CHAPTER 1 : SIGNAL AND SYSTEM (part 1)

Azlina Binti Abdul Aziz

Politeknik Mukah Sarawak
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon completion of this course, students should be able to:

• CLO1 :
evaluate continuous-time and discrete-time signal and system
problems( C5 , PLO 2 )

• CLO2 :
manipulate software to analyse the signals and systems correctly
based on the given procedure( P4 , PLO 5 )

• CLO3 :
display good communication skills through discussion on End of
Chapter( A3 , PLO 10 )
The syllabus : chapter 1 (part 1)
• 1.1 Understand the concept and theory of Signals and System

• 1.2 Apply signals operation with the aid of signal diagram on

signal

• 1.3 Understand the classification of the systems

• 1.4 Apply the classification and the operation of signal onto

Continuous -Time and Discrete-Time Signals
1.1.1 Definition of signal

• SIGNALS’ play a fundamentally important part in every

type of electrical or electronic system.

• An understanding of the characteristics of signals and the

way in which they interact with systems is central to the
ability of an engineer to understand electrical/electronic
systems.
• Definition:
A signal is a function representing a physical quantity, and typically it contains
information about the behavior or nature of the phenomenon.

• Electrical signals (voltage or current)

• radio signal,
Ex: Electrical signals - Voltages across the capacitor
• TV signal,
Currents flowing in the resistor
• telephone signal,
• computer signal etc.

• Light
• RF signals
• Acoustic (audio)

• From a communication point of view, a signal is any function that carries some
information.

• Can be represented using mathematical function.

• Electrical signals
• Voltages and currents in a circuit

• Acoustic signals
• Acoustic pressure (sound) over
time

• Mechanical signals
• Velocity of a car over time
• Video signals
• Intensity level of a pixel
(camera, video) over time

• Any variable which does not

convey information is called
noise.
Definition of system

- A system is defined as a physical device that generates a

response or output signal for a given input.

- An audio amplifier, attenuator, TV set, transmitter, receiver etc. all are

system
- Any machine or engine are also system
Signal and system relationship?

Signal and system relationship:

• Every system has one or more input. It called excitation.

• (the application of energy to a particle, object, or physical system, in particular)

• Every system has one or more outputs. It is called response.

• The inputs and outputs of the systems are always signals.

• Every system has one or more input.
• The input signal for diagram above is voltage.
• The voltage called excitation.(the application of energy to a particle, object, or physical system,
in particular)

• A system is defined as a physical device that generates a response or output signal

for a given input.
• Every system has one or more outputs.
• The system above is form in electric heater and is called response.
• The output signal are in form of degrees and celcius.
• The inputs and outputs of the systems are always signals.
• Classification of signals

• a. Continuous-Time and Discrete-time Signals

• b. Analog and Digital Signals
• c. Real and Complex Signals
• d. Deterministic and Random Signals
• e. Even and Odd Signals
• f. Periodic and Non periodic Signals
• Mathematically, signals are represented as a function of one or
more independent variables.

• For instance a black & white video signal intensity is dependent on

coordinates and time ,

• In this course, we shall be exclusively concerned with signals that

are a function of a single variable: time

Graphical representation

Function representation
1.1.2 (a). Continuous-Time and Discrete-time Signals

Continuous-Time Signals:

• Continuous time (CT) signals

are signals of which its
amplitude varies continuously
with time.

• Common example is voltage

and velocity.

• Denote(represent) by , where the

time interval (selamasa) may be
bounded (finite) or infinite. Fig. : Graphical representation –
• Amplitude value presents at all Continuous-time signal
time during the interval
Typical CT-signals :
Discrete – space, satu-satu

1.1.2 (a). Continuous-Time and Discrete-time Signals

Discrete-Time Signals
• Discrete-time (DT) signal, which has the amplitude of the
signal varies at every discrete value which is generally
uniformly spaced.
• Common example includes pixels, daily stock price (anything
that a computer processes)
• Denote by , where n is an integer value that varies
discretely

Graphical representation – Discrete-time signal

Comparison of and
Continuous-time, continuous value

Discrete-time, continuous value

Conversions Between Signal
Types
1.1.2 b. Analog and Digital Signals

• Analog corresponds (relates) to a continuous y-axis,

while digital corresponds to a discrete y-axis.

• An easy example of a digital signal is a binary sequence where

the values of the function can only be one or zero.

