PHYSICS LAB MANUAL

CLASS-XII
2023-24

CYCLE -II

EXPERIMENTS:

1. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u

and v or between 1/u and 1/v.
2. To find the focal length of convex mirror using convex lens.
3. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting
a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
4. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward
bias and reverse bias.

ACTIVITIES:

1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed

collection of such items.
2. To observe the lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on
a glass slab.
3. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using
two lenses from the given set of lenses.

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 CONVEX LENS
EX. NO: 1
DATE:
AIM: To determine the focal length of given convex lens from U-V graph.
APPARATUS: Illuminated wire gauze, convex lens, stand, screen and metre
scale.
PROCEDURE:
i) Focus the distant object on the screen using convex lens.
ii) the distance between the screen and the lens gives the approximate focal
length,
iii) Choose the U values (2f, 2f -2, 2f+2, etc.)
iv) Adjust the screen to get the clear image on the screen for various U.
v) Tabulate the observations.
vi) Draw the graph between U and V.
vii) Find the focal length from the graph.
RESULT: Focal length of the give convex lens from U-V graph = x10-2m.
PRECAUTIONS: i) Avoid parallax error. ii) X & Y axes must have same scale.
SOURCES OF ERRORS: i) Parallax error may not be removed perfectly.
ii) The given convex lens may be very thick.
RAY DIAGRAM

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MODEL GRAPH

TABULAR COLUMN
S.NO. U x10-2 m V x10-2 m

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 CONVEX MIRROR
EX.NO: 2
DATE:
AIM: To find the focal length of convex mirror using convex lens.
APPARATUS: Source box, screen, convex lens, convex mirror and metre scale.
PROCEDURE:
i) Mount the convex lens and convex mirror in front of the source box and
adjust the both to get the clear image by the side of the source box.
ii) Note the position of convex lens and convex mirror.
iii) Remove the convex mirror and adjust the screen to get the clear image on
the screen
iv) Note the position of the screen.
v) The difference between the positions of convex mirror and the screen gives
radius of curvature.
vi) Calculate the focal length of convex mirror is R/2.
RESULT: The focal length of convex mirror = x 10-2 m.
PRECAUTIONS: i) Avoid parallax error, ii) stand, source and screen must be in
the same straight line.
SOURCES OF ERROR: i) Parallax error may not be removed perfectly; ii) Focal
length of the lens may not be small.
RAY DIAGRAM:

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO POSITION POSITION POSITION Distance 𝑹

f = x 10-2
𝟐
OF OF CONVEX OF between the
m
CONVEX MIRROR (M) SCREEN(I) position of M
LENS (L) to I
R = MI x 10-2
m

MEAN f = ……..x10-2 m

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 GLASS PRISM
EX. NO: 3
DATE:
AIM: To draw i-d curve using a glass prism.
APPARATUS: Glass prism, drawing board, pins and paper.
PROCEDURE:
i) Fix the paper on the drawing board.
ii) Draw the base of the prism and name ABC.
iii) Draw the normal on the face AB, also draw the incident ray at angle of 30°
with the normal.
iv) Fix two pins on the incident ray (P & Q).
v) Fix two more pins on the side AC of the prism in line with the legs of P &Q.
vi) Join PQ and RS.
vii) Produce PQ forward and RS backward.
viii) Measure the angle of deviation.
ix) Repeat the experiment for various angles of incidence x) draw the graph between i
and d.
RESULT: Angle of minimum deviation:
PRECAUTIONS: i) Angle of incidence should lie between 30° - 60° ii) Distance
between the pins should be more than 5cm.
SOURCES OF ERROR: i) Angles may be measured wrong. ii) Distances
between the pins may be too short.
Ray diagram

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TABULAR COLUMN

S.NO. Angle of Angle of

incidence i deviation d

MODELGRAPH

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 DIODE CHARACTERISTICS
EX. NO: 4
DATE:
AIM: To study the forward and reverse characteristics of a diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: semiconductor diode, ammeter (milli) and voltmeter.

