SECTION 1.

4 THE TANGENT AND VELOCITY PROBLEMS 41

(2 4) (5 23)
23 4
=3 63
5 2

(2) (1) 3 ( 3)
8. = ( ) = 2 sin + 3 cos [1 2] ave = = =6
2 1 1

(1 1) (1) 3 471 ( 3)
[1 1 1] ave = = 4 71
11 1 01

(1 01) (1) 3 0613 ( 3)

[1 1 01] ave = = 6 13
1 01 1 0 01

(1 001) (1) 3 00627 ( 3)

[1 1 001] ave = = 6 27
1 001 1 0 001

=1 63

9. = sin(10 ) (1 0)

2 (2 0) 0 05 (0 5 0) 0
15 (1 5 0 8660) 1 7321 06 (0 6 0 8660) 2 1651
14 (1 4 0 4339) 1 0847 07 (0 7 0 7818) 2 6061
13 (1 3 0 8230) 2 7433 08 (0 8 1) 5
12 (1 2 0 8660) 4 3301 09 (0 9 0 3420) 3 4202
11 (1 1 0 2817) 2 8173

= 1 001 (1 001 0 0314) 31 3794 = 0 999

(0 999 0 0314) = 31 4422 31 4108

31 4

°
42 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

1.5 The Limit of a Function

1. 2 ( ) 5 ( ) 5
2 6= 2 (2 5) (2) = 3

2. ( ) ( )

3. lim 5 ( )= ( )
5 5

lim 3 ( )= ( )

4. 2 ( ) 3 lim ( )=3
2

2 ( ) 1 lim ( )=1
2

lim ( )
2

=2 =3 (2) = 3

4 ( ) 4 lim ( ) = 4
4

( ) =4 (4)

5. 1 ( ) 2 lim ( ) = 2
1

3 ( ) 1 lim ( )=1
3

3 ( ) 4 lim ( )=4
3

lim ( )
3

=3 =3 (3) = 3

6. ( ) 4 3 lim ( )=4
3

( ) 4 3 lim ( )=4
3

lim ( )=4
3

( 3)

( ) 1 0 lim ( )=1
0

( ) 1 0 lim ( )= 1
0

lim ( )
0

(0) = 1 (0 1)

°
 SECTION 1.5 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION 43

lim ( )=2 lim ( )=2 lim ( ) = 2

2 2 2

(2)

( ) 3 5 lim ( )=3
5

( ) 5 lim ( )
5

7. lim ( )= 1 lim ()= 2

0 0

lim ( )
0

lim ( )=2 lim ()=0

2 2

lim ( )
2

(2) = 1 lim ( ) = 3
4

8. lim ( )= lim ( )=
3 2

lim ( )= lim ( )=
2 1

= 3 = 1 =2
9. lim ( )= lim ( )= lim ( ) =
7 3 0

lim ( )= lim ( )=
6 6

= 7 = 3 =0 =6

10. lim ( ) = 150 lim ( ) = 300

12 12

= 12

11.

1+ 1
2
( )= 1 1
2 1

lim ( ) = 1

= 1

12.

1 + sin 0
( )= cos 0
sin

lim ( ) =

°
44 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

13. lim ( )=1

0

lim ( )=0
0

lim ( )
0

14. lim ( )= 1
0

lim ( )=1
0

lim ( )
0

15. lim ( )=2 lim ( )= 2 (1) = 2 16. lim ( )=1 lim ( )= 1 lim ( )=0
1 1 0 0 2

lim ( )=1 (2) = 1 (0)

2

17. lim ( )=4 lim ( ) = 2 lim ( )=2 18. lim ( ) = 2 lim ( ) = 0 lim ( )=3
3 3 2 0 0 4

(3) = 3 ( 2) = 1 lim ( )=0 (0) = 2 (4) = 1

4

2
3
19. ( )= 2 9

( ) ( )
31 0 508 197 29 0 491 525
3 05 0 504 132 2 95 0 495 798 2
3 1
lim 2
=
3 01 0 500 832 2 99 0 499 165 3 9 2
3 001 0 500 083 2 999 0 499 917
3 0001 0 500 008 2 9999 0 499 992

°
 SECTION 1.5 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION 45
2
3
20. ( )= 2 9

( ) ( )
25 5 35 7
29 29 31 31
2 95 59 3 05 61 lim ( )=
3
2 99 299 3 01 301
2
2 999 2999 3 001 3001 3
lim ( )= lim 2
3 3 9
2 9999 29 999 3 0001 30 001

sin (4 + )3 64
21. ( )= 22. ( )=
+ tan

( ) ( ) ( )
±1 0 329 033 05 54 250 000 05 42 250 000
±0 5 0 458 209 01 49 210 000 01 46 810 000
±0 2 0 493 331 0 01 48 120 100 0 01 47 880 100
±0 1 0 498 333 0 001 48 012 001 0 001 47 988 001
±0 05 0 499 583 0 0001 48 001 200 0 0001 47 998 800
±0 01 0 499 983
(4 + )3 64
lim = 48
0
sin 1
lim =05=
0 + tan 2

sin 3
23. ( )=
tan 2

( )
sin 3
±0 1 1 457 847 lim =15
0 tan 2
±0 01 1 499 575
±0 001 1 499 996
±0 0001 1 500 000

