k =-1
k
tu

X--).O r .J-

( h3 l
Hence
fez) - feD)
z
~ as z ~ ° ° along any radIus vector
" au
ax
" u(O + h,O)-u(O,O)
I1m
h-.O h
liml~) / h ,=1
h-->O h
Let z ~ ° 3
along y = x then,
3 3 .
au " u(O,O + k) - u(O, 0)
I Im---'---------'----'---'--- lim (k:k J/ k= 1
. f( z) - feD) I" - u" x _ ~ l iry k-.O k k-->O
=lm 6 6 - - ­
ak

1m
1z---JoO x_o X + x 2

I
Z
au and au = _ au
au _
Thus f'(O) does not exist, hence f(z) is not analytic at z = 0.
iry ax iry ax
Hence, C-R equations are satisfied at origin.
1
,I

I
J
 1
I 4-12 F (Sem.-2) Compl~x Variable Differentiation
Mathematics
, - II 4-11 F (Sem.-2)

3
-1-.-l au av
u-+v-

om
3

I
Now f'(O) '" lim fez) - f(O) '" lim[X - y3: i(X + y3)
z->o Z z->o X
2
+Y x + ly Similarly, ~ I fez) I = 0' 0' ... (4.16.4)
~ = mX, then Jy I f(z) I
Now let z 0 along y

= · [x3_m3x3+i(x3+m3x3) 1 1 J.
Squaring and addingeq. (4.16.3) and eq. (4.16.4), we get

I
f'(O) 11m
(au avr (. au av)2
"...,0

. [1-m3 +i(l+m
x 2 + m 2x2

=
x + imx
3
)1 3
m (-I+i)+(I+i)
{~ I fez) if + {~ I fez) If = u B; + v ~ + ~ 0' + v By
11m
%-+0 (1 + m 2 ) (l + im) (1 + m 2 ) (1 + im)
I

e.c
The value of f'(O) depends on m, therefore f'(O) is not unique. au 00)2 + ( -ufu+v~
( ua;+vfu au 00)2
Hence, the function is not analytic at z '" O.
I fez) 12
(Using C-R equation)
1
(u 2 +v2)[(~r + (~-rJ

nc
I fez) /2
Har:m.onic Function: A function of (x, y) which possesses continuous
partial derivatives of the first and second orders and satisfies Laplace
equation is called a harmonic function. II ( au)2
ax + (av)2
If'(z)
ax
/2
('.' If{z)1
2

Z
'''u 2 +v 2 )

re
(--- f'(z) '" + i :)

e r i f y that the function on u l (x, y) = xy is hannonic and

_ . V3fltB'tfi
;:".~'t) J

find its conjugate harm.onic function. Express u + iv.as an analytic

function f(z).
_ _ If f(z) is a harID.onic function of z, show that

{~ I fez) r {~+ I fez) I}

2
fe
= I f'(z)
2
1
U=x2_ y 2_ y
._f.',if6$i_~\1T_
====~{~~l}~M~.~,rd~~:==:

-
re
u(x, y) = xy

L.
au
-"'y .'.
a2 u
--2 =0
We have, f{z) '" u + iv ... (4.16.1) ax ax
Ju + v au a2 u
tu

.. If{z)! '" 2 2 ... (4.16.2) "'x -2- =0

Partially differentiatingeq. (4.16.2) w.r.t x andy, we get 0' 0'
For a function to be harmonic, it must satisfy Laplace equation.
~ I fez) I '" .!(u 2 + v2)- 1/2 (2U au + 2v av) a2 u a2 u
ax 2 . ax dx -~+--",O
ax 2 0'2
au 00
ak

u -~ + v-­ Hence, function u(x, y) is harmonic.

ax ax ... (4.16.3) Using Cauchy-Riemann equation,
I fez) I
au av au av
ax '" 0" 0' "'-ax
Mathematics - II 4-13 F (Sem.-2)
4-14 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable DifferentiatiOri
Total differentiation of v is given as,
= [e-X (-x siny + y cosy + siny)] dx

om
du
Ov au
dv = - d x + - d y =-xdx +ydy + e-X[x cos y + y sin y - cos y] dy
Ox 0'
-x Y
·22 u = J e-X(-xsiny + y cos Y + sin y)dx
V = --+-+c
2
u and v are said complex conjugate.
Again,
2

u = x 2 _ y2 _ Y
I y=oonl

+ f e-X(xcosy+ysiny-cosy)dy

I
:c=conl
au au = - Je-Xxsinydx+ y cos y f e-xdx + sin yf e- x dx
ox = 2x, 0' =- 2y - 1 u

e.c
Using Cauchy-Riemann equation, + xe- x f cosy dy+ e- x f y sin y dy - e- x f cos y dy
au = !!!!... and
ox 0'
ou
'0'
Ov
Ox
I u = - (- 2x e-X) sin y - e-X y cos y - e-X sin y + x e-X sin y
+ e-X (- y cos y - y sin y) - e-X sin y
dv = -aud x + -aud y
Ox 0'
=(2y + l)dx + 2xdy =d(2xy +x) I u= 2x ~:-X sin y - e--X y cos y - e-X sin y + x e-x sin y
. - e-Xy cos y - e-X y sin y - e-X sin y
u = 3x e:-X siny - 2e-x y cos y - e-X y siny - 2e-x siny

c
I
.. v=2xy+x+c

- .......
Then, fix, y) = u + iv = (x 2 - y2 - y) + i(2xy + x + c) Here u is the harmonic conjugate of v.

-
= e""'" (x cos y _ Find an analytic function whose iInaginary part i.s

en
_ Show that v (x, y) + Y sin y) is harm.onic. Find

I e""'" (x cos y + Y siny). ; ::(~,!~=

-
its harm.onic conjugate. , i
I
vex, y) = e-X (x cos y + y siny)
I Let f(z)= u + iv be the required analytic function.
Here, v = e-X (x cos y + Y sin y)

er I
ov = _ e-X (x cos y + Y sin y) + e-x (cos y)
av = e-:X (-x sin y + Y cosy + siny) = \jIl (x, y)
Ox 8y
ou = e-X (
_ox. . )
slny +y cosy + smy Ii
0' i av = e-X cos y - e-X (x cos y + Y sin y) = \jI2 (x, y)
Ox
ef
a2 u = - [- e-X (x cos y
err" + Y sin y) + e-X (cos y )] - e-X (cos y)
I \jI1 (z, 0) = 0, \jI2 (z, 0) = e- _e- z = (l-z) e-
Z Z Z

By Milne's Tholllson method,

a u = e-X [-x cosy + (cosy -
2
. f{z)= J[\jIl(z,0)+i\jl2(z,0)ldz+c = iJ(1-z)e- z dz+c
--2 y smy) + cosy]
8y [(1- z)(-e"Z) - J(-l}(-eZ)dz ] + c
r
i
= e-X [2 cos y - y siny -x cosy]
u2 u 02 V • i [(z - 1) e Z
+ e -z 1+ c
tu

-2 + --2 = e- X
[x cos y + Y sm Y - cos Y - cos y I
f(z) = ize- Z
+c
Ox 0'
+ e-X [2 cosy - y sin y + x cos y]
_ Find the analytic function whose real part is
= e-x [x cos y + Y sin y - 2 cos y + 2 cos y - y sin y
-x cosy]
=0 I e 2x (x cos 2y - y sin lil't._'tfiJ';r"·~lll'_
2y).;;~ii'fWu",~:i~L ~
ak

Since, v satisfies the Laplace equation hence v is harmonic function. IlIl

I
,/;W(LijJYt
[~'~_·,tif
du = au
- d x + au
-dy = (av)
- dx+ (-av)
- - dy Let, U = e2:c (x cos 2y - y sin 2y)
Ox 0' 0' Ox
~
i au = e2:c (cos 2y) + 2e2:c (x cos 2y - y sin 2y) = cPl(x, y)
ax

j
~
..
 4-16 F (Se:m.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation
Mathematics - II 4-15 F (Se:m.-2)
2
· a u 0 , t h ere fiore u IS
. a h armoruc
.. IiunctIon.

om
S Ince a2u
--2 + --2 =
.
au = e2x[_ 2x sin 20' - 20' cos 20' - sin 20'] = cjl2 (x, 0') &; 0'
ay
On replacing x by z and y by 0, Let dv = -aud x + -aud y
ax ay
f(z) = I cjll (z, 0) dz - i I cjl2 (z, 0) dz + C

f[ e 2z cos 0 + 2e 2z (z)] dz - Io dz +c (- :;) dX+(Z) dO' (By C-R equation)

I (e
2z 2z
+ 2ze ) dz + c = 2"1 e 2z + 2 [e e
z 2 - 4
2Z 2z
]
+ Ij = ex sin 0' dx + eX cos 0' dO'
= d (eX sinO')

e.c
C

_Blt_
Integration yields,
f(z) = z e 2z + C
j u = eX sinO' + c
If u = 3,x2Y - 0'3 find the analytic function f(z) =u + iv. I Hence f(z) = u + iu = eX cosy + i(e X sinO' + c)
II = ex(cosy + i sinO') + c I (where c I = ic)

~";~=
= ex + iy + C 1 = e Z + c 1 •

_1.· I 1:.

nc
_ Show that the function u = log (x2 + y 2 ) is harm.onic.

II
%0fc,
" 2
u = 3x 2y _0'3
t_lllllIIIIIIJ8IIII· .

-­
au au Find the harm.onic conjugate of u.
-ax = 6xy -
'ay
= 3x 2 _3v 2
I ~
J

I
Now, du = -aud x + au- d y = (au)
- - dx+ (au)
- dO' I

re
&; 0' 0' ax !I u = -1 log (x 2 + 0'2)
du = (- (3x 2 - 3y 2))dx + 6xy dO' 2

On integrating, u = IM dx + IN dO' au
- ­ x au 0'
x 2 + 0'2 ' 0' = x 2 + 0'2

I
(y WI constant) (Ignoring terms of . .,-) ax
= I(3 y 2_3x 2)dx+0 =3xy 2- x 3+ c x 2 + 0'2 - 2x 2
Now, u + iu
u
= 3x 2y _0'3 + i(3xy 2 _x 3 + C)
= [3x 2y
=-
_ 0'3 + i(3xy 2 - x 3)] + ic
i(x 3 - iy 3 - 3xy 2 + 3ix 2y) + ic
fe l
i
ifu
- - ===
&;2

2
a u
0'2
=
2
(x + 0'2)2 .
=
0'2 - X 2
(x 2 + 0'2)2
x 2 + 0'2 _ 20'2 = X 2 -0' 2
-Cx 2 + 0'2)2 (x 2 + 0'2)2
re
=- = -'iz 3 + ic
I a2 u + a
i(x + iy)3 + ic 2
u . .
-- 2 --2 = 0, hence u IS harmonIc,
u + iu =- i(z3 - C) ax ay
1
_~I Sho"W that e'" cos 0' is hannonic function, find the analytic Now, du = -au au
dx + - dO' = - -au au
dx + - dO'
0' ax
tu

&; 8y
function of "Which it is real part.
-0' x
_lIit\,J"} dv =
x
2
+0'
2 dx +
x
2
+0'
? dO'
Let, u = eX cosy
i"u a2 u dv = x d:;. - 0' ~dx = d [tan -1 ( ~) J
ak

i'x = eX cosy => &;2 = eX cosy

2
Integration yields, v = tan- 1 (~) +c
{'u
,-y = _eX sinO' => a u = _ eX cos 0'
ay2 This is the required harmonic conjugate function of u,
Mathematics - II 4-17 F (Se:rn-2)
4-18 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

f = eX

om
_ . ' ".. " If (z) = u + iv is analytic function and u - v Where, U = (u - v) and V = u + v

--
;"111-.
(cos y-siny), find f(z) in term.s ofz. Hence, 2sin2x
V = u + v =
e2y + e 2y - 2 cos 2x

­ 'i~
u + iv = f{z)
i(u + iv) =
if(z)
...(4.24.1)
Now,

and
-8V
Ox

-8V
=

cry = 2
e Y
4 cos 2x
2
e Y

'I' J(z,O) = - 4 sin 2z + 2

2 2y (
.
+ 4 SIn 2x

- 4 sin 2x
+ e = '1'1 x,y
)
= 'l'2(X,y)

e.c
iu -v = if(z) ...(4.24.2)
'l'2(z,0) = 4 cos 2z + 4 sin 2z

I
On adding eq. (4.24.1) and eq. (4,24.2),
u - v + i (u + v) = (1 + i) f(z)
By Milne's Thomson method,
TJ + iV= F(z) F(z) = f{'I'l(Z,O) + i 'l'2(Z,0)} dz + c
Where, U=u-v=e"(cosy-siny)
= f {(- 4 sin 2z + 2) + i( 4 cos 2z + 4 sin 2z)} d~ + c
(l
V=u+v
+ i) f(z) = F(z)
.f

nc
N ow using Milne's Thomson method, = (
4 cos 2z + 2)
Z +£
. (4 sin 2z - 4 cos 2Z) +c
f . 2 2 2
8U = IjIl = e" (cos y - sin y) J
= (2cos 2z + 2z) + i (2 sin 2z - 2 cos 2z) + c
8x
SO, «I>1(Z, 0) = ez (cos 0- sin 0)
or (l + i) f(z) = (2 cos 2z + 2z) + i (2 sin 2z - 2 cos 2z) + c
«1>1 (z, 0) = ez I z = 2 (cos 2z + z) + 2i (sin 2z - cos. 2z) + _c_
or f()
8U.( , (l + i) (1 + i) (1 + i)

re
N ow - = «1>2 = e" - SIn y - COS y)
cry
«1>2 (z, 0) = e
=-ez
Z
(- sin: °- cos 0)
Multiply and divide by 0- i) on RHS, we get
1j12(Z, 0) f(z) = 2 ( cos 2z + z) (1 - i)
According to Milne's Thomson method, (l + i) 1- i

