International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2013

A Study on Piled Raft Foundation: State of Art

Jaymin. D. Patil 1, Prof. S. A.Vasanvala 2, Prof. C. H. Solanki 3

1. Research Scholar, Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat-395007
2. Professor of Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat-395007
3. Professor of Applied Mechanics Department, SVNIT, Surat-395007

Abstract
With increasing in urbanisation in last three The principle objective of this paper is to present a
decades all over the world led to rapid increase in brief review of different studies on piled raft
number and height of buildings even on problematic foundation in sandy soil, clayey soil and layered soil.
subsoil conditions. Piled raft system proves to be more Their work consists of experimental and analytical
effective on such problematic subsoil conditions. It studies on piled raft foundation system in sandy soil,
takes the high vertical load and used to bring the clayey soil and layered soil.
settlement, differential settlement and tilting of
structure within the permissible limit. Piled raft system 2. Experimental Studies
proves to be cost effective than the conventional pile Raft foundation on cohesive soil shows excessive
foundation system. Piled raft foundation accounts for settlement, ultimately causes settlement of the
complex soil-structure interaction, which needs structure. To prevent excessive settlement, use of
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interaction between structure engineer and minimum number of piles below the raft improves the
geotechnical engineer for giving most economical and ultimate capacity, settlement and differential settlement
safe design of the system. This paper reveals the of the foundation system. The piles which is to be used
performance of piled raft foundation in sandy soil,
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as a settlement reducers has been suggested by [3, 59,

clayey soil and, layered soil carried through 30, 12].Piles in piled raft foundation can be used for
experimental and numerical analysis. two reasons: To reduce total settlement in rigid raft and
to reduce total and differential settlement in flexible
Keywords: Pile raft, settlement, diffential settlement, raft [16,29,65,56,78,44,64].
finite element method. Cooke (1986) carried out experimental work on
unpiled raft, free standing pile group and piled raft of
1. Introduction different size in stiff clay and found that piled raft
In many of the countries which are involved in stiffness increases by 30% than that of free standing
large projects are constructed or going to be pile group. He also found that in case of rigid raft load
constructed on soft grounds or reclaim soil. For such sharing between piles in piled raft foundation depends
large projects, initially its is beneficial to check the on number of piles and spacing of piles. Phung (1993)
bearing capacity of shallow foundation, where the carried out field test in loose to dense sand and found
shallow foundation does not satisfy the requirement, in that raft-pile interaction is the governing factor for pile
that case it is beneficially to go with deep foundation raft behaviour, which causes an increase in skin
or combination of shallow foundation and deep friction of piles due to contact pressure of raft on soil.
foundation i.e., piled raft foundation, as it has been Horikoshi (1995) and Randolph (1996) carried out
proved to be cost effective [48] and also in settlement centrifuge test on model piled raft in clay and found
reduction. Many of the foundations performs poor, that it reduces settlement and differential settlement of
which may be in the form of excessive settlement, raft.Conte et al (2003) extended the work of Horikoshi
differential settlement on soft soil [12, 41, 57].Despite (1995) and Horikoshi and Randolph (1996) and states
of poor performance, piled raft foundation proves to be that settlement reducing piles at centre of raft can be
more efficient [19, 45].In piled raft foundation role of loaded to full capacity without affecting the foundation
raft foundation is to provide adequate bearing capacity stability. Lee and Chung (2005) carried out model test
and role of pile foundation is mainly to act as on pile footing in dense sand and found that increase
settlement reducers. This system is very complex in skin friction is cause due to contact pressure.
which involves interaction factors such as pile-to-soil,
pile-to-pile, pile-to-raft, and raft-to-soil.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2013

