NOUNS:

 PERSON
 PLACE
 THINGS

VERBS:

 DESCRIBES AN ACTIONS

ADJECTIVE:

 ADJECTIVES ARE WORDS THAT DESCRIBE OR MODIFY OTHER WORDS.

 ADJECTIVES ARE USED TO IDENTIFY OR QUANTIFY INDIVUAL PEOPLE AND UNIQUE THINGS ,
THEY ARE USUALLY POSITIONED BEFORE THE NOUN OR PRONOUN THAT THEY MODIFY

EX:

1. THEY LIVE IN A BIG , BEAUTIFUL HOUSE.

2. SINCE IT’S A HOT DAY , LISA WEARING A SLEEVELESS.
3. THE MOUNTAINTOPS ARE COVERED IN SPARKLING.
4. ON HER BIRTHDAY , BRUNTHA RECEIVED AN ANTIQUE VASE FILLED WITH FRAGRANT.

BE VERBS:

EX:

 SHE ……….. (IS,AM) A GOOD GIRL.

 I ………… (WAS,AM) 12 YEARS OLD .
 HE ……… MR.PERERA . HE ………. IN THE OFFICE .
 THEY ……….. CRICKETERS . THEY ……….. IN PLAY GROUND.
 I AM A STUDENT . I ………. IN THE CLASSROOM.

SENTENCE MAKING :

SUBJECT VERBS OBJECTS

 I AM DIRECT OBJECT:
 WE IS NAMES
 THEY ARE THINGS
 YOU WAS INDIRECT OBJECT:
 HE WERE ME
 SHE BE US
 IT YOU
 NAMES THEM, HER , HIM , IT
 QUESTION MAKING:

ARE,IS TYPE OF QUESTIONS:

 THEY ARE FROM PARIS - ARE THEY FROM PARIS?

 MAHI IS SLEEPING ON THE BED - IS MAHI IS SLEEPING ON THE BED ?

DO DOES DID TYPE OF QUESTION:

DO , DOES DID

PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE

EX:

1. I LISTEN TO MUSIC – DO YOU LISTEN TO MUSIC?

2. I START WORK AT 8PM – DO YOU START WORK AT 8PM?
3. WE DON’T WATCH TV EVERY NIGHT – DON’T WE WATCH TV EVERY NIGHT?

QUESTION WORD + SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

DOES TYPE OF QUESTION:

 IT TAKES AN HOUR TO WALK HOUR- DOES IT TAKES AN HOUR TO WALK HOUR?

WH – TYPE OF QUESTIONS:

WH WHO

WHAT

WHERE

HOW

WHOSE

WHY

WHEN

WHO – DESCRIBES THE PERSON ( YAAR?)

 WHO ARE YOU?

 WHO LIVES IN THAT HOME?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + OBJECT

WHAT – DESCRIBES THE THINGS ( ENNA?)

 WHAT IS YOUR NAME?

 WHAT IS YOUR PROBLEM?
 WHAT CAN YOU DO FOR ME?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + SUBJECT

WHERE – DESCRIBES THE PLACE ( ENGE?)

 WHERE ARE YOU LIVING?

 WHERE ARE YOU GOING?
 WHERE IS YOUR HOME?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + SUBJECT

HOW – DESCRIBES THE HABIT OF THE PERSON (EPPADI?)

 HOW ARE YOU?

 HOW OLD ARE YOU?
 HOW CAN YOU DID THIS?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + SUBJECT/VERB

WHOSE – DESCRIBES THE OWNERSHIP OF THE THINGS(YAARUDAIYATHU?)

 WHOSE THIS PERSON?

 WHOSE BOTTLE IS THIS?
 WHOSE FRIEND IS THIS?

QUESTION WORD + SUBJECT + VERB

WHY – DESCRIBES THE REASONS (YEN?)

 WHY ARE YOU LATE?

 WHY CANT YOU TEACH ME?
 WHY ARE YOU SLEEPING NOW ?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + SUBJECT

WHEN – DESCRIBES THE TIME (EPPOZHUTHU?)

 WHEN ARE YOU COMING?

 WHEN DO YOU GETTING?

