UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

“PROXIMITY AND INFRARED SENSOR”

SUB/SEC:
NME 4103 – ME 1

SUBMITTED BY:

TALADHAY, SHAWN T.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. DIOSDADO C. DOCTOR

Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................3
TYPES OF SENSORS......................................................................................4
2. DISCUSSION..................................................................................................5
Proximity type Sensor....................................................................................5
Description.....................................................................................................5
Applications...................................................................................................6
Working Principle.........................................................................................7
Mode of operation.........................................................................................8
Circuit Diagram..............................................................................................9
Specifications..............................................................................................10
Range or limitations...................................................................................11
Sensor frequency of calibration and lifespan......................................12
Infrared sensor...............................................................................................13
Description...................................................................................................13
Applications.................................................................................................14
Working Principle.......................................................................................15
Mode of Operation......................................................................................16
Circuit Diagram............................................................................................17
Specifications..............................................................................................18
Range and limitations................................................................................19
Sensor frequency of calibration and lifespan......................................20
REFERENCES....................................................................................................21
1. INTRODUCTION

Unprecedented levels of volatility, unpredictability, complexity, and ambiguity

define the industrial environment of today. Operational effectiveness has therefore
become more significant, along with reduced costs and improved security for both
assets and workers. To stay competitive and effective against this backdrop, industrial
processes rely heavily on sensing technology and its improvements.

Sensing technology and its many applications are continually changing to keep
up with technological breakthroughs and commercial demands. There are sensors
available that measure a wide range of physical characteristics, including heat,
pressure, and distance. Today's devices use sensors to perceive everything around
them and have the potential to be incredibly accurate, use less electricity, and be simple
to install and maintain. The use of sensors is proven to be a key factor in generating
new value for processes and individual enterprises.

For almost every industrial purpose, a variety of sensors are readily accessible.
Sensitive, mission-critical industrial applications can benefit from sensors' unrivaled
asset protection and process improvement capabilities. As required by a process, these
sensors provide real-time monitoring that includes detection and reporting. Any
abnormality in a specific property is recorded by that sensor by sending an electrical
signal. Data monitored and gathered by sensors is supplied for control and analysis.
Sensors help processes run more smoothly and provide higher-quality products while
ensuring that best practices are followed.
TYPES OF SENSORS

Position sensors are tools that can track an object's motion or calculate its
relative position when compared to a predetermined reference point. These kinds of
sensors can also be used to determine if an object is there or not. There are various
more sensor kinds that are noteworthy and have comparable functions to position
sensors. Motion sensors can be used to take action when they detect an object moving
(such as illuminating a floodlight or activating a security camera).

A position sensor's main purpose is to find an item and transmit its location by
producing a signal that gives positional feedback. The unique application will then
determine how to use this feedback to operate automated processes, raise alerts, or
start other activities. Position sensors may be broadly categorized into three groups:
angular position sensors, rotary position sensors, and linear position sensors.

For this paper, it will only be focused on two types of position sensors:

1. Proximity type sensor

2. Infrared sensor
2. DISCUSSION

Proximity type Sensor

Description
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects
without any physical contact. In order to detect changes in the electromagnetic field or
return signal, a proximity sensor frequently generates an electromagnetic field or a
beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for example). The target of the proximity
sensor is a common term used to describe the thing being detected. Different sensors
are required for various proximity sensor targets. For instance, a photoelectric or
capacitive proximity sensor could work with a plastic target, but an inductive proximity
sensor always needs a metal target.

Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of
the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and
the sensed object. In order to quantify the fluctuation in distance between a shaft and its
support bearing, proximity sensors are also employed in machine vibration monitoring.
Large steam turbines, compressors, and motors with sleeve-type bearings frequently
exhibit this.