F(z) = (l
F(z) = f {IjII (z, 0) - i

f (e + ie Z

+ i) e + c
Z

+ i) e + c
Z
)
«1>2
fe
(z, o)} dz +

dz + C = fez (1 + i) dz + c
c
+ 2i (sin 2z - cos 2z) (1 - i) + ~_ (1 - i)
(1 + i)
2 (1- i) (z + cos 2z) 2i (1 - i) (sin 2z - cos 2z)
1- i (I + i) 1 - i
re
or (1 + i) f(z) = (l Z
12 _ i 2 + 12 _ i 2 + c1
Z C
f(z) = e + - - . {Where, C I = Constant}
1+l
2 (1 - i) (z + cos 2z) 2i (1 - i) (sin 2z - cos 2z)
III.. Determine an analytic function f(z) in tenn of z if
=
2 2
+ + c1 (-.' i 2 = - 1)
tu

= (z + cos 2z) - i(z + cos 2z) + (i + 1) (sin 2z - cos 2z)

u + V = 2 sin
e
2
2x
+ e
2
Y - 2 cos 2x. = (z + cos 2z + sin 2z - cos 2z) + i(- z - cos 2z + sin 2z - cos 2z)
Y f(z) = (z + sin 2z) + i(sin 2z - 2 cos 2z - z)
_"~!I.J._
ak

Let f(z) = u + iv
if(z)=iu-v
(l + i) f{z) = (u - v) + i(u + u)
~
F(z) = U +IV

I
I
 I
Mathematics - II 4-19 F (Se:m.-2) 4-20 F (SelD-2)

~) - (z) --
Complex Variable Differentiation

m
CONCEPT OUTLINE Roei90 = ('(zo) = lim (20 ,+
",,-.0 ~
Confor:m.al Mapping: A mapping w = f(z) is said to be conformal if
the angle between any two smooth curves cl' c 2 in the z-plane
. llw
1I m - ­
",,-.0 ~
intersecting at the point Zo is equal in magnitude and sense to the
angle between their images <, c; in the w-plane at the point wo=fi.zo) lim (Illw I+ i arg' t.w)

.co
",,-.0 ~ ~
z-plane w-plane
y u
* So 80 = lim (arg llw)
""-.0 ~,

~ 0:
y v

k' ~
if
czo+t>z
/»0 8
"

ce
o
zo
x 0 • u
~ a. ' 15~___

I
20-- -­ w - ----­

-
General Linear Transfor:m.ation : General linear transformation o \~
, ,
or simply linear transfo.rmation defined by the function o r--x 0 • u
w = f(z) = az + b ...(1)
* llw

n
(a 0, and b are arbitrary cOInplex constants) maps confonnally the

I
.
extended complex z-plane onto the extended w-plane, since this function S lnce llw = -- ~
is analytic and ('(z) = a * 0 for any z. If a = 0, eq. (1) reduces to a t>z
constant function. , llliJ

re
arg llw = arg - - + arg ~
Special Cases of Linear Transfonnation : ~
i. Identity Transfonnation : In this, w = z for a = 1, b = 0, which J. As ~ -7 0, 13 = 8 0 + 0. ,
maps a point z onto itself. Thus the directed tangent to curve c at Zo is rotated through an an 1
ii. Translation: In this, w = z + b for a = I, which translates' 9 0 = arg ( '(zo), which is same for all curves through zOo Let a , a gbe
(shifts) z through a distance I b I in the direction of b, angles of inclination of two curves c I and c 2 and 13 1 and 13 I be ~h e

fe
iii. Rotation: In this, w = eiOo + z for a = eiSo, b = 0 which rotates
(the radius vector of point) z through a scalar angle 8 0
(counterclockwise if 8 0 > 0, while clockwise of 00 < 0). .
iv. Stretching (Scaling) : In this, w = az for 'a' real stretches if
corresponding angles for their images 8 1 and 8 2 ,
Then
Thus
2 e
13 1 = 0. 1 + 8 0 and 13 2 = 0. 2 + 8 0
13 2 - 13 1 = 0. 2 - 0. 1 = Y
re
a> 1 (contracts if 0 < a < 1) the radius sector by a factor 'a'. Hence, the angle y between the curves c I and c 2 and their images S d
8 2 is same both in magnitude and sense. 1 an

rli~i\i~~m~iil Showthat circles are 'invariant under translatl' on,

~\",,~~,~tA~t:'1-;f.\;,~"->~.'~

rotation and stretching.

tu

·lII~~~~;iT;Jl
Linear transformation preserves circles i.e., a circle in the z-plane und .
_t~ State and prove condition for conforIIlality. linear transformation maps to a circle in the w-plane. e!
Consider any circle in the z-plane
A(x 2 + y") + Ex + Cy + D = 0 ·..(4.27 1)
ak

Let w = f(z) = az + b .
StatelDent: A mapping w = f(z) is conformal at each point zo where f(z) From above u + iv = w = az + b = a(x + iy) + (b , + ib 2 )
*
is analytic and ('(zo) O. or u = ax + b l , v = ay + b z
Proof: Since (is analytic,(' exists and since(' * 0, we have at a pointz o

I
I
 4-22 F (SeDl-2) Complex Variable Differentiation
MatheIllatics - II 4-21 F (Se:rn-2)
z-pJane

om
u-b u-b 0 y
or - - - 1, y = - - -2 ,a""
X = ... (4.27.2)
a a
Substituting the value ofx andy from eq. (4.27.2) ineq. (4.27.1), we get
A·(u 2 + u 2 ) + B· u + C-v + D* = 0 ... (4.27.3)
Which is circle in the w-plane.
A , B· -_ B - 2Ab1 , C· ---------"
_ C - 2Ab2
II -"X
Wh ere, A • -- - A(O, 0) B 0, 0)
a2 a a
,~OOJRli'• •
I

e.c
and D+A(b: + b;) _ Bb1 _ Cb2
D* =
. a2 a a

I u +iv = w = (1 - i)(x + iy) + 3

Thus'circles are invariant under translation, rotation and stretching. Here,
= x + iy - ix + Y + 3
Discuss in brief about inversion and reflection So u(x,y) = x +Y + 3, v(x,y) =y-x
I
-
if~'.
transfor:rnation. AtAB,y= 0, u =x + 3, v =-x
or u=-v+3
I

nc
v = 3 - u gives A * B*
L:ti:f. ,L .,' ~.y '.t""
1 I AtAC,x = 0, u =y + 3, v=·y,
Consider, w=
z
forz "" 0 ... (4.28.1)
I or u=v+3
v = u - 3 gives A *C*
In polar coordinates,

Rei~= ~=!e-i" I At BC, x + Y = 1, or substituting u = (x + y) + 3

= 1 + 3 = 4,

re
re '9 r u = 4 gives B*C*
So the image is the triangular region with vertices atA *(3,0), B*(4, - 1),
So R = !, <I> = -
8. Thus this transformation consists of an inversion in 1
r
the unit circle (Rr = 1) followed by a mirror reflection about the real axis.
1
C*(4, 1). Let D Ci, ±) be any interior point of ABC. Its image is

D*(3, 5, 0) which is also an interior point of A *B*C*.

Also Iwl
1
I zl
So the unit circle Izi
fe
= 1 maps onto the unit circle I
l.
w-pJane
j

Iwl =! = 1. Further the interior ofthe unit circle Iz 1 = 1 (point lying I

re
1 u
within Izi = 1) are transformed to the exterior of the unit circle Iwl = 1
(points lying outside Iwl = 1) or vice versa (Fig. 4.28.1).
y 1
z-pJane.. w =z ...v w-pJane
D 1~,;·;;ti~I~1t~;
tu

/,;r<':_>;>,'~:~·W<>~?il11H&~
.QP;~l:;Ji;.f\iO~l Find the graph for the strip 1 < x < 2 under the Dlapping
M-",~,'r""'-"'ofkW,,,~~'%lr{,~

f~t~lil~&:i~.
w = ! (Fig. 4.30.1).
z
ak

Find and plot the iDlage of triangular region with

vertices at (0,0),0,0), (0,1) under the transforDlation w = (1- i)z +3
(Fig. 4.29.1).
 ,
,
J
Complex Variable Differentiation

I
Mathematics - II 4-23 F (SeIO-2) 4-24 F (Sem-2)

y z-plane
y z-plane

m
x
o x

.co
B

-"
Iz-"al = a

-
.¥tF~R!j1if'.%'
.~a·V""£
~:I~~tt,-;f;)

. 1 x -iy The given region is a circle in the z-plane with centre at (a, 0) and radius
Here, u + ~v = w = ­

ce
z x2 + y2 a, i.e.,
z - a = ae iS or z = a + ae iS = a( 1 + e iO )
u -v So w = Z2 = a 2(l + e iS )2 = a 2 (1 + cos 9 + i sin 9)2
So x= -2 - y=
u + v2 ' u 2 + v2 = 2a 2(COS 2 9 + cos 9 + i sin 9 cos 9 + i sin 9)
Re i.;= w = 2a 2 (l + cos 9)(cos 9 + i sin 9)
Since 1 < x < 2 so 1 < 2 U ,< 2 = 2a 2(l + cos 9)e'S

n
+ v2
I
U
Thus R = 2a 2(l + cos 9)
or u 2 + v2 - U < 0 and 2(u 2 + v 2 ) - U > 0
= 2a2 (l + coscP) (·.·cP = 9)
.. (u - -1)
RewrIting 2 1
+ v 2 < - and u - - [ 1) 2 + v 2 >1­ v w-plane

re
2 . 4 4 16
w-plane
v
u

r • .~ ,..u fe
--
1

•••.,
B*
R = 2a~1 + cos +) cardioid
re
or Iw - ~, < ~ and Iw ­ il > ~
tu

i.e., interior ofthe circle with centre at [%,0) and radius %and exterior CONCEPT OUTLINE

Mobius Transfonnation : It is also known as bilinear transformation.

of the circle with centre at (i, 0) and radius ~. Bilinear transformation is the function w of a complex variable z of the
form
ak

Thus the infinite strip maps to the region shaded in the w-plane. az+b
w =f{z) =- ­
_ _ Detennine and graph the image of Iz - al = a under w =Z2
ez+d
Where a, b, e, d are complex or real constants subject to ad - be *- o.
(Fig. 4.31.1).
Mathematics - II 4-25 F (SeID.-2) 4-26 F (SeID.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation

Properties of Mobius or Bilinear TransforInation :

or (6i + 2)(1 + i)(i - z) - (2 - i)5z

m
1. Circles are transformed into circles under bilinear w=
transformation. - 5z + (6i + 2)(i - z)
2. The cross-ratio of .four points is invariant under a bilinear z(6 + 3i) + (8 + 4i)
w=
transformation. z(7 + 6i) + (6 - 2i)
_ DeterInine the Mobius transforInation having 1 and i as

.co
fixed (invariant) points and Dlaps 0 to - l.
_. i_.'Ii'.•)
~ 'l
The Mobius transformation having a and f3 as fixed points is given by
yz - af3
_I~~I How could you deterInine the bilinear transforInation ? w = ------­
z-a-f3+y

ce
For a = 1, f3 = i, we have
1. A bilinear transforInation can be uniquely determined by three given yz - i
w=
conditions. To find the unique bilinear transformation which map~ three z-1-i+y
given distinct points z1' Z2' za onto three distinct images WI' W 2' w a' Since z = 0 is mapped to w = - 1,
consider W which is the image of a general point z under this 0- i

n
transformation. -1=
2. Now by theorem 2 which states that the cross-ratio of four points is
invariant under a bilinear transformation, the cross-ratio of the four i or y =
Thus the required transformation is
0-1-i+y
2i + 1

._1
re
point wI' w 2' w a' W must be equal to the cross-ratio ofz1' z2,za' Z. Hence
the unique bilinear transforInation that maps three given point zI' Z2' za 1 (2i + 1)z - i
w= - - - - - - -

I
on to three given images wI' w 2 ' w a is given by, z +i
(W.L:=_l':l.2)(W" -_llJ) _ (ZI - Z2)(Z" - z)
(w, -- w)(w" - w 2 ) - (ZI - z)(z" -- Z2) Find a bilinear transforInation which ID.aps the upper

'''W~''''W'' .,.

