International Islamic University, Islamabad Power Distribution and Utilization EXPERIMENT # 2: Introduction to distribution system and trainer Name of Student: Roll No. Date of Experiment.XPERIMENT # 2: Introduction to distribution system and trainer 1 Distribution System ‘The distribution system is the electrical system between the sub-station fed by the transmission system and the consumers meters. It generally consists of feeders, distributors and the service mains. Fig. 1 shows the single line diagram of a typical low-tension distribution system. (@ Feeders. A feeder is a conductor which connects the sub-station (or localised generating station) to the area where power is to be distributed, Generally, no tappings are taken from the feeder so that current in it remains the same throughout. The main consideration in the design of a feeder is the current carrying capacity. (i) Distributor. A distributor is a conductor from which tapings are taken for supply to the consumers. In Fig. 12.1, AB, BC, CD and DA are the distributors. The current through a distributor is not constant because tappings are taken at various places along its length. While designing a distributor, voltage drop along its, length is the main consideration since the statutory limit of voltage variations is + 6% of rated value at the consumers” terminals. (iti) Service mains. A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the distributor to the consumers” terminals. 1. Single line diagram of distribution system 2 Classification of Distribution Systems A distribution system may be classified according to ; (@ Nature of current. According to nature of current, distribution system may be classified as (a) dc distribution system (b) a.c. distribution system. Now-a-days, a.c. system is universally adopted for distribution of electric power as itis simpler and more economical than direct current method, (i) Type of construction. According to type of construction, distribution system may be classified as (a) overhead system (b) underground system, The overhead system is generally employed for distribution as it is 5 to 10 times cheaper than the equivalent underground system. In general, the underground system is, used at places where overhead construction is impracticable or prohibited by the local laws.ii) Scheme of connection. According to scheme of connection, the distribution system may be classified a (a) radial system (b) ring main system (c) inter-connected system. x AC Distribution days electrical energy is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current rortant reason for the widespread use of alternating current in preference to direct current is the fact that alternating voltage can be conveniently changed in magnitude by means of a transformer. Transformer has made it possible to transmit a.c. power at high voltage and utilize it ata safe potential. High transmission and distribution voltages have greatly reduced the current in the conductors and the resulting line losses. There is no definite line between transmission and distribution according to voltage or bulk capacity. However, in general, the a.c. distribution system is the electrical system between the stepdown substation fed by the transmission system and the consumers’ meters, The a ¢ distribution system is classified into (i) primary distribution system and (fi) secondary distribution system, (@ Primary distribution system. It is that part of a.c. distribution system which operates at voltages somewhat higher than general utilization and handles large blocks of electrical energy than the average Jow-voltage consumer uses. The voltage used for primary distribution depends upon the amount of power to be conveyed and the distance of the substation required to be fed. The most commonly used primary distribution voltages are 11 KV, 6-6kV and 3-3 KV. Due to economic considerations, primary distribution is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system. typical primary distribution system, Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high voltage to the substation located in or near the city. At this substation, voltage is stepped down to 11 kV with the help of step-down transformer, Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big consumers at this voltage, This forms the high voltage distribution or primary distribution, Fig. 2 Primary Distribution (i Secondary distribution system. It is that part of a.c. distribution system which includes the range of voltages at which the ultimate consumer utilizes the electrical energy delivered to him, The secondary distribution employs 400/230 V, 3-phase, 4-wire system. Fig.3 shows a typical secondary distribution system. The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various substations, called distribution substations. The substations are situated near the consumers localities and contain stepdown transformers. ‘At each distribution substation, the voltage is stepped down to 400V and power is delivered by 3-phase, wire acc. system. The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230V.‘The single-phase domestic loads are connected between any one phase and the neutral, whereas 3-phase 400 V motor loads are connected across 3-phase lines directly. + Frimery Distribution» «— secondary Distribution + iS Fig.3 Secondary Distribution 4 DC Distribution It is a common knowledge that electric power is almost exclusively generated, transmitted and distributed as ac. However, for certain applications, d.c. supply is absolutely necessary. For instance, d.c. supply is required for the operation of variable speed machinery (ce. d.c. motors), for electrochemical work and for congested areas where storage battery reserves are necessary. For this purpose, a.c. power is converted into dec. power at the substation by using converting machinery e.g., mercury arc rectifiers, rotary converters ‘and motor-generator sets. The d.c. supply from the substation may be obtained in the form of (i) 2-wire or (ii) 3-wite for distribution, As the DC distribution is rarely used and simple as compare to AC therefore this will not be discussed further in this lab 5 Scheme of connection According to scheme of connection, the distribution system may be classified as (a) radial system (b) ring ‘main system (¢) inter-connected system. roe as se ha may toe iG L er ES a » « Fig. 4 A Radial System, B Ring System, C Interconnected System6 Power Distribution and Utilization Trainer ‘The figure 5 is the power distribution and utilization trainer available for demonstration and expriments at power system laboratory. The trainer has the simulation models for Distribution Lines, feeders, couplers, metering, utility and protection. The trainers take 3-phase main from the electricity available in laboratory. AA circuit braker is used safety and protection at the top of left corner. The energy analyzer can also be connected with computers to extract the data for analysis. There are some other additional components and accessaries available in the laboratory which will be provided time to time as per need, The Intructor will explain the components of the trainers. As this is demonstrative laboratory course therefore all the students are advised to hear the intructor with keen intrest and note the necessary points. The system will provide the close analogy with the existing system which is used around us, therefore making links with practical system is one of the important aspect of this laboratory course. Fig, 5 Power Distribution and Utilization Trainer Exercise: Draw overhead power system on A4 paper and mention the standards of voltages adopted for electrical energy transportation in Pakist Draw overhead distribution system on A4 paper and mention all the standards of voltages adopted in Pakistan, (The figure must explain distribution system of Pakistan Completely),