Figure 1 Approach proximity sensor inductive 6-36 VDC PNP NO M30 Sn:10mm
Applications
On the majority of touchscreen smartphones, the proximity sensor is a standard
feature. This is so that inadvertent contact occurrences may be prevented, which is the
main purpose of a proximity sensor. The most frequent occurrence is when someone is
on a call and their ear accidentally touches the screen, causing touch events to occur.
To solve the unwanted accidental touches, manufacturers came up with the concept of
adding a proximity sensor next to the speaker in order to eliminate the undesirable
inadvertent touches. This proximity sensor will then detect any item in the area of the
speaker. The presence of any item, such as the user's ear, makes any touch events
likely to be unintentional and should be disregarded. The most non-intrusive and low-
cost modules are the optical proximity sensors. These can detect bodies in
the vicinity of the device upto 5cm. This is perfect for use on
smart-phones.

The proximity sensor is frequently implemented utilizing a light sensor

chip when it comes to Sensors on Android-Gingerbread. Common ones are Intersil's
and Sharp's ISL29003/23 & GP2A, respectively. These two sensor
chips primarily function as active light sensors that measure ambient
light intensity in LUX units. Take this as an example. Let's say the
gadget has a GP2A chip near the user-facing speaker (as shown in
the adjoining pic). A proximity-detect interrupt is triggered by the
GP2A's usual light response at a distance of around 5 cms in normal
illumination.
Working Principle
Proximity sensors are to be used when the object that needs to be detected is
too small, lightweight or too soft to operate a mechanical switch. When there is a need
for rapid response and high switching rates such as the counting objects, proximity
sensors are ideal for the task. Proximity sensors should also be used when there’s a
need to sense material through nonmetallic barriers such as glass, bottles, plastic, or
paper cartons or when working in hostile environments that demand electrical isolation
from the product being monitored

Proximity sensors are available in types that detect ferrous and non-ferrous metal
items using high-frequency oscillation and non-metal objects utilizing capacitive models.
There are models with environmental resistance, heat resistance, chemical resistance,
and water resistance. Inductive Proximity Sensors detect magnetic loss due to eddy
currents that are generated on a conductive surface by an external magnetic field. An
AC magnetic field is generated on the detection coil, and changes in the impedance due
to eddy currents generated on a metallic object are detected.

The sensing object and Sensor form what appears to be a transformer-like

relationship.

The transformer-like coupling condition is replaced by

impedance changes due to eddy-current losses

The impedance
changes can be viewed as changes in the resistance that is inserted in series with the
sensing object.
Mode of operation
The operating principle of an inductive or capacitive proximity sensor is based on
a high-frequency oscillator that creates a field in the close surroundings of the sensing
surface. The presence of a metallic object (inductive) or any material (capacitive) in the
operating area causes a change in the oscillation amplitude. A threshold circuit that
modifies the sensor's output state detects the rise or fall of such oscillations. The
actuator's size and form, as well as its composition, directly affect the operating distance
of the sensor. The working distance of the capacitive sensor may be adjusted using a
screw that is attached to the sensor's rear. Applications like the identification of full
containers and the non-detection of empty containers can benefit from this sensitivity
regulation.
 In magnetic type, the sensors are actuated by the presence of a permanent
magnet. Their operating principle is based on the use of reed contacts, which consist of
two low reluctance ferromagnetic reeds enclosed in glass bulbs containing inert gas.
The reciprocal attraction of both reeds in the presence of a magnetic field, due to
magnetic induction, establishes an electrical contact.

Circuit Diagram
Proximity Switch consists a sensor circuit and a driver circuit. The sensor circuit
purpose is used to detect any nearby objects. The sensor circuit sends an output High
signal to the transistor-based driver circuit when any object found near to the sensor
circuit. The transistor-based driver circuit may use NPN or PNP transistors and it
depends on the application we use. When a signal received from the sensor circuit, the
transistor will be turned ON and the output will be ON. When the object is moved away
from sensor circuit, the sensor output is OFF so transistor is OFF and the output will be
OFF.
Specifications
An inductive proximity sensor is comprised of an LC oscillating circuit, a signal
evaluator, and a switching amplifier. The coil of this oscillating circuit generates a high-
frequency electromagnetic alternating field. This field is emitted at the sensing face of
the sensor. If a metallic or magnetic object (commonly called the target) nears the
sensing face, eddy currents are generated.
Range or limitations
If the sensor has a normally open configuration, its output is an on signal when
the target enters the sensing zone. With normally closed, its output is an off signal with
the target present. Output is then read by an external control unit (e.g. PLC, motion
controller, smart drive) that converts the sensor on and off states into useable
information. Inductive sensors are typically rated by frequency, or on/off cycles per
second. Their speeds range from 10 to 20 Hz in ac, or 500 Hz to 5 kHz in dc.