.
1, i in z-plane onto the points 1 + i, - i, 2 - i in the w-plane.
fe
Find the bilinear transforInation that ID.aps the point 0,
1
half of the z-plane into the interior of a unit circle in the w-plane.
Verify the transforInation (Fig. 4.35.1).
z-plane

-.x
y

%~~1f''''1
~.~A" I t
re
The required bilinear transformation is
(wl - w 2)(w" - w) _ (ZI - Z2)(Z" - z)
(w, - w)(w 3 - w 2 ) - (Zl - Z)(Z3 - Z2) -1 I~ ~ .
(1 + i + i)(2 - i - w) = (0 - 1)(i - z) :tri~*~ttlc.
tu

(l + i - w)(2 - i + i) (0 - z)(i - z,) . .' '~ .<'-' '{\@\]

BIIl·····@·""0··.·.1&·····.··.;·.·.'
t~, . . mit··

-1)C ~ zJ
'.
(1 + 2i) (2 - i - w) Suppose any three points in the upper half of z-plane say A : - 1, B : 0,
(i
2 (1 + i - w) C = 1 gets mapped to any three points in the interior of the circle
2-i-w 2(3i +-
1) (i- -- -zJ Iwl = 1 in the w-plane, say A': - i, B*: 1, C*: i. Thus the required bilinear
- --
j
ak

1 + i-w 5 z transformation is the one which maps - 1, 0, 1 from z-plane to - i, 1, i in

the w-plane.
Solving for w,
5z(2 - i - w) = 2(3i -+- 1)(1 + i - w)(i -z)
! Now according to cross-ratio property,

I
I
..
r1athematics - II 4-27 F (Se:m-2)

(ZI - Z2)(Z3 - z) (WI - W 2 )(W3 - w)

om
(ZI - Z)(Z3 - Z2) (WI - w)(w3 - w 2)

(-1-0)(1-z) (-i-1)(i-w)
(-1- z)(l- 0) (-i--:w)(i-1)

or
1-z l+iw CODlplex Variable
l+z i+ w
i-z
Integration
On solving, w = i+z

e.c
Verification: Iwl =. li-zl
.
-.- ,.; 1
~+z

or Ii - zl ,.;; Ii + zl
,jx2 + (1- y)2 ~ ,jx2 + (1 + yf
4y~ 0

nc
Thus the bilinear transformation w = i -'- z transforms interior of unit
i+z
circle in w-plane onto the upper half plane inz-plane.
'x 2 + (1- y)2
Also, Iwl =I~-zl=
+z x 2 + (1 + y)2

e
~

For y = 0, [wi = JX 2+ 1 .
= 1. Thus the real axis (y = 0) gets mapped to

er
-2--
x +1
the unit circle Iwl = 1.
V w-plane

u
f
re
_I
tu

©©©
ak

5--1 F (Se:m-2)
5-2F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration
Mathematics - II ~F(Sem.-2)

om
CONCEPT OUTLINE

Contour Integral : If the initial point and final point coincide so

that C is a closed curve then this integral is called contour integral State Cauchy's Integral theorem. and derive it.

e.c
and is denoted by ~J(z) dz.
If f(z) = u(x,y) + iu(x,y) A . Statem.ent: Ifj{z)is an analytic function and {'(z)is continuous at each
since dz = dx + idy point within and on a simple closed 'curve C, then
fJ(z)dz = t(u+iu) (dx+idy) = fc(udx-udy)+ifc(udx ..... udy) ~cf(z)dz = 0
Proof: Let R be the region bounded by the curve C.

nc
which shows that the evaluation ofline integral of a complex function B.
can be reduced to the evaluation oftwo line integrals ofreal functions.
Cauchy's Integral Theorem.: Iff(z) is an analytic function andf'(z)
is continuous at each point within a simple closed curve C, then
~f(z)dz = 0
c

re
For multiple connected regions,
~ f(z)dz ~ f(z)dz
J
C1
=
C2
if• •'11
when integral along each curve is taken in anticlockwise direction.
Let, f(z) = u(x, y) + iu(x, y), then
Cauchy's-Goursat Theorem. : Cauchy's theorem without the 1 ,f.. ,f.. (u + iu)(dx + idy) .
'fc f(z)dz. = 'f c
assumption that f '(z) is continuous is known as Cauchy's-Goursat
theorem.
Cauchy's Integral Form.ula : If f(z) is analytic within and on a
closed curve C and if a is any point within C, then
= ---.!- ~
fe f
·
S Ince f'()' .
z IS contmuous,
~c (udx - udy) + i~c (udx + udy)

t h e part!'ald" au, -
envat!ves - au, au
- ,au
- are al so
ax cry ax ay
... (5.1.1)
re
f(a) fez) dz continuous in R. Hence by Green's theorem, we have
'Yz (z - a)
2ni
Cauchy's Integral Form.ula for Derivative of an Analytic.
Function: If a function f(z) is analytic in a domain D, then at any
~C
f(z)dz = IfR(-axay
- -au)
au - dxdy+£··ff (au
- - au)
Raxcry
- dxdy ...(5.1.2)

point z = a of D, f{.z) has derivatives of all orders, all ofwhich are again Now fez) being analytic at each point ofthe regionR, by Cauchy-Riemann
tu

analytic functions in D and are given by . equations, we have

f
,(a) -- ~~ f
f(z)
)n+l
2 . c(
dz au = au and au au
n£ z - a ax ay ay ax
Where C is any closed curve in D surrounding the point z = a. . Thus, the two double integrals in eq. (5.1.2) vanish.
Hence ~cf(z)dz = 0
ak

State and prove Cauchy's integral forlllula.

li~Alll~~,tl~·(llI;)~~M'~~ilU~1
1
1
I
5-4 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-5 F (Sem.-2)

m
_ _ State Cauchy integral theorem. for an analytic function.
A. Statem.ent: Iffiz) is analytic within and ona closed curve C and a is Verify this theorem. by integrating the function %3 + iz along the
any point within C, then boundary of the rectangle with vertices 1, - 1, i, - i.

-
f(a) = ~ J, f(z) dz
. . . . .
~ SF·. :&:

.co
2m t'c z-a .

B. Proof: Consider the function fez) , which is analytic at every point

z-a A. Cauchy's Integral Theorem.: Refer Q. 5.1, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.
within C excep.t at z = a. Draw a circle C 1 with a as centre and radius p B. Num.erical:
f fez) dz = f fez) dz + f fez) dz + f fez) dz + f fez) dz
such that C1lies entirely inside C. Thus fez) is analytic in the region
z-a C AB BC CD DA

= =0

ce
between C and C 1· f fez) dz f (x + iy)3 + i (x .t- iy) {dx + i dy} ...(5.3.1)
AB
c
f fez) dz f «x + (x _1)3 + i (2 x-I) {2 dx}
BC
o
-l)} dx ~ -

n
2f {(2 X _1)3 + i (2 x i ... (5.3.2)
1

f fez) dz f[{x + i (+ i x + i)}3 + i (-ix +i)] (0) = 0 ... (5.3.3)

re
CD

f f(z) dz 2 f[ {x - i (i x + i)}3 + i(2x + 1)] dx

DA
y
i.~lil. c
:. By Cauchy's theorem, we have
ef> fez) dz '" ,h j(z) dz
.Cz-a 'j'c,z-a
Now, the equation of circle C t is Iz -0 I
fe
= p or z - a = peiS
...(5.2.1)
Do(" I -,
B
~ X
re
(1,0)
So that dz = ipe,a de

:.,f, f(zL dz = (2,[(a

:t'c1z-a Jo
+ peia) i peiS de = i
pelO
r'
0
f(a + peiS)de AJ(O,-i)

Hence by eq. (5.2.1), we have

• •RlIB
tu

fez)
P
- - dz = l
h
·1
f(a + pe is )de ... (5.2.2) 2f[(2X + 1)3 + i (2x + 1)] dx
Cz-a 0
In the limiting form, as the circle C 1 shrinks to the point a, i.e.,
p ~ 0, then from eq. (5.2.2), 1)JO. = i
2[(2 x + 1)4 + i (2 x + ... (5.3.4)
8 2 1
2n fh de =
ak

,f, fez) dz =
i f0 f(a)de = if(a) 0 2nif(a) From eq. (5.3.1), eq. (5.3.2), eq. (5.3.3) and eq. (5.3.4), we have
'j'cz-a
f fez) dz = - i + 0 + 0 + i = 0 (Hence proved)
_I_,f, fez) dz
Hence ((a) = C
2ni 'j'c z - a
 Mathematics - II 5-7 F (Sem.-2)
s.:-6 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration

m
_ State Cauchy's integral form.ula. Hence, .
Verify Cauchy's theorem. by integrating e iz along the
boundary of the triangle with the vertices at the points .Evaluate ~ 2 2
dz
, where Cis Iz I == 1
- 4)e X
- . r••- c z (z

-
l+i,-I+iand-l-i.

o
~ fez) dz == Jfez) dz +. J fez) dz + J fez) dz ... (5.4.1)
A Cauchy's Integral Form.ula : Refer Q. 5.2, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.

e.c
C AB BC CA .. B. Num.erical :'
AlongAB, y == x, dy == dx
(tz) == e iz == ei{)c +iy)
(tx) == ei(l + i)x
Let; 1==
J, dz
r
Z2(Z2 -4)e' , c== Izi == 1

1 e-zdz
J fez) dz == J ei(1 + i)x (dx + idx) 1== ~ _ ­
C
AB -1

nc
1 Poles are z == O.(of order 2), z == ± 2

l~(1+i)_1
HI + 0% (i + 1)
(i _ 1) [e i - 1 - e - i + 1] z == 0 is the orily pole which lie inside C.
== (l+i)
y
]

1== ~
e-'/(z? -4) .
Z2 dz == 2m
• [ddz ( e-•.:-4)·.~J·
lZ2
c z=o
(- 1 + i) I C (1 + i) _
I - 2m
. [ - (Z2 - 4)e-' - 2ze-' ]
z? _ 4)2

re
CI .. 7B
( Z~O

Along BC, y == 1, dy == 0 .
(-1-_ I

A
i)
~ .."
71'"

. ""
.. X

fe Thus ~c ·
1
",2(",2 _ 4-)p'
.
I=-27ti

1= ni
2

dz=­
2
[-~;OJ

ttl

I fez) dz }1 ei(x+i) dx == e- ~ (e- i _ State Cauchy's integral formula. Hence evaluate:

re
i
== 1 ye ix dx == - e )
BC 1 1 Ie
2z+1 .
Izl == -1 .

-
Along CA, x == - 1, dx == 0 [ -ll--dz ,where CIS

Jfez) dz ==
-1

J e i(-1+iY)·d . -i
~y==1e
Je
-1
-y dY
C Z + z

.6 2
tu

CA 1 +1
== _ ie-i (e+1_e-1) == - ie-:-i 1
(e - e- )

-i] + ie-; - eiei- .

From eq. (5.4.1)

~f(z) dz -
(i +
~ - ; - ee
I? lei i
-i
~e e + ---;­
ie­
i A
B.
Cauchy Integral Form.ula : Refer Q. 5.2, Page 5-3F, Unit-5.
Num.erical:
c
ak

P6les are given by z2 + z == 0, z = 0, - 1

iei· . e-l el _ ie --I
__ - - + iee-' + -- - - - ie-·'e + - ­
e ie ie e
== _ ie i - 1 + ie-i + 1 _ ie-i - 1 + iei - 1 _ ie- i +

~ fez) dz == 0 (Hence proved)

1 + ie- i - 1

I
c

I
I
5-8 F (Sem."2'j, - Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-9 F (Sem.-2)

The circle I z I = 3 with centre at origin and radius = 3 encloses a pole at

.!.2 - is a circle with centre at origin and radius 1:.

m
Jz/ - ' 2
Pole z = 0 z =- 1 of second order and simple poles z = ± 2i.
Let the given integral = I} + 12 + 13 ... (5.8.1)
enclosed in Iz I = ~. z2 -2z
z2-2z z2+ 4
1 2z +1 . 2z + 1 I}= Ic} (z+l)2(z2+ 4 )dz=Ic dz

o
.,9

c z (z + 1) dz = 1 z +1 =2m [ 2Z +IJ
z + 1 z~O d Z2 - 2Z]
"
1 2z + I ' c z = 2ni [ dz Z2 + 4 z = _ 1

e.c
c z(z+ 1) dz = 2Tei
= 2ni [(Z2 + 4) (2z - 2) - (z~ - 2Z)2ZJ
(z2 + 4)2
Use Cauchy's integral fonnula to show that
e"" .
= 2m [(1 .
+ 4) (-2 -2) - (I + 2) 2(-I)J
(1 + 4)2
:z=-1

1cz2+1 dz=2Teisint·ift>OandCisthecircle Izi =3.