0
1.1.2 b. Analog and Digital Signals

• Analog Signal
- Definition : ..is the continuous-time signal that can take
on any value in the continuous interval (sela masa) Continuous time (CT)
signals are signals of
which its amplitude
varies continuously with
time.

• Digital Signal
- Definition : ..is the Discrete-time signal that can take on
only a finite (limited) number of distinct(discrete) values.
- A digital signal is a signal that represents a sequence of
discrete values

Discrete-time (DT) signal, 𝑥[𝑛] which has

the amplitude of the signal varies at
every discrete value 𝑛 which is generally
uniformly spaced.
1.1.2 c. Real and Complex Signals

-A signal x( t ) is a real signal if its value is a real number.

- A signal x( t ) is a complex signal if its value is a complex number.

- A general complex signal x( t ) is a function of the form:

- where are real signals and

- t represents either a continuous or a discrete variable.

1.1.2 c. Real and Complex Signals
a) Real Signal

b) Complex Signal
1.1.2 d. Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic signals
- the values of signal are completely specified for any given time. (signal boleh dibuktikan
dgn persamaan matematik)

- E.g.
Deterministic Signals
5

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Deterministic Signal; Square Wave.

1.1.2 d. Deterministic and Random Signals

Random signals (non – deterministic)

- take random values at any given time (signal yang tidak boleh dibuktikan dgn persamaan
matematik)

- E.g. noise
 X(t)

X(- t) X(+ t)

-X(- t) -X(+ t)
 1.1.2 e. Even and Odd Signals

Even Signals - An even signal is symmetric about the vertical axis

Even signals
x( - t ) = x( t )
x[ - n ] = x[ n ]

Symmetry – balance even - genap

 1.1.2 e. Even and Odd Signals

Odd Signals - An odd signal is asymmetric about the vertical axis

Odd signals
x( - t ) = - x( t )
x[ - n ] = - x[ n ]

Asymmetry – not balance odd - ganjil

1.1.2 f. Periodic and Non Periodic Signals
• Signal can be classified based on its periodicity; periodic or aperiodic signal.

• A periodic signal will have a definite (certain) pattern that repeats again and again
over a certain period of time. Therefore, a signal that satisfies the condition,

𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑛𝑇 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑇 ≠ 0, is called a periodic signal.

- t = time
- To = fundamental period
- n = 1,2,3

- the angular frequency is given by

- if no value of T satisfying the condition is called non-periodic or aperiodic

signal.

• A signal that DOES NOT satisfy the above condition is called a

non-periodic or aperiodic signal.

Periodic - berkala
• The sum of two periodic signals is periodic only is the ratio of
their respective periods can be expressed as a rational
number.
• A real-valued sinusoidal signal can be expressed
mathematically by a time varying function of the form:

x(t) = A sin (ω0t + ϴ)

Where :
A = amplitude
ω0 = radian frequency in rad/sec
t = time which can be any number
ϴ = phase angle in radian

The sinusoidal signal is periodic with fundamental period ,

for all values of ω0 . #note that ω0 0

- periodic
1.1.2 f. Periodic and Non Periodic Signals

- for discrete-time signals, x[ n ] is said to be periodic if it satisfies the

condition
for all integer n

- N - positive integer, N is called the period of x[ n ]

- the angular frequency is given by

Periodic Signals
Non-periodic Signals

 A signal that does not repeats its

pattern over a period is called
aperiodic signal or non periodic.
 1.1.2 f. Periodic and Non Periodic Signals

- the sum of two continuous-time periodic signals may not be periodic.

- the sum of two periodic sequences is always periodic.

- the sum of two periodic signals is periodic only if the ratio of their
respective periods is a rational number;

- if the ratio is an irrational number, then the signal do not have a

common period and cannot be periodic.

Note: T1/T2 must be RATIONAL (ratio of integers). An irrational number is any real number which cannot be
expressed as a fraction a/b, where a and b are integers, with b non-zero.
• 1.1.3 Basic Signals
• a. Basic Continuous-Time Signal (CT signal)
• i. The Unit Step Function
• ii. The Unit Impulse Function
• iii. Complex Exponential Signals
• iv. Sinusoidal Signals
• V. Arbitrary signal

• b. Basic Discreet-Time Signal

• i. The Unit Step Function
• ii. The Unit Impulse Function
• iii. Complex Exponential Sequence
• iv. Sinusoidal Sequence
• V. Arbitrary signal
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (CT)
i. Unit Step function
 The unit step function u(t), also known as the Heaviside
unit function, is defined as :