between cap and soil, also found that lesser load is and Singh.A.N (2011) performed experiment on piled
taken by raft at initial load stage. Fioravante et al raft foundation in sand and postulate that numbers and
(2008) carried out centrifuge test on circular raft in location of piles plays an important role in improving
over consolidated clay and found that distribution of the capacity of piled raft system.
load between the piles underneath the raft is not 2. Theoretical Studies
uniform and load transfer mechanism differed from The development of computer technology and high
isolated pile. He also observed that as number of piles speed processor provides greater and quicker for
increase, raft settlement decreases and also postulates computing numerical methods in structural and
that displacement piles are more effective than non geotechnical engineering. It helps the researchers to to
displacement piles in reducing raft settlement. He solve the complex interaction taking place between soil
stated that when the piles reach the ultimate capacity, and structure in more convenient way. Brown P.T
after that contribution of raft starts and also found that (1969) introduces numerical method in geotechnical
stiffness of foundation system increases as number of engineering of circular raft on elastic layer of finite
piles underneath the raft increases. Hakam (2004) depth.Banarjee and Butterfiled (1971) developed
performed model test on piled raft in soft clay and numerical analysis for pile cap interaction. Hooper
postulates that pile raft system increases the ultimate (1973) was the first user of finite element method for
load of pile raft more than 100%. V.A.Barvashov and understanding complex interaction of piled raft
G.G.Boldyrev (2009) carried out research experimental foundation. Important contributions to understand the
and theoretically on pile raft system postulates that the Behaviour was made by [ 25 ,4 , 38 , 61 , 64 , 62 , 34 ,
settlement of soil at a depth 2d under the pile tip is 1.5 65 , 58 , 13 , 63 , 80 , 7 , 8 , 70 , 71 ]
to 2.0 times more than the inter pile-soil and it remain Butterfield and Banerjee (1971) studied the
constant up to depth of 6d.It states that soil layer under behaviour of piled group embedded in elastic half
tip of pile is divided in two layers: deformation space continuum with rigid cap. Mindlins solution was
depends on distinct effect of individual piles and lower used to understand the soil structure interaction
layer,deforamaion depends on action of piles and response. Based on elastic continuum theory, Wiesner
interpiles soil as a distributed load. Balakumar.V and and Brown (1980) developed an analysis method of
Ilamparuthi. K (2009) performed a 1g model test of piled raft foundation. He represent raft as a thin elastic
circular piled raft system on sand and found that the plate supported on piles and soil. Elastic continuum
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stiffness of piled raft system is very closed to raft-soil theory can provide satisfactory results of piled raft
stiffness, which implies that piles performs as foundation when compared with experimental studies.
settlement reducers rather than load sharing member. Randolph (1983) used a flexibility matrix method to
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Balakumar.V and Ilamparuthi. K (2010) performed a compute the interaction between single piles and
1g model test of square and circular shape piled raft circular raft and overall stiffness of piled raft system.
foundation and proved that the nonlinearity of piled Burland J.B (1986) performed two dimensional finite
raft behaviour is very near to hyperbolic relation and element analyses on London clay in which raft was
also proved that asymptotic load ratio and initial modelled as rectangular plate 8 noded isoparametic
stiffness ratio remains same, irrespective the physical element, subjected to uniformly distributed load on
properties of piles and soil.EI Sawwaf (2010) carried elastic half space. The computed results of heave and
an experimental work on short piles under a raft either settlement were compared. Kuwabara F. (1989) used a
connected or disconnected which was loaded boundary element method which was based on elastic
eccentrically and found that it improves raft bearing theory, on piled raft foundation in homogenous soil
pressure, reduces raft settlement and tilting, which and subjected to vertical loading. He states that this
leads to an economical design.Fioravante and Giretti method which was developed by him does not consider
(2010) performed a centrifuge test on piled raft the slip between pile and soil, non homogeneity of soil
foundation in sandy soil and found that piles transfers and end bearing piles. Clancy P. and Griffits D.V
the load from raft to wider and deeper volume of soil, (1991) used a finite element technique for piled raft
hence proves piles act as settlement reducer and also foundation, where raft was taken as 4 node
observed that sharing of load between pile and raft is quadrilateral plate bending element and pile as an axial
related to stiffness of pile-soil system.Matsumoto et al. element. Clancy P. and Randolph M.F (1993)
(2010) performed an experimental study subjected to developed a numerical method which was based on
horizontal and vertical load on piled raft foundation method on hybrid model that combines the finite
model to study the effect of pile head connected on raft element modelling for the structural elements of piled
performance. They found that when the vertical load is raft foundation and analytical solutions for modelling
applied, pile head connection condition has little effect the response of soil. Zhuang G.M and Lee I.K (1994)
on its behaviour and when the connection is less rigid, used a finite element method to understand the load
the horizontal load taken by raft decreases. Singh.A.K sharing between the piles in piled raft system. They