= 2m (_ ~:) = - 28 Tei
_ii_III

nc
-2z
'r
Z2

Poles of the integrand are given by

I
21c2
= (z + 1) 2 (z + 2L>. ' dz = 2m
(z-2i).
. z 2 - 2z
(z+I)2(z+2i)z=2i
J
Z2. + 1 = 0, z = ± i(order 1)
The circle / z I = 3 has centre at z = 0 and radius 3. It encloses both the = 2nL, [ -4 - 4i ] ~ (1 + i)
= 2 TeL-­

re
singularities z == i and z = - i. (2i + 1)2 (2i + 2i 4 + 3i
z2 -2z
,1 -Z2e-+d1 z == fc (z + i)(z
zt zt
e
Now
C - i)
dz
1. = f ·(z + 1)2 (z - 2i) dz = 211i [ . Z2:- 2z . J
3 C3 (z + 2i) (z + 1)2 (z - 2i) z = 2i

=
(ze:J f --,
1.c, --,-dz+ Cze:J dz (e ~ I
zt
= 2Teil-'j
( e 'II
fe zt
.+ 2nil-'j
-4+ 4i
= 2 rei
[ (- 2i + 1)2 (-2i -, 2i)
] = 2 .TeL. -c':-,_'-:­
.
(i - 1)
(3L - 4)
z+L Z- L C2 '- Z + L
Z"'t
'- Z - L
z==-i
Now putting the value of 11'12 and 1 3 in eq. (5.8.1), we get
= 11 (e il - e-il ) = 2m sin t
==="'" fC (z + Z21)2-(Z22z+ 4) d z - - + 2nL' [ -
-28.Tei + i')
1- . +2TeL' ( -i-I)
-­ )
re
-
'liS':!!'f:l~~~u~~~U~yCauchy's fnteg...ai fonnula
=
25 4 + 3( 3i - 4)
. 2
,f., z - 2z -14 I+i (i-I)]
l'c ' 2 2 ,dz"where C is the circle Izl= 3. = 2rei [ 25 + (4 + 3i) + (3i :-4)
(z + 1) (z + 4) ,

r:_0~~t~~.1{J~!l!~~t.I~:!~~ _ . [-14+ (I+i)(3i-4)+(i-I)(4+3i)]