An inductive proximity sensor has the frequency range from 10 to 20 Hz in ac, or

500 Hz to 5 kHz in dc. Because of magnetic field limitations, inductive sensors have a
relatively narrow sensing range like from fractions of millimetres to 60 mm on an
average.
 As a result, the sensor that reduces the amplitude of the electromagnetic field will
experience load. The eddy current will grow as the metal object travels closer to the
proximity sensor. As a result, the oscillator's load will rise, which will cause the field
amplitude to decrease.

Sensor frequency of calibration and lifespan

Proximity sensors are electronic devices that detect the distance of an object in
relation to the sensor itself. These devices use electromagnetic radiation to detect how
far or near an object is, and then they send out a signal. Proximity sensors are great
because they are reliable and have a good life span; they require little to no protective
maintenance.

To ensure long-term stable operation of the Proximity Sensor, inspect for the following
on a regular basis. Conduct these inspections also for control devices:

1. Shifting, loosening, or deformation of the sensing object and Proximity Sensor

mounting
2. Loosening, bad contact, or wire breakage in the wiring and connections
3. Adherence or accumulation of metal powder
4. Abnormal operating temperature or ambient conditions
5. Abnormal indicator flashing (on setting indicator types)
DISCUSSION

Infrared sensor
Description
An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared
radiation in its surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally discovered
by an astronomer named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the temperature of
each color of light (separated by a prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond
the red light was highest. IR is invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength is longer
than that of visible light (though it is still on the same electromagnetic spectrum).

A radiation-sensitive optoelectronic component having spectral sensitivity in the

infrared wavelength range of 780 nm to 50 m is known as an infrared sensor (IR
sensor). Motion detectors, which are used in building services to turn on lights or in
alarm systems to detect unwanted visitors, increasingly frequently incorporate IR
sensors. The sensor components pick up heat radiation (infrared radiation) that shifts in
space and time as a result of human movement within a specified angle range. Such
infrared sensors are mass-produced at a low cost and just need to fulfill a few minimal
specifications. InfraTec designs, manufactures, and sells pyroelectric detectors; it does
not supply such goods.

There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active infrared
sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light
emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the
infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver.
Active IR sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle
detection systems (such as in robots).

Applications
The pulse oximeter monitors and shows the arterial blood's hemoglobin
saturation as well as the rate of heartbeat. The oximeter measures the absorption of
visible light using a sensor device made up of two light sources (red and infrared) and a
photo detector. The photodetector then gauges the amount of light that is absorbed as it
passes through the tissue. The quantity of oxygen molecules linked to hemoglobin, or
how saturated the hemoglobin is with oxygen, is determined by the amount of dissolved
oxygen in the blood. The pulse oximeter uses the ratio between the amplitudes of the
red and infrared wavelengths to calculate oxygen saturation.

Red and infrared LEDs are used in pulse oximetry sensors to quantify the
amounts of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin. LED pollution can skew the
oximeter calibration, giving SpO2 values below 80% that are incorrect.

Working Principle
Active infrared sensors work with radar technology and they both emit and
receive infrared radiation. This radiation hits the objects nearby and bounces back to
the receiver of the device. Through this technology, the sensor can not only detect
movement in an environment but also how far the object is from the device.
 Oximeters work by the principles of spectrophotometry: the relative absorption of
red (absorbed by deoxygenated blood) and infrared (absorbed by oxygenated blood)
light of the systolic component of the absorption waveform correlates to arterial blood
oxygen saturations. Measurements of relative light absorption are made multiple times
every second and these are processed by the machine to give a new reading every 0.5-
1 second that averages out the readings over the last three seconds.

