Scribd
Upload
29 views

Derivative and Integral Vector Functions

The document discusses derivatives and integrals of vector functions. Some key points: - The derivative of a vector function r(t) is defined similar to real functions as the limit of the average rate of change. - Taking the derivative of each component of r(t) allows calculating the derivative of the entire vector function. - Integrals of vector functions are defined by integrating each component function separately. - Differentiation rules for real functions extend to vector functions by applying the rules to each component. - If the magnitude of r(t) is constant, the derivative r'(t) is orthogonal to r(t) at all times.

Uploaded by

2020853882
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
29 views

Derivative and Integral Vector Functions

The document discusses derivatives and integrals of vector functions. Some key points: - The derivative of a vector function r(t) is defined similar to real functions as the limit of the average rate of change. - Taking the derivative of each component of r(t) allows calculating the derivative of the entire vector function. - Integrals of vector functions are defined by integrating each component function separately. - Differentiation rules for real functions extend to vector functions by applying the rules to each component. - If the magnitude of r(t) is constant, the derivative r'(t) is orthogonal to r(t) at all times.

Uploaded by

2020853882
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Vector Functions

MADAM MAZIAH MAHMUD


Derivatives and Integrals
of Vector Functions

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.


Derivatives

3
Derivatives
 The derivative r of a vector function r is defined in much the
same way as for real valued functions:

 if this limit exists. The geometric significance of this definition is


shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 4
Derivatives
 If the points P and Q have position vectors r(t) and
r(t + h), then represents the vector r(t + h) –
r(t), which can therefore be regarded as a secant
vector.

 If h > 0, the scalar multiple (1/h)(r(t + h) – r(t)) has the


same direction as r(t + h) – r(t). As h  0, it appears
that this vector approaches a vector that lies on the
tangent line.

 For this reason, the vector r(t) is called the tangent


vector to the curve defined by r at the point P,
provided that r(t) exists and r(t) ≠ 0. The tangent
line to C at P is defined to be the line through P
parallel to the tangent vector r(t).
5
Derivatives
 We will also have occasion to consider the unit
tangent vector, which is

 The following theorem gives us a convenient method


for computing the derivative of a vector function r: just
differentiate each component of r.

6
Example 1

(a)Find the derivative of


r(t) = (1 + t3)i + te–t j + sin 2t k.

(b) Find the unit tangent vector at the


point where t = 0.

7
Example 1

Solution:
(a) According to Theorem 2, we
differentiate each
component of r:

 r(t) = 3t2i + (1 – t)e–t j + 2 cos 2t k

8
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

 (b) Since r(0) = i and r(0) = j + 2k, the unit


tangent vector at the point (1, 0, 0) is

9
Derivatives

 Just as for real-valued functions, the


second derivative of a vector function r
is the derivative of r, that is, r = (r).

 For instance, the second derivative of

the function, r(t) = 2 cos t, sin t, t, is

10
Derivatives

rt = –2 cos t, –sin t, 0

11
Differentiation Rules

12
Differentiation Rules
 The next theorem shows that the differentiation
formulas for real-valued functions have their
counterparts for vector-valued functions.

13
Example 4

Show that if |r(t)| = c


(a constant), then r(t) is
orthogonal to r(t) for all t.

14
Example 4

 Solution:
Since

r(t)  r(t) = | r(t) |2

= c2
and c2 is a constant, Formula 4 of Theorem
3 gives
0= [r(t)  r(t)]

15
Example 4 – Solution cont’d

= r(t)  r(t) + r(t)  r(t)

= 2r(t)  r(t)

Thus r(t)  r(t) = 0, which says that r(t) is


orthogonal to r(t).

Geometrically, this result says that if a curve lies


on a sphere with center the origin, then the
tangent vector r(t) is always perpendicular to
the position vector r(t).

16
Integrals

17
Integrals
 The definite integral of a continuous vector
function r(t) can be defined in much the same
way as for real-valued functions except that the
integral is a vector.

 But then we can express the integral of r in terms


of the integrals of its component functions f, g,
and h as follows.

18
Integrals

 and so

This means that we can evaluate


an integral of a vector function by
integrating each component
function.

19
Integrals
We can extend the Fundamental Theorem of
Calculus to continuous vector functions as follows:

where R is an antiderivative of r, that is, R(t) = r(t).

We use the notation  r(t) dt for indefinite integrals


(antiderivatives).

20
Example 5 – Integral of a
Vector Function

If r(t) = 2 cos t i + sin t j + 2t k, then

 r(t) dt =

21
Example 5
If r(t) = 2 cos t i + sin t j + 2t k, then

 r(t) dt = 2 cos t dt i + sin t dt j + 2t dt k


= 2 sin t i – cos t j + t2 k + C

where C is a vector constant of integration,


and

22
Example 5

23

You might also like