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections for forward bias.
2. Increase the forward bias, note down the ammeter and voltmeter reading.
3. Repeat the experiment for reverse bias of the diode by changing the connection.
4. Plot the forward and reverse bias characteristic curve.
Result: The I-V characteristic curves are drawn for forward bias of a diode

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight
2. The voltmeter and ammeter readings must be recorded accurately.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The given diode may be faulty
2. The connections may be loose.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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TABULAR COLUMN:

FORWARD BIAS
Voltmeter Ammeter
Reading(V) Reading
I(mA)

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REVERSE BIAS

Voltmeter Ammeter
Reading(V) Reading
I(mA)

Result:
The forward and reverse characteristics of a diode is studied and the graph is
drawn.

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 ACTIVITY –1
DATE:
AIM: To identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a capacitor from mixed collection
of such items.
APPARATUS: A mixed collection of electronic components such as diodes, light
emitting diodes (LED s), resistors, capacitors and a multimeter.
PRINCIPLE:
Diode: A diode is a two-terminal device. It conducts when forward biased. It does
not emit light while conducting.
Light emitting diode (LED): An LED is also a two-terminal device. It conducts
when forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light
while conducting.
Resistor: A resistor is a two-terminal device. It conducts when operated with ac as
well as dc voltage.
Capacitor: A capacitor is a two-terminal device. It does not conduct with dc
voltage.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Check the physical appearance of the component.
2. If the component has two terminals, it could be a resistor, a capacitor, a
diode or LED.
3. Look for colour bands, if it has a typical set of three colour bands followed
by a silver or gold band, the component is a resistor.
4. Connect the multimeter terminals to the component terminals and watch for
multimeter deflection keeping the multimeter knob in resistance mode.
5. If the multimeter shows a deflection, the component could be a resistor, a
diode or LED.
6. If the deflection is accompanied with emission of light, the component is an
LED.
7. If no light is emitted then interchange the multimeter terminals connected to
the component.
8. If the component still gives deflection in a multimeter, then the component is
a resistor.
9. If the pointer of the multimeter shows deflection when its terminals are
connected across the component in one direction and does not show
deflection when the terminal, of the multimeter in opposite direction and
also there is no emission of light, then the component is a diode.
10. If the multimeter does not show any deflection on connecting its terminals
either wat to component, then it is a capacitor.

RESULT: A diode, an LED. a resistor and a capacitor are identified from a mixed
collection.

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 ACTIVITY –2
DATE:
AIM: To observe the lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a
glass slab.
APPARATUS: A sheet of white paper, glass slab, drawing board, pins, metre scale
and pencil.
PROCEDURE:
i) Fix the sheet of white paper on the drawing board.
ii) Draw the boundary of a glass slab ABCD.
iii) Draw the normal in CD and incident ray making an angle of 30° with the
normal (PQ)
iv) Fix two pins on PQ and view the legs of the pins on the opposite side.
v) Fix two more pins so that all lie in the same straight line,
vi) Join the points namely RS to the side AB.
vii) Draw the normal at the point of incidence of the emergent ray.
viii) Produce the incident ray and measure the perpendicular distance between
incident ray produced and emergent ray,
ix) Repeat the experiment for various thickness of glass slat.
x) Tabulate the observations.

CONCLUSION:
i) The incident ray produced is parallel to the emergent ray.
ii) The lateral displacement increases with the increase in the
thickness of the slab.

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RAY DIAGRAM:

TABULAR COLUMN:
T.No. t x 10-2 m d x 10-2 m

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 ACTIVITY –3
DATE:
AIM: To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two
lenses from a given set of lenses.
APPARATUS: convex lenses of known focal length, scale and screen.
PROCEDURE:
i) Focus the lens 1 and lens II towards the distance object separately.
ii) Adjust the screen to get the clear image on the screen.
iii) Measure the distance between lens I and screen gives f1 and similarly for
lens II (f2).
iv) Tie both the lenses and find the focal length of combination by the same
method (f).
CONCLUSION:
f1 =
f2 =
1 1 1
By calculation = +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2

f=
From experiment f =

RAY DIAGRAM

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.NO. f 1 x 10-2 m f 2 x 10-2 m f x 10-2m f (from

experiment)
x 10-2m

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