Figure: (a) Unit step function (b) shifted unit step function

move to DT
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (CT)
ii. Unit Impulse Function
• The CT unit impulse function is commonly denoted by:


 (t )  0; t  0 and   (t ) dt  1

(a) : Continuous-time signal

• These equations say that the impulse is zero everywhere

accept at the origin and the area under the unit impulse is unity
(1).
• It is also known as Dirac delta function as illustrated in Figure
(a)

move to
Figure : (a) Unit impulse function (b) shifted unit impulse function DT
Cont’d…

Continuous-time Discrete-time

Application of unit impulse:

 Impulse of current in time delivers a unit charge
instantaneous to the network.
 Impulse of force in time delivers an instantaneous
momentum to a mechanical system.
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (CT)
iii. Complex Exponential Signals

 A continuous time exponential signal can be represented

by

where and are in general complex numbers.

 For real exponential signal, and are reals.

move to DT
Cont’d…

 The complex exponential are represented;

- Amplitude

- Angular frequencies

- Phase angle
Cont’d…

 The case represents exponential growth. Some

signals in unstable systems exhibit exponential growth.

 The case represents exponential decay. Some

signals in stable systems exhibit exponential decay.
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (CT)
iv. Sinusoidal Signals
 A sinusoidal signal – general form;

Continuous-time Discrete-time

- amplitude - amplitude

- angular frequency in rad/s - angular frequency in rad/

cycle

- phase angle in rad - phase angle in rad

Cont’d…

Continuous-time

Discrete-time

N and m - integer
• 1.1.3 Basic Signals
• a. Basic Continuous-Time Signal (CT signal)
• i. The Unit Step Function
• ii. The Unit Impulse Function
• iii. Complex Exponential Signals
• iv. Sinusoidal Signals
• V. Arbitrary signal

• b. Basic Discreet-Time Signal

• i. The Unit Step Function
• ii. The Unit Impulse Function
• iii. Complex Exponential Sequence
• iv. Sinusoidal Sequence
V. Arbitrary signal
• It is user-defined waveform generated by Direct Digital
Synthesis based waveform generators. The waveform may be
repetitive or single-shot.
• The waveform shape is arbitrarily decided by the user.
1.1.3 Basic Signals:
(Continuous signal)
i. Unit Step function
 The unit step function u(t), also known as the Heaviside
unit function, is defined as :

Figure: (a) Unit step function (b) shifted unit step function

move to DT
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (Discrete signal)

i. Unit Step Function

• The unit step sequence / function u[n] is defined as :

• which is shown in Figure. Note that the value of u[n] at n=0 is defined
[unlike the continuous-time step function u(t) at t=0] and equals unity.
• Similarly, the shifted unit step sequence u[n-k] is defined as:

• which is shown in Figure.

Figure : (a) Unit step sequence;
(b) shifted unit step sequence.
Back to CT
Basic Signals: (CT)
ii. Unit Impulse Function
• The CT unit impulse function is commonly denoted by:


 (t )  0; t  0 and   (t ) dt  1

(a) : Continuous-time signal

• These equations say that the impulse is zero everywhere

accept at the origin and the area under the unit impulse is unity
(1).
• It is also known as Dirac delta function as illustrated in Figure
(a)

move to
Figure : (a) Unit impulse function (b) shifted unit impulse function DT
Basic Signals: (DT)

ii. Unit Impulse Function

• The unit impulse (or unit sample) sequence is defined as:

• which is shown in Figure (a). Similarly, the shifted unit impulse (or
sample) sequence is defined as:

• which is shown in Figure

Figure : (a) Unit impulse (sample) sequence;
(b) shifted unit impulse sequence. Back to CT
Cont’d…

• Unlike the continuous-time unit impulse function

is defined without mathematical complication or
difficulty.

• Any sequence can be expressed as:

•
1.1.3 Basic Signals: (DT)
iii. Complex Exponential Signals
• The complex exponential sequence is of the form

• Again, using Euler’s formula, can be expressed as

• Thus is a complex sequence whose real part is

and imaginary part is .

Back to CT
Basic Signals: (DT)
iv. Sinusoidal Signals
• A sinusoidal sequence can be expressed as;

• If n is dimensionless, then both and have units of

radians.
• The sinusoidal sequences can be expressed as:

(Ω )
• (refer questions slides)