tu

- 2m 25 (-9 -16) .
~~~ .. ' il = .2 ni [14 + (3i - 4 - 3 - 4i) + (4i - 3 - 4 - 3il]
- 25 .
Here, we have
Z2 - 2z
c (z + 1)2 (z2 + 4)
dz f =0
ak

The poles are detennined by putting the denominator equal to zero,

(z + 1)2 (Z2 + 4) =-·0"
z = - 1, - 1 and z = ± 2i
5-10 F (SeDJ.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-11 F (Sem-2)

m
2z _ _ 3+'
I (z+e 1) ~ =0

-
Evaluate the integral ----5 dz, around the boundary Evaluate J (Z)2. dz , along the real axis froDJ. z to
o
z = 3 and then along a line parallel to iDJ.aginary axis froDJ. z = 3 to

--
oftheci~le Izi = 2. z=3+i. _

o
Poles are z = - 1 of order 5 will lie in I z I = 2 3 .... i 3 .... i

Using cauchy integral formula, we get f (:zf dz J (x - iy)2 (ax + idy) = J x 2 ax + J (3 - iy)2 idy

e.c
4 o o OA AB
e 2z dz _ ---.!!!...
2 . [ __ d (e 2Z ) ]
z~-1
y
I f_ , 1\5 - 41 dz 4 B

21ti (l6e 2z ) = 321ti x e-2 = 41ti2 1

4! .z~-1 24 3e

-
e Zz , ) ,A .. X

nc
Using Cauchy's integral fonnula evaluate J L ... ,,4 dz , 013
c

where C is the circle 1z I = 3. Along OA, y = 0, dy = 0, x varies 0 to 3

Along AB, x = 3, ax = 0, andy varies 0 to 1
3f (Z)2 dz = J3x 2 ax + J1(3 -
+i .
iy)2 idy
[ 3J3 + i J1(9 -
= ~ 6iy - y2)dy

re
" . ( 81ti) o 0 o· 3

I'l .
00
Same as Q. 5.9, Page 5--10F, Urut-5. Answer: 3e2 .

Evaluate "J(l+z)sinZ . • [ :3
x
3

0 + ~ 9y - 3ly 2 - y31 =327 .[26'J

3" 3 - +l 3l 26i
= 12 + 3"
- - - - - 2 - dz, where C IS the Circle
c (2z- 3) 1
Iz - i I =2 counter clockwise. fe I
I
_ _ Integrate f(z) = Re(z) troDJ. z
straight line joining z = 0 to z = 1 + 2i, (ii) along the real axis frODJ.
z = 0 to z = 1 and then along a line parallel to iDJ.aginary axis froDJ.
=0 to z =1 + 2i, (i) along

--
re
z=ltoz=1+2i. . _
The given integral is'
.
I (l(2z-3)2
+ z)sin Z dz

Poles of integrand,
(2z - 3)2 =0 i. J:+ 2'fez) dz C+ 'Re(z) dz
2

3 3
tu

z= - ­ Equation of OB is,
2'2
Pole lie inside the circle of radius 2. 2-0
y-O= --(x-O)
By Cauchy's integral formula, . 1-0
y = 2x
[d ]
r (l+z)sinz
_ 3)2 dz = 21ti -d-Z Cl + z)sinz z=3/2 dy = 2dx
ak

c (2 Z = x + iy z
= 2m ((1 + z) cos z + sin Z1 z =3/2 dz = ax + idy = ax + i2dx
5 3 . 3)
= 2ni ("2 cos "2 slll2 +
J1
Jo Re(z)dz = o x(ax + idy)
1+~

I
I
,5-12 F (SeIl1-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics ~ II 5-13 F (SeIll-2)

~ I J f eimRCeos & + i sin e)

.

m
1'C

J: x(dx + 2idx) = (l + 2i) J: xdx = (1 + 2i{

1+2i
2
Now
CR
fez) dz =
0 - Re'o
Rie o de [.: z = Re i6 ]

y = ifon eimRlcosO+ism'ol de"

B=1+2i
Since. leimR(~9+isinQ)I'-~~~~~~"~Rros91= e- mR sin e
--" -'

.co
I
I CR'
fez) dzl ~ f" e-mRsinO,
. JO..
de = 2 f "/2 e-mRsinO de
Jo
2Lnl2 e-2mRO/n de [.: for 0 ~ e ~ 7tl2, sin e/8 ? 2ht]

o
v

r(ml~I;~
i;$i~%~_ .,;cl~~a~1.
.. x

I ~(l- e- mR ) which ~ 0 as R ---+ 00,

mR
Y4

ce
ii. Jf(z)dz I Re(z)dz + f Im(z)dz
OA AB

1 2 [X 2J1 +i[y]~
foxdx+folCidY)= 2 0
.! + 2i = 1 + 4i ,
2 2

n
'y
B~ 1+2i I .. ' ,,­

-R R X
J

re
, ,A .. x
Also
,
I Cr
fez) dz = if e imrCc';so+i8inOl de ~£fode i.e. - in as r ---+ 0
0

7t 7t .

o 1 Hence as r ---+ 0 and R ---+ 00; we ~et from eq. (5.14.1).

j;U~'f~{i;~1\.
r~f(x)dx +'0 + r~f(x)dx -
_
,
.
' Evaluate:
I~sinTnX
0
~"~w~,h~~iW"~.~

dx, Tn> O.

illEr
.
fe or foo -co
f(x)dx = in i.e. foo -co
i
e """ dx
x
in =0
= in ...(5.14.2)

~-
Equating illlaginary parts frOIll both sides,
re
sin mx dx = x
foo
-00 x
foosin mx dx = n
Consider the integral f emu dz =
C z C
I
fez) dz where C consists of Hence
Jo x 2
tu

1. The real axis frOInr to R.

ii. The upper half of the circle C R: 1z \ = R,
iii. The real axis - R to - r,
iv. The upper half of the circle C r : Izi = r (Fig. 5.14.1)
Since f(z) has no singularity inside C (its only singular. point being a
ak

simple pole at z = 0 which has been deleted by drawing Cr),-we have by CONCEPT OUTLINE
Cauchy's theorem:
r f(x)dx + J f(z)dz + r' f(x)dx + f. f(z)dz = 0 ... (5.14.1)
! Taylor's Series: A function f(z) which is analytic at all points within
r elf - R C,. a circle C with centre at a can be represented uniquely as a convergent
J. power series known as Taylor's series.
I
1
 5-14 F (SeDJ.-2) COIIlplex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5--15 F (SeDJ.-2)

m
f(z) = Lan(z-a)n
n=O
Ifthe centre of the circle is at z = 4, then the distances ofthe singularities
Where, a =--
r(a) "". z = 1 andz = 3 frOIIl centre are 3 and 1.
n n!
Helice if a circle is drawn with centre at z = 4 and radius 1 then within
Laurent's Series: Iff(z) is analytic inside and on the boundary ofthe
circle Iz - 41 = 1, the given function f(z) is analytic hence it can be

o
annular (ring shaped) region R bounded by two concentric circles C 1
expanded in Taylor's series within the circle Iz - 41 = 1 which is therefore
and C 2 of radii r 1 and r 2 (r 1 > r 2) respectively having centre at a, then the region of convergence.

8-"-'·
for all z inR

e.c
00 ~

f(z) = Lan(z-q)n+Lbn(z-a)-n

a = ~,(,
n=O

f(w)
n==i

dw of · · z - 1 z - 2 Z .= Z = 4 11.

-
Where, n 2m ':t'C (W _ a)n+l
1

and b = ~,(, f(w) dw

n 2m ':t'C2 (W _ a)-n+l

nc
Liouville's TheoreDI: Iff(z) is entire and If(z) I is bounded for allz,
then f(z) is constant. . . f(z)= ,- 1~_ ." = ~[Z=3- Z=1J=~[Z-~+1- Z-~+3J
~[{l + (z _ 4W -~{1.+( z; 4) }-1]
1

re
J f(z) = .!If(-1nZ-4)n -.! f(-1r(Z-
4
r]
i 2 n~O 3 n =o 3

_.
_ 1

-
.. . ~ . Expand _2 ~ _ . ~ in"the region 1 < Iz I < 2. I _ Find the Taylor series expansion of the function tan-I z

fe about the point z = rr/4.

re
f(z) = tan-1 z

1
------
1 1
=
1 ( Z 1-1 1( 1)-1
-2 1-iJ· -; 1-; f'(z) = ~
f(z) = Z2 _ 3z + 2 (z - 2) (z -1) 1+z

= -! [1 + ~ + Z2 + z8
3
J- !z [1 + .!z + ~ + .... J IJ f"(z) = - 2z
tu

•••
2 2 4 z (1 + Z2)2
After rearranging, we get, 2 (3z 2 -1)
f"(;)=_21(1+Z2)2_4Z2(1+Z2)] =_2l1+z2-4Z2]
f()-
Z - - z
-3
- z
-2
- z
-1
- 21 - 4:1 z - '81 z 2 1
- 16 z
3
.
I L (1 + z2)4 (1 + z2)3 (1 + z2)3
!
f' (~) = tan- 1 (~) = 0.6658,f' (~) = 0.6185
ak

Obtain the Taylor's series expansion of f(z) = Q 1

(2:)4

-
about the point z = 4. Find its region of convergence. f" = -2 (0.785) = _ 0.60087
2.6142
Thus,
~16 F (Sell1-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II ~17 F (SeIl1-2)

0.6658+(z -~) (O.~185) + ( ~r 0.60087) +.... (-

m
tan-1 z = z -
f(z) = 2
7z +9z-18
Z3 -9z
_ Find all Taylor and Laurent series expansion of the Using partial fraction,
following function about z = 0 7z 2 +9z-18
-+--+-­
ABC

.co
_ -2z+3 Z3 -9z z z-3 z+3
f( z ) - ~

A= 7z +9z-
18 -~-2
2

(z-3)(z+3)z=0 - -3x3­
1

-
_"III
.b~
. f,""'~~" B= 7z +9z -
18 4
2
1 =
+ z~3
3 = ---1---2
1 1 = -1- + ( 1. ) ...(5.18.1) z(z 3)

ce
f(z) = 2
-2z+
z -3z+2 z-z- (l-z) 2 1-~ C= 7z +9z-
18 1
2
1 =
2 z(z -3) z=-3

i. 0<lzl<3
= (1-z)-l+ ~(1_~r1 Rearrangement of function f(z),
Z)-1

n
2 4 1(
N ow expanding by binomial expansion
f(z) = ; - 3(1-~J +3 1+3
f(z)=(1+z+Z2+ z 3+ .... )+ ~[l+~+(~r +(~r +.... J
1-~)-1 +31 ( 1+~ )-1

re
f(z) = ;-3
2 4(

or f(z) = I:(l)n
n - I:
zn + '1 n (l)n ()n
.~
n~O 2 n~O 2 f(z)= 2 4 ~ (z)n
---I: 1 ~
- +-I:(-1) ­3
n(z)n
This is the Taylor's series expansion of given function. z 3 n=O 3 3 n~O
(5.18.1)
Eq. can also be written as; .
. 1( 1)~ ,..-;1-;
f(z)=-;l-;
Now expanding by binomial expansion we get
1( 2)~ fe ii. Izl> 3
·24
f(z) = -+
z Z(l-;J Z(l+;J
1
+-- = 2Z 4(
-+-Z
1----:-3)-1
Z
+-'Z1(1+­3)-1
Z
re
1 ~
f(z)= -;[l+;+(;r +(;r +....] -;[1+;+(;)' +(;r +....] f(z) = 2
z
4,., (3)n
-+-I: - . +-I:(-lf
z n=O Z Z n=O
( 3)n
­Z
_
f(z) = - -1 n i l n I:(l)n ----;; - - I:(l)n - .
(2)n
"
Expand f(z) = z
(z - 1)(2 - z)
in Laurent series valid for
Z n~O Z Z n=O Z
tu

This is the Laurent's series expansion of gIven functioh. i. Iz - II > 1 and ii. 0 < 1z - 21 < 1.
I~_~:.·-,·-·~··~~_·-· '-.:"

-
_ Find the Laurent series for the function
2
z = 7z +
f() 3
9 z - 1' 8 . I . ble validf,or th e regIons
Z IS COll1p ex VarIa
.
z -9z
ak

i.O<lzl<3 ii. 1z I > 3 _' : : " "., .', -" .' - '. -. - _
,:~ '~>;, 1 i lR '1
i_~~:i~Mi
,- .-' :,".:
f(z) = (z _
z
1)(2 - z)
h",\'i~.l...*,3J1i'~k6"R,:,]

_'~~_{1li\,11
~-_ --,~,
..... _~T.~_
., _ :t>v~. ;::;-:",.,{:.>~M~0
M" 1 _2
f(z) = z _ 1 - z - 2

~l'
i
5-18 F (SeID~2) COlllplex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-19 F (SeID-2)

i. Iz-11>1 In such a case, f{z) can be expanded in a Laurent's series around

m
z =a, ~ving
f{z) = _1_ _ 2 = _1 2_ [1- _1_J-l f{z)= a o +a1(z-a)+a 2 {z-a)2+ + a_I (z-a)-1 +a_2 (z-a)-2+ (1)
z - 1 (z - 1) - 1 z - 1 (z - 1) . z - 1
For eXalllple, f{z) = cot (rei z) is not analytic where as tan (rei z)
1 2 [ 1 1 J
= 0 i.e.; at the points re I z = 4re or z = lin (n = 1, 2,3,....).
z - 1 - (z - 1) 1 + z - 1 + (z - 1)2 + ... Thus z = 1, 112, 113, .... are all isolated singularities as there is no

o
other singularity in their neighbourhood.
1 '" 1
f{z) = ---2
z - 1 ,,=0
L-- ­ But when n is large, z = 0 is such a singUlarity that there are

e.c
infinite milllber of other singularities in its neighbourhood.
ii. 0<lz:"'21<1
Thus z = 0 is the non-isolated singularity off{z).
f{ z ) = - -1- - - -2= [1+(z-2)]-1 - -2­ ii. ReIDovable singularity: If all the negative powers of(z - a) in
(z - 2) + 1 . z - 2 z - 2
'"
f{z) = [1 - (z - 2) + (z - 2)2 - (z - 2)3 + ...] - - ­
2 eq. (1) are zero, thenf{z) = La" (z - a)" . Here the singularity
n=.O
z-2
can be rellloved by defin:iDg f{z) at z = a in such a way that it

nc
becollles analytic at z = a. Such a singularity is called reIllovable
f{z) = -l( ~)'\
z - 2
+ f(-I)" (z- 2)"
,,~O
singularity.
Thus if lilll
%~O
exists finitely, thenz == a isa relllovable singularity.
~.
_ Find the Laurent series expansion of
iii. Poles: Ifall the negative powers of(z-a) in eq. (1) after the nth
7%-2

-
are rissing, then the singularity at z = a is called a pole of order
f(z)= ( )( in the region 1 <lz+ll <3.

re
% %+1 %+2) n. A pole offirst order is called a simple pole.
iv. Essential Singularity: If the number of negative powers of
(z - a) in eq. (1) is infinite, then z = a is called an essential

singularity. In this case, !i~ f{z) does not exist.

Sallle as Q. 5.20, Page 5-17F, Unit-5.
(
l Answer: fez) = -
'" 1
~ (z + 1)"+1
9 '" (_1)" '\
+ Z + 1 - 8 ~ (z + 1) "+ 1 )
fe Zeros of an Analytic Function: Azero of an analytic function f(z)
is that value foc z for which f(z) = 0
re
':81
tu

Find the nature and location of singularities of the

CONCEPT OUTLINE
following functions :
Singularity: A singularity of a function f{z) is a point at which the z- sin z
i. ---­
function ceases to be analytic. Z2
ak

Types of Singularities:
i. Isolated Singularity: Ifz = a is a singularity off{z) such that
ii. (z + 1) sin -----.!-­
z-2
f{z) is analytic at each point in its neighbourhood (i.e., there
1
exists a circle with centre a which has no other singularity), iii.
then z = a is called an isolated singularity. cos z - sin z
5-20 F (Sem':2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-21 F (Sem-2)

-- ~cf(z)dz = 2ni m

om
i Here, z =·0 is a singularity, .{sum of residue.soffCz) at itS}

Also,
z- sin z
Z2
1 { (. Z3 Z5 Z7 )} Z Z3 z·
= Z2 Z - Z - 3! + 5! - 7! + ..... = 3! - 5! + 7! .....
Since there are no negative powers of z in the expansion, z· = 0 is a
= 27t£
.
."
poles within C
I
removable singularity.
ii. (z + 1) sin 1 = (t + 2 + 1) sin ! Where, t =z - 2
z-2 t

e.c
(t + 3) -I- -l- +l-- - ... }
{t 3rt 3 5!t 5
Find the residues off(z) = 3 at its poles. Hence
1 1
( 1- 3!t2 + 5!t4 - ... +
) (3t- 2t
1
3 +
3 )
5!t5 - ...
"2 Z -
z + 2z + 5

3 1
1+---
1 1 or otherwise evaiuate ~ ~ z- 3 , where C is the circle I z + 1 - i I = 2.
2 - - -3 + - - -
4­ c +22:+5

nc
t 6t
2t 120t
3 1 1
1 + z _ 2 - 6(z - 2)2 2(z _ 2)3 + ....
Since there are infinite number of terms in the negative powers of
(z - 2), z = 2 is an essential singularity.
z-3
iii. Poles of f(z) = 1. are given by equating the denominator to The poles of f(z) = 2 are given by

re
cos z - SIn z z + 2z + 5
z2 + 2z + 5 = 0 => z = - 1 ± 2i
zero, i.e., cos z - sinz = 0 or tanz = lor z = rr/4. Clearly z = ~ is a simple Only the pole z =- 1 + 2i lies inside the circle Iz + 1 -Ii I = 2
4
pole of f(z). Residue off(z) at z = - 1 + 2i is

fe lim (z + 1 - 2i) f(z)

z--+-1+2i" . .

lim (z - a)(z - :;I) , where a

Z2 + 2z + 5
z~-1.. 2i

lim(z - a) + (z - 3)
= _ 1 + 2i (Form.2)
0
(By L' Hospital's Rule)
re
CONCEPT OUTLINE Z-H' 2z + 2
a - 3 -1 + 2i - 3 i- 2
Residues: The coefficient of (z - a)-l in the expansion off(z) around ---= -­
2a+2 -2+4i+2 2i
an isolated singularity is called the residue off(z) at that point. Thus By Cauchy' residue theorem,
in the Laurent's series expansion of fez) around
z_-_~ dz
tu

z = a i.e., f(z) = a o + a 1 (z - a) + a 2 (z - a)2 + .... + a_ 1 (z - a)-l + ,+, __ = 21ti(_i-_._2) = rr.(i _ 2)

a_2 (z - a)-2 + ..... ,the residue off(z) at z = a is a_ 1 .
':Yc Z2 + 2z + 5 2i
=~===
Res f(a) = ~ ~ f(z)dz ~.~~{mil
~<';".:,,~~,",~~ ,.;; .. '. X,i:,:;:",:···~,-o:,::·;d
DeterlDine the poles and residues at each pole for
2m c
f(z) = . z ; 1 ---- and hence evaluate ~c f(z)dz where C is the circle
ak

z + 1) (z - 2)

II
i.e., Pf(z)dz = 2rci Resf(a)
c
Cauchy's Residue TheorelD or TheorelD of Residues:
Iz - i I = 2. t_~91.,~i~~;itffi;YM~J1~~11.t';:1
If a functionf(z) is analytic, except at a finite number ofpoles within
a closed contour C and continuous on the boundary C, then

I
 Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5-23 F (Sem.-2)
5-22 F (Se:ID-2)

ICcose% dz, where C is the unit circle I % I = 1.

m
Evaluate
7tZ
Poles of fiz) are given by
(z + 1)2 (z - 2) = 0, z =- 1 (Order 2), 2 (Simple pole)
eZ eZ
Residue offiz) at z = -1 is, Here, fiz) =
[1- +

o
COS -
- 7tZ = (7tZ)2 (7tZ)4 - o.oJ­
R 1 = -(2-~-I-)![-:z {(Z'+ 1)2 -(Z-+-:f-;:---(~---2-Jl__ 1
2! 4!.
Ithas simple poles at z = ± !, ± ~, ± ~, 00' 0' of which only z = + .!.lie
-1)] l -1 ].

e.c
-1 222 -2
d (z inside the circle I z
I = 1.
[ dzlz.:.. 2 z-~1 = (z - 2)2 z--1 9
Residue offiz) at z = 2 is, . Residue of f(z) at z = ~ is
, z-I·, z-1 1
R = llln(z - 2) = lim - - - =­
2 z_2 (z+1)2(z-2) z-+2(Z+l}2, 9 (z _.!.) e
!J
Z

[Form~J
I
The given curve C = Iz - i I = 2 is a circle whose centre is atz =i [i.eo, at (0, 1)] lim (z - f(z) = lim 2

nc
and radius is 2. Clearly, only the polez = -,IOOs inside the curve C. r-+.!
2
2 z-+.!
2
cos 7tZ

Hence, by Cauchy's residue theorem

(z - .!.) e Z

= 2m (R 1 ) = 21ti'(-IJ
2 [By L' Hospital's Rule]
1un
0

Pcf(z) dz g- = - 921ti' z-+.! - 1tSln 7tZ

0

Detennine the poles of the following function and e 1l2

re
-7t
residue at each pole: 1 -1/2
oZ2 Similarly, residue off(z) atz = - _ is _e__
f(z) = 2
(z -1) (z +2
) and hence evaluate . -2 n
:0 By residue theorem,

-
Ief(z) dz, where C: Iz I
fe
= 3.
~C
Z

e dz = 27ti (Sum of residues)

cos 7tZ

o( e e-
l/2 1I2
= 21t£ - --;- + -----;;-' = - 4£
) 0 (e 1l2
-
2
e-
1I2
J = - 4z
, 0 1
smh 2"
re
Same as Q. 5.24, Page 5-21F, Unit-50 (Answer: 2ITi) y
~

Find the poles (with its order) and residue at each poles
of the following function:

-
1-2z
tu

f(z) = x' .. I 0 , 0 I -x
z(z -1Hz - 2)2

J
ak

y'
Same as Qo 5,24, Page 5-21F Unit-5, (Answer: Residues are - i, -1,~) &IIiIt.I~t}

1
I
 1

5-24 F (SeDl-2) Complex Variable Integration

I Mathematics - II 5-25 F (SeDl-2)

CONCEPT OUTLINE

­
Using calcu~us of residue, evaluate the following integral

m
I _dx_ •• ~ .,.. . ' ,;:
Evaluation
2«
of
~
Real Integral of Type

-
I f(cos B, sin B)dB, I f(x)dx:
~' ,

~ _.

.co
,,0'
2'1....

Let, I=f (x 2 dx ~tegrals of the type I {(cosB,sin e)dB, where {(cos B, sin B) is a
+ a 2 )2
, ,', 0
o
rational function of cos B and'sin e.
1
{(x) = -(- 2 - 2)2 2n . " J.. ' (z + Z -::l Z ~Zcl " dz -i;'~~
X +a If(cosB,sinB)dB
o -,
= y C (I--,~)-.
\:, 2 2t tZ
Poles, (x 2 + a 2 )2 = 0
x2 + a2 = 0 ofl z I =

ce
=? where C is a unit circle 1.
x = ± ai
Only one pole but repeated nature.
Residue at x = ai

}l

n
-- 1 - [ -d- {(' x-at0)2 x 1
(2 -I)! dx ' (x - ai)2(x + ai)2 x~ai

~ I)! [ :x (x: tai = [(X ::i)SLai

re
(2 air Use calculus of residue to evaluate the following integral

-1 1

I f
OO. cos x , dx
1'~'MIlTf~ijJ,_
;i~-Nii;~~kfl~tri~:~~=~

-­
- 4a 3 i - 4a 3 i ~ (x" + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 ) ,
Using Cauchy's Residue theorem,
I

f
OO
f {(x) dx
00

= 2ni

l_ _ dx = 2ITi x _1_ = ~
__
2
[Sum of residue] fe I
I . foo cos x r
We consIder ~ (x2 + a 2)(x2 + b 2) dx = Jc{(z)dz
re
~ (x 2 + a )2 4a 3 i 2a 3 Where C is the contour consisting of the semi-circle C R of radius R
Using property of integration,

fooo (x 2 +1a 2 )2 dx-~

- 4a 3
II together with the part of the real axis from - R to + R °
The integral has simple poles at

of which z = ai, bi only lie

z = ± ai, z = ± bi
, inside C.
'
tu

I Th e resl°d ue (at z = at0)" ,= -'I"1m (z - at") 2

cos2 z dz
2 2
+ a )(z + b )
I
z-'ai (Z

° (z -
11m ")
at
cos z dz , I' cos z dz
= 1m -,-----.,.--,---;;------:::-;;-:­
I Hai (z - ai)(z + ai)( Z2 + b 2 ) n a i (Z + ai)(z2 + b )
2
ak

t
cos ai l
cos ai
[ (ai + ai)(ai)2 + b 2 ) J= 2ai(b 2 - a 2 )
1l
I,
f

/'
5--26 F (SeID.-2) Complex Variable Integration
Mathematics - II 5--27 F (SelD.-2)
The residue (at z = bi) = lim(z - bi) 2COS z dz

m
2
z-->bi (z + a Xz - biXz + bi) 1=2 r 1 dZ=~f dz
. cos z.dz [ cos bi ] ­ cos bi
Jc
14 -
( 1)
z+­ iz i c 14z - Z2 - 1
- I lID -
(Z2 + a 2 )(z + bi) - «bil + a 2 Xbi + bi) ­
Z
- z-->bi

. cos ai cos bi - 2 L· i dz -
Z2 -14z + 1 -
f 2i
(z - a.) (z - /3)
dZ

o
Sum of ResIdues (R) = 2 2 + 2 2 - C C
2ai(b - a) (a - b )2bi
Where, a. = 7 + 4 ~ and /3 = 7 - 4 ~ ['.' Z2 - 14z + 1 =0]
1 [ cos ai cos bi] 1 [ cos ai cos bi ] Here /3 < 1, so only /3 lies inside C.
2i a(b 2 - a 2) + b(a 2 - b 2 ) = 2i - a(a 2 - b 2 ) + b(a 2 - b 2 )

e.c
Residue at (z = /3) = lim (z - /3) x 2i
1 [ cos bi cos ai ] 1 [cos bi cos ai] z-.p (z - a.) (z - /3)
2i b(a 2 - 6 2 ) a(a 2 - b 2 ) = 2i(a 2 - b 2 ) --b- - --a- 2i 2i i
Using Cauchy's Residue theorem, /3 - a. = 7 - 4~ - 7 - 4~ = - 4~
J COSX dx
~ (x 2 + a 2)(x 2 + b 2 )
= 21ti 1
2
2i(a 2 - b )
[cos bi _ cos ai] By Cauchy Residue theorem,
b a
1 J= 4~

nc
1 d9 2' ( - i 21t 1t
= Re[ 1t (COSbi_cosai)] a 3 + sin 2 9 = 1tL 4~ = 2~
(a 2 _ b2 ) b a _ 2". d9 .
I

-
.. . Use contour integral to evaluate 3 2'· 9 . •
. . Usi~g .colD.plex ~ cos + sin 9

-
0 -
integration lD.ethod, evaluate

--
re
I"o 3+ sin
1 dfL

..-
2
9
2~ d9

':~Nm .;',~,,":~~~\i$ii"
Here, 1= I-­
a

-
I
1 - " 1 2 d9 = I"
3 + sin 9
a
a 3 + .!.2 (1 -
1
cos 29)
d9

2
["'sin 9=
fe l-C~S29J
We know that, z
Pf(z) dz, where C is the unit circle
c

= e'~ and
·0
d9 =­ dz
iz'
Iz I = 1.

j
re
9i

l
'.' cos 9 = eOi + .e- Z2-+­ 1
=-
=
"
I 1 1- P 1
dz 2 2z
z+_! J+ ( z:~_!J
2 d9 iz . e 9i _ e- Oi Z2 - 1
a 7 - cos 29 - c 3 - ( Z2 and SIll e= = --­
2i 2iz
. 1 dz
29 = el>, d9 = del>
P
tu

Put dz 2,f,
2
h
Ia 7 -
1
cos el>
del> = I
b
.1
(e'+ + e-'+)
. del> l'.' cos 9 = e +2 e-'O]
i9 .

I
1 = ----:;--------;------0­
c3-z-.! _~~+-.i_ iz

2 ,f,
z 2
dz
2z
---:-'1"
L C 6z - 2z 2 - 2 - LZ

2 ,f,
'2·

dz
+L

r r
!I
a 7 _ .:=------"-
2 = - i (i + 2)Z2 - 6z - (i - 2) = - i (i + 2)Z2 - 5z - z - Ci - 2)
ak

2" 2 dz
= I . a _ ,. , del>
... (5.30.1) 2,f,
= - i r z[(i + 2)z - 5] - l[z + (i - 2)]
a

But z = e'"• so that del> = -.-

dz then eq. (5.30.1) reduces to, a =_ ~ p .---:o--=-d...::.z _
lZ i i c z[(i + 2)z - 5J - . !_-- [Ci + 2)z + (i - 2)(i + 2)]
(t + 2)
:1
 l
!
5-28 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II 5--29 F (Sem.-2)
_._.
1(-1) (2) -1

m
= _ ~p 4 dz ~ =-;P dZ ·
2~ I .
}~! 2i (z + 2) = 2i 8
Z3
3' = 24i
l C [z(i + 2) - 5] z- I ~
l+2
t l-
r
c [z(i + 2) - 5] z + - - ­
5 Hence by Cauchy's Residue theorem
2
x

2-
Poles are (2 - i) and ( -5- .--'l'he only pole which lie inside C is i) 1= ,f., fez) dz = 27ti( -1.) = _.!.:...

o
1 't'c 24t 12
2- i 2
z= _ _'" Evaluate the integral
' J" cos 3e

­
5 • de .
,.' o5-4cos2e

e.c
I
2-i
Residue at z = - - = lim (zi+--
2- ) fez)
5 z-+2-i 5
5

_ li
- z-+~i)l
(_~
i z(i+2)-5) -
1 1_~
2i
J

j -.at
By Cauchy's residue theorem, Same as Q. 5.32, Page 5--28F, Unit-5. (Answer: :;)
. I

nc
~ f(z) dz = 2m (Sum of all residues)
II
'

'de
_
Joa+bmne
2ft
.

­
C . " , Evaluate: if a > J b I
!
h de
3 - 2 cos + sin e e = 2m
. (1)
2i = 7t
. ,

m..2.'.~.+.p~
. ,,"',w."'.A1'.·..•..·.·' ... 1 5 +cos
2ft

-_.• J

re
~~~lt~~ Evaluate ' 3e de . I.
('X'l:8""",,%\iG"'A"~"* 0 4 cos e
Consider the integration round a unit circle C = Iz I = 1
dz
So that z = e''6 .. de = -.­
lZ