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2013

observed that load sharing between the piles in piled behaviour of piled raft foundation in stiff clay. The
raft system was affected by pile stiffness, raft rigidity elastic raft and piles was modelled by hexahedron 8
and pile length to width ratio. They also observed that noded brick element which was subjected to uniform
as pile length increases and raft and pile rigidity loading. He focused on load settlement behaviour of
decreases, the load distribution become more piled raft due to effect of raft and pile stiffness. The
uniform.Ta L.D and Small J.C (1996) developed a output of all these analysis was compared with results
method, which was based on finite layer method for of freestanding piles or pair of square piles without any
the analysis of soil and finite element method for the raft or cap [75].Reul (2004) used a finite element
analysis of raft, for piled raft foundation on layered method to model piled raft foundation in over
soil. They found that load sharing between the piles in consolidated clay and stated that with increase in load,
piled raft system was influence by thickness and piled raft interaction leads to increase in skin friction
stiffness of soil layer.Ta and Small (1997) observed of piles. Wong and Poulos (2005) presented a
that load shared by piles increases and that by raft simplified method using computer program GEPAN,
decreases as bearing strata becomes stiffer. Russo based on boundary element method to estimate the
(1998) developed a numerical method for piled raft pile-to-pile interaction factor between two dissimilar
system analysis, which considers non-linearity of the piles of pile group and piled raft foundation. Garcia et
unilateral contact at the raft-soil interface and the non- al (2005) used visco-hypoplastic constitutive law in
linear load-settlement relationship. He stated that non three dimensional finite element analysis to study the
linear analysis should be considered for the piled raft piled raft foundation system on clay soil.Novac et al
system because piles act as settlement reducers and (2005) studied load settlement behaviour of piled raft
their ultimate load capacity may be reached. Mendonca foundation system by performing three dimensional
A.V and de Paiva J.B (2000) developed a boundary finite element analysis and found that results obtained
element method for analysis of piled raft foundation from finite element analysis match with the measured
system, in which soil was modelled as an elastic linear value of two case studies (Westebd I if Frankfurt,
homogeneous half space, pile as single element and Germany and Urawa, Japan) on over consolidated stiff
raft as a thin plate, which accounts for the interaction clay. The piled raft was modelled as reinforced
between raft, soil and pile. This method can be used for concrete was embedded in soil media. Vasquez et al
rigid and flexible caps. Prakoso W.A and Kulhawy F.H (2006) studied the three dimensional non linear finite
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(2001) used PLAXIS software, which is based on finite element analyses to understand the behaviour of piled
element method and states that satisfactory results are raft foundation system considering non linear
obtained from 2D plane strain analysis without behaviour of soil and linear elastic behaviour of raft
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excessive time for modelling and computing.De- and pile.Hassen G. et al (2006) developed 2D plane
Sanctis et al (2001) discussed the limitations of 2D strain elasto-plastic multiphase model to simulate the
plane strain finite element analysis and stated that only behaviour of piled raft foundation system subjected to
3D finite element analysis provides the optimum combined loading. Six nodded triangular finite element
design methodology. Poulos H. (2001) developed a were used to represents surrounded soil mass and pile
simplified analysis method as a tool for preliminary reinforced zone. Vasquez et al (2006) replaced the
design of piled raft foundation system. Small J.C and linear elastic soil constitutive law by non linear soil
Zhang H.H (2002) used a finite layer theory for the constitutive equation of Mohr coulomb model.Novac
analysis of piled foundation system on layered soil et al (2005) studied the same case and findings of both
subjected to vertical load, lateral load and moment. El- of them are settlement of central pile assuming a dish
Mossallamy (2002) developed a numerical tool, which shape settlement of the raft.Der Guey Lin et al 2006.
considers mix technique of boundary element and used two dimensional finite difference numerical tool
finite element method, which accounts raft stiffenss, to discuss pile-raft- soil interaction in case of piled raft
nonlinear behaviour of settlement reducer piles and foundation system resting on layered soil subjected to
slip along pile shaft for the analysis of piled raft vertical load. The soil is modelled as linear elastic
foundation system. Mendonca A.V and de Paiva J.B material and raft as beam element. He found that high
(2003) used combination of finite element and bending moment may be induce in raft and pile due to
boundary element for the analysis of piled raft lateral displacement of soil for vertical uniform
foundation system, in which interaction between piles, loading. Ningombam Thoiba singh et al (2008) used
soil and raft was considered. Kitiyodam P. and finite element software ANSYS to study the interaction
Mastumoto T. (2003) presented simple analytical analysis for piled raft in cohesive soil. The pile and raft
method for piled raft foundation embedded in non considered to be linearly elastic. He found that in
homogenous soil subjected to vertical and lateral load, reducing overall settlement of piled raft is not
by using hybrid model.Maharaj (2003) performed 3D influence by thickness of raft. He also stated that in
nonlinear finite element analysis to understand the piled raft foundation piles reach their ultimate capacity