An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion.
Usually, in the infrared spectrum, all the objects radiate some form of thermal radiation.
These types of radiations are invisible to our eyes, but infrared sensor can detect these
radiations. The emitter is simply an IR LED (Light Emitting Diode) and the detector is
simply an IR photodiode. Photodiode is sensitive to IR light of the same wavelength
which is emitted by the IR LED. When IR light falls on the photodiode, the resistances
and the output voltages will change in proportion to the magnitude of the IR light
received.

Mode of Operation
For the physical security use case, however, passive infrared sensors (PIR
sensors) are definitely more widespread. The PIR sensors do not emit radiation but
simply receive the one that the objects nearby are naturally emitting. The basic
functioning is that the passive infrared sensors trigger the alarm when there is an
anomaly in the infrared waves measured in the room. This happens if, for example, a
warm object (like an intruder) crosses ways to the signal of the device.

The operation of an infrared sensor is similar to the object detection sensor. This
sensor includes an IR LED & an IR Photodiode, so by combining these two can be
formed as a photo-coupler otherwise optocoupler. The physics laws used in this sensor
are planks radiation, Stephan Boltzmann & weins displacement.

Circuit Diagram
One of the most fundamental and often used sensor modules in an electronic
device is the infrared sensor circuit. Obstacle detection is one of the often-utilized real-
time uses for this sensor, which is comparable to human visionary senses. These are
the components that make up this circuit.

The
transmitter section includes an IR sensor, which transmits continuous IR rays to be
received by an IR receiver module. An IR output terminal of the receiver varies
depending upon its receiving of IR rays. Since this variation cannot be analyzed as
such, therefore this output can be fed to a comparator circuit.
Specifications
The IR sensor or infrared sensor is one kind of electronic component, used to
detect specific characteristics in its surroundings through emitting or detecting IR
radiation. These sensors can also be used to detect or measure the heat of a target and
its motion.

The main specifications and features of the IR sensor module include the following.

 The operating voltage is 5VDC

 I/O pins – 3.3V & 5V
 Mounting hole
 The range is up to 20 centimeters
 The supply current is 20mA
 The range of sensing is adjustable
 Fixed ambient light sensor
Range and limitations
Electromagnetic radiation between 700 nm and 14,000 nm are detected by
infrared temperature sensors. IR temperature sensors only measure up to 14,000 nm in
the infrared spectrum, which goes up to 1,000,000 nm. The infrared radiation released
by an object is focused onto one or more photodetectors by these sensors in order to
function.

The infrared sensor is a device which uses infrared waves to sens characteristics
of the surrounding. It is used to measure heat emitted by an object or human being. It
can be also used for data communication for monitoring and control applications.

 They are no leakage of data due to beam directionality IR radiation.

 They are not affected by corrosion or oxidation.
 It provides good stability over time.
 It delivers high repeatability.
 It has response time faster than a thermocouple.
 No corrosion or oxidation can be affected by the accuracy of the infrared
sensor
 They have very strong noise immunity.
 Their low power requirement makes them suitable for most electronic
devices such as laptops, telephones, PDAs.
 Infrared motion sensor detects motion in daytime and night time reliably.
Sensor frequency of calibration and lifespan

In numerous industries, infrared thermometers are used to consistently and

correctly measure temperature in a variety of conditions. A radiation thermometer,
including visual and infrared pyrometers, should be calibrated when it is initially
received, according to the National Association of Testing Authorities. There should be
enough data in the initial test to verify linearity. Following the first calibration, the
technology should be checked every 12 months, and the device should be calibrated
every 2 years.

Knowing the specifications of the radiation source you'll be utilizing to test the
readings is also crucial. A black body is a testable source that may be used to calibrate
infrared thermometers; it frequently takes the form of a flat plate or an IR cavity. The
radiation source is integrated into the IR cavity, but not into the flat plate.

The calibration temperature, which may be found in the unit specifications and is
quantified as a tolerance of plus or minus certain units, is also important to know. The
temperature gradients on the radiation source should also be understood.
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