QUESTION WORD + VERBS + SUBJECT

ARTICLES – DEFINITION:

 A
 AN ARTICLES
 THE

AN – BEFORE THE VOWELS

A – BEFORE THE CONSTANT

THE – INFRONT OF THE GREATEST THINGS

EX:

1. BROIN IS ………… IRISHMAN .

2. SEIKO IS …………. PRACTISING BUDDHIST .
3. I LOVE TO SAIL OVER …………… SEA .
4. I NEED ………. BOTTLE OF WATER .
5. I SAW ………. ELEPHANT .
6. …….. BROKEN EGGS .
7. ………. UNUSUAL PROBLEM .
8. ……….. EUROPEAN COUNTRY .
9. HE SPILLED ………. MILK ALL OVER THE FLOOR .
10. I NEED ……… NEW GLASS OF WATER .
11. SOMEBODY CALL ……… POLICEMAN .
12. ……… CUP OF TEA TASTED PARTICULARLY GOOD .
13. PLEASE GIVE ME ………. RED HAMMER .
14. PLEASE HAND ME ……….. AUTOBIOGRAPHY .
15. MY MOTHER IS ………. HONEST WOMAN .
16. SHE IS ………. UNITED STATES SENUTOR .
17. I AM GOING TO BRING ……… APPLE .
18. I HEARD ……….. INTERESTING STORY .
19. WE NEED ……… LIGHT IN THIS ROOM .
20. WHY ARE YOU READING …………. BOOK .
EX:

1. ………. NILE IS IN EGYPT .

2. ……. DUCK IS ……… BIRD .
3. SHE IS ……… GOOD GIRL .
4. I BOUGHT ………. NEW TV SET YESTERDAY .
5. I WATCHED ………… VIDEO YOU HAD SENT ME .
6. SHE WAS WEARING ………. UGLY DRESS .
7. HE IS …………. ENGINEER .
8. DO YOU WANT TO GO TO ……… RESTAURANT .
9. I MET ………… FRIEND .
10. ……….. CAR OVER THERE IS FACT .
11. I LIVE IN ……….. HOUSE .
12. HE DRANK ……….. WATER .
13. I LENT HIM ……….. BOOK .
14. …………. PROFESSOR IS LATE TODAY .
15. I BOUGHT ……….. UMBRELLA .
16. PLEASE GIVE ME …………. CAKE .
17. …………. INK IN MY PEN IS RED .
18. OUR NEIGHBOUR HAVE ………… CAT AND …………. DOG .

PREPOSITION :

1. AT
2. IN
3. ON

AT – DESCRIBES THE PLACE

SPECIFIC TIME OR SPECIFIC TENSE (KAALAM)
AT A POINT
TOP/BOTTOM/END
GROUP ACTIVITY
SCHOOL/ UNIVERSITY
HOME / WORK
SHOP

IN – MONTH , YEARS , DECADES , CENTURY , SEASON , TIME , PERIODS

IN A 3D SPACE
TERRITORY (PRADESAM)
CAR / VAN
WATER
PRINTED MATERIALS

ON – WEEK , DATES
ON A SURFACE
FLOOR
RIGHT / LEFT
PUBLIC TRANSFORMATION
MEDIA
EX:

1. I GET UP ………. 7’O CLOCK .

2. THE EXAM IS ……….. THE 16TH APRIL .
3. THE TITANIC SANK ………. 1912 .
4. IT WAS BUILD ………. THE SIXTH CENTURY .
5. I WILL VISIT YOU ………….. WEDNESDAY .
6. ……… SCHOOL .
7. …….. THE BAG .
8. ……… THE TABLE .
9. ……. LONDON .
10. ……… THE RADIO .
11. ……… A BOOK .
12. …….. THE TOP OF THE STAIRS .
13. …….. CLASSROOM .
14. ……… A LAKE .
15. ……… A PLANE .

ADVERB – (VINAIURITCHOL):

 DESCRIBES THE VERBS

 EX:
 TOM IS VERY TALL
 FORTUNATELY , LUSY RECORDED TOM’S WIN
 THE RACE FINISHED TOO QUICKLY
 THE WOMAN IS QUITE PRETTY
 IS MY SINGING TOO LOUD ?
 HE SMILED WARMLY
 A HASTILY WRITTEN NOTE
 I WILL HAPPILY ASSIST YOU
 PHILIPS HAS ALWAYS LOVED SINGING
 HE SHOUTED TOO LOUDLY
 PRONOUNS (PIRATHIPEYAR) :

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN: PRONOUN: ADJECTIVE: PRONOUN: PRONOUN:

1ST PERSON I ME MY MINE MYSELF

SINGULAR

2ND PERSON YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELF

SINGULAR

3RD PERSON HE HIM HIS HIS HIMSELF

SINGULAR(MALE)

3RD PERSON SHE HER HER HERS HERSELF

SINGULAR(FEMALE)

3RD PERSON IT IT ITS ITS ITSELF

(THINGS)