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2013

earlier than raft.E.Y.N.Oh et al (2009) performed of stiff clay was greater than soft clay. He also stated
numerical analysis of piled raft foundation in sandy that pile group area ratio for stiff clay was slightly
and clayey soil on PLAXIS and FLAC software. He lesser than soft clay.Henok F.Gebregziabher and Rolf
found that maximum settlement of foundation depends Katzenbach (2012) carried out parametric studies on
on number of piles and pile spacing and with piled raft foundation on layered soil by three
increasing raft thickness, differential settlement dimensional non linear finite element analyses. The
reduces.H.K Engin et al (2009) performed a finite pile and soil are modelled as 20 nodded second order
element analyses on PLAXIS 3D software to solid element of brick shape and raft is modelled as 8
investigate the behaviour of pile in piled raft system. nodded second order shell element. They postulated
The beam was modelled by beam element. He that critical spacing between piles, pile length and their
compared the load settlement behaviour of Mesee- arrangement is important in reducing settlement and
Torhaus building using FE model with measured value load sharing behaviour of combine piled raft
and found that result obtained from FE model was in foundation. They also stated that load sharing of raft
good agreement with measured value.JinHyung Lee et foundation increases, when the piles are widely space
al (2009) carried out numerical analysis using 3D finite and applied load are higher. Dang Dinh Chung Nguyen
element method to describe the behaviour of piled raft (2013) carried out a centrifuge test on piled raft
on soft clay subjected to vertical loading. The slip foundation and same is compared with PLAXIS 3D
interface model between pile-soil was used in analysis. software results, to calculate central and differential
The load sharing between raft and pile at ultimate state settlement with different arrangement of piles. He
was evaluated. He found that use of limited number of found that model with concentrated pile arrangement
pile underneath the raft improves the bearing capacity reduces central and differential settlement than pile raft
and settlement behaviour of raft.Meisam Rabiei (2009) model with uniform arrangement
carried out a parametric study on piled raft foundation 3. Summary
using computer program ELPLA.He studied pile This review paper on piled raft foundation
configuration, pile lenth,pile number and raft thickness postulates that considerable research, either
on behaviour of piled raft foundation. He found that experimentally or theoretically has been conducted on
with increasing raft thickness, decrease in pile number the behaviour of piled raft foundation. Significant
and pile length maximum bending moment in raft contributions have been made to learn the different
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increases [56, 47, 72, 52].He also stated that with aspects of piled raft foundation. Most of these models
increase in raft thickness and uniform increase of pile reckon on arduous analytical and numerical methods.
length reduces central and differential settlement. The plate on spring, 2D finite element analyses and
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R.Ziaie Moayed et al (2010) studied the effect with hybrid approach are incompetent of analyzing the
different pile diameter on behaviour of piled raft torsional behaviour and material alteration in third
foundation by 3D finite element method. If the bottom axis.Therfore 3D finite element method is the most
soil layer is dense than the piled raft foundation with competent to replicate the complex behaviour of piled
different pile diameter proves to reduce total and raft foundation.
differential settlement, but it is not so in case where It was found from literature review that finite
bottom soil layer is soft.Sandeep rai et al (2010) research has been committed to evolve simple analysis
studied to understand the effect of piles on response of models and design methods. A number of 3D
raft foundation. He stated that by providing the piles in numerical models have been developed but no effort is
central portion of raft, settlement of pile raft reduce found to evolve analytical method based on numerical
system reduces. He also stated that load sharing methods. Analytical methods were stated only to
between piles is high initially and decreases as access the settlement of the piled raft foundation but
settlement reached to a constant value.Karim H H et al the forecasting of differential settlement and ultimate
2012. studied the percentage of load shared by pile and bearing capacity is yet to be done. Therefore further
piled raft by performing a experimental work and the studies are required to evolve simple analysis and
same is compared with PLAXIS 3D and ANSYS design methods. Prediction of load sharing between
software. They stated that the total carried by piles piles and raft in piled raft system are required at
depends on piles number in group and interaction preliminary design stage. The need for developing
between the piles is affected by pile spacing. simple analysis and design models for piled raft
Sangseom Jeong (2012) carried out numerical analysis foundations has been recognized by many workers in
using FE package ABAQUS to study the behaviour of this field such as [56,13,16,18] and others.
square piled raft in clay soil. The pile soil slip interface
model were performed to study the behaviour of piled
raft .He stated that variation of reduction ratio of stiff
clay was smaller than soft clay, whereas reduction ratio

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 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
Vol. 2 Issue 8, August - 2013

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