Let I =
Jo
r2 • cos 3El dEl = Real art of r 2•
5 + 4 cos El P
e ,
Jo 5 + 2 (e'S + e-'s)
dEl

1) iz ( Writing e = z, dEl = ::)

Z3 IdZ
3iS
fe I
1.t
j
AI so, .
SIll
e=
1 (is
--;-
2l
Then the given integral reduces to

1=
tCI
1 ( z ,- ­ 1)
e - e -is) = --;-
2l z

1
~z-;)J
(dz),f., 2iz (dz)
re
= Real part of Pcl 5+2 (z+­ i
" J,
2
iz ='t'cbz +2iaz-b iz
z 1
2rr.. dz
= Real part of -:-t Jrc .
1 Z3
, dz j = b't'c 2 2ia
z +-z­
1
tu

b
Singularities of f{z) are given by, (2z + 1)(z + 2) = 0

z = -
1
2' -2 i
j
"

,
j
2 2ia
Poles are given by, z + - - z -1
b
- 2ia
----± J-
=0

- -4a
-
2
+4
2

_ ia Jb 2
- a2
~ lies within the unit circle Iz I = 1. z = b b
ak

Only, z = - =--+~---
b - b
! 2
2 2

Residue of f{z) (at z = _!) 2

=
z
lim (z +
~ _ ~
.!)
2
x ---~
i(2z + 1) (z + 2)
~ - ia + iJa - b
b - b
= n, f3 (simple poles)

~
~
1j
I
 ,.
1

5-30 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration I Mathematics - II 5-31 F (Sem.-2)

m
. . I 2 - b2 . ,l"a­
I 2 b2
where,
- la
a. = - - +
l"a - la
and 13 = - - - . cos 9 = -1 (e''8 + e-''9 )
b b b b 2
I
Clearly, 1131 > 1 Putting z = e , d9 = ~z in eq. (5.36.1), we get
i9

But 0.13 = - 1 I lZ

I 1(2 1) dz

o
10.131=1
! I=<p' 2iz-~
10.11131 =1 1( l)iZ
10.1 < 1 I c
5-4x"2 z+;

e.c
j
Hence z = a. is the only pole which lies inside circle C = Iz 1= 1. ;
1 ,(, Z4 - 1 dz
1)1
Residue off(z) at (z = a.) is 2i'Yc
z2 l( 5 - 2 (z2+
--z-) iz

R = lim(z _ a.) x 2 2
= __
z-+n . b(z - o.)(z -13) . b(o. -13) 1 ,(, Z4 -1 dz
2 1 2i 2 'Yc 2 (5z - 2z 2 - 2) ----;­
z

nc
(2i.Ja 2 - b 21 = iJ;;>- b 2 z
b bl ) .! ,(, Z4 - 1 dz
By Cauchy's Residue theorem, 2 'Yc n n

.
1= 27t l(R) = 2ml.( i Ja 21_ b 2)1 = C2
21t
"a 2 _ b 2
-
1 <p,
2 C Z2
Z4 -

(2z - 1) (z - 2)
1
dz

re
J.o
2~ d9 27t = .!,(, f(z)dz, where C is the unit circle Iz I = 1.
Ja 2 'Yc

_
a+bsin9 2
_, b2
Now f(z) has a pole of order 2 at z = 0 and simple poles at z = 1/2 and
d9
Evaluate the integral: f
2K z = 2, of these only z = 0 and z = 1/2 lie within the circle.
o
fe Res f(.!) = lim (z - .!.J 1)

-
(Z4 -
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .'. 2 z-+1/2 2 Z2 (2z - 1) (z - 2)
'~ ~,

Ii
z-+VA
r Z4 - 1
2z 2 (z - 2)
]
re
Same as Q. 5.34, Page 5--29F, Unit-5. (Answer: i) 1
--1
-15
-­
16 _ 16 ~
Using com.plex variable techniques evaluate the real x 1(1 J - "21 (-2 3) 4 2 x

­
.2 4 "2-
tu

2~
n 1
sin 29 d9 1
{ -d- -1 [(z - o)n fez)] }
integral J 5 - 4 cos 9
Res f(O) =
(n-l)! dz -
n
z~O
o
1 d -
(2-1)1 dZ 2- 1
2 1
r (z-O)
2 Z4 -
x z2(2z-1)(z-':"2)
1 ]
Z~O
ak

.'
The gIven mtegral, 1=
2f~ sin 29
d9 ...(5.36.1) (',' n = 2)
05 - 4 cos9
d 2 (Z4 - 1) ]
sin 29 = ~ (e
2i
2ie
_ e- 2i8
) r-xZ
dz Z2 (2z - 1) (z - 2) Z~O
5--32 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Math~batics- II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-l F (Sem.-2)

om
d Z4 - 1 ]
[ dz (2z - 1) (z - 2) Z~O
3
(2Z-1) (z- 2) (4z ) - (Z4 -1)[(2z-1) + (z- 2)2]}
{ [(2z - 1) (z - 2W Z~O
0-(-1)(-1-4) -5
Differential Equations
[-1(-2)]2 =4 (2 Marks Questions)
1 . (5 5)

e.c
HenceI=-{2m[Res{(1/2)+Res{(0)]I= 2i - - _ . =0
2 4 4
1.1. Find the order and degree of the following differential
©©© equation .

d +Vl+l~)
dx;
2
~d)3 = 0

._

nc
Also explain your answer. .. ~.
'"",. "

Mi'liI: ddx; +V~d)3

2
1 +li) = 0

On rearranging~

e
Jl+(dy
)3 = _ ddx2;

er
.dx
On squaring both side,

.)3 .(d2y 12
dy
f 1+ ( dx = ldx2)
Again rearranging the equation, we have

(d 2y 1 (dy )3
2
re
l dx 2) dx - 1
- =0
Order = 2 and degree = 2

,......­
1.2. Find the roots of the auxiliary equation of the differential
tu

equation:
d 2y dy
- -2- 6 - + 9 y =4e 3t
dt dt
2I!ii1I:: Differential equation is,
d 2y
ak

dy·
-- - 6 - + 9y = 4e 3t
dt 2 dt
D2y - 6Dy + ~ = 4 e 3t
Auxiliary equation,
m 2 -6m+9=0
 "1
i
I

Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-3 F (Sem.-2)

SQ-2 F (Se:m.-2) Differential Equations
II 2
=0

m
(m - 3)2 1.6. Find the particular integral of d ;- =:x;2 + 2x - 1.
i

..
m = 3,3 dx

d 2y
1.3. Solve - -
dt 2
dy
- 3 -
dt
+ 4y = o.
- PI = ~ (x 2 + 2x ­ 1)

o
2
D
~ AuxilillIY equation is,
m 2 -3m +4= 0 _1_ _ (x 2 + 2x - 1)
2
1+ D -1
.J9 - 16

e.c
- (- 3) ±
m~ 1
2 (x 2 + 2x -1)
[1 + (D 2 - 1)]
3±iJ7 = [1 + (D 2 - 1)] - 1 (x 2 + 2x - 1)
m=
2 = [1 - (D2 - 1)] (x 2 2x - 1)+
3 J7. = (2 - D2) (x 2 + 2x - 1)
m = -±-~
= 2x 2 + 4x - 2 - D2 (x 2 + 2x - 1)
2 2

nc
Since, roots of auxiliary equation are complex, then = 2x 2 +4x-2-2
= 2x2 +4x-4
CF = e ~x
2 (J7
2 C 1 cos x + C 2 sin 2J7 x J. = 2(x 2 + 2x ­ 2)
2
and PI= 0
Therefore, complete solution = CF + PI
1.7. Find the particular integral of d ;
dx
_ y =x 2 •

re
e ~%( J
-
= 2 C cos -J7 x + C SIn
. -J7 x
1 2 2 2
2
d
~
dx 2 - Y =x2

-­
=~.
1.4. Find the general solution of (20 + 1)2y = 0, where D

m:RfO (2D + 1)2y =0

fe dt
PI
= (D2 - l)y = x 2

= __
2
1_ x2 = -
D -1
PI = - (x 2 + 2)
(1 _D2)-1 x 2 =- (l + D2)x 2

­
re
Auxiliary equation is,
(2m + 1)2= 0 1.8. Find the particular integral of (D2 - 20 + 4) y = cos 2x.
1 1
m=-
General solution is y
2'-2"
= (C1 + C 2 t)e"-t/2