9
1+
24. ( )= 15
1+

( ) ( )
11 0 427 397 09 0 771 405
1 01 0 582 008 0 99 0 617 992
1 001 0 598 200 0 999 0 601 800
1 0001 0 599 820 0 9999 0 600 180

lim ( )=06
1

°
46 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

25. ( )=

( )
lim ( )=1
01 0 794 328 0

0 01 0 954 993
0 001 0 993 116
0 0001 0 999 079

5 1
26. ( )=

() ()
01 1 746 189 01 1 486 601
0 01 1 622 459 0 01 1 596 556
0 001 1 610 734 0 001 1 608 143
0 0001 1 609 567 0 0001 1 609 308

lim ( ) 1 6094
0

cos 2 cos
27. lim 2
= 15
0
( )
±0 1 1 493 759
±0 01 1 499 938
±0 001 1 499 999
±0 0001 1 500 000

sin
28. lim = 0 32
0 sin ( )
±0 1 0 323 068
±0 01 0 318 357
±0 001 0 318 310
±0 0001 0 318 310

+1
29. lim = 0 5+
5 5

+1
30. lim = 0 5
5 5

2
31. lim = 0 1
1 ( 1)2

32. lim = 0 3
3 ( 3)5

°
 SECTION 1.5 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION 47

2 2
33. lim 2(
= ( + 3) 0 3+ 2(
0 3 0
3 + 3) + 3)

1 2 1
34. lim 2(
= 0 0 2(
0 0 1 2 0
0 + 2) + 2)

1 1
35. lim sec = sec ( 2)+
( 2)

cos
36. lim cot = lim = 0
sin

37. lim csc = lim = 0

2 2 sin

2
2 ( 2)
38. lim 2
= lim = lim =
2 4 +4 2 ( 2)2 2 2

0 2

2
2 8 ( 4)( + 2)
39. lim 2
= lim = 0
2 5 +6 2 ( 3)( 2)

2+
2 2
+1 +1
40. = 2
=
3 2 (3 2 )
3
=0 = 2
=0 =15

1
41. ( )= 3 1 ( ) ( )
05 1 14 15 0 42
09 3 69 11 3 02
0 99 33 7 1 01 33 0
lim ( )= lim ( )=
1 1 0 999 333 7 1 001 333 0
0 9999 3333 7 1 0001 3333 0
0 99999 33 333 7 1 00001 33 333 3

3 3
1 1 0 1 ( )

lim ( )=
1

3
1 1 ( )

lim ( )=
1

°
48 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

lim ( )= lim ( )=
1 1

tan 4
42. lim =4
0
( )
±0 1 4 227 932
±0 01 4 002 135
±0 001 4 000 021
±0 0001 4 000 000

2
43. ( )= (2 1000)

( ) ( )
1 0 998 000 0 04 0 000 572
08 0 638 259 0 02 0 000 614
06 0 358 484 0 01 0 000 907
04 0 158 680 0 005 0 000 978
02 0 038 851 0 003 0 000 993
01 0 008 928 0 001 0 001 000
0 05 0 001 465
lim ( ) = 0 001
0
lim ( ) = 0
0

tan
44. ( )= 3

1
lim ( ) = 3
( ) 0

10 0 557 407 73
05 0 370 419 92
01 0 334 672 09
0 05 0 333 667 00
0 01 0 333 346 67
0 005 0 333 336 67

( )
0 001 0 333 333 50
false values
0 0005 0 333 333 44
0 0001 0 333 330 00
0 00005 0 333 336 00
0 00001 0 333 000 00
0 000001 0 000 000 00

°
 SECTION 1.5 THE LIMIT OF A FUNCTION 49

45. ( ) = sin( )

1 1
46. = ( ) = tan = tan( )=0

4
=
(4 + 1)

1 (4 + 1) 4
( ) = tan = tan = tan + = tan + = tan =1
4 4 4 4 4

1
( )=0 0 ( )=1 0 lim tan
0

( ) 0

°
50 CHAPTER 1 FUNCTIONS AND LIMITS

47. = tan(2 sin ) ±0 90

±2 24
= 2
+

2 sin = 2
+ sin = 4
+ 2

1
1 sin 1 sin = ± 4 = ± sin 4

1
±0 90 150 30 sin 4

1 1
sin 4
=± sin 4

±2 24

0
48. lim = lim 1 2 2 0+
1 2 2

3
1
49. =
1

0 99 5 925 31
6 0 999 5 992 50
0 9999 5 999 25
1 01 6 075 31
1 001 6 007 50
1 0001 6 000 75

3
1
55 65 (0 9314 5 5)
1

(1 0649 6 5) 1 0 9314 = 0 0686 1 0649 1 = 0 0649 0 0649 1

05 6

1.6 Calculating Limits Using the Limit Laws

3
1. lim [ ( ) + 5 ( )] = lim ( ) + lim [5 ( )] lim [ ( )]3 = lim ( )
2 2 2 2 2

= lim ( ) + 5 lim ( )
2 2
= ( 2)3 = 8

= 4 + 5( 2) = 6

3 ( ) lim [3 ( )]
2
lim ( )= lim ( ) lim =
2 2 2 ( ) lim ( )
2

= 4=2 3 lim ( )
2
=
lim ( )
2

3(4)
= = 6
2