1ST PERSON WE US OUR OURS OURSELVES

PLURAL

2ND PERSON YOU YOU YOUR YOURS YOURSELVES

PLURAL

3RD PERSON THEY THEM THEIR THEIRS THEMSELVES

PLURAL

TYPES OF NOUNS:

 COMMON NOUNS
 PROPER NOUNS
 ABSTRACT NOUNS
 CONCRETE NOUNS
 COUNTABLE NOUNS
 UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
 COMPOUND NOUNS
 COLLECTIVE NOUNS
COMMON NOUNS – THIS DESCRIBES NAME , THINGS AND PLACES .
EX: MAN
CITY
RELIGION

PROPER NOUNS - THIS DESCRIBES SPECIFIC PLACE , THINGS AND NAME .

EX: GEORGE
LONDON
HINDUISM

ABSTRACT NOUNS - DESCRIBES THE PERSON’S QUALITIES THAT DOESN’T EXIST PHYSICALLY .
EX: JOY
HAPPINESS
FRIENDSHIP

CONCRETE NOUN - PEOPLE , THINGS THAT EXIST PHYSICALLY .

EX: TREE
MONKEY
PLANETS

COUNTABLENOUN – CAN BE COUNTED .

EX: CHAIR
FINGERS
DESK
PLANETS

UNCOUNTABLENOUN-CANNOT BE COUNTED .
EX: STARS
AIR
SAND
FISHES UNDER THE SEA

COMPOUND NOUN– EX: SEA + FOOD = SEAFOOD

AIR + PORT = AIRPORT
BLACK + BOARD = BLACKBOARD
MANGO + TREE = MANGOTREE
BATH + ROOM = BATHROOM

COLLECTIVE NOUN – IT’S A GROUP OF PEOPLE OR ANIMAL .

EX: GROUP OF ANIMAL
GROUP OF PEOPLE
AUDIENCE
FAMILY
TEAM

GROUP OF ANIMALS – EXAMPLE: SWARM OF BEES COLLECTION OF STAMPS

BOUQUET OF FLOWERS TROOP OF MONKEYS
PRIDE OF LIONS CROWD OF PEOPLE
HERD OF CATTLE
FLOCK OF SHEEPS
SCHOOL OF WHALES
 ADVERBS:

-DESCRIBES THE VERB

1. TOM IS VERY TALL
2. FORTUNATELY , LUSY RECORDED TOM’S COIN
3. THE RACE FINISHED TOO QUICKLY
4. THE WOMAN IS QUITE PRETTY
5. IS MY SINGING TOO LOUD ?
6. HE SMILED WARMLY
7. AS HASTILY WRITTEN NOTE
8. I WILL HAPPILY ASSIST YOU
9. PHILIPS HAS ALWAYS LOVED SINGING
10. HE SHOUTED TOO LOUDLY

ADJECTIVES:

- ADJECTIVE IS A WORD THAT MODIFIES A NOUN OR NOUN PHRASE OR DESCRIBES ITS

REFERENT , A WORD NAMING AN ATTRIBUTE OF A NOUN , SUCH AS SWEET , RED OR
TECHICAL .

EX:
 DELICIOUS
 BIG
 GORGEOUS
 TALL
 STUNNING
 ADORABLE
 GREAT
 ANGRY

CONJUCTIONS:

- A WORD USED TO CONNECT CLAUSES OR SENTENCES OR TO COORDINATE WORDS IN THE

SAME CLAUSE .

EX:
 BECAUSE
 ALTHOUGH
 WHEREAS
 BUT
 BESIDES
 UNLIKE
 THEREFORE
 PROVIDED – IF OR ONLY IF
 UNLESS
 SINCE
 SO
 IF
 YET
 AFTER
TEST :
1. SHE USUALLY EATS AT HOME , BECAUSE SHE LIKES COOKING
2. ALTHOUGH HE SPEAKS SELDOM , HE SAYS MEANINGFUL WORDS
3. SHE IS VERY FUNNY WHEREAS HE IS BORING
4. I AM VERY HUNGRY , BUT THE FRIDGE IS EMPTY
5. SHE SPEAKS THREE LANGUAGES BESIDES SPANISH
6. JACK IS COMPLETELY UNLIKE HIS FATHER
7. SHE CAME FIRST . THEREFORE SHE GOT A GOOD SEAT
8. THEY CAN LISTEN TO MUSIC PROVIDED THEY DISTURB NO BODY
9. YOU DON’T NEED TO GO UNLESS YOU WANT TO
10. SINCE I SEE YOU I AM BETTER
11. WHOEVER SAYS SO IS A LIAR
12. LET ME KNOW IF YOU GO TO THE SCHOOL
13. WE HAVENT FINISHED EATING THE WATERMELON YET
14. I CAN PASS AFTER THE GREEN LIGHT IS ON
15. I WILL EAT EITHER CARROT OR PEAS
16. MAHA LIKES NEITHER MILK NOR CREAM CAKE
17. I AM SO HAPPY AS LIKE BEFORE
18. I WOULD RATHER GO HOME THAN GOING TO OFFICE
19. WHETHER DO THIS OR GO OUT