_I ­ PI = 1 cos 2x
tu

2
D - 2D + 4
1.5. Solve: (2D_l)3 y = o. Put, D2= -4
~ (2D _1)3 y = 0 1
Auxiliary equation is,
PI = --- cos 2x =- -1 cos 2x
-4- 2D+4 2D
ak

(2 m _1)3 = 0

m= -
111
-­
1:. fcos 2x dx = - 1:. sin 2x
2 4
2'2'2
y = (C I + xC 2 + x 2C 3 ) e xl2
 'r
I
Differential Equations , Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-5 F (SeD1-2)
SQ--4 F (SeD1-2)
, 2
. t·":"~ 1.11. For a differential equation d ~ + 2a dy + y = 0, find the value
2
1.9. For the di-ueren • 2 d y dy = ex, fin d

om
I ..... equatIon x - - 2 - + 4x - - + 2y
, dx dx dx dx

-
its cOD1pleD1entary function. of a for which the differential equation characteristic
equation has equal nUD1ber of roots. '
~ Putting x = et .
i.e., t = In x, the given equation becomes
• I
[D (D - 1) + 4D + 2]y = ee ! JIID'j;/ The characteristic equation ofthe given differential equation is
m 2 + 2am + 1 = 0
i.e.,(D2 + 3D + 2)y = ee' For equal roots,
Auxiliary equation is, (2a)2 - 4 x 1 x 1 = 0

e.c
m 2 + 3m+ 2= 0 4a 2 -4 == 0
Tn = -1,-2 4a 2 = 4
I
C, C2 a2 = 1
CF = C1e-' + C 2 e-2 ' C, x-' + CJ x- 2
--,- + - 2
x, x· a=±1
oJ

­
1.12. DeterD1ine the differential equation whose set of
1.10. Solve the differential equation d2~ = -12x + 2~x - 20 with independent solutions is {ex, xex, x2ex}.

nc
2
, dx.
the condition x = 0, y = 5 and x = 2, y = 21 and hence find the
value of y at x = 1. lIIIIIIIlI!l• •II• • - Let the general solution ofthe required differential equation be
y = C,e' + CzXe% + C.;x2e'" , . . .. 0.12.1)
2 Differentiating eq. (1.12.1) w.r.t x, we get
d -
- y = - 12x 2 + 24x - 20
~ y' == Cle'" + C 2 (x + l)e% + C a(x 2 + 2x)e>

re
Given: 2 ... 0.12.2)
dx
On integrating the above equation, we get From eq. 0.12.1) and eq. (1.12.2), we get
y = y' - Cze% - 2C.;xe x ' ••• (1.12.3)
dy = _ 4x3 + 12x2 _ 20x + C ... (1.10.1) Differentiating eq. (1.12.3) w.r.t x;"we get
dx 1 y' = y" - C 2 e' - 2Ca (x + 1)e x ••• (1.12.4)
Again integrating eq. (1.10.1), we have From eq. \1.12.3) and eq. (1.12.4), we get

At x = O,y = 5
y = _x 4 + 4x 3 - 10x 2 + C1x + C 2

From eq. (1.10.2),

C2 = 5
fe ...( 1.10.2) y = y' + y' - y" + 2Cae x = 2y' - y" + 2Cae x •.• (1.12.5)
Differentiating eq. (1.12.5) w.r.t x, we get
y' = 2y" - y'" + 2Cae'"
.­
... (1.12.6)
From eq. (1.12.5) and eq. (1.12.6), we gety = 2y' -y" +y' - 2y" +y'"
re
=:> y'" - 3y" + 3y' - y == 0
Atx = 2,y = 21 __ . Which is the required differential equation.
From eq. (1.10.2),
21=-16+32-40+2C 1 +5 1.13. Solve: (D + 1)3 Y = 2e-X. _IIM~I
tu

21=-19+2C 1
&'lIIII: Auxiliary equation is
2C 1 = 40 (m + 1)3 = 0
C 1 = 20 m = - 1, -1, - 1
Putting tne value of C I and C 2 in eq. (1.10.2), we get CF = eC I + CzX + C.;x2)e-X
y = - x 4 + 4x 3 - 10x 2 + 20x + 5 1 ; - 2-
P I = --- e x
ak

(D + 1)3
At x == 1; y = - 1 + 4 - 10 + 20 + 5
y = 18 1 - - 2e­
x
x---
3(D + 1)2
SQ--6 F (Sem.-2) Differential Equations Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-7 F (SeIU-2)

x2 1 2 e -x

m
3x2(D+l)
3
X
3 1
3x2xl
2e- x x
=-e
3
_x Multivariable
y = CF +PI Calculus-II

.co
x3 x
= (C l + C.;x + C:r2)e- + - e­
X

3
(2 Marks Questions)

©©©
2.1. Find the value of 1- i

ce
-!
~ We know that, In: 11- n = _._1t__
SIn n1t
Put n = -1/2,

I-~Il+ ~
1t

n
Sin(- ¥)
FI 1t __ = _1t -
!II = ..r;;= - 2J;
21t

re
(-I)f]: .
12 212
2.2. Evaluate 1(- 3 I 2) • 1_~j~l~i;:M:~!;"ljl'
fe ~ We know that,
Putting n =5
In:
/ 2,

r5T2 r=-3 / 2 = ~5
11- n - ---­
sin
1t

n1t
re
• 1t
SIn­
2

1-3/2 = ~1t ( '.' sin 5n12 = 1)

~'1
tu

2
1-3/2 = TC = i..r;;
~.!J; 3
2 2

r1 = 1 .
ak

2.3. To prove
m:rs;
. ~
We know that, In: = f e-
'" x
xn-1dx
0
 SQ-8 F (Sem.-2) Multivariable Calculus - II Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-9 F (Sem.-2)

~ LHS =~(l, m).I3<Z + m, n).I3(l + m + n, p)

ri Ie-x
00

X 11 dx =-[ e-xI = -[e--«> - eO] =1 It ~ !(l + m) r,; Ii fP

om
Putting n = 1, + m +n
o
1([ + m) l(l + m + n) l(l + m + n + p)
2.4. Evaluate [(- 5/ 2) . It~ r,;[P = RHS
IT l(l + m + n + p)
- . : We know that r,; /1 - n
sin nIT
Putting n = 7 / 2 ooX 8 ( l - X6)
IT
2.8. Evaluate:
fo { l + x)
ax .
17/21-5/2

e.c
•
SIn - ­
7IT
x8 foo X 14 dx
f
OO .

2 ~ 1= dx-
o (1 + X)24 0 (1 + X)24
IT
1- 5/2 ('.' sin 7rr/2 =-1) x9 - 1
CIO XI5 _. 1 CIO

~ (-1) =fo (1+x)9+15 dx- dx fa .. -

= 13(9, 15) -13(15, 9) = 0 [ ... l3(m, n) = l3(n, m)]
1-5/2
IT
!i-~

nc
53!,;; -15
2
222 2.9. Evaluate: fo x(S - x 3 )1/3 ax .
00

2.5. Evaluate f ~ e- x
ax. ~ Putting x 3
.
= By or x = 2y 1/3 so that
.
dx = ~ y- 2/3 dy, we get
3
\ o
\
-= f. 12 y l/3(8 _ 8y)1I3 ~ y-2/3 dy
00

I he- X 1=

re
Let I = dx o 3
o
00 !i3 Jo(1 y -113(1 _ )1/3 d =!iA (~ i)
We know that, I e- X x n - 1 dx = In y Y 3 p 3' 3

I = Ie-
X
o

x~-l dx = ~ = ~~ = ; fe [..,~ =~] "38 rum ~~rurm ~ R2)

----
9
8
.
SIn
IT

IT

3
16lt
9-13
2.10. Prove the following results:
2.6. Evaluate 10 00

X
1/4
e-.,Ix ax. ~
re
MIiC Let 1= Jo xl/ 4 e-..rx dx ...(2.6.1)
1o,/2 "sIn
I'
d9
9 .
1"/2
x "sin 9 d9 =
0
7t •

f.
f. sin- 9 coso e de x e coso e de
,12 ,/2
~ 1I2
sinl/ 2

mrPJ ~)r~i)
LHS =
Put ,r; =y => x = y2 so that dx = 2y dy then eq. (2.6.1) becomes
o. 0

I:
tu

I = y1/2 e- Y 2y dy = 21: e- Y
y3/2 dy

2 ( e· Y y(5/2l-1 dy = 21(5/2) [By definition]

1
--+0+2
J x i---­
31 I 3 r;-:-:-;:
2 - - vlt = -.J; (..' I(n + 1) = men)] 2 [ ~---
22 2
ak

2.7. Prove that: 13 <l, Tn).13 (l + Tn, n).I3(l + Tn + n,p) = It r,;;: r;; [p
l(l+ Tn + n+ p)
Q-I0F (SeDl-2) Multivariable Calculus - II
Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-ll F (SeDl-2)

rnn) mm

m
2m 2m x

Sequence and Series

rn~

.co
}rn 4
x ..[;c =1t=RHS
(2 Marks Questions)

l'" I(n + 1) = n [(;;) and m~ = ]

3.1. EXaJDine the sequence an = 2 n for convergence.
00. Hence the sequence

ce
~ lim (2 n
2.11. Find the value of integral J: e-- x ..- dx.
1 n-TOO
) = an is divergent.

~""""'--'
_f~~11
·""""'F":!w""""'':' ' ' ' "' ' '.' ' ' ' ' '·' 'fl 3.2. Write down the properties of series.
~ Following are the some properties of series: '.

Je-= x
00
L The convergence or divergence of an infinite series re,mllins

n
~ n 1 ... (2.1Ll)
- dx unaffected by the addition or removal of a finite number of 'its
o terms.
t 'dt 2. If a series in which all the terms are positive is convergent, the
Let ax = t, x = and dx = -­

re
a a series remains convergent even when some or all of its terms are
From eq. (2.1Ll) negative.
I
o
e- t ( ~ln-l dt
a) a
!
ao
Je-tt n- 1 dt
3. The convergence or divergence of an infinite series remains
unaffected by multiplying each term by a finite number.

Since,

Therefore,
00

Je-xx
o

!
n
-
l
dx =

fe-ttn ..ldt =
In­

! In
fe 3.3. Discuss the convergence of the series

mu;
f~
n=l (nn)2
re
0.
0
a
u n -_ (nn)2
n! and u n+l = (n+l)'•
2.12. The parabolic arc y = R , 1 :5; x:5; 2 is revolved around x-axis. We have
[en + 1)n+l]2
Find the volulJ1e of solid of revolution.
(n + 1)2(n+1)
_.t~r:!_~1
. n!
lim .!!:JL hm-x-----­
tu

n-l-OO Un+1 2n
n-TOO (n + I)!
~ Y= j";;', 1:5;x:5;2
Volume of solid of revolution ·
11m
(n + 1)2n+l
n 2n
=
l'
1m
(n n+ IJ
--
2n (
n+
1)

1tl ~2 T= 1t[~ - ~J
n-too n
2 2 3n: ---)tY.J

J1ty dx = J
2 IT x (j";,)2 dx 2
ak

~ 00
1 1

lim [(1 +
n....-+oo
!)"J2
n
(n x 1) = e lim (n + 1)
n-----)-oo

Hence the given series is convergent.

©©©
Q-12 F (Sem-2) Sequence and Series Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-13 F (Sem-2)

m
3.4. Write dovvn the stateDlent of Raabe's test.
-= Raabe's Test: In the positive term series LUn , if 1
a o = if(x+x 2
)dx=0+ [ ~3 J- =(1;1)
1

lim n
n-..+co
( u
l-_n-
un
-1)I
+ 1
= k, 2
-1 1

ao=
then the series converges for k > 1 and diverges for k < 1, but the 3

o
test fails for k = 1.
3.7. If fix) = 1 is expanded in a Fourier sine series in (0, 1t), then
3.5. Detennine the nature of the series: find the value ofb n •
t_ _ Z::W!C2M,_,~_A ill

e.c
L'"2 1
(p>o) 1"
n (log n)P aIi'im b
n
= -f{(x)sinnxdx
n
mm; o
1 (logxr p 1" 1"
Let fin) = so that fix) = -'-----=-­ I· - f 1 sin nx dx =- f sin nx dx
n(logn)P x no . 1t .
o

nc
f'(x) = -p (logxr
x
p
-
1
!
x
+ (logx)-P (--4) x ![-cosnxJ" = ![-cosnrc +!J
rc non n n
= _~{
p
2
x . (log X)p+l
+ 1
(log x)P
}<o = -1 (1 ­ cos nrc)
i.e., fix) is a decreasing function. nn

re
<X> dx j(IOgX)-P+l/'"
'" 3.8. Find the value of the Fourier coefficient a o for the function
(x) dx _ =
Also If - Ix(logx)P -p+l 2 O, -:re<x<O
fix) = {
Ifp> 1, thenp ­ 1 = k (say) > 0 x, O<x<:re

!8I tlitJI I . _
:::I<V%'i~--:,.,*:%~,M:>:~'~,,-'£d
"f-'
2
{(x) dx
-k
= I(log xrhi'". =! [0 + (log 2)-1<] which is finite
2 k
Thus by integral test, the given series converges for p > 1.
Ifp < 1, then 1 - p > 0 and (log X)l-p ---+ 00 as x ---+00.
fe ~ Let the Fourier series be,

fix) = ~ + i: an cos nx+ i: bn sinnx

n=l n=l
re
00

:. f f(x) dx ---+ <X)

ao = -n1 f" {(x)dx
2
Thus the given series diverges for p < 1. -"
:JJ d QO

ao = ;-[0L
1
I
1t
f(x)dx + {(x)dx Jl
tu

Ifp = 1, then f ((x) dx = f-_x­ = Ilog(logx)/; ---+ 00

2 2 xlogx

~[o+ Ixdx j
Thus the given series diverges for p = 1.
ao=
3.6. Find the constant tenn if the function fix) = x + x2 is expanded
in Fourier series defined in (- 1, 1).
~[~22 I
ak

=
1'=_=.··"""'·~·~··"""':III=,~,.=>,,'=;;~'=li='!~=·":fw=;::~;~=··:~=)~=::i:)
aD

~ fix) = x T x 2
ao= ~[2'22-0]=~
SQ-14 F (SelIl-2) Sequence and Series Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-15 F (SelIl-2)

3.9. Expand for f (x) = k for 0 < x < 2 in a half range sine series. 2

m
m:m fix) = k = - -
nn
I x SIn nx dx
2n

0
•

2 IC-f( ) . nnx
b = -- x SIn-- d x in half range (0, c)
nco
2
C
=_ n: [{x ( - co:nx) }:n _y1 ( _ co:nx) dX]
2 nnx

o
k 2- ( -cos-­
nnx)2
•
- IksIn--dx
2 0 2 nn 2 0 = - ~ [ - 2n -
nn n
oJ = ~2
n
2k
- [-cos nn + 1] 1 1 2n

e.c
2n
nn b n = - f f(x) sin nx dx = - f x 2 sin nx dx
Halfrange sine series is non- 0
fix) = Lbnsin­
nd 2
~ n11X
; {[x2 ( _ co:nx) In _y 2x co:nx dx}
~
k = ~-
n~lnn
[-
2k -. nnx
cos nn + 1] SIn - ­
2 ! r_4n
2
_ 0] = _ 4n

nc
n L n n
3.10. Expand for f (x) =k
for 0 < x < 2 in a half range cosine series.
2 c 2 2
~ a o == - f f(x) dx == - f kdx == k [ x]~ = 2k
2 0
Co _
C
©©©
an == -2 I f(x)cos - - dx = -2 f2 kcos ----
nnx n1tX dx

re
Co c 20 2

-k 2 [SIn
. - nnx]2
- =
2k .
-sInnn
nn 2 0 nn
La
ao
f( x) == k = --+
2
,,2k .
nn
nnx
k == k + L.,-sInnncos-­
2
n
nnx
cos-­
2 fe
re
3.11. Find the Fourier coefficient for the function fix) = x2; 0<x<2n.

[• •tll~"?l;i7i~\lI.IS:"1
ll
Ah"'li: The Fourier coefficients for the given function are as follows:
2n
tu

x3
f f(x) dx = -no
a o -_ -1
no
2. 1 fx 2" 2
dx = -1 -
n 3 0
2
8n
3
ak

1 2n 1 2"
an == - f f(x) cos nx dx = - f x" cos nx dx
Ito 'lto

1 [( x sin nx \2"
; l
2

n )0 - f0
2 "2 sin nx dx
x---~-J
l (-." sin nn == 0)
:Q-16 F (Se:m.-2) Complex Variable Differentiation Mathelllatics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-17F (SeDI-2)

m
~ Here f(z) = u + iu = sinhz = sinh (x + iy) = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y
u = sinh x cos y and u = cosh x sin y
au. h .
Com.plex Variable -au = cosh x cos y, - = - SIn x sm y
ox Oy
Differentiation

.co
ou= si n h
- '
xsmy, -au = cosh xcosy
ox Oy'
(2 Marks Questions) au = ou and ou = _ au
ox Oy Oy ox
Thus C-R equations are satisfied.
Since sinh x, cosh x, sin y and cos yare continuous functions,
4.1. Find li:m. cos z - 1

ce
-
%40 Z • ou !!!!. au and ou are also continuous functions satisfying CoR
.! ax' &y' ox &y
.
Ihn cos z -1 = 1un cos z - cos 0
----------:-­ equations.
Z40 z Z40 z-O
Hence f(z) is analytic everywhere.
= cos' (0) = - sin (0) =0

IIIiIII1fL.,

n
4.6. Prove that u(x, y) = ex cos y, is harDIonic function.
4.2. State the necessary condition for com.plex variable function
f(z) to be analytic.
~ The necessary conditions for a function f(z) to be analytic at all
1JIIII,• •
u = e%cosy

re
~
points in a region R are : au 02 U
i u", = uy ' u y =- u", ax = e%cosy , ax 2 = e" cosy
ii, u"" u y ' v"" uyexists.
au . 02 U

4.3. Write the Cauchy-RieDIann equation for fez)

-
&y
= -e%slny , &y2 = - eX cosy
u + iv
(a co:m.plex variable function).
~ The C-R equations are

-
ou
ox
=­
au
Oy
fe Since
02 U
ax 2 +
02U
&y2 = 0, hence u is a harlllonic function.

4.7. Prove Cauchy-Rie:m.ann equation in polar forDI.

_i_tlil
re
ou ou
and Oy =-ox ~~ Let (r, e) be the polar coordinates of the point whose cartesian
coordinates are (x, y), then
4.4. Write the Cauchy-RieDIann equation in polar coordinates x = r cos e, y = r sin e
z = x + iy = r (cos e + i sin e) = re,a
tu

system.. .,....w._.....
,'W'. 0"
u + iu = f(z) = f(re ia ) ... (4.7.1)
~ Cauchy-Rielllann equation in polar coordinate systelll : Differentiating eq. (4.7.1) partially wrt r, we have
ou 1 au -au + ~.au
- = i ' (re''a ) e''a
iJr =;oe or or
Differentiating eq. (4.7.1) partially wrt e, we have
ak

au -1 au au .au
and,
iJr=7ao ae + ~ De = i' (re ia
) ire,a,(au au)
= ir iJr + i Dr

4.5. Prove that the f(z) = sinh z is analytic. au

-r-+~r-
. au
or or
1=:~=;,:.=::;::=,;,,~=~:~·=I#l=';;;~=\~=o::I=)"l=.i~-~='4:=,t='~='~=;,:ii=L';=lt=I~"""'MJ Eq uating real and imaginary parts, we get
SQ-18F (Sem.-2) Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-19 F (Sem.-2)
Complex Variable Differentiation

Ou au au Ou

m
- = - r - and - = r ­
ae ar
De Or

or
Ou 1au
- - and --'­
au ~ :; , which is the polar form of C-R
Com.plex Variable
Or rae Or
equations. Integration

.co
4.8. Write down the conditions for conform.ality. (2 Marks Questions)
~ A mapping w = f(z) is conformal at each point zo' where f(z) is
analytic and f'(zo) oF- o.

5.1. State Cauchy's integral theorem..

1t
4.9. Describe the region onto which the sector r < a, 0 S e s 4 is I_t~._

ce
m.appedby ~ If a function {(z) is analytic and its derivative {'(z) is continuous at.
a. w =z2 all points inside and on a simple closed curve C,
b. W = z3. then f {(z)dz = 0
~ c
5.2. Write the statem.ent of generalized Cauchy's integral

1IIIIIIII,'_

n
a. R = r 2 < a 2, 0S q, s.:: (Fig. 4.9.1) form.ula for nth derivative of an analytic function at the
2
v

tZ:i
pointz =zo·
~=e

re
~ If a function f(z) is analytic in a region, then its derivative at any
point z = Zo of that region is also analytic and is given by
4
a
X 2 u ('(a) = ~J~dz
27U (Z-Zo)
a c
lijill~ttl Where, C is any closed contour in region surrounding the point

b. w = Z3, R = r 3 , <p = 3e, R = r 3 < a 3 , 0 S q, S 3n (Fig. 4.9.2.)

v
4
fe z =zo'

5.3. Evaluate fc z e%l

+
dz, where C is the circle I z I = 2.
re
w-plane
r_t~al_
~ The pole z = - 1 lies inside the circle Iz I = 2.
By Cauchy's integral formula,

_~_-""/:...L/:::..:!dl,-_- eZ 2ni
.•6 / /
f c -z+-1 dz = 21ti(e
tu

_ _ _-''<;l.../~ Z
3 U ) =
a Z = -1 e

i~ill.ll'Jl
5.4. Evaluate f z: +-11 dz , where C is circle Izi = 3/2 .
4.10. Write down the properties of Mobius transform.ation. CZ

[!• •~.I.'I.i~_1I
ak

~ Following are the properties of Mobius transformation:

i. Circles are transfonned into circles under Mobius transformation.
n. The cross-ratio of four points is invariant under a bilinear +1z2
Aii'iiZ I = ~z,
J Izi = 3/2
transformation. c z -1
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SQ-20 F (Sem.-2) Complex Variable Integration Mathematics - II (2 Marks Questions) SQ-21 F (Sem.-2)

The integrand I is not analytic at the points z = ± 1 and both lies 3

inside C. 5.7. Find the residue of f(z) = -:---

z -1
at z = 00.

om
Now write the integrand as,
Z3
~ We have,
1=
cS
(z 2 +1) [1
- -1- - 1- - 1 ­] dz
2 (z ­ 1) 2 (z + 1) f(z) = Z2 -1 1 )-1
=J
z2 + 1 dz _
I (z2 + 1) dz S f(z) = Z3 ,=z(1­
7
c 2(z ­ 1) c 2(z + 1)
1=11 +12
N ow using Cauchy integral formula, = Z(I+-;"+~+ ... )=z+1:+~+...

e.c
z z z z
I = S(~ + 1) dz = 2m (Z -1)(z2 + 1)1
1 c 2(z -1) I 2(z -1) z=1 Residue at infinity = - ( coeff of ;) = ­ 1 .
(1+ 1)

-
2ni - - ­ = 2m
2 ! 5.8. Find the residue of f(z) = cot z at its pole.
_(z2 + 1) (z + 1)(z2 + 1)1

nc
And 12 = S 2(z+ 1)
C dz = -2m
1 2(z+ 1) z=-1
cosz
= -2m (2) = -2m ~ f(z) = cot z = - ._.­
SID Z
2
I = II + 1 2 = 2m + (- 2 m) = 0 The poles of the function f(z) are given by
sin z = 0, z = nn, where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 ...

re
I
5.5. Evaluate Izl~ ~ Z2 + 1
~dz lr_ _ Residue of f(z) at z = nn is = d
cosz

dz (sin z)
ID:i:l!l: Poles of integrand by putting denominator equal to zero
z2 + 1 = 0 cos z = 1 - <!>(U)J
[ ReSIdue at (z = u) = <!>'(u)

J
z = ± i
The point z = ± i lie outside the circle Iz I = 1/ 2.
... By Cauchy's integral theorem,
e'dz - 0
fe 5.9. Expand
cos z

1
(z+ l)(z + 3)
in the regions Izl < 1.
re
1>1 ~ y,; Z2 + 1 - 1fIIII]IR1111'_ _
1 Ami: Let, f(z) = 1
5.6. Find the residue at z ~ 0 of z cos (z +1)(z +3)
z
U sing partial fraction,
1: , we have [_1_ -
tu

&Yiil: Expanding the function of powers of

z f(z) = 1:. _I_J
2 z+I z+3
zcos 1:z = Z[I-~+~-
21 z 4! z
... J=z-~+~- ....
2z 24z f(z) = 1: [_1_ -_l_J
2 l+z 3+z
This is the Laurent expansion about z = o. Iz 1< 1 -
ak

The coefficient of 1:
z
in it is ­ 1 / 2. So the residue of z cos 1 at
z f(z) = ~[(I+zrl-~(I+~rll
z = 0 is ­ 1/2.
SQ-22 F (SelD-2) Complex'Variable Integration

~[1-Z+Z2-z3+.. ']-~[1-~+(~r ·-(~r + ....J

om
fiz)=

5.10. Discuss Singularity and its types.

_""··"""""""·""""w"".""'''''·~~'''':I''''I''''I'''':~''''\t-''''.:,~'''':;L''"r''''_'''':·'''''
:::
~ Singula...ity : A singularity of a functionj(z) is a point at which the
function ceases to be analytic.
Types of Singularities:

e.c
1. Isolated singularity,
2. Removable singularity,
3. Poles, and
4. Essential singularity.

·
5.11. D ISCUSS . g uanty
sIn l. 0
f (
cot 1tZ
)2 at Z = a an d z = OCJ.
z-a

c
~ Let
n _) _
Iv<- -
cot 1tZ
2
=
cos 1tZ
~
(z - a) sin 1tZ(z - a)

en
The poles are given by putting the denominator equal to zero.
i.e., sin 1t Z (z - a)2 = 0
z
=
(z - a)2 = 0 or sin 1t z = 0 sin n1t
= a, 1t z = n 1t (n E n
z=a,n

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er ~
ef
m

I
r
~
r
II
tu

II
ak

tf
t
I
~

~,