INTERJECTIONS:

- AN ABRUPT REMARK , ESPECIALLY AS AN ASIDE OR INTERRUPTION , AN EXCLAMATION

ESPECIALLY AS A PART OF SPEECH
- AN INTERJECTION IS A WORD OR SHORT PHRASE USED TO EXPRESS EMOTIONS .

EX:
 OH , I AM SO HUNGEY !
 WOW ! THE DINOSAUR IS HUGE !
 NO , YOU CANNOT SATY OUT UNTIL ONE IN THE MORNING
 YES , YOU MAY HAVE ICE CREAM FOR DESSERT
 AHH! THAT FEELS WONDERFUL
 BLESS YOU! I COULDN’T HAVE DONE IT WITHOUT YOU
 BAH! THAT WAS A TOTAL WASTE OF TIME
 ALAS! I AM LOST IN THE WILDERNESS
 OOPS! I FORGOT
 BRAVO! WE WON THE GAME !
 HURRAH! I PASSED THE EXAMS
 OUCH! IT HURTS
 YAHOO! I WON A PRIZE
 EWWW! IT TASTES SO BAD
 HUH! I DON’T CARE
 TENSES :

- THERE ARE 12 TENSES BUT ONLY 9 ARE IN USE , THEY ARE :

 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
 PAST PERFECT TENSE
 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
 FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
 FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
 FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

EX:
 I READ THE BOOK
 I SING THE SONG
 I PLAY THE CRICKET
 I DRAW THE PICTURE
 I CUT THE APPLE
 HE PLAY THE GAME
 THEY WATCH THE TV

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + ACTION VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 I AM SINGING THE SONG
 I AM EATING THE APPLE
 I AM PLAYING THE CRICKET
 THEY ARE WATCHING THE MOVIE
 I AM DRAWING THE PICTURE
 HE IS PLAYING THE GAME
 I AM READING THE BOOK

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE :

STRUCTURE : SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE + OBJECT

EX:
 SHE HAS SANG THE SONG
 I HAVE WRITTEN THE BOOK
 I HAVE DRAWN THE PICTURE
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE : SUBJECT + HAVE BEEN/HAS BEEN + VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 I HAVE BEEN WRITING THE BOOK
 WE HAVE BEEN SINGING THE SONG
 I HAVE BEEN CUTTING THE APPLE
 SHE HAS BEEN WATCHING THE GARDEN
 WE HAVE BEEN LISTENING THE SPEECH
 I HAVE BEEN TYPING THE LETTER

SIMPLE PAST TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

EX:
 I WENT TO TEMPLE
 I WENT TO HOME
 WE BOUGHT A NEW CAR
 I PLAYED FOOTBALL YESTERDAY
 SHE SPOKE GOOD ENGLISH
 WE ATE FOOD YESTERDAY
 YOU WROTE A LETTER
 I MISSED MY SCHOOL
 I LEARNED TWENTY SENTENCES

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + ACTION VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 I WAS GOING TO TEMPLE
 IT WAS RAINING YESTERDAY EVENING
 AS SHE WAS READING THE BOOK , ROBERT CAME
 YOU WERE WATCHING THE MOVIE LAST NIGHT
 SHE WAS SPEAKING A GOOD ENGLISH
 I WAS PLAYING FOOTBALL YESTERDAY
 YOU WERE WRITING A LETTER

PAST PERFECT TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT +HAD + VERB(PP) + OBJECT

EX:
 SHE HAD WRITTEN AN ESSAY
 I HAD GONE TO TEMPLE
 HE HAD NEVER SPOKEN ENGLISH BEFORE
 WE HAD PLAYED VIDEO GAMES
 HE HAD BEATEN CHESS EASILY
 JOHN HAD FOUND A NEW JOB
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + HAD BEEN + VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 WE HAD BEEN STUDYING ALL DAY
 WE HAD BEEN PLAYING VIDEO GAMES
 HE HAD BEEN HELPING FOR YOUR PARENTS
 GIRLS HAD BEEN SINGING A SONG
 I HAD BEEN READING BOOKS
 I HAD BEEN DOING A JOB
 I HAD BEEN LEARNING ENGLISH
 THEY HAD BEEN USING AN IPHONE

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE :

STRUCTURE: AFFORMATIVE: SUBJECT + WILL/SHALL + VERB + OBJECT

NEGATIVE : SUBJECT + WONT/SHANT + VERB + OBJECT
INTERROGATIVE : WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT ?
EX:
 YOU WILL WIN THE EXAM
 I WILL SEE YOU LATER
 SHE WILL HELP HIM TOMORROW
 HE WILL BE THERE SOON
 HE WILLNOT CALL US
 YOUR MOTHER WILL LOVE YOU FOREVER
 WE WILL SEE BETTER DAYS
 WILL SHE DO IT AGAIN ?
 WILL SHE WAIT FOR ME ?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + WILL BE + ACTION VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 I WILL BE WRITING THE BOOK
 I WILL BE ATTENDING THE CONFERENCE
 BOB WILL BE PLAYING THE TENNIS
 MY FATHER WILL BE WORKING NOW
 I WILL BE SEEING MY FRIEND TOMORROW
 HE WILL BE WORKING LATE AT THE OFFICE TONIGHT
 SHE WILL BE TAKING HER LESSONS
 IT WILL BE RAINING NOW
 WHO WILL BE OPPOSING YOU ?
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE :

STRUCTURE: AFFORMATIVE = SUBJECT + WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + OBJECT

NEGATIVE = SUBJECT + WONT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + OBJECT
INTERROGATIVE = WILL + SUBJECT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE + OBJECT
EX:
 WE WILL HAVE EARNED LOTS OF MONEY
 I WILL HAVE PREPARED BREAKFAST BY THE TIME
 THE RAIN WILL HAVE STOPPED BY TOMORROW
 THEY WONT HAVE BEEN MARRIED BY NEXT YEAR
 I WILL HAVE STARTED MY CARRIER DEVELOPMENT BY NEXT WEEK

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE :

STRUCTURE: SUBJECT + WILL HAVE BEEN + VERB + ING + OBJECT

EX:
 HE WILL HAVE BEEN PLAYING THE GUITAR FOR TEN YEARS
 WE WILL HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR YOU
 SHE WILL HAVE BEEN SLEEPING AT HOME
 THEY WILL HAVE BEEN TEACHING ENGLISH FOR 4 YEARS
 I WILL HAVE BEEN TRAVELLING TO FRANCE
 MY FAMILY WILL HAVE BEEN FLYING TO NEW YORK

WHERE TO USE HAVE / HAS :

HAVE – I
YOU
THEY
WE

HAS – HE
SHE
IT

HAD ARE USED IN PAST TENSE SENTENCES

 MODAL AUXILARIES :

CAN SHE CAN READ SPANISH LANGUAGE

CAN YOU RETURN MY BOOKS ?
COULD COULD YOU BRING ME A GLASS OF WATER ?
COULD YOU OPEN THE DOOR PLEASE ?
MAY SHE MAY HAVE CAUGHT A FEVER IN THE NIGHT
MAY I COME INTO THE CLASSROOM ?
MIGHT IT MIGHT HAVE DONE DAMAGE INSIDE
EITHER SITUATION MIGHT BE THE CASE
WILL YOU WILL REMEMBER OUR WHOLE LIFE
JOHN WILL PLAY FOOTBALL TOMORROW
WOULD WOULD YOU LIKE TO HAVE COFFEE ?
WOULD YOU OPEN THE DOOR , PLEASE ?
SHALL NEXT YEAR , I SHALL BUY A NEW CAR
TODAY , I SHALL WATCH A MOVIE
SHOULD YOU SHOULD ATTEND THE CLASS MORE REGULARLY
WE SHOULD DRINK A LOT OF WATER
MUST WE MUST ATTEND HIS MARRIAGE
YOU MUST NOT SPIT IN THIS ZONE
OUGHT WE OUGHT TO LOVE OUR YOUNGER
YOU OUGHT CLEAN UP YOUR ROOM

VERB MOODS :

MOOD EXAMPLE

INDECATIVE HE NEEDS TO CLEAN HIS ROOM TODAY

IMPERATIVE CLEAN YOUR ROOM TODAY !

SUBJUNCTIVE I WISHES HE WERE FINISHED CLEANING HIS

ROOM.

CONDITIONAL IF HE HAD CLEANED HIS ROOM , HE COULD

HAVE PLAYED

INTERROGATIVE HAVE YOU CLEANED YOUR